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• Diet driven microbial ecology underpins associations between cancer immunotherapy outcomes and the gut microbiome

  This study profiled baseline gut (fecal) microbiota signatures and dietary patterns of 103 trial patients from Australia and the Netherlands treated with neoadjuvant ICIs for high risk resectable metastatic melanoma and performed an integrated analysis with data from 115 patients with melanoma treated with ICIs in the United States. We observed geographically distinct microbial signatures of response and immune-related adverse events. Overall, response rates were higher in Ruminococcaceae-dominated microbiomes than in Bacteroidaceae-dominated microbiomes. Poor response was associated with lower fiber and omega 3 fatty acid consumption and elevated levels of C-reactive protein in the peripheral circulation at baseline.

  Study EGAS00001006982

• Functional Enhancer Elements Drive Subclass-Selective Expression From Mouse to Human Neocortex

  A complete epigenomic map of human brain cell types will be necessary to fully understand their genetic regulation, and to create the next generation of non-species-restricted genetic tools for their functional characterization. Here we performed both bulk and single-nucleus ATAC-seq studies of fresh human neocortical samples excised during neurosurgery, in order to discover the functional genomic elements that discriminate cell types. This dataset contains 78 bulk layer-dissected ATAC-seq samples, and 3660 single-nucleus ATAC-seq samples from fresh acutely isolated human neurosurgical samples. Furthermore, from these data we identified and validated several enhancers for use in AAV context. We also provide validation single cell RNA-seq for 456 human acutely labeled neurosurgical neurons labeled by 3 unique enhancer-AAV vectors, and single cell RNA-seq for 1483 mouse neurons labeled in vivo by 11 unique enhancer-AAV vectors. Together these datasets provide high-resolution maps of single human neocortical cell types, as well as proof of the functional utility of the genomic elements discovered. As a whole these data will be important to furnish the next generation of cell type-specific functional tools and therapies in neuroscience.  

  Study phs002292

• Comprehensive cancer predisposition gene testing in an adult multiple primary tumor series shows a broad range of deleterious variants and atypical tumor phenotypes

  Multiple primary tumors (MPT) affect a substantial proportion of cancer survivors and may result from various causes including inherited predisposition. Currently, germline genetic testing of MPT cases for cancer predisposition gene (CPG) variants is mostly targeted by tumor type. We ascertained pre-assessed MPT cases from genetics centers (defined as ≥2 primaries by age 60 years or ≥3 by 70) and performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on 460 individuals from 440 families. Despite previous negative genetic assessment/molecular investigations, pathogenic variants in moderate and high-risk CPGs were detected in 67/440 (15.2%) of probands. WGS detected variants that would not be (or were not) detected by targeted resequencing strategies including structural variants at low frequency (6/440 (1.4%) of probands). In most individuals with a germline variant assessed as pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP), at least one of their tumor types was characteristic of variants in the relevant CPG. However, in 29 probands (42.2% of those with a P/LP variant) the tumor phenotype appeared discordant. The frequency of individuals with truncating or splice site CPG variants and at least one discordant tumor type was significantly higher than a control population (χ2=43.642 P=<0.0001). 2/67 (3%) of probands with P/LP variants had evidence of multiple inherited neoplasia allele syndrome (MINAS) with deleterious variants in two CPGs. Summing together variant detection rates from a similarly ascertained previous MPT case series, the present results suggest that first-line comprehensive CPG analysis in a clinical genetics referral-based MPT cohort would detect a deleterious variant in about a third of cases.

  Dataset EGAD00001004088

• DERMATLAS: Hidradenoma papilliferum_RNAseq

  Virtually no other tumour type is associated with so many different forms as skin cancer. Histologically, tumours of the skin may arise from epithelium, including epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat gland, melanocytes, dermal-associated mesenchymal structures or tissue resident immune cells, making for a diversity of clinical presentations. Importantly, many skin tumour types have an extremely poor prognosis. Many skin tumour subtypes have never undergone molecular profiling, or if they have, targeted sequencing has been used and the number of cases analyzed has been so limited that deriving firm conclusions about the profile of driver genes, DNA mutational signatures and germline alleles has not been possible.For 70 key skin tumour subtypes defined by the World Health Organization, that have not undergone extensive genetic analysis previously, we propose to perform whole exome and transcriptome sequencing, from a range of body sites, to build a genomic atlas of dermatological tumours, including detailed maps of SNVs, copy number alterations, genome-wide methylation and expression profiles.

  Dataset EGAD00001015480

• DERMATLAS: Hidradenoma papilliferum_WES

  Virtually no other tumour type is associated with so many different forms as skin cancer. Histologically, tumours of the skin may arise from epithelium, including epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat gland, melanocytes, dermal-associated mesenchymal structures or tissue resident immune cells, making for a diversity of clinical presentations. Importantly, many skin tumour types have an extremely poor prognosis. Many skin tumour subtypes have never undergone molecular profiling, or if they have, targeted sequencing has been used and the number of cases analyzed has been so limited that deriving firm conclusions about the profile of driver genes, DNA mutational signatures and germline alleles has not been possible.For 70 key skin tumour subtypes defined by the World Health Organization, that have not undergone extensive genetic analysis previously, we propose to perform whole exome and transcriptome sequencing, from a range of body sites, to build a genomic atlas of dermatological tumours, including detailed maps of SNVs, copy number alterations, genome-wide methylation and expression profiles.

  Dataset EGAD00001015481

• Genome_Diversity_in_Africa_Project___GemCode_libraries

  Globally, human populations show structured genetic diversity as a result of geographical dispersion, selection and drift. Understanding this genetic variation can provide insights into the evolutionary processes that shape both human adaptation and variation in disease. Populations from Africa have the highest levels of genetic diversity. This characteristic, in addition to historical genetic admixture, can lead to complexities in the design of studies assessing the genetic determinants of disease and human variation. However, such studies of African populations are also likely to provide new opportunities to discover novel disease susceptibility loci and variants and refine gene–disease association signals. A systematic assessment of genetic diversity within Africa would facilitate genomic epidemiological studies in the region.The Genome Diversity in Africa Project (GDAP) will extend and expand the African Genome Variation (AGV) project, an international collaboration aimed to produce a comprehensive catalogue of human genetic variation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Using a sequencing-based approach, GDA project aims to capture human genetic variation in Africa, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), structural variants, and haplotypes. This resource will make a substantial contribution to understanding patterns of genetic diversity within and among populations in Africa, as well as providing a global resource to help design, implement and interpret genomic studies in African populations and studies comprising globally diverse populations, complementing existing genomic resources. Specifically, we plan to carry out whole genome sequencing at high depth (30x) of up to 1000 individuals across Africa (25 individuals from each ethnolinguistic group). We have already completed sequencing from 5 ethno-linguistic groups and we are now adding others.Our scientific objectives are to: 1) develop a resource that provides a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variation in populations from Africa accessible to the global scientific community; 2) characterise population genetic diversity, structure, gene flow and admixture across Africa; 3) develop a cost-efficient, next-generation genotype array for diverse populations across Africa; and 4) facilitate whole genome-sequencing association studies of complex traits and diseases by developing a reference panel for imputation and resource for enhancing fine-mapping disease susceptibility loci. These scientific objectives will be supported by cross-cutting operational activities, including network and management of the consortium, research ethics, and research capacity building in statistical genetics and bioinformatics.

  Study EGAS00001001589

• Harnessing Epigenetic Regulators to improve HSC-based lentiviral gene therapy

  Curative benefits of autologous and allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been proven for various diseases. However, the low number of true HSCs that can be collected from patients and subsequently in vitro maintenance and expansion of true HSCs for genetic correction remain challenging. Addressing this issue, we here focused on optimizing culture conditions to improve the ex vivo expansion of true HSCs for gene therapy purposes. In particular, we explore the use of epigenetic regulators to enhance the effectiveness of HSC-based lentiviral (LV) gene therapy. The HDAC inhibitor Quisinostat and the bromodomain inhibitor CPI203 each promote ex vivo expansion of functional HSCs, as validated by xenotransplantation assays and single cell RNA-sequencing analysis. We confirmed the stealth effect of LV transduction on the loss of HSC numbers in commonly used culture protocols, while addition of Quisinostat or CPI203 improved expansion of HSCs in transduction protocols. Of note, we demonstrated that addition of Quisinostat improved LV transduction efficiency of HSCs and early progenitors. Our suggested culture conditions highlight the potential therapeutic effect of epigenetic regulators in hematopoietic stem cell biology and their clinical applications to advance HSC-based gene correction.

  Study EGAS50000000175

• Adult human kidney organoids originate from CD24+ cells and represent an advanced model for adult polycystic kidney disease

  Adult kidney organoids have been described as strictly tubular epithelial and termed tubuloids. While the cellular origin of tubuloids has remained elusive, here we report that they originate from a distinct CD24+ epithelial subpopulation. Long-term-cultured CD24+-derived tubuloids represent a functional human kidney tubule. We show that kidney tubuloids can be used to model the most common inherited kidney disease, namely autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), reconstituting the phenotypic hallmark of this disease with cyst formation. Single-cell RNA sequencing of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited PKD1 and PKD2 knockout tubuloids and human ADPKD and control tissue show similarities in upregulation of disease-driving genes. Furthermore, in a proof of concept, we demonstrate that tolvaptan, the only approved drug for ADPKD, shows a significant effect on cyst size in tubuloids but no effect in a pluripotent-stem-cell-derived model. Thus, tubuloids derive from a tubular epithelial subpopulation and represent an advanced model for ADPKD disease modeling.

  Study EGAS00001006551

• Genetic analysis in monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder

  To identify genes relevant to bipolar disorder, an exome sequence analysis was conducted in 3 pairs of healthy monozygotic twins as control twins in this study. In addition to this data set, an exome sequence analysis was also conducted in several monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder.

  Study JGAS000014

• Somatic variant calls from whole-exome sequencing of three tumor–normal matched cell lines

  This dataset comprises matched tumor–normal cell line samples. Whole-exome sequencing data are available for three matched pairs, and targeted deep sequencing–based somatic variant calls are provided for them as well in the form of VCF files.

  Dataset EGAD50000002392

• Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia in iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells from a High Altitude Adapted Population

  We established lymphoblastoid cell lines from 10 adult individuals of Tibetan ancestry living in the Chicago area. These lines were reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We validated genetic ancestry by genome-wide SNP array genotyping and population genetic analyses. After being subjected to standard quality control testing iPSCs were differentiated into endothelial cells. Following differentiation, endothelial cells were isolated via a pull down protocol using beads coated with an antibody for a canonical surface cell marker of the vascular endothelium (CD144). Purified vascular endothelial cells were cultured in parallel in normoxia (20% O2) and hypoxia (1% O2) for 48 hours prior to harvesting and processing for bulk RNA-sequencing. We provide imputed genotype data and bulk RNA-sequencing data in normoxia and in hypoxia for each of the 10 individuals. We also provide multiplexed scRNA-sequencing data for the 10 Tibetan individuals pooled with 10 CHB individuals from the 1000 Genome Project. Additionally, we provide scRNAseq data for the cardiomyocytes derived from the same iPSC lines from the Tibetan individuals pooled together with cardiomyocytes derived from iPSC lines of 10 CHB individuals from the 1000 Genome Project. Lymphoblastoid cell lines from the CHB were reprogrammed to iPSCs and differentiated to cardiomyocytes using the same protocols as used for the Tibetans. The batches of 4 lines were balanced by sex and population. These iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes were cultured in hypoxia (1% O2) for 48 hours and subjected to scRNAseq in pooled batches of 3 or 4 lines. The CHB individuals included in this analysis were: NA18528, NA18531, NA18557, NA18596, NA18606, NA18608, NA18614, NA18619, NA18633, and NA18748.

  Study phs003758

• Overcoming Clinical Resistance to EZH2 Inhibition Using Rational Epigenetic Combination Therapy

  Essential epigenetic dependencies have become evident in many cancers. Based on functional antagonism between BAF/SWI/SNF and PRC2 in SMARCB1-deficient sarcomas, we and colleagues recently completed the clinical trial of the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat, leading to its FDA approval. However, the principles of tumor response to epigenetic therapy in general and tazemetostat in particular remain unknown. Using functional genomics of patient tumors and diverse experimental models, we defined molecular mechanisms of tazemetostat resistance. We found distinct classes of acquired mutations that converge on the RB1/E2F axis, decoupling EZH2-dependent differentiation and cell cycle control. This allows tumor cells to escape tazemetostat-induced G1 arrest despite EZH2 inhibition and suggests a general mechanism for effective EZH2 therapy. Using RNA-sequencing of patient tumor specimens, we identified specific genes as markers of a deficient RB1/E2F axis, which we propose as prospective biomarkers for therapy stratification. This offers a paradigm for rational epigenetic combination therapy suitable for immediate translation to clinical trials.This study was performed on archived tumor tissue collected as part of the above clinical trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Patient tumors were classified into "Response" or "Progression" groups based on RECIST 1.1 criteria. "Response" included tumors exhibiting a complete response, partial response, or stable disease. All other tumors were classified under the "Progression" group. Archived frozen tumor samples were weighed and up to 20-30mg were homogenized in RLT buffer, followed by extraction using the AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN catalog 80204) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA was eluted in 13 μL nuclease-free water. After RiboGreen quantification and quality control by Agilent BioAnalyzer, 1 μg of total RNA with DV200 percentages varying from 78% to 100% underwent ribosomal depletion and library preparation using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA LT Kit (Illumina catalog RS-122-1202) according to instructions provided by the manufacturer with 8 cycles of PCR. Samples were barcoded and sequenced using NovaSeq 6000 in a PE150 mode, with the NovaSeq 6000 S4 Reagent Kit (Illumina). On average, 84 million paired reads were generated per sample and 70% of the data mapped to mRNA. For analysis, read adaptors were trimmed and quality filtered using 'trim_galore' and mapped to GRCh38/hg19 reference genome using STAR v2.7.9 with default parameters.

  Study phs003188

• Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer: Aromatase Inhibitor Response Study

  Highly variable outcomes are observed in patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer who undergo preoperative estrogen deprivation therapy with aromatase inhibitors (AI). In this study, 46 baseline tumor and normal genomes and 31 baseline tumor/normal exomes of participants selected from two clinical trials of neoadjuvant AI therapy on ER+ breast cancer were sequenced to identify somatic alterations that correlate with response to AI, to screen for therapeutic targets and to elucidate the genetic landscape of ER+ breast cancer. From the same set of patients we later performed deep genomic characterization of a subset of matched primary tumors after four months of AI therapy, generating comprehensive information about the range of changes that occur when ER+ breast cancers are subjected to estrogen deprivation. This data includes whole genome sequence and transcriptome data. To better understand tumor heterogeneity and the evolution of resistance to estrogen-deprivation therapy, a subset of these tumours, along with 38 additional cases were sequenced to greater depth using targeted capture with a gene panel.

  Study phs000472

• HipSci expression microarray for embryonic stem cell control lines

  The HipSci project brings together diverse constituents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. In this sub-study we use commercially available embryonic stem cell lines as control samples against which to compare HipSci's iPS cell lines. We performed expression analysis using the Illumina HumanHT -12 Expression BeadChip.

  Study EGAS00001001729

• Epigenetic Moderators of Naltrexone Efficacy for Alcohol Use Disorder

  This study was a 16-week randomized controlled trial of oral naltrexone (50 mg daily) vs. placebo among adults with Alcohol Use Disorder. DNA was extracted from peripheral mononuclear cells isolated from a blood sample collected at baseline, prior to study medication ingestion. The Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip was subsequently used to analyze these extracted DNA samples.

  Study phs002424

• Dataset of methylation data from whole blood DNA

  This dataset includes raw data (.idat) for the Illumina Human450k beadchip and methylation levels (.txt files). Methylation level were treated for normalization and background substraction. We removed probes with at least one of the following characteristics: (1) weak signal (p > 0.01) (2128 CpG sites), (2) SNP-enriched sites (4100 sites), (3) out of a CpG context (not on a CG) (3149 sites), or (4) located on sex chromosomes (11,129 sites). A total of 465,071 CpG sites were analyzed initially. Signal was then normalized, first by scaling to the internal controls using the methylumi R package, then by applying the method of subset-quantile within array normalization (SWAN) implemented in the minfi R package.

  Dataset EGAD00010001593

• Genome-wide genotyping data and exome sequencing of 100 European-descent and 100 African-descent Belgians used in the EGAS00001001895 study

  The 100 European-descent (EUB) and 100 African-descent (AFB) Belgians studied were genotyped for a total of 4,301,332 SNPs on the Illumina HumanOmni5-Quad BeadChips. Whole-exome sequencing was carried out for the same 200 individuals with the Nextera Rapid Capture Expanded Exome kit, on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform, with 100-bp paired-end reads. This kit delivers 62 Mb of genomic content per individual, including exons, untranslated regions (UTR), and microRNAs. Omni5 and exome datasets were merged, yielding a concordance rate between platforms of 99.93%.

  Dataset EGAD00010001131

• Ewing's sarcoma sequencing data

  This study shares DNA and RNA sequencing data for patients with Ewing's sarcoma

  Study EGAS00001005689

• March 2019 data update for reference epigenomes generated at Centre for Epigenome Mapping Technologies, Genome Sciences Center, B.C. Cancer Agency as part of the International Human Epigenome Consortium.

  March 2019 data update for cord blood CD34+CD38-, CMP, GMP, MEP, monocyte, erythroid precursor, B cell and primary AML total blasts reference epigenomes generated at Centre for Epigenome Mapping Technologies, Genome Sciences Center, B.C. Cancer Agency as part of the International Human Epigenome Consortium. This dataset contains data for samples: CEMT0158 CEMT0159 CEMT0160 CEMT0161 CEMT0162 CEMT0163 CEMT0164 CEMT0165 CEMT0166 CEMT0167 CEMT0168 CEMT0169 CEMT0170 CEMT0171 CEMT0172 CEMT0189

  Dataset EGAD00001004950

• Enhancer signatures stratify and predict outcomes of non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

  Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) do not produce symptoms of hormonal excess and are hence considered “non-functional”. Their clinical behaviors vary widely, emphasizing the need for a robust classification with prognostic power. Using enhancer maps to infer regulatory programs, we find that the large majority of non-functional PNETs fall into two major sub-types that reflect alpha and beta endocrine cell ontogeny, respectively. Tumors of the different subtypes have similar clinical presentations and histology, but express distinct lineage-specifying transcription factors, ARX or PDX1. Here we provide the raw ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data of the PNET cohort in this study, as well as ChIP-seq data of ileal carcinoids.

  Study phs001910

• Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

  The earliest genetic abnormalities in cancer represent a unique opportunity for timely clinical diagnosis. Classic deep sequencing of tumors identifies many aberrations acquired later in cancer progression. In this study, data regarding simple mutation and chromosomal aberration were integrated to trace the evolution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and ovarian adenocarcinomas. Only after the second allele of TP53 was lost did the genome enter a window of extreme genomic vulnerability, in both cancer types, eventually acquiring more than 100,000 mutations in skin cancers. Inactivating Notch mutations were also identified as prevalent secondary changes. These results add context to the idea of TP53 mutation as dominant negative and occurring later in tumorigenesis.

  Study phs000418

• Gastric_Mutational_Signatures__GMS_

  This study aims to characterise the mutation burdens and signatures of adult stem cells derived from different regions of the stomach in order to gain insight into the causes and preclinical evolution of the diverse cancer subtypes. Clonal populations of cells from different anatomical locations of the stomach will be derived through organoid culture and/or laser microdissection and interrogated by whole genome sequencing and/or targeted pulldown. A total of circa 300 samples from 20 – 30 donors (cancer and non-cancer patients undergoing total/partial gastrectomy) will be analysed for mutational burden and signatures and genomic findings correlated with topology, age, risk factors and different stages of pre-neoplastic or neoplastic progression.

  Study EGAS00001002939

• Gastric_Mutational_Signatures__GMS_

  This study aims to characterise the mutation burdens and signatures of adult stem cells derived from different regions of the stomach in order to gain insight into the causes and preclinical evolution of the diverse cancer subtypes. Clonal populations of cells from different anatomical locations of the stomach will be derived through organoid culture and/or laser microdissection and interrogated by whole genome sequencing and/or targeted pulldown. A total of circa 300 samples from 20 – 30 donors (cancer and non-cancer patients undergoing total/partial gastrectomy) will be analysed for mutational burden and signatures and genomic findings correlated with topology, age, risk factors and different stages of pre-neoplastic or neoplastic progression.

  Study EGAS00001002938

• WGBS data (CancerLocator study) of cell-free DNA derived from human blood

  The blood samples of eight lung cancer patients and one benign lung tumor patient are collected for this dataset. Blood samples were centrifuged first at 1,600 × g for 10 minutes, and then the plasma was transferred into new micro tubes and centrifuged at 16,000 × g for another 10 minutes. The plasma was collected and stored at -80⁰C. CfDNA was extracted from 5 ml plasma using the Qiagen QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acids Kit and quantified by Qubit 3.0 Fluoromter (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Bisulfite conversion of cfDNA was performed by using EZ-DNA-Methylation-GOLD kit (Zymo Research). After that, Accel-NGS Methy-Seq DNA library kit (Swift Bioscience) was used to prepare the sequencing libraries. The DNA libraries were then sequenced with 150bp paired-end reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001003168

• Genome Sequencing of Familial Cholangiocarcinoma for the Identification of Germline Risk Alleles

  In this study, sequencing data (WES, WGS, linked-read WGS) was used to identify candidate causal germline variants in a family with inherited cholangiocarcinoma. Candidate causal SNVs and indels were identified from the germline WES data of eight siblings (four affected, four unaffected), then somatic second hits were identified from matched tumor/normal pairs. Second hits were verified using haplotype information derived from linked-read WGS of the tumor data.

  Study phs001593