147 results for "e"

in 70.18 milliseconds.

• Study of the rare and low frequency variants in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean population

  The Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) region is located in northeastern Quebec and is known for its unique demographic history and founder effect. Since founder populations are enriched with population-specific variants, we characterized the variants distribution in SLSJ and compared it with four European populations (Finnish, Sweden, United Kingdom and France), of which the Finnish population is another founder population. Targeted sequencing of the coding and non-coding immune regulatory regions of the SLSJ asthma familial cohort and the four European populations were performed. Rare and low-frequency coding and noncoding regulatory variants identified in the SLSJ population were then investigated for variant- and gene-level associations with asthma and allergy related-traits (eosinophil percentage, immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels and lung function). Our data showed that (1) rare or deleterious variants were not enriched in the two founder populations as compared to the three non-founder European populations; (2) a larger proportion of founder population-specific variants occurred with higher frequencies; and (3) low-frequency variants appeared to be more deleterious. Furthermore, a rare variant, rs1386931, located in the 3’UTR of CXCR6 and intron of FYCO1 was found to be associated with eosinophil percentage. Gene-based analyses identified NRP2, MRPL44 and SERPINE2 to be associated with various asthma and allergy related traits. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of using a founder population to identify new genes associated with asthma and allergy-related traits; thus better understand the genes and pathways implicated in pathophysiology.

  Study EGAS00001003103

• MATISSE Whole-exome sequencing data

  Sample availability: WES was performed on 41 available baseline tumor and blood samples (22 CCRs/MPRs, 5 PPRs, 14 CRN/NPRs). Tumor DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) primary tumor and lymph node metastasis sections containing at least 10% viable tumor cells present in the sample. A pathologist (LS) scored the tumor percentage and indicated the most tumor-dense region on a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain slide for subsequent DNA isolation. According to the manufacturer's protocol, five to 10 FFPE slides (10 µm) were used for DNA isolation using the AllPrep DNA FFPE isolation kit (Qiagen, 80234) and the QIAcube. Germline DNA was isolated from baseline PBMCs using the AllPrep DNA / RNA / miRNA Universal isolation kit (Qiagen, 80224) and the QIAcube, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Genetic Diagnostics and Sequencing Services (CeGaT) performed whole-exome sequencing sequencing in Germany. Data processing: Demultiplexing of the sequencing reads was performed with Illumina bcl2fastq (v2.20). Adapters of the reads were trimmed with Skewer (v0.2.2), without quality trimming. Sequencing reads were aligned with BWA (v0.7.17) to the human reference genome GRCh38 (Ensemble, v105). Duplicated reads were marked using Picard (v2.25.0) MarkDuplicates, after which quality scores were recalibrated using GATK4 (4.2.2.0) BaseRecalibrator. FastQC (v0.12.1), MultiQC (v1.14), Mosdepth (v0.3.3) and NGScheckmate (v1.0.1) were used for assessing data quality, on FASTQ files and intermediate processing steps.

  Dataset EGAD50000001469

• A Population Genomics Study Using a Disease-Targeted Cell model: Integration of

  The common genetic variants associated with complex traits typically lie in non-coding DNA and may alter gene regulation in a cell type-specific manner. Consequently, the choice of tissue or cell model in the dissection of disease associations is important. We carried out an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) study of primary human osteoblasts (HOb) derived from 95 unrelated donors of Swedish origin, each represented by two independently derived primary lines to provide biological replication. We combined our data with publicly available information from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bone mineral density (BMD). The top 2000 BMD-associated SNPs were tested for cis-association of gene expression in HObs and in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) using publicly available data and showed that HObs have a significantly greater enrichment (threefold) of converging cis-eQTLs as compared to LCLs. The top 10 BMD loci with SNPs showing strong cis-effects on gene expression in HObs were selected for further validation using a staged design in two cohorts of Caucasian male subjects. All 10 variants were tested in the Swedish MrOS Cohort (n = 3014), providing evidence for two novel BMD loci (SRR and MSH3). These variants were then tested in the Rotterdam Study (n = 2090), yielding converging evidence for BMD association at the 17p13.3 SRR locus. The cis-regulatory effect was further fine-mapped to the proximal promoter of the SRR gene (rs3744270). Our results suggest that primary cells relevant to disease phenotypes complement traditional approaches for prioritization and validation of GWAS hits for follow-up studies. Reprinted from Grundberg E, Kwan T, Ge B et al., Genome Res Nov 2009, with permission from Genome Research, Cold Spring Harbor Press, PMID:19654370.

  Study phs000225

• Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) Polymorphisms and Anxiety, Depression

  GDNF gene variants were studied as possible risk factors of depression or anxiety on a young sample. The association study involved eight (rs1981844, rs3812047, rs3096140, rs2973041, rs2910702, rs1549250, rs2973050 and rs11111) GDNF single nucleotide polymorphisms and anxiety and depression scores measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) on 708 Caucasian young adults with no psychiatric history. Results provided significant effects of two single nucleotide polymorphisms on anxiety scores following the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (p=0.00070 and p=0.00138 for rs3812047 and rs3096140, respectively). Haplotype analysis confirmed the role of these SNPs (p=0.00029). A significant sex-gene interaction was also observed since the effect of the rs3812047 A allele as a risk factor of anxiety was more pronounced in males. This is the first demonstration of a significant association between the GDNF gene and mood characteristics demonstrated by the association of two SNPs of the GDNF gene (rs3812047 and rs3096140) and individual variability of anxiety using self-report data from a non-clinical sample. Reprinted from Kotyuk et. al., 2013 (Kotyuk, E., Keszler, G., Nemeth, N., Ronai, Z., Sasvari-Szekely, M., and Szekely, A. (2013). Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) as a Novel Candidate Gene of Anxiety. PLoS One,8, (12) PMID: 24324616), with permission from Publisher (All content of articles published in PLOS journals is open access. You can read about our open access license here: http://www.plos.org/about/open-access/. To summarize, this license allows you to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles or images in PLOS journals, so long as the original creators are credited (e.g., including the article's citation and/or the image credit); Laura Perry; Staff EO;PLOS ONE)

  Study phs000713

• Bladder cancer subtyping study across 4 atezo clinical trials

  Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have revolutionized cancer therapy across many indications. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), several PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved for treatment in localized and metastatic disease. While these agents provide durable clinical benefit in a number of patients, the majority do not respond. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying response and resistance is needed to tailor existing treatments and develop new therapeutics in UC. We profiled tumors from 2803 patients from four late-stage randomized clinical trials evaluating the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab in metastatic UC and muscle-invasive bladder cancer by RNA-seq, a targeted DNA panel, immunohistochemistry, and digital pathology. A machine learning algorithm identified four UC transcriptional subtypes, representing luminal desert, stromal, immune, and basal tumors. Overall survival benefit from atezolizumab over standard-of-care was observed in immune and basal tumors (45% of patients). Digital pathology showed enrichment of human interpretable features in specific molecular subtypes, and a self-supervised approach could classify molecular subtypes from H&E slides with high accuracy, suggesting that machine-based image interpretation could accelerate tumor molecular profiling. Somatic alterations showed limited capacity to identify responders. Finally, mechanisms of benefit with PD-L1 blockade appeared different in immune and basal tumors, with immune tumors benefiting from B/plasma cell enrichment, while basal tumors benefited from granulocyte enrichment. This study represents the largest integration of UC molecular and curated clinical data in randomized clinical trials to date, paving the way for prospective clinical studies tailoring treatment regimens to specific tumor molecular subtypes in UC and other indications.

  Study EGAS50000000497

• Genome and gene analysis of gastrointestinal cancer and elucidation of its clinicopathological significance

  Cancer develops through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic aberrations. To identify sequential molecular alterations that occur during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we molecularly compared 52 early and 108 overt HCC samples by genome sequencing. Gene mutations in the p53/RB1 pathway, WNT pathway, MLLs, SWI/SNF complexes, and AKT/PI3K pathway were common in HCC. In the early phase of all entities, TERT was the most frequently upregulated gene owing to diverse mechanisms. Despite frequent somatic mutations in driver genes, including CTNNB1 and TP53, early HCC was a separate molecular entity from overt HCC as each had a distinct expression profile. Notably, WNT target genes were not activated in early HCC, regardless of CTNNB1 mutation status, because ?-catenin did not translocate into the nucleus due to the E-Cadherin/?-catenin complex at the membrane. Conversely, WNT targets were definitively upregulated in overt HCC with CTNNB1 mutation associated with downregulation of CDH1 and hypomethylation of CpG islands in the target genes. Similarly, cell cycle genes downstream of the p53/RB pathway were upregulated only in overt HCC with TP53 and/or RB1 gene mutations associated with chromosomal deletion of 4q and/or 16q. Differing from the expression profile, HCC was epigenetically distinguished into four subclasses: normal-like methylation, global-hypomethylation (favorable prognosis), stem-like methylation (poor prognosis), and CpG island methylation. These methylation statuses were globally maintained through HCC progression. Taken together, additional molecular events besides driver gene mutations cooperatively contribute to transcriptional activation of downstream targets as HCC progresses, according to the methylation status of the associated genes.

  Study JGAS000233

• Spiradenocarcinoma

  • Spiradenocarcinoma is a rare cutaneous sweat gland adnexal cancer with potential for aggressive behaviour. They are classified histologically into low- and high-grade tumours, with morphologically low-grade tumours thought to behave more favourably. However, limited information is available, with only 18 published cases. • We have collected morphologically low-grade spiroadenocarcinomas (one with a lung metastasis) and high-grade spiroadenocarcinomas, as well as some spiradenomas (benign lesions), cylindromas (another type of malignant cutaneous sweat gland adnexal tumour) and hybrid spiradenoma-cylindromas. • H&E-stained sections were reviewed, follow-up was obtained, and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, p53 and, MYB has been performed. The tumours were solitary, measuring 0.8-7?cm (median: 2.7?cm), with a predilection for the head and neck of elderly patients (median age: 72 years; range 53-92) without gender bias. Histologically, the tumours were multinodular and located in deep dermis and subcutis. A pre-existing spiradenoma was present in all cases. The malignant component was characterized by expansile growth with loss of the dual cell population, up to moderate cytological atypia and increased mitotic activity (median: 10/10 HPF; range 1-28). Additional findings included squamoid differentiation (n=9), necrosis (n=7), and ulceration (n=5). P53 expression was variable and no significant differences were noted in the benign compared with the malignant parts of the tumours. In contrast, in the malignant components the Ki-67 proliferative index was slightly increased, and MYB expression was lost. Follow-up (median: 67 months; range: 13-132) available for 16 patients (84%) revealed a local recurrence rate of 19% but no metastases or disease-related mortality. • Here we wish to exome sequence these cases to define the first genomic landscape for this malignancy.

  Study EGAS00001001799

• Spatial transcriptomic data of breast cancer

  Fastq files from spatial transcriptomic of breast cancer coming from 8 Breast cancer sections. Sample preparation: frozen BC samples were chosen based on tissue structure and RNA quality (RIN > 8). The “Visium Spatial Tissue Optimization Slide and Reagent Kit” (10X Genomics; #PN-1000193) was then used to optimize permeabilization conditions for BC tissues. Briefly, sections were fixed, stained and then permeabilized at different time points to capture mRNA, and the reverse transcription was performed to generate fluorescently labeled cDNA. The permeabilization time that resulted in the highest fluorescence signal with the lowest background diffusion was chosen. The best permeabilization time for BC tissue was 18 min. Cryostat sections of 10 μm of thickness were cut and placed on Visium Spatial Gene Expression slides (10X Genomics, PN-1000184). The slide was incubated for 1 min at 37°C, then fixed with methanol for 30 min at -20°C followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and images were taken under a high-resolution microscope. After imaging, the coverslip was detached by holding the slide in water and the slide was mounted in a plastic slide cassette. The spatial gene expression process, including tissue permeabilization, second strand synthesis and cDNA amplification, was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (10X Genomics; #CG000239). cDNA quality was next assessed using Agilent High sensitivity DNA Kit (Agilent, #5067-4626). The spatial gene libraries were constructed using Visium Spatial Library Construction Kit (10X Genomics, PN-1000184).

  Dataset EGAD50000000322

• DMET Genes, Nicotine Metabolism and Prospective Abstinence

  This study (DA033813; PI: Andrew W Bergen; PMID:26132489) includes samples from two laboratory studies of nicotine metabolism. The Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine Metabolism in Twins study (PKTWIN; PI: Gary E Swan; PMID: 15527659) was based on recruitment from a twin registry (PMID: 23084148). The Integrated Research Project on Tobacco Use and Dependence (IRP; PI: Gary E Swan; PMID: 14578134) was based on recruitment from a pedigree-based longitudinal study of risk factors for substance use, the Smoking in Families study (SMOFAM; DA03706; PI: Hy Hops). These two laboratory studies (PKTWIN and IRP/SMOFAM) served as the Stage I dataset to interrogate Drug Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter genes with a targeted SNP array for association with the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR, ratio of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and cotinine), an established biomarker of nicotine metabolism. In addition to the laboratory studies, samples from eight RCTs (PMID: 23249876) with the NMR and smoking-related measures used to test SNPs identified in Stage I (PMID: 26132489). In a third stage, a lung cancer meta-analysis database (PMID: 24880342) was used to assess association of SNPs identified in Stage II with lung cancer. The objectives of the study were to identify novel genes and SNPs contributing to nicotine metabolism (Stage I), and to validate PK SNPs associated with the NMR from individuals participating in a clinical laboratory protocol with the NMR obtained from treatment-seeking smokers, and then to investigate association with prospective smoking cessation (Stage II). This study built upon existing studies of nicotine metabolism and randomized trials of smoking cessation therapies. Enhanced knowledge of the genes influencing nicotine metabolism and prospective abstinence may help personalize smoking cessation treatment and risk assessment for smoking-related diseases. For Stage I, both subject [fixed-dose NMR, covariates (age, BMI, ethnicity, sex, smoking status, and hormone use), and pedigree relationships] and sample (common DMET SNP genotype, genotyping quality control) data are available in this accession. The analysis protocol, quality control summaries, summary genotype, summary phenotype, and analysis results are available for Stage I, II and III samples (PMID: 26132489). Extensive discussion of the prior CYP2A6 association literature with the NMR, abstinence, smoking heaviness and lung cancer risk is available (PMID: 26132489). The NMR has previously been associated with CYP2A6 activity, response to smoking cessation treatments, and cigarette consumption. We searched for drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter (DMET) gene variation associated with the NMR and prospective abstinence in 2,946 participants of laboratory studies of nicotine metabolism and of clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies. Stage I was a meta-analysis of the association of 507 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 173 DMET genes with the NMR in 449 participants of two laboratory studies. Nominally significant associations were identified in ten genes after adjustment for intragenic SNPs; CYP2A6 and two CYP2A6 SNPs attained experiment-wide significance adjusted for correlated SNPs (CYP2A6 PACT=4.1E-7, rs4803381 PACT=4.5E-5, rs1137115, PACT=1.2E-3). Stage II was mega-regression analyses of 10 DMET SNPs with pretreatment NMR and prospective abstinence in up to 2,497 participants from eight trials. rs4803381 and rs1137115 SNPs were associated with pretreatment NMR at genome-wide significance. In post-hoc analyses of CYP2A6 SNPs, we observed nominally significant association with: abstinence in one pharmacotherapy arm; cigarette consumption among all trial participants; and lung cancer in four case:control studies. CYP2A6 minor alleles were associated with reduced NMR, CPD, and lung cancer risk. We confirmed the major role that CYP2A6 plays in nicotine metabolism, and made novel findings with respect to genome-wide significance and associations with CPD, abstinence and lung cancer risk. Additional multivariate analyses with patient variables and genetic modeling will improve prediction of nicotine metabolism, disease risk and smoking cessation treatment prognosis.

  Study phs000931

• MATISSE bulk RNA-sequencing data

  Tumor availability: Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on tumor biopsies of 48 patients at baseline and 45 patients across time points (baseline n=48, week 1 n=38, week 2 n=34, week 4 n=37), including lymph node metastasis that were sequenced in addition to the primary tumor. Tumor RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) primary tumor and lymph node metastasis sections containing at least 10% viable tumor cells present in the sample, except for on-treatment samples with a complete pathological response in which we isolated samples with at least 10% immune-infiltration with no viable tumor cells. A pathologist (LS) scored the tumor percentage and indicated the most tumor-dense region on a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain slide for subsequent RNA isolation. According to the manufacturer's protocol, five to 10 FFPE slides (10 µm) were used for RNA isolation using the AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE isolation kit (Qiagen, 80234) and the QIAcube. Genetic Diagnostics and Sequencing Services (CeGaT) performed RNA sequencing in Germany. Data processing: Demultiplexing of the sequencing reads was performed with Illumina bcl2fastq (v2.20). Adapters of the reads (Pico v2 SMART adapter, first three nucleotides of the second sequencing read) were trimmed with Skewer (v0.2.2), without quality trimming. RNA-sequencing data was aligned to GRCh38 (Ensembl v109) using STAR (v2.7.9) in 2-pass mode with default settings. Gene counts were generated with the HTSeq (v2.0.2). FastQC (v0.12.1) and MultiQC (v1.14) were used for assessing data quality, on FASTQ files and intermediate processing steps.

  Dataset EGAD50000001470

• Women's Health Study Accelerometry Dataset

  Background The Women's Health Study (WHS) was a randomized trial testing low-dose aspirin and vitamin E for preventing cancer and CVD among 39,876 women aged ≥45 years throughout the US from 1992-2004. When the trial ended as planned, women who were willing to participate continued in an observational follow-up study. Participants in Accelerometer Study From 2011-2015, an ancillary study collected data on physical activity and sedentary behavior using accelerometers. Women were mailed a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph Corp) with a wear log, and asked to wear this on their hip for seven consecutive days, removing it only during sleep and water-based activities. Further details have previously been published (PMID: 30666321). A total of 17,708 women wore and returned their devices, and data were downloaded from the devices of 17,466 women; no data were available from the other 242 (device failure). By convention, a "valid day" of wear has data on at least 10 hours (PMID: 22698174). Among these 17,466 women, 17,062 had at least one valid day of wear. The data are provided for all 17,062 women. Additionally, "compliant wear" is conventionally defined for participants wearing the device for at least 10 hours, on at least 4 days (PMID: 22698174). Of the 17,062 women, 16,741 had compliant wear (PMID: 29109088). Self-reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior After we received the accelerometer from a WHS participant, she was sent a questionnaire asking her to report the time she spent in different physical activities during the week that the accelerometer was worn (see questionnaire below). A total of 15,514 women (91% of participants in the Accelerometer Study) returned their physical activity questionnaires. In addition, beginning in October 2012, we included questions on sedentary behavior; a total of 9,430 women returned questionnaires that included questions on both physical activity and sedentary behavior.

  Study phs001964

• Structure and Diversity of Urinary Cell-Free DNA Informative of Host-Pathogen Interactions in Human Urinary Tract Infection

  The risk of acquiring urinary tract infection (UTI) is very high for patients who have received kidney transplants; nearly half will develop bacteriuria and an eighth viruria via BK polyomavirus in the first three years following transplantation. Current methodology for diagnosing viral and bacterial infections, while well practiced, is often limited in scope. The advent of next generation sequencing of cell-free DNA has shown promise in its ability to capture multiple perspectives of human health from discovering the origin of cell-free DNA in plasma; such a diagnostic has not been readily applied to urinary cell-free DNA. In this study, we selected 141 urine samples from a cohort of kidney transplant patients, which were collected and stored at Weill Cornell Medical College - New York Presbyterian Hospital. Of these samples, 43 samples were determined to be culture positive (> 10,000 CFU) for one or more bacterial species, including E. coli, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, and Raoultella. A separate 23 samples were confirmed for BK virus nephropathy, with presence of BK polyomavirus confirmed via qPCR. We also included 29 samples from 14 patients who did not develop UTIs in the first three months following transplantation, and 11 samples that were negative for BK virus nephropathy. For a full description of samples, please see the Supplementary Data 1 in https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29925834/. From these urine samples, we aimed to capture and sequence urinary cell-free DNA using a single-stranded library preparation. In addition, we performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to 170 plasma samples collected from 27 hematopoietic cell transplant patients who developed graft-versus host disease and BK polyomavirus infection. We also performed Sample-Intrinsic microbial DNA Found by Tagging and sequencing (SIFT-seq) on 196 cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples (154 plasma and 42 urine) collected from five groups of subjects. For a full description of samples, please see publications in PMID: 35864089 and PMID: 35058359.

  Study phs001564

• Whole genome sequencing data from tumor and normal samples

  Whole genome sequencing FASTQ files from tumor and normal samples from 202 patients. All experiments reported in this article were performed in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified and College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited laboratories at Personalis Inc., as guided by the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) and CAP’s joint recommendations52. Preferred input material consisting of FFPE slides (enabling H&E and macrodissection which is part of the standard NeXT Personal process) was not available for the majority (94%) of tumor samples. Most tumor samples (72%) were processed from FFPE curls, with the remaining processed from pre-extracted DNA and fresh frozen material. Where FFPE material on slide was available, tumor sections were macrodissected to increase tumor content, with a minimum allowable cellularity threshold of 20% determined by pathological review. The tumor cellularity threshold of 20% was chosen based on prior work demonstrating that no significant correlation is observed between tumor purity and assay limit of detection (LOD) at this threshold31. Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor and normal samples and WGS libraries prepared as previously described31. Genomic DNA was isolated from matched tumor and normal samples using the Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Tissue Kit or the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germantown, MD, USA) using internally optimized workflows. WGS sequencing libraries were prepared with 120-500 ng of acoustically sheared genomic DNA (Covaris LLC, Woburn, MA, USA) using the KAPA HyperPrep Kit (Roche Sequencing Solutions, Pleasanton, CA, USA) and customized methods. Libraries were cleaned-up using AMPure XP beads and then quantified using the KAPA Library Quantification Kit (Roche Sequencing Solutions, Pleasanton, CA, USA), before being sequenced to 30X depth of coverage using a NovaSeq 6000 instrument (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA).

  Dataset EGAD50000001909

• HGSC WGS for the study Genomic consequences of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms stratify ovarian cancer histotypes

  HGSC cases in the OvCaRe and CRCHUM Tumour Banks were selected according to the following criteria: (i) were administered platinum taxane based therapy; (ii) relapsed within 12 months (365 days) or had at least longer than 4.5 years (1642.5 days) follow-up data; (iii) had at least 50% tumour content by H&E staining and expert pathology review. All cases were re-reviewed by expert pathologists to confirm the diagnosis of HGSC. Germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 was determined for all patients through hereditary cancer screening programs. The design of cases selection as a discovery cohort was engineered to amplify biological differences by selecting cases from the extremes of the outcome distribution. All HGSC tumours are primary tumour samples. Library construction and sequencing Frozen specimens with >50% tumour cellularity (based on initial slide review) were used for cryosectioning and subsequent nucleic acid extraction. Patient tumour and normal blood samples derived from primary, untreated fresh frozen tumour specimens harvested at diagnosis during standard of care debulking surgery. Germline DNA was provided from peripheral blood buffy coat on all specimens except 13 from Tokyo, where non-cancer frozen tissue was used as a germline source. DNA extraction from both matched normal (blood) and tumour samples (frozen tissue) were performed using the QIAamp Blood and Tissue DNA kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Qbit fluorometer and reagents (high-sensitivity assay). Three lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 v4 chemistry for normal samples and five lanes for tumour samples were obtained. The PCR-free protocol was adopted to eliminate the PCR-induced bias and improve coverage across the genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001003268

• Spiradenocarcinoma (2018-10-29)

  Spiradenocarcinoma is a rare cutaneous sweat gland adnexal cancer with potential for aggressive behaviour. They are classified histologically into low- and high-grade tumours, with morphologically low-grade tumours thought to behave more favourably. However, limited information is available, with only 18 published cases. We have collected morphologically low-grade spiroadenocarcinomas (one with a lung metastasis) and high-grade spiroadenocarcinomas, as well as some spiradenomas (benign lesions), cylindromas (another type of malignant cutaneous sweat gland adnexal tumour) and hybrid spiradenoma-cylindromas. H&E-stained sections were reviewed, follow-up was obtained, and immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, p53 and, MYB has been performed. The tumours were solitary, measuring 0.8-7?cm (median: 2.7?cm), with a predilection for the head and neck of elderly patients (median age: 72 years; range 53-92) without gender bias. Histologically, the tumours were multinodular and located in deep dermis and subcutis. A pre-existing spiradenoma was present in all cases. The malignant component was characterized by expansile growth with loss of the dual cell population, up to moderate cytological atypia and increased mitotic activity (median: 10/10 HPF; range 1-28). Additional findings included squamoid differentiation (n=9), necrosis (n=7), and ulceration (n=5). P53 expression was variable and no significant differences were noted in the benign compared with the malignant parts of the tumours. In contrast, in the malignant components the Ki-67 proliferative index was slightly increased, and MYB expression was lost. Follow-up (median: 67 months; range: 13-132) available for 16 patients (84%) revealed a local recurrence rate of 19% but no metastases or disease-related mortality. Here we wish to exome sequence these cases to define the first genomic landscape for this malignancy. This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-10-29.

  Dataset EGAD00001004426

• Recurrent DNMT3B gene rearrangements are associated with unfavorable outcome in dicentric (9;20)-positive pediatric BCP-ALL

  We provide clinical data sets of Array CGH, targeted RNA-seq, total RNA-seq, whole genome bisulfite (WGBS) and whole genome DNA sequencing (WGS) obtained from bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells of 57 pediatric patients with dicentric chromosome dic(9;20) positive Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), from which in 6 cases DNMT3B gene rearrangement was identified. This data is complemented by total RNA-seq and WGBS of samples from 4 additional ALL patients with a t(12;21) translocation and ETV6-RUNX1 gene fusion. DNA was isolated from BM or PB B-lymphocytes using Qiagen QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit to perform i) Array CGH of 58 dic(9;20) positive samples by hybridizing 500ng DNA using a Agilent 400K SurePrint G3 Custom CGH Human Genome Microarray (e-Array design 84704) ii) WGBS of 6 DNMT3B rearrangement positive samples and 4 ETV6-RUNX1 positive samples using Tecan TrueMethyl oxBS-Seq module for library preparation and Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform to run 2x151 cycles iii) WGS of DNMT3B rearrangement positive samples using Illumina Lotus DNA Library Prep Kit followed by sequencing running 2x160 cycles on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. RNA was isolated from PB B-lymphocytes using the PerkinElmer Chemagic 360 instrument, followed by i) targeted RNA-seq of 56 dic(9;20) positive samples prepared using Illumina TruSight RNA Pan-Cancer Panel and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform running 2x75 cycles ii) total RNA-seq of 6 DNMT3B rearrangement positive samples and 4 ETV6-RUNX1 positive samples utilizing TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep Gold kit and running 2x100 cycles on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001011122

• WGS of high grade serous ovarian tumours and matched blood normals

  FASTQ reads for 81 matched tumour-normal WGS pairs for high grade serous ovarian cancer patients. Scottish HGSOC samples were collected via local Bioresource facilities at Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee and Aberdeen and stored in liquid Nitrogen until required. HGSOC patients were determined from pathology records and were included in the study where there was matched tumour and whole blood samples. Tumour samples were divided into two for DNA and RNA extraction and slivers of tissue were taken, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE). Samples were only included if they were confirmed as HGSOC and there was greater than 40% tumour cellularity throughout the tumour, determined using H&E staining of the FFPE sections and pathology review. Somatic DNA was extracted from the tumour and germline DNA was extracted from whole blood. Somatic DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and tissue kit (cat no 69504). The tissue was initially homogenised using a Qiagen Bioruptor, followed by the manufacturers recommended protocol (including RNase digestion step). Germline DNA was extracted from 1-3ml whole blood using the Qiagen FlexiGene kit (cat no 51206) following the manufacturers recommended protocol. The resulting DNA underwent quality control as follows: firstly, A260 and A280nm were measured on a Denovix DS-11 Fx to qualitatively illustrate A260/280nm and A260/230nm ratios as surrogate measures of DNA purity. A260/280 had to be 1.8 or greater and A260/230 had to be 2.0 or greater. Then, DNA was quantified using LifeTechnologies Qubit dsDNA BR kit (cat no Q32850) and we required a minimum of 50ul at 25ng/ul for WGS. Thirdly, DNA was diluted to 25ng/ul and a representative sample was loaded onto a 0.8% TAE gel, ran at 100v for 60mins and then imaged using a BioRad ChemiDoc imaging system to visualise the DNA quality.

  Dataset EGAD00001009049

• IL-17 Signaling in Human iPSC-derived Midbrain Neurons in Parkinson's Disease

  To determine IL-17-induced global transcriptome changes in midbrain neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from three sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and three age- and sex-machted controls, deep RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of IL-17-treated and untreated PD and control iPSC-dderived midbrain neurons was performed. Total RNA was isolated from untreated and IL-17-treated cells with the TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation Kit v2 (Illumina). RNA libraries were quantified using the KAPA SYBR FAST ABI Prism Library Quantification Kit (Kapa Biosystems) and cluster generation was performed on the cBot with the TruSeq SR Cluster Kit v3 (Illumina). The sequencing run was performed on a HiSeq 1000 instrument (Illumina) using the indexed, 50 cycles single read (SR) protocol and the TruSeq SBS v3 Kit (Illumina). Image analysis and base calling resulted in .bcl files that were then converted into .fastQ files by the CASAVA1.8.2 software. FastQ files were aligned to the human genome (hg19) using STAR.and annotated with gencode.v19. DESeq2 was used to determine differential expression. Criteria to determine significantly dysregulated genes were as follows: adjusted p-value below 0.05 and log2FC (fold change) of greater than one. Only genes with a mean expression value of greater than one RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads) throughout the dataset were considered. Control and PD samples were analyzed as two independent datasets. Upon IL-17 treatment only 17 genes were found to be dysregulated in controls but 125 genes were dysregulated in iPSC-derived midbrain neurons from PD patients. The 125 IL-17-dependent genes in PD iPSC-derived neurons separated the treated from untreated PD samples using an unsupervised, hierarchical clustering applying an Euclidean distance metric. More detailed study information can be found in Sommer A, Maxreiter F, Krach F, Fadler T, Grosch J, Maroni M, Graef D, Eberhardt E, Riemenschneider MJ, Yeo GW, Kohl Z, Xiang W, Gage FH, Winkler J, Prots I, Winner B. Th17 Lymphocytes Induce Neuronal Cell Death in a Human iPSC-Based Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Stem Cell. 2018 Jul 5;23(1):123-131.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.06.015. PMID: 29979986

  Study phs001686

• Effect of Crohn's Disease Risk Alleles on Enteric Microbiota

  This UH2/UH3 demonstration project entitled "Effects of Crohn's disease risk alleles on enteric microbiota" is focused on characterizing intestinal associated microbiota in patients with ileal Crohn's disease (ileal CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and control patients without inflammatory bowel diseases (non-IBD). We hypothesize that genetic factors that affect Paneth cell function, contribute to compositional changes in intestinal microbiota. These changes in microbiota may lead to reduction of protective commensal organisms and increased numbers of aggressive organisms that incite intestinal inflammation. This hypothesis is being tested by high throughput 16S rRNA sequence analysis of de-identified ileal and colonic tissues that have been archived at Washington University St. Louis, University of North Carolina, Mount Sinai Hospital and the Cleveland Clinic. Multivariate analysis of the metagenomic data will be conducted with genotyping metadata (highly reproducible CD risk alleles, including NOD2 and ATG16L1) and phenotyping metadata (e.g. age, gender, race, body mass index, medications and smoking.) Shotgun sequencing will be performed on selected fecal specimens linked to ileal tissues to identify additional, or auxiliary, or synergistic pathogenic factors or other functional changes in the microbiome. Because members of this research team have observed that a chronic viral infection is required for the Paneth cell defect in Atg16l1 hypomorphic mice, a major focus of these studies will be towards identifying potential viral triggers for the defective Paneth cell phenotype in individuals harboring the ATG16L1 risk allele. Novel genetic probes for protective and aggressive organisms will be developed by mining bacterial genome and shotgun sequencing data. Genomic sequences will be produced for candidate protective and aggressive strains (e.g. adherent-invasive strains of E. coli) isolated from human intestinal tissues where there is limited existing genome information. Quantitative qPCR assays using the novel as well as established genetic probes will be conducted to test the hypothesis that an imbalance between protective and aggressive organisms is associated with genetic factors that affect Paneth cell function. Our combined expertise in multiple disciplines across multiple institutions, our demonstrated ability to collect a large number of well-phenotyped samples with longitudinal clinical information that will be linked to host response and morphologic studies, and our consortium's capacity for high-throughput sequencing will be used to investigate how alterations in human microbiome relate to CD risk alleles and CD pathogenesis.

  Study phs000255

• Circulating Genomic Determinants of Treatment Failure in Hodgkin Lymphoma

  In this study, we show that the plasma representation of mutations exceeds the bulk tumor representation in most cases, making classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) particularly amenable to noninvasive profiling. Leveraging single-cell transcriptional profiles of cHL tumors, we demonstrate hazard ratios (HRs) circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) shedding to be shaped by DNASE1L3, whose increased tumor microenvironment-derived expression drives high ctDNA concentrations. Using this insight, we comprehensively profile 366 patients, revealing two distinct cHL genomic subtypes with characteristic clinical and prognostic correlates, as well as distinct transcriptional and immunological profiles. Furthermore, we identify a novel class of truncating IL4R-mutations that are dependent on IL13 signaling and therapeutically targetable with IL4R blocking antibodies. Finally, we demonstrate the clinical value of pre- and on-treatment ctDNA levels for longitudinally refining cHL risk prediction, and for detection of radiographically occult minimal residual disease. Collectively, these results support the utility of noninvasive strategies for genotyping and dynamic monitoring of cHL as well as capturing molecularly distinct subtypes with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential.Methods utilized include a) targeted genotyping of baseline plasma samples, b) whole exome sequencing (WES) of baseline plasma samples, c) epigenetic expression inference from cell-free DNA-sequencing (EPIC-Seq) to infer gene expression from cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentation profiles, d) ctDNA tracking in on-treatment samples, e) RNA-Sequencing, and f) Phased variant Enrichment and Detection Sequencing (PhasED-Seq).All patients were treated at cancer centers across Europe and North America between 2011 and 2020. The following 3 cancer centers, Stanford (CA, USA), Bellinzona [Confoederatio Helvetica (CH) or Switzerland], and Leuven (Belgium), were included. The 6 clinical trial collectives included in this study are the Phase III trial AHOD1331 trial (NCT02166463) and the Phase II cHOD17 study (NCT03755804) for enrolled pediatric patients, the Phase III AHL2011 (NCT01358747), the Phase II BREACH trial (NCT02292979), a pilot study evaluating concurrent Pembrolizumab with AVD (Doxorubicin, also known as Adriamycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine; NCT03331341), and a Phase II study evaluating PVAB (Prednisone, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin and Bendamustine; NCT02414568) in older patients (61 years and older). In addition, lymph node specimens from a biorepository at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (TN, USA) were included.

  Study phs003435

• Study of Clinical Efficacy of Antimicrobial Therapy Strategy Using Pragmatic Design in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (CleanUP IPF-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives To investigate whether the addition of antimicrobial treatments improves outcomes compared to usual care alone among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease. Lung dysbiosis, characterized by increased bacterial load and/or loss of diversity, has been reported in patients with IPF and may contribute to hospitalization and death. Clinical trials investigating other chronic disorders suggest that antimicrobial therapy favorably alters the lung microbial community. The CleanUP IPF study was initiated to determine if an antimicrobial treatment reduces respiratory hospitalization or death among patients with IPF. Participants A total of 513 participants were enrolled. 254 participants were randomized to receive antimicrobials, of those 128 were randomized to receive co-trimoxazole and 126 were randomized to receive doxycycline. 259 participants were randomized to receive usual care alone. Design CleanUP IPF was a randomized, unblinded, multicenter study. Patients were randomized to receive antimicrobials in addition to usual care or usual care alone. Antimicrobials included co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim 160 mg/sulfamethoxazole 800 mg twice daily plus folic acid 5 mg daily) or doxycycline (100 mg once daily if body weight Data collected included diffusion capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), forced vital capacity (FVC), and occurrence of severe adverse events. Several questionnaires were administered to assess quality of life, including the impacts of shortness of breath, fatigue, and chronic cough on participants. The primary end point was time to first nonelective respiratory hospitalization or all-cause mortality. The study was terminated early due to futility. Conclusions Among adults with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the addition of co-trimoxazole or doxycycline to usual care, compared with usual care alone, did not significantly improve time to nonelective respiratory hospitalization or death. Martinez FJ, Yow E, Flaherty KR, et al. Effect of Antimicrobial Therapy on Respiratory Hospitalization or Death in Adults With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: The CleanUP-IPF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(18):1841-1851. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.4956

  Study phs004314

• Mutational signature in colorectal cancer induced by genotoxic pks+ E. coli

  Various species of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), yet a direct role of bacteria in the occurrence of oncogenic mutations has not been established. Escherichia coli can carry the pathogenicity island pks, which encodes a set of enzymes that synthesize colibactin. This compound alkylates DNA on adenine residues and induces double strand breaks in cultured cells. Here, we exposed human intestinal organoids to genotoxic pks+ Escherichia coli by repeated luminal injection over a period of 5 months. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clonal organoids before and after this exposure reveals a distinct mutational signature, absent from organoids injected with isogenic pks-mutant bacteria. The same mutational signature is detected in a subset of 3668 human metastatic cancer genomes, predominantly in a subset of CRC cases. Our study describes a distinct mutational signature in CRC and implies that the underlying mutational process directly results from past exposure to bacteria carrying the colibactin-producing pks pathogenicity island.

  Study EGAS00001003934

• Creatine in Huntington's Disease (HD) (CREST-E)

  This is a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of creatine monohydrate involving 553 ambulatory subjects with HD who are not requiring skilled care or institutionalization. Eligible subjects were randomized to receive up to 40 grams daily of creatine monohydrate or matching placebo. Randomization will be followed by a Titration Phase, a Maintenance Phase, an Optional Extended Maintenance Phase, and Washout. During the Titration Phase, which may last up to six months, study drug will be initially escalated in 5-gram increments starting at 5 g/day until the 40 g/day target dose is reached. Should subjects be unable to reach or stay at the maximum dose during the Titration Phase, they will remain on the highest tolerated dose (HTD) for which they have no significant side effects. During the Maintenance Phase, subjects will be followed prospectively and systematically. Subjects completing 36 months of follow-up on study drug will be eligible to continue in the study for an additional twelve months of follow-up in the Extended Maintenance Phase. The primary measure of efficacy is the annualized rate of change in TFC. The primary hypothesis of the study is that chronic treatment of early-stage HD subjects with creatine monohydrate will slow the progressive functional decline of HD.

  Study phs001488

• Better Outcomes for Children: GWAS from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) - eMERGE Phase II data - (dbGaP Deposit 1)

  This submission includes genotyping data from 6 separate cohorts (named A-E here), each is described in separate paragraphs below. Cohort A) Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 1.5 million people in the United States, at an estimated lifetime cost of $4 million. It is part of Pervasive Developmental Disorder characterized by impairments in communication, language and reciprocal social interaction, and by unusual patterns of restricted and repetitive interests or behaviors. Autism, or autistic disorder, is the most severe form of the disease which has a wide range of symptom severity encompassed by the more inclusive term, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The prevalence of Autistic Disorder is currently estimated to be 4 per 1000, affecting 4 times more boys than girls. Susceptibility to autism is clearly attributable to genetic factors but the extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity within the disorder have hindered efforts at genetic dissection. Identifying the genetic variants that contribute to this highly heritable disease is crucial to advancing research on autism. Reported concordance rates among monozygotic twins range from 60% − 90% and heritability of autism has been estimated to be 90% or greater. Identifying genetic variants that contribute to this highly heritable disease is crucial to advancing research on autism. Cohort B) The long-term objective of this research is to determine the molecular genetic basis of Cardiovascular (CV) disease in the young; this study seeks to identify gene mutations that cause "structural heart defects". Every year in the USA, 32,000 individuals are born with CV malformations; approximately 20% die during the first year of life. Another 30,000 young people develop a disturbance of cardiac rhythm or conduction. In addition, the life expectancy of another 40,000 young people is shortened by other forms of CV disease. It is becoming more apparent that in spite of the success in diagnosis and treatment, very little is known about the causes of CV disease in the young; understanding the causes will permit insight into the pathophysiologic basis of disease and allow definition of disease risk - two critical elements for disease prevention. Disease prevention and/or risk modification promises to be the new frontier in the management of CV disease in the young. Cohort C) Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE) is one of the manifestations of eosinophilic gastrointestinal inflammation which have profound effects on a patient's health and development. Results of epidemiologic studies performed through our center demonstrate that eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disease is not an uncommon entity. While the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis has not been thoroughly studied until recently, there appears to be a significant increase in the diagnosis of EE in the last decade. Based on our research, this mainly reflects increased disease recognition, but there is also a bona-fide increase in disease incidence which coincides with the increasing incidence of asthma and allergic diseases in the industrialized world. In addition, many patients with intractable symptoms thought in the past to represent atypical GERD or other disorders are now being recognized as having EE. Diagnosis of EE requires endoscopy and biopsies to document the characteristic histologic findings of esophageal eosinophilia. In general, this study proposed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying eosinophil growth, survival, migration, and function, and to investigate and further characterize the pathophysiology of, clinical manifestations of, and spectrum of disease severity of eosinophilic esophagitis in humans. Cohort D) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a debilitating complex genetic disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints and other tissues and shares histopathological features with other autoimmune diseases. It is considered a complex genetic disorder. There are more than 50,000 children with JIA in the USA, approximately 1 per 1000 births, which is about the same incidence as juvenile diabetes. It is believed that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a role in defining genetic risk, and it can be hypothesized that loci in other chromosomal regions are involved in conferring risk in JIA. These candidate chromosomal regions can be identified using genome wide association analyses. The long-term goal is a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of these disabling arthropathies for which the molecular basis is not presently understood. The results of recent GWAS for Caucasian JIA were recently published in Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Feb 21 (Published online, PMID=22354554). Cohort E) Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE) is characterized by very frequent (several to many per day) absence seizures in an otherwise normal child with an EEG usually demonstrating 3 Hz bilateral, synchronous, symmetrical spikewaves pattern with normal background activity. CAE occurs in 10% to 15% of all children with epilepsy with an annual incidence of 6.3 to 8/100,000 in children <15 years of age. Females are more affected than males. Epilepsy onset is typically between the ages of 4 to 8 years with a peak incidence of 6 to 7 years. CAE does not start after age 13 years. The primary objective of this study is: To identify the optimal anticonvulsant (i.e. the antiepileptic drug (AED) with highest rate of seizure control and lowest incidence of treatment limiting toxicity) used for the initial treatment of children with Childhood Absence Epilepsy (CAE). The secondary objectives are: To determine the pharmacogenetic and other non-heritable factors underlying the interindividual variation in anticonvulsant response efficacy and toxicity. To define and contrast the effects of ethosuximide, lamotrigine, and valproic acid monotherapy on cognition (attention), behavior and quality of life in children with Childhood Absence Epilepsy. Cohort F) Cincinnati Controls. These are local healthy children selected to be representative of the population of Cincinnati with respect to gender and ancestry. Cohort G) Cytogenetics cases are ascertained by the clinical request to obtain cytogenetic analysis. The platform used included genotyping data which are then available for genome wide association analysis

  Study phs000494

• RNA Expression in Diverse Donor Derived Dermal Fibroblasts Correlates with Reprogramming to Pluripotency

  The cohort used in this study includes 36 African American (17 female, 19 male) and 36 White American (19 female, 17 male) individuals. The total cohort has a median age of 32 years, with a range of 20-64 years. The African American cohort has a median age of 34, with a range of 21-52 years. The White American cohort has a median age of 31, with a range of 20-64 years. Primary dermal fibroblast lines were derived from skin biopsies obtained from adult individuals at the NIEHS under institutional review board approved protocol human subjects 10-E-0063, "Sample Collection Registry for Quality Control of Biological and Environmental Specimens and Assay Development and Testing protocol" (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01087307). All participants gave written informed consent for tissue donation. Donor sex, age, and ancestry were voluntarily self-reported. Fibroblast cells were reprogrammed via lentiviral transduction using six transcription factors contained in three plasmids (ADDGENE/PSIN4-EF2-N2L, ADDGENE/PSIN4-EF2-O2S and ADDGENE/PSIN4-CMV-K2M). Reprogramming efficiency was determined by alkaline phosphatase staining of triplicate 10cm reprogrammed dishes containing colonies, which were then scanned. The saved images were analyzed with ImageJ 1.51h (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, USA) to count colonies, using color threshold adjusted and binary converted images of each dish. Triplicate plates were averaged and reported as colony counts or percent reprogramming efficiency ((# of colonies/250,000) x100). The African American cohort had reprogramming efficiencies ranging from 0.06-1.37%, with a median of 0.655%. The White American cohort had reprogramming efficiencies ranging from 0.02-1.13%, with a median of 0.455%. Our goal was to define transcriptomic heterogeneity that could be contributing to differences in reprogramming efficiency between individuals and between groups. Total RNA was obtained from dermal fibroblasts and matched iPSCs. For each sample, 500 ng total RNA was used as input for preparation of whole transcriptome rRNA depleted libraries. An adapter-ligated library was prepared with the KAPA HyperPrep Kit (KAPA Biosystems, Wilmington, MA) using Bioo Scientific NEXTflex™ DNA Barcoded Adapters (Bioo Scientific, Austin, TX, USA) according to KAPA-provided protocol. Sequencing was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 following Illumina-provided protocols for 2x150 bp paired-end sequencing. Each transcriptome was sequenced to a target depth of 125 million reads. The following mean raw reads were obtained: African American dermal fibroblasts= 129,571,450; White American dermal fibroblasts= 131,939,505; African American iPSCs= 132,501,335; White American iPSCs= 134,394,164. Raw reads were aligned to hg19 using the STAR alignment tool (https://github.com/alexdobin/STAR). The following mean aligned reads were obtained: African American dermal fibroblasts= 123,315,343; White American dermal fibroblasts= 125,178,035; African American iPSCs= 123,148,312; White American iPSCs= 123,886,992. Reprinted from L. C. Mackey et al., Epigenetic Enzymes, Age, and Ancestry Regulate the Efficiency of Human iPSC Reprogramming. Stem Cells 36, 1697-1708 (2018), with permission from Wiley. Reprinted from L. S. Bisogno et al., Ancestry-dependent gene expression correlates with reprogramming to pluripotency and multiple dynamic biological processes. Science Advances 6 (47) (2020) (PMID: 33219026), with permission from AAAS.

  Study phs002341

• Weighing Risks and Benefits of Laparoscopic Anti-Reflux Surgery in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (WRAP-IPF-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: To determine if the reduction of abnormal gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) with laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery will slow the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) as measured by forced vital capacity (FVC).Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease of unknown cause and increasing prevalence in the United States. Aside from lung transplantation, which approximately only 1% of participants will receive, there is no FDA-approved therapy. Abnormal acid gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) has been well described in participants with IPF and is thought to play a role in the progression of the disease. The several retrospective cohort studies that have assessed the association of anti-acid therapies for GER with clinical outcomes in IPF have had inconsistent results.Participants: A total of 58 participants were enrolled.Design: The WRAP-IPF trial was a multicenter, unblinded randomized clinical trial with participants randomized to either laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery or no surgery. Participants in the no-surgery group had the option of receiving laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery from 24 weeks after randomization if their clinician deemed it medically necessary. Medications for acid GER were allowed in both groups if the clinician felt it was necessary.Participants were followed up from time of randomization to 52 weeks. All participants had study visits at baseline, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks, during which spirometry, 6-min walk testing, and participant-related outcome assessments were done. Participants in the surgery group had clinical visits for preoperative evaluation, laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery, and postoperative management as clinically indicated. Surgery participants additionally underwent repeat 24-hour pH testing at 24 weeks to assess the efficacy of the surgery. All participants were contacted by telephone for safety assessments at weeks 4, 8, 16, 20, 28, 32, 40, 44, and 52. All participants completed an exploratory questionnaire on reflux symptoms at baseline and 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in FVC from randomization (baseline) to 48 weeks. Secondary endpoints included acute exacerbation, non-elective hospitalization (both all-cause and respiratory-related), death, change in cough severity, change in dyspnea severity, change in health-related quality of life, change in 6-min walk distance, and time to selected event-driven composite endpoints of disease progression. Conclusions: In participants with IPF and abnormal acid GER, laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery is safe and well tolerated but did not significantly slow the rate of FVC decline. Further research is needed, particularly with a larger study in order to achieve sufficient statistical power, regarding the possible benefits of anti-reflux surgery in this population.Raghu G, Pellegrini CA, Yow E, et al. Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (WRAP-IPF): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 2 trial. Reference: Raghu, et al., 2018; PMID: 30100404.

  Study phs003968

• Recurrent DNMT3B gene rearrangements are associated with unfavorable outcome in dicentric (9;20)-positive pediatric BCP-ALL

  The dicentric chromosome dic(9;20)(p11∼13;q11), occurs in 2% of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. However, the prognostic significance of the dic(9;20) alterations and the mechanism in which these alterations drive leukemogenesis remains elusive. Our study describes the demographic, clinical, prognostic, and molecular characteristics of the dic(9;20)-positive ALL in a cohort of 57 pediatric BCP-ALL patients. Targeted RNA-seq and Array CGH analysis unraveled heterogeneous breakpoints on chromosomes 9 and 20 and frequent deletions of the IKZF1 gene. Together with the intrinsic susceptibility for deletions in CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and PAX5 genes in the dic(9;20)-positive ALL, these patients are eligible for treatment escalation in the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017 clinical study. Survival analysis revealed poor 5-year event-free survival (pEFS) of 69% in dic(9;20)-positive ALL cases, compared to BCP-ALL patients enrolled in modern treatment studies. Strikingly, we identified six dic(9;20)-positive cases with rearrangements involving the DNMT3B gene, and poor 5-year pEFS of 25% (SE = 20%), compared to 79% (SE = 9%) for the remaining cohort (P = 0.011). Despite the loss of the methyltransferase domain of the DNMT3B gene in most cases with DNMT3B rearrangements, we did not observe major changes in the global methylation patterns. Differential gene expression analysis of DNMT3B-rearranged ALL unraveled a dysregulation of genes involved in hematopoiesis, lymphocyte maturation, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. After confirmation in an independent cohort, DNMT3B-rearranged ALL cases should be considered high-risk for relapse and treated accordingly. We provide clinical data sets of Array CGH, targeted RNA-seq, total RNA-seq, whole genome bisulfite (WGBS) and whole genome DNA sequencing (WGS) obtained from bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells of 57 pediatric patients with dicentric chromosome dic(9;20) positive Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), from which in 6 cases DNMT3B gene rearrangement was identified. This data is complemented by total RNA-seq and WGBS of samples from 4 additional ALL patients with a t(12;21) translocation and ETV6-RUNX1 gene fusion. DNA was isolated from BM or PB lymphocytes using Qiagen QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit to perform i) Array CGH of 58 dic(9;20) positive samples by hybridizing 500ng DNA using a Agilent 400K SurePrint G3 Custom CGH Human Genome Microarray (e-Array design 84704) ii) WGBS of 6 DNMT3B rearrangement positive samples and 4 ETV6-RUNX1 positive samples using Tecan TrueMethyl oxBS-Seq module for library preparation and Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform to run 2x151 cycles iii) WGS of DNMT3B rearrangement positive samples using Illumina Lotus DNA Library Prep Kit followed by sequencing running 2x160 cycles on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. RNA was isolated from PB lymphocytes using the PerkinElmer Chemagic 360 instrument, followed by i) targeted RNA-seq of 56 dic(9;20) positive samples prepared using Illumina TruSight RNA Pan-Cancer Panel and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform running 2x75 cycles ii) total RNA-seq of 6 DNMT3B rearrangement positive samples and 4 ETV6-RUNX1 positive samples utilizing TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep Gold kit and running 2x100 cycles on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform.

  Study EGAS00001007383

• Longitudinal Study of Fluoride and Other Factors Related to Dental Fluorosis, Dental Caries, and Bone Health

  This project is a combination of the Iowa Fluoride Study and the Iowa Bone Development Study from 1992 - 2019. The Iowa Fluoride Study (IFS) began in 1992 with recruitment of 1,882 mothers of newborns from eight Iowa hospital post-partum wards from March 1992 to February 1995. The focus of the IFS was to collect detailed fluoride, general dietary intake, and other data several times per year from age 6 weeks on and relate them to dental fluorosis and dental caries (cavities). Data collection occurred 3-5 times per year initially, and then twice per year after ~ age 4. Dental exams of the primary (baby) teeth were initiated at ~ age 5.The Iowa Bone Development Study (IBDS) grew out of the IFS in 1998 when we added a "normal bone development" focus, and soon after the age 5 dental exams, we began to collect genetic samples and accelerometry (motion sensor) data. All then-active parents of IFS-participating children were invited to have their child join the IBDS, and the majority agreed to do so. The majority of participating children received both ~ age 5 dental exams and bone densitometry assessments. The bone densitometry at age 5 was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip, lumbar spine, and whole body.Dental exams for caries and fluorosis were performed again at age 8-9, along with DXA bone scans and accelerometry. DXA scans and accelerometry were performed again at ages 11 and 15 years, along with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans of the distal tibia and radius, but no dental exams were performed.At ages 13 and 17, dental exams, DXA and pQCT scans, as well as accelerometry, were obtained.At age 19, no dental exams were conducted, but repeat DXA and pQCT scans and accelerometry were obtained, along with multi-slice detector CT (MDCT) of the distal tibia.At age 23, we conducted the final wave of exams, which included dental, DXA, pQCT, MDCT, and accelerometry assessments.In addition, parents were invited to participate once with DXA bone scans and to also provide limited questionnaire data about their own fluoride and dietary exposures and physical activity.Note: Please refer to the document Iowa Fluoride Study/Iowa Bone Development Study (IFS/IBDS) - dbGaP Data Tables: A User's Guide - Version 2.0 for a detailed reference manual on all of the clinical data submitted for this project.Note: No genetic data or specimens were submitted with this study. However, many of the child/parent participants in the study were genotyped. These genotyping data are linked to dbGaP Study Accession: phs000095 under Dr. Mary Marazita: "Dental Caries: Whole Genome Association and Gene X Environment Studies".<img style="width: 1155px;" 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

  Study phs002203

• High-Risk Breast Cancer GWAS

  The GWAS includes High Risk Women from the following epidemiological studies of breast cancer, comprising a total of 3,719 cases and 3,642 controls (cases/controls: MEC, 0/200; ABCFR, 326/418; FCCC, 56/3; BCFR-UT, 66/32; CNIO-BC, 87/92; GESBC, 65/0; LIFE, 164/0; MARIE, 41/105; MAYO, 208/210; MNYR, 293/409; MSKCC, 310/0; NC-BCFR, 234/233; OFBCR, 553/560; POSH, 377/0; HBOC, 47/47; BBCS, 612/1333; UPENN, 280/0 This study was funded by a grant CA165038 to Christopher Haiman (University of Southern California) and John Hopper (University of Melbourne) from the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health. The contributing studies: Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). This study was supported by grant UM1 CA164973 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health. Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry, the Ontario site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry Cohort (OFBCR). This study was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. Utah Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR-UT). This study was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (MNYR). This study was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. Northern California site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (NC-BCFR). This study was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. Australian Breast Cancer Family Registry (ABCFR). This study was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Study (CNIO-BC). This study has been partially funded by The Spanish Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and the Spanish National Genotyping Center (CEGEN). Genetic Epidemiologic Study of Breast Cancer (GESBC). The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70492] and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). Mammary Carcinoma Risk Factor Study (MARIE). This study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. Prospective study of Outcomes in Sporadic versus Hereditary breast cancer (POSH). Funding for the POSH study was provided by Cancer Research UK (grant refs A7572, A11699, C22524), the Breast Cancer Campaign (grant number: 2013MayPR044) and from 2003-2006 by a grant from The Wessex Cancer Trust. Prospective study of Outcomes in Sporadic versus Hereditary breast cancer (POSH). Funding for the POSH study was provided by Cancer Research UK (grant refs A7572, A11699, C22524), the Breast Cancer Campaign (grant number: 2013MayPR044) and from 2003-2006 by a grant from The Wessex Cancer Trust. Hereditary Breast and ovarian Cancer: Genetic and Molecular Studies (HBOC). This study was supported by National Cancer Institute grant CA58860 and The Lon V Smith Foundation: LVSF-44528. Mayo Clinic inherited breast and ovarian cancer study (MAYO). This study was supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, NIH grants CA192393, CA176785, and an NIH CA116201 Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer. British Breast Cancer Study (BBCS); Mammographic oestrogens and growth factor study (MOG). The BBCS and the MOG study are funded by Cancer Research UK and Breakthrough Breast Cancer and acknowledge NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). Genotyping of non-BRCA1/2 mutation carriers (UPENN). The study is supported by the Basser Research Center at the University of Pennsylvania, Rooney Family Foundation, NIH grants CA176785 and CA192393, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Susan G. Komen Foundation for the Cure and Macdonald Family Foundation. Clinical Significance of Germline BRCA Mutations (MSKCC). The study is supported by the Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Research Initiative, The Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Cancer Center Support Grant from the National Institute of Health, National Cancer Institute 5P30 CA08748-40. Women&#39;s Learning the Influence of Family and Environment (LIFE). This study was supported by grants CA17054 and CA74847 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, No. 4PB-0092 from the California Breast Cancer Research Program of the University of California. Philadelphia site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry at Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC). This study is supported by NIH grant CA164920.

  Study phs000929

• FEGA FAQs: a summary of the Q+A session from the FEGA workshop at ELIXIR AHM 2024

  The ELIXIR All Hands Meeting (AHM) was held in Uppsala, Sweden this June. We at EGA always look forward to this meeting as a chance to see many of our partners and colleagues face-to-face. The Federated EGA (FEGA) is one initiative that always benefits from the AHM, and this year FEGA was in the spotlight, with several questions related to the advances we've made recently. We held this year's FEGA workshop a little differently, with most time for discussions on various “hot topics”. Organised in different breakouts, over 2 rounds, participants could choose which session they wanted to attend. One breakout was a general Q+A about FEGA and the path to join. We had a diverse range of participants, including experts from Central EGA (CEGA) and FEGA inaugural nodes, people from up and coming nodes at various stages of readiness, as well as participants not directly a part of FEGA but curious to learn more. It made for a great discussion! In this blog post, we highlight some of the questions for those who didn’t have a chance to be there. What is the FEGA Collaboration Agreement? It is a legal agreement between the node and Central EGA (CEGA) where both parties agree to certain responsibilities, like what services will be provided, sharing of public metadata with CEGA, interoperable technologies and more. The agreement is for 4 years, with the expectation of long-term sustainability. If a node is made up of multiple institutes, one institute must be the signatory. This could require a legal agreement within the node. CEGA is composed of CRG and EMBL-EBI (EGA itself has its own legal agreement between these institutes) Check the FEGA Collaboration Agreement What about purely medical data? Is this accepted in FEGA? CEGA only accepts data approved for secondary research use. We do accept medical data collected in this context, as do some nodes. Nodes are able to accept any data they like, as long as it is sensitive, thus in need of controlled access. What about other data types other than genomics? Like proteomics or images? They can be accepted, although CEGA is currently not designed with those formats in mind, so they might not fit with precision in the data model. The FEGA nodes are welcome to accept any data they want. Proteomic studies generating sensitive data are increasing, and specific work will likely be developed in the near future to adress this need. Does CEGA require a certain amount or type of data to be shared by the node? No, we do not and it's up to each node to decide what specific data types they accept and in what format. Nonetheless, a FEGA node has the duty to be open to data submission from any institution of their country, and can't be limited by design to a single or limited data source. Does CEGA and FEGA require a certain amount or type of details and description on the data to be submitted to the node? Data description (technical and biological), usually called metadata in this field, is crucial for the findability of the submitted data. Thus, we highly recommend including as much information as available to maximise the discoverability of the data. Specifical minimal metadata is defined in the submission schema, and thresholds are specified by the nodes. We are currently working towards a unified FEGA metadata model. What are the geographical borders of FEGA? FEGA should make the E for Everyone, because any institute worldwide could join and we indeed do have countries and use-cases worldwide. Some of them are very close to officially joining the federation. What are the main differences between FEGA and GDI? The two networks have a lot in common and also some critical differences. You can read all about this in one of our latest blog post. If you have more questions, please consider having a look at the FEGA onboarding webpage and, of course, don't miss our workshop at the ELIXIR AHM next year!

  Blog fega-faqs-elixir-ahm-2024

• Drug development for pediatric cancers: the importance of patient' s genomic data re-use

  Cancer in children is uncommon and the overall prognosis for most pediatric cancers is good. However, while the combined survival rates have improved over the last decades, certain childhood malignancies, such as high-grade gliomas or metastatic sarcomas, still remain incurable in most patients. New strategies for targeting those devastating diseases are imperative, and patient genomic data can become a key asset in the process [1]. The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project’s datasets At EGA, we store over 500 datasets with sequencing data from pediatric cancer patients. A remarkable case is the datasets belonging to the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project (PCGP) from St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital–Washington University (Table 1 - EGAS list). PCGP is an ambitious effort to identify the mutations that drive childhood cancer and find new cures. Those datasets include 600 patients with complete tumor and normal genomes from 15 different tumor types. PCGP datasets have been an important resource for various studies that pooled genomic data from different public and in-house datasets to perform extensive genomic characterizations and publish comprehensive pan-cancer pediatric studies [2],[3]. Other interesting pediatric cancer datasets are from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium, Sickkids or ICGC PedBrain project. How data reuse impacts drug development for pediatric cancers Recently, in October 2024, Nature Communications published a work led by the University of Michigan where authors used data from EGA (PCGP) check the table below as part of their strategy to pursue the identification of new tumor vulnerabilities susceptible to becoming novel therapeutic targets in diffuse midline glioma. Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are treatment-resistant and uniformly fatal pediatric brain tumors. The prognosis of this brainstem tumor is dismal with a median overall survival of 9–12 months from diagnosis. In this study, the authors first developed a lab model of the disease and reanalyzed data from the EGA to identify genes potentially linked to tumor severity. This approach revealed involvement of specific metabolic pathways, suggesting new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. In mice, the study shows that the use of statins can improve survival. For a brief overview of the underlying science, diffuse midline gliomas present intratumor heterogeneity with subpopulations of less-differentiated oligodendrocyte precursors and more differentiated astrocytes. Authors established in vitro models to recapitulate both phenotypes and identify metabolic programs in both subpopulations. To determine the clinical relevance, the authors re-used gene expression data from 76 DMG patients identifying a gene signature predicting decreased overall survival. After extensive metabolic characterization of subpopulations, authors defined strategies to target specific metabolic vulnerabilities. Pre-clinical experiments in mice using OXPHOS inhibitors and statins showed a reduction in tumor burden and increased overall survival [4]. In this scenario, the re-use of high-quality patient’s sequencing data appeared as an advantageous strategy to support the clinical relevance of in-vitro and pre-clinical findings. On the other hand, in rare conditions such as childhood cancer, the availability of public datasets and the possibility of pooling data from different sources can be the only way to obtain impactful results that lead to improvements for patients. References Davidoff, A. M. Pediatric Oncology. Seminars in pediatric surgery 19, 225–233 (2010). Gröbner, S. N. et al. The landscape of genomic alterations across childhood cancers. Nature 555, 321–327 (2018). Venu Thatikonda et al. Comprehensive analysis of mutational signatures reveals distinct patterns and molecular processes across 27 pediatric cancers. Nature Cancer 4, 276–289 (2023). Mbah, N. E. et al. Therapeutic targeting of differentiation-state dependent metabolic vulnerabilities in diffuse midline glioma. Nature Communications 15, (2024). Datasets and Studies ID Title Access Policy Year EGAD00001000134 Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma McGill-DKFZ Pediatric Brain Tumour Consortium 2016 EGAS0000100192 Somatic Histone H3 Mutations in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas and Non-Brainstem Paediatric Glioblastomas St. Jude Children's Research Hospital - Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project 2017 EGAS00001000575 Whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing of DIPG tumors and matched normal tissue The hospital for sick children ("SickKids") 2016 EGAD00001000792 Exome sequencing reads of paediatric glioblastoma McGill-DKFZ Pediatric Brain Tumour Consortium 2016 EGAD00001002006 Whole genome sequencing of paediatric glioblastoma in the ICGC PedBrain project ICGC PedBrain project 2016

  Blog drug-development-for-pediatric-cancers

• Lindsey E. Jones et al. Patient-derived cells from recurrent tumors that model the evolution of IDH-mutant glioma. Neuro-Oncology Advances, 2020. We established robust, versatile, and well-characterized Patient Derived Cells (PDC) of an IDH1-mutant astrocytoma and an IDH1-mutant oligodendroglioma that represents defined evolutionary stages of chemotherapy-induced hypermutation. The PDCs retain tumor subtype defining features over time as well as classic hallmarks of cancer, including anchorage independent growth and cell immortality. The integrated phylogenies composed of PDCs,single-cell-derived PDCs, patient-derived xenografts, and corresponding spatiotemporal tumor tissue samples also provide new insight into the clonality, evolutionary pattern, and immense mutational load of hypermutated IDH mutant gliomas.

  IDH-mutant lower-grade gliomas can undergo malignant progression via temozolomide-driven hypermutation. Patient-derived cells (PDC) that model the genetically distinct hypermutated (HM) tumor subgroup are generally lacking, and few if any human brain tumor cell models are from defined evolutionary time points. Here, we characterize multiple PDC derived from independent surgical specimens of IDH1-mutant recurrences, including an ATRX and TP53-mutant astrocytoma and a 1p/19q co-deleted and TERT promoter-mutant oligodendroglioma. We determined the evolutionary time points represented by each PDC using exome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction, comparing the PDC and single cell clones of the PDC (scPDC) to multiple spatiotemporal tumor tissue samples, PDC-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient-matched blood. The tumor samples exhibited TMZ-induced mutagenesis and a branching pattern of evolution. We found clear evidence of two fully independent founder HM clones in the tumor tissue that are faithfully represented by independent PDC. The PDC, scPDC and PDX also shared the mutagenesis signature and represent the mid and later evolutionary time points of their corresponding tumors. The PDC maintained the tumor subtype-defining features over many passages, including heterozygosity of the IDH1 R132H mutation, production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), and subtype-specific telomere maintenance mechanisms. The PDC from both tumors exhibited anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. The oligodendroglioma PDC formed infiltrative intracranial tumors with characteristic oligodendroglioma histology, initially with a long period to tumor formation. We conclude that the PDC, scPDC and PDX faithfully model the heterogeneous clonal origins of the corresponding tumor tissue. The multilevel analysis also provides new insight into the intratumoral heterogeneity and vast mutational load of HM glioma. The PDC from multiple evolutionary time points presented in the context of full clinical timelines may be useful to model evolution and intratumoral heterogeneity, important sources of therapeutic failure.

  Study EGAS00001003992

• Whole Genome Scan for Pancreatic Cancer Risk in the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium and Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanScan)

  Within the framework of the NCI-sponsored Cohort Consortium, investigators from 12 prospective epidemiologic cohorts formed the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium in 2006. This study, also known as "PanScan", is funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and involves conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of common genetic variants to identify markers of susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. In 2007, the study was expanded to include 8 case-control studies. The study team includes scientists from the cohorts comprising the Consortium, the NCI and the Pancreatic Cancer Case Control Consortium (PanC4). PanScan I and II were conducted in 12 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies, leading to the discovery of four novel regions in the genome associated with risk for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The third phase of PanScan (PanScan III) was conducted using recently identified incident pancreatic cancer cases drawn from fourteen cohorts from the cohort consortium, including nine prospective cohorts who participated in PanScan I, and five newly joined cohorts. The nine cohort studies that participated in PanScan I and had new genotyping of cases in PanScan III include ATBC, CPS-II, EPIC, HPFS, NHS, PHS, PLCO, SMWHS, and WHI; the five newly joined cohort studies include the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC), the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS), the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL), and Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). In addition to the cases from cohorts, we also included cases from the Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinic of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Study (DFCI-GCC); from the University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany, which is part of a larger European clinical case-control study (PANDoRA); and from clinic-based cases from eastern Spain (PANKRAS-II). The dbGaP datasets available include all subjects previously made available from PanScan I and II, plus 1,582 new incident pancreatic cancer cases of European descent from prospective cohorts, case-control studies or case series (genotyped as part of PanScan III). Also included are 61 pancreatic cancer cases and 67 control subjects from PanScan I as well as 173 pancreatic cancer cases from PanScan III of Asian ancestry from the Shanghai Men's and Women's Health Study (Supplemental Table 10, Wolpin et al. (Nat Genet, 2014)). The control population used in the analysis for the Wolpin et al. manuscript included cancer-free individuals from the prospective cohorts that contributed pancreatic cancer cases to PanScan III and controls from the Spanish Bladder Cancer SBC/EPICURO study that were previously genotyped using the OmniExpress, Omni 1M or Omni 2.5M SNP arrays. The data from these control subjects were posted to dbGaP under the GWAS in which they were initially genotyped and will not be made available in duplicate under this dbGaP study.The summary statistics for PanScan I-III were generated as detailed in Wolpin BM. et al., Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer, Nature Genetics 2014; 46(9):994-1000 (https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3052), and Klein, A. et al., Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer, Nature Communications, 2018;9(1):556 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-02942-5). The dataset includes results from an association study of 5,117 individuals diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and 8,845 control individuals, or a total of 13,962 subjects of European ancestry (as compared to the genotype and phenotype information under this project that includes 9,437 individuals (PanScan I and II PDAC case and control individuals and PanScan III PDAC cases only). This is due to the fact that PanScan III &#8220;borrowed&#8221; GWAS data from control individuals genotyped separately from the PanScan GWAS project and are therefore not included as raw genotypes in phs000206.v5.p3. Association analysis was performed separately for PanScan I-II and PanScan III, followed by a meta-analysis of the two datasets. Results were filtered based on a minor allele frequency (MAF) &lt; 0.01, an imputation INFO score &lt; 0.3 and a heterogeneity P-value &lt; 1x10-10 leaving a total of 9,758,390 variants. Columns in the summary statistics dataset are as follows: ID: variant rsIDChr: chromosome numberPosition: position in the chromosome, genome build GRCh37/hg19MarkerName: variant identifierAllele1: reference alleleAllele2: alternative alleleFreq1: allele frequency for allele2FreqSE: standard error of the allele frequencyMinFreq: the minimal allele frequency across studiesMaxFreq: the max allele frequency across studiesEffect: effect size for allele2StdErr: standard errorP-value: meta-analysis p-valueDirection: summary of effect direction for each studyHetISq: I^2 statistic which measures heterogeneity on scale of 0-100%HetChiSq: chi-squared statistic in simple test of heterogeneityHetDf: degrees of freedom for heterogeneity statisticHetPVal: P-value for heterogeneity statistic

  Study phs000206

• T2D-GENES Consortium: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS)

  The Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Consortium is a collaborative international effort to identify genes influencing susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in multiple ethnic groups using next generation sequencing. To fulfill this objective, T2D-GENES Consortium undertook two large sequencing studies, called T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2. Project 1 has carried out whole exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 non-diabetic controls, equally divided among five continental ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans. The goal of Project 1 is to identify all genetic variants in the complete coding regions of the genomes (i.e., whole exome) by sequencing, including rare variants. Project 2 (i.e., SAMAFS substudy 2) is a pedigree-based study designed to identify low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D, using whole genome sequence information from approximately 600 individuals in 20 Mexican American T2D-enriched pedigrees from San Antonio, Texas, augmented with family-based imputation into approximately 440 additional family members. The major objectives of Project 2 are to identify low frequency or rare variants in and around known common variant signals for T2D, as well as to find novel low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D. Both T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2 involve the San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), which are composed of four San Antonio, Texas-based family studies: the San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS), San Antonio Family Diabetes/Gallbladder Study (SAFDGS), Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES), and Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes - San Antonio (FIND-SA) Component and its extension called the Extended FIND [E-FIND]. The SAFHS and SAFDGS began in 1991 and have followed participants with extensive clinical phenotyping related to T2D for over 20 years. The VAGES was initiated in 1994 and a large battery of T2D-related phenotypic data has been obtained from its participants. The FIND-SA began in 2000, a part of the multicenter FIND study which was designed to identify genetic determinants of diabetic kidney disease; data from its participants related to T2D were used for this project. Non-overlapping subsets of SAMAFS participants are part of the T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2, henceforth referred to as SAMAFS substudies 1 and 2, respectively. The SAMAFS substudies 1 and 2 are part of one of the five awards funded by NIDDK under a cooperative agreement award mechanism, which is governed by the Steering Committee of the T2D-GENES Consortium. Since Project 1 relies on population based subsets of cases and controls, 491 unrelated participants are drawn from the four SAMAFS as part of the T2D-GENES Project 1 Mexican American sample (i.e., SAMAFS substudy 1). The whole exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute. For Project 2, 1048 individuals are drawn from two SAMAFS (SAFHS and SAFDGS), representing 20 large families for substudy 2. The substudy 2 strategy is to sequence approximately 600 individuals at an average of 50x coverage across the entire genome, then impute genome wide genotypes for about 440 additional family members. The 600 sequenced individuals are specifically chosen for their value in imputing sequence information into other family members. By studying large pedigrees, we expect to find multiple individuals carrying each genetic variant, even if this variant is very rare in the population at large. Thus, a pedigree-based approach provides an excellent opportunity for identifying rare novel variants influencing risk of T2D and quantitative variation in T2D-related phenotypes. The whole genome sequencing has been done commercially by Complete Genomics, Inc. (CGI). The available sample of 1,048 includes 5 sequenced individuals who do not belong to any of the 20 large pedigrees. The final family data of 1,043 individuals includes whole genome sequence data for 607 individuals. After quality control, 590 sequenced individuals provide data for family based imputation using Merlin linkage analysis software into approximately 440 additional family members for whom chip based genotypes are available to indicate which parental haplotype is transmitted. The complete SAMAFS data including phenotype, genotype, sequence, other T2D-related trait data utilized for Projects 1 and 2 are available. These data can readily be viewed by clicking on the substudy title shown below or in the box: "Substudies", located on the right hand side of this parent or top study page phs000847.v1.p1, titled T2D-GENES Consortium: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS). phs000849 T2D-GENES Project 1: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), Substudy 1: Whole Exome Sequencing phs000462 T2D-GENES Project 2: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), Substudy 2: Whole Genome Sequencing in Pedigrees

  Study phs000847

• The Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Genes and Environment (GLAUGEN) Study

  Background Information: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is an age-related, intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent progressive optic neuropathy that ultimately leads to irreversible blindness. Vision loss from POAG is a condition of public health significance. Current evidence suggests that POAG is a polygenetic disease modified by environmental influences. Despite the fact that a positive family history of disease is an important risk factor for POAG, conventional linkage and candidate gene approaches have revealed less than 5% of the genetic component of the disease. Furthermore, there is no consensus on environment risk factors for POAG. Elevated IOP is the only modifiable risk factor for POAG; yet, lowering IOP slows, but does not halt the disease process. Study Objectives: The overall goal of our research is to elucidate the pathogenesis of POAG so that cost-effective disease detection and primary prevention strategies can be implemented. The primary aim of the Glaucoma Gene Environment Initiative (GLAUGEN), funded by the Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), is to discover genetic loci associated with POAG. The secondary aim of GLAUGEN, funded by NHGRI and the National Eye Institute, is to discover gene environment interactions in POAG. Methods and study populations: For this study, we have assembled cases and controls from three studies: the Nurses&#39; Health Study (NHS), the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and the Genetic Etiologies of POAG (GEP) project based at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI). This case-control group includes 1057 unrelated cases and 1272 controls. Members of the NHS and HPFS also have repeated environmental exposure data collected prior to a diagnosis of POAG. NHS - The Nurses Health Study started in 1976 under the direction of Dr. Frank E. Speizer. With funding from the NIH, registered nurses from 11 US states were invited to complete a detailed questionnaire regarding lifestyle and health biennially. Initially, 121,000 women responded to the baseline questionnaire. Currently, Dr. Susan Hankinson serves as the program director for the NHS. HPFS - The Health Professionals Follow-up Study began in 1986 under the direction of Drs. Walter Willett and Meir Stampfer. Under the auspices of the NIH, they enlisted 51,529 male health professionals from throughout the US to complete similarly designed biennial questionnaires. Beginning in 1990, questions regarding ocular health were added to biennial questionaires completed by health professionals participating in the NHS and HPFS. This allowed us to formulate (PI: S. Hankinson; NEI) and maintain (PI: L. Pasquale; NEI) a cohort at risk for POAG derived from the respective general cohorts who were under ophthalmic care. We then developed a definition of POAG that allowed us to identify cases from a population that was geographically dispersed. The centerpiece of this definition is the presence of reproducible visual field loss consistent with nerve fiber layer (NFL) dropout (the NFL contains the axons that comprise the optic nerve) on reliable tests. Reproducible visual field loss occurred in the context of anterior segment findings that did not suggest a secondary cause of elevated IOP and posterior segment findings that did not suggest a secondary cause of visual field loss. We selected controls from the cohort at risk for POAG on the basis of age, gender and time period when cases were identified. GEP - The Genetic Etiologies of POAG was initiated in 1996 with funding from the National Eye Institute under the direction of Dr. Janey Wiggs. The purpose of this work was to discover novel genetic loci associated with POAG. In the GEP, cases were derived predominantly from the Glaucoma Service at MEEI. The majority of cases had an examination by a glaucoma specialist and met the definition for POAG used in NHS and HPFS. Cases with only one reliable visual field consistent with NFL dropout were included if there was a cup-disc ratio of 0.7 or more. The majority of controls were patients who presented to the MEEI comprehensive ophthalmology service for routine eye examination or from spouses of MEEI patients with secondary forms of glaucoma. Other controls were identified from regional glaucoma screenings held throughout Massachusetts. Members of GEP have detailed ocular phenotype data but limited information on environmental exposures. This study is part of the Gene Environment Association Studies initiative (GENEVA, http://www.genevastudy.org) funded by the trans-NIH Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative (GEI). The overarching goal is to identify novel genetic factors that contribute to primary open-angle glaucoma through large-scale genome-wide association studies of three well-characterized cohorts of cases and controls, some in matched pairs. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, a GENEVA genotyping center. Data cleaning and harmonization were performed at the GEI-funded GENEVA Coordinating Center at the University of Washington.

  Study phs000308

• Privacy Notice for Helpdesk service

  Privacy Notice for EGA Helpdesk service This Privacy Notice explains what personal data is collected by the specific service you are requesting, for what purposes, how it is processed, and how we keep it secure. Note that this service collects personal data directly provided by the user, and also collects personal data from users that is provided by other organisations. 1. Who controls your personal data and how to contact us? European Genome- Phenome Archive - EGA offers a service for permanent archiving and sharing of all types of personally identifiable genetic and phenotypic data resulting from biomedical research projects, jointly managed by European Molecular Biology Laboratory – European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG). EMBL-EBI and CRG represent joint Data Controllers’ of processing of your personal data. They and their Data protection officers may be contacted for data protection queries and for exercising your rights under Section 8. You may contact EMBL-EBI, represented by dr. Thomas Keane, by: email at: tk2@ebi.ac.uk or post at EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. EMBL’s Data Protection Officer may be contacted by: telephone at +49 6221 387-8590, email at dpo@embl.org , or post at EMBL Heidelberg, Data protection officer, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. You may contact CRG, whose EGA team is represented by dr. Jordi Rambla de Argila, by: email at jordi.rambla@crg.eu, or post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr.Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. CRG Data protection officer may be contacted by: email at dpo@crg.eu post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 2. Which is the lawful basis for processing personal data? We process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. For monitoring your activities on the website, we process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. Such legal basis is found in Article 5(1)(a) of EMBL Internal Policy No 68 on General Data Protection (hereinafter IP 68), which is equivalent to Article 6 (1)(e) of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter GDPR) and upon which personal data are processed for the achievement of the aims laid down in 1973 agreement establishing EMBL, such as the promotion of the cooperation in the fundamental research, in the development of advanced instrumentation and in advanced teaching in molecular biology and dissemination of information. 3. What personal data is collected from users of the service? How do we use this personal data? We collect the following personal data from users of the service: Name Email address Job title Date and time when the support request was sent We will use your personal data for the following purposes: To provide uninterrupted user access to the service To better understand the needs of the users and guide future improvements of the service To create anonymous usage statistics 4. Who will have access to your personal data? The personal data will be disclosed to: Authorised staff in the data controller’s institutions acting on data controller`s behalf and instructions. 5. Will your personal data be transferred to third countries (i.e. countries not part of EU/EEA) and/or international organisations? There are no personal data transfers to third countries or international organizations. 6. How long do we keep your personal data? Any personal data directly obtained from you will be retained as long as the service is live. Such duration serves the purpose of enabling scientific research and ensures legal compliance and facilitates internal and external audits if they arise. By contrast, the log files for the data categories related to anonymous usage statistics (raw web service logs) are processed only for 30 days and thereafter erased. 7. The joint Data Controllers provide these rights regarding your personal data You have the right to: Not be subject to decisions based solely on an automated processing of data (i.e. without human intervention) without you having your views taken into consideration. Request at reasonable intervals and without excessive delay or expense, information about the personal data processed about you. Under your request we will inform you in writing about, for example, the origin of the personal data or the preservation period. Request information to understand data processing activities when the results of these activities are applied to you. It must be clarified that rights under points 4 and 5 are only available whenever you need support whilst using our website. For other processing based on the grounds of important public interest you cannot exercise your rights to object, rectify or erase your personal data according to the Article 13(2)(a)(b) of IP 68 (equivalent to Article 17(3)(b)(d) and Article 21(6) of the GDPR). 8. Supervisory authority If you wish to complain against the processing of your personal data, you may do so by post at: EMBL Heidelberg, Data Protection Committee, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, or Autoritat Catalana de Protecció de Dades (Catalan Data Protection Authority), C/Rosselló 214, Esc A, 1r 1a, Barcelona 08008, Spain. Published at: February 6, 2019

  Documentation data-protection/privacy-notice/ega-helpdesk

• How to request data

  Request Data Access If you're looking to access data from the EGA for your research, you are in the right documentation page! In this page you will find a step by step guide on how to request data archived at the EGA, as well as some frequently asked questions you might find useful. When requesting data, you'll need to provide information about your research project and intended use of the data. Keep in mind that your data access request may require additional approvals or agreements depending on the datasets and data providers involved. Step by step guide Register yourself as an EGA user. Validate your account. A validation link will be sent to your email to activate your EGA user account. Log into the EGA page. Search the dataset of interest from the dataset catalogue or search bar. Click on “Request access” Add a comment requesting these files and send your request Your request is successfully registered, and the DAC will receive a notification about your request In addition to submitting your request, you should also contact the DAC directly via e-mail. You can access the DAC's contact information from the relevant dataset page. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Which is the role of the EGA in the data access process? The European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) facilitates the secure distribution under controlled access of personally identifiable genetic and phenotypic data. Data Access Committee (DAC) is a body of one or more individuals who are responsible for data release to external requestors, based on participant consent and/or National Research Ethics terms. How do I request access to multiple datasets? To request access for multiple datasets managed by the same Data Access Committee (DAC), please start by visiting the DAC catalogue to locate the DAC of your choice. Once you've found the relevant DAC, proceed to its dedicated page where you'll find a "Request access" button. After logging in to the EGA website, you'll be presented with a comprehensive list of datasets under the chosen DAC. Select the datasets you're interested in, and then compose a message indicating your access request. Click the "Send" button to submit your request, which will include the chosen datasets. Please be sure to review the data usage policies for the requested datasets, as policies can vary among datasets managed by the same DAC. I am a co-applicant. Will I be given a joint access account? Each applicant needs to create an EGA account themselves, with unique login details. User log-in details are for individual use only and should never be shared, under any circumstances. EGA services are only provided to EGA account holders. Therefore, the co-applicant will send a formal request to the DAC. What happens if a co-applicant leaves or a new member needs to be added to an existing DAC application? The appropriate Data Access Committee (DAC) should be contacted and informed about the required changes so that the application can be updated. I have changed my place of work since my EGA account was created. Can I still have access to data? You must contact the relevant Data Access Committee (DAC). The DAC did not reply to my data access request. How should I proceed? There is no estimated time for DAC response. Please allow up to four weeks for a response. In the meantime, please send them a weekly reminder of the status of your request by emailing them directly.If the DAC becomes unresponsive, meaning that they fail to communicate with a requestor within the specified time frame, please contact the EGA Helpdesk team. I have an account with the EGA and would like access to further datasets. How should I proceed? You need to reapply to the relevant Data Access Committee (DAC). Once the DAC has approved your application your account will be updated and an email will be sent to notify you of a change made to your account. How do I download files of the datasets I have been granted access to? The preferred method for data download and decryption is the EGA Secure Download Client. Please carefully review the provided documentation. How do I download metadata? Metadata is retrieved from the EGA webpage; you will not need to use any download client. Be informed that you will only be able to download metadata of your approved datasets. For such download, you should first log in the EGA webpage with your credentials. Then browse the metadata's dataset you have gained access and you will find a metadata download button. You may also want to have a look our metadata schema. I have forgotten or misplaced my user account password; how do I get a new one? Click on “Log in”, located in the top right corner of the EGA homepage. Then click “Forgot password”, type in your registered institutional email address, and instructions for resetting your password will be sent to you. Please check both regular and junk/spam folders. I was sent a link to set a password for my download account, but it seems like the link has expired. What should I do? The procedure is the same as the one for a forgotten password, explained in the previous question.

  Documentation access/request-data/how-to-request-data

• Privacy Notice for EGA Web user

  Privacy Notice for EGA Public Website This Privacy Notice explains what personal data is collected by the specific service you are requesting, for what purposes, how it is processed, and how we keep it secure. 1. Who controls your personal data and how to contact us? European Genome- Phenome Archive - EGA offers a service for permanent archiving and sharing of all types of personally identifiable genetic and phenotypic data resulting from biomedical research projects, jointly managed by European Molecular Biology Laboratory – European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG). EMBL-EBI and CRG represent joint Data Controllers’ of processing of your personal data. They and their Data protection officers may be contacted for data protection queries and for exercising your rights under Section 8. You may contact EMBL-EBI, represented by dr. Thomas Keane, by: email at: tk2@ebi.ac.uk or post at EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. EMBL’s Data Protection Officer may be contacted by: telephone at +49 6221 387-8590, email at dpo@embl.org , or post at EMBL Heidelberg, Data protection officer, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. You may contact CRG, whose EGA team is represented by dr. Jordi Rambla de Argila, by: email at jordi.rambla@crg.eu, or post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr.Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. CRG Data protection officer may be contacted by: email at dpo@crg.eu post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 2. Which is the lawful basis for processing personal data? For providing you access to the website and for offering support whilst using the website, we need your consent under Article 5 (2) of the IP 68 (equivalent to Article 6 (1)(a) of the GDPR). For monitoring your activities on the website, we process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. Such legal basis is found in Article 5(1)(a) of EMBL Internal Policy No 68 on General Data Protection (hereinafter IP 68), which is equivalent to Article 6 (1)(e) of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter GDPR) and upon which personal data are processed for the achievement of the aims laid down in 1973 agreement establishing EMBL, such as the promotion of the cooperation in the fundamental research, in the development of advanced instrumentation and in advanced teaching in molecular biology and dissemination of information. 3. What personal data is collected from users of the service? How do we use this personal data? We collect the following personal data from you: IP addresses Date and time of a visit to the service website Operating system Amount of data transmitted Browser Email address (only when support is requested by the user) The data controller will use your personal data for the following purposes: To provide the user access to the service To better understand the needs of the users and guide future improvements of the service To monitor website activities according to and in compliance with the Terms of Use To better understand the needs of the website visitors and guide future improvements of the service To conduct and monitor website security activities To create anonymous usage statistics 4. Who will have access to your personal data? The personal data will be disclosed to: Authorised staff in the data controller’s institutions acting on data controller`s behalf and instructions. 5. Will your personal data be transferred to third countries (i.e. countries not part of EU/EEA) and/or international organisations? There are no personal data transfers to third countries or international organisations. 6. How long do we keep your personal data? Any personal data directly obtained from you will be retained as long as the service is live. Such duration serves the purpose of enabling scientific research and ensures legal compliance and facilitates internal and external audits if they arise. By contrast, the log files for the data categories related to anonymous usage statistics (raw web service logs) are processed only for 30 days and thereafter erased. 7. The joint Data Controllers provide these rights regarding your personal data You have the right to: Not be subject to decisions based solely on an automated processing of data (i.e. without human intervention) without you having your views taken into consideration. Request at reasonable intervals and without excessive delay or expense, information about the personal data processed about you. Under your request we will inform you in writing about, for example, the origin of the personal data or the preservation period. Request information to understand data processing activities when the results of these activities are applied to you. Object at any time to the processing of your personal data unless we can demonstrate that we have legitimate reasons to process your personal data. Request free of charge and without excessive delay rectification or erasure of your personal data if we have not been processing it respecting the data protection policies of the respective controllers. It must be clarified that rights under points 4 and 5 are only available whenever you need support whilst using our website. For other processing based on the grounds of important public interest you cannot exercise your rights to object, rectify or erase your personal data according to the Article 13(2)(a)(b) of IP 68 (equivalent to Article 17(3)(b)(d) and Article 21(6) of the GDPR). 8. Supervisory authority If you wish to complain against the processing of your personal data, you may do so by post at: EMBL Heidelberg, Data Protection Committee, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, or Autoritat Catalana de Protecció de Dades (Catalan Data Protection Authority), C/Rosselló 214, Esc A, 1r 1a, Barcelona 08008, Spain. Published at: February 6, 2019

  Documentation data-protection/privacy-notice/ega-website

• Privacy Notice for Data Access Committee Account

  Privacy Notice for EGA Data Access Committee Account This Privacy Notice explains what personal data is collected by the specific service you are requesting, for what purposes, how it is processed, and how we keep it secure. Note that this service collects personal data directly provided by the user, and also collects personal data from users that is provided by other organisations. 1. Who controls your personal data and how to contact us? European Genome- Phenome Archive - EGA offers a service for permanent archiving and sharing of all types of personally identifiable genetic and phenotypic data resulting from biomedical research projects, jointly managed by European Molecular Biology Laboratory – European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG). EMBL-EBI and CRG represent joint Data Controllers’ of processing of your personal data. They and their Data protection officers may be contacted for data protection queries and for exercising your rights under Section 8. You may contact EMBL-EBI, represented by dr. Thomas Keane, by: email at: tk2@ebi.ac.uk or post at EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. EMBL’s Data Protection Officer may be contacted by: email at dpo@embl.org, or post at EMBL Heidelberg, Data protection officer, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. You may contact CRG, whose EGA team is represented by dr. Jordi Rambla de Argila, by: email at jordi.rambla@crg.eu, or post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr.Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. CRG Data protection officer may be contacted by: email at dpo@crg.eu post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 2. Which is the lawful basis for processing personal data? We process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. For monitoring your activities on the website, we process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. Such legal basis is found in Article 5(1)(a) of EMBL Internal Policy No 68 on General Data Protection (hereinafter IP 68), which is equivalent to Article 6 (1)(e) of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter GDPR) and upon which personal data are processed for the achievement of the aims laid down in 1973 agreement establishing EMBL, such as the promotion of the cooperation in the fundamental research, in the development of advanced instrumentation and in advanced teaching in molecular biology and dissemination of information. 3. What personal data is collected from users of the service? How do we use this personal data? We collect the following personal data from you: Name Email address Title/Position Organisation Organisational affiliation Business address Telephone number IP addresses Date and time of a visit to the service website Operating system Amount of data transmitted Browser Username Password The data controller will use your personal data for the following purposes: To provide DAC user account and authenticated access to the service, To publicly publish some information to facilitate scientific research, To better understand the needs of the data subjects and guide future improvements of the service, To create anonymous usage statistics (from number of DACs, datasets per DAC). 4. Who will have access to your personal data? The personal data will be disclosed to: Authorised staff in the data controller’s institutions acting on data controller`s behalf and instructions (for all user account data), The general public via Internet will get access to your name, email address, business address, telephone number and organisation you belong to. 5. Will your personal data be transferred to third countries (i.e. countries not part of EU/EEA) and/or international organisations? Data categories ‘name`, `email address`, `telephone number`, `business address`; `organisation’ of the DAC user are published on the Internet. They thus become accessible to recipients in countries outside the European Economic Area. Insofar as the second joint controller may be subject to GDPR, data transfer to and from the first joint controller (EMBL-EBI), is necessary for important reasons of public interest embedded in the aims of EMBL and justified in the Article 9(4) of IP 68 (equivalent to Article 49(1)(d) of GDPR) read in conjunction with EMBL`s 1973 establishing agreement and Article 179(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 6. How long do we keep your personal data? Any personal data directly obtained from you will be retained as long as the service is live. Such duration serves the purpose of enabling scientific research and ensures legal compliance and facilitates internal and external audits if they arise. By contrast, the log files for the data categories related to anonymous usage statistics (raw web service logs) are processed only for 30 days and thereafter erased. 7. The joint Data Controllers provide these rights regarding your personal data You have the right to: Not be subject to decisions based solely on an automated processing of data (i.e. without human intervention) without you having your views taken into consideration. Request at reasonable intervals and without excessive delay or expense, information about the personal data processed about you. Under your request we will inform you in writing about, for example, the origin of the personal data or the preservation period. Request information to understand data processing activities when the results of these activities are applied to you. It must be clarified that rights under points 4 and 5 are only available whenever you need support whilst using our website. For other processing based on the grounds of important public interest you cannot exercise your rights to object, rectify or erase your personal data according to the Article 13(2)(a)(b) of IP 68 (equivalent to Article 17(3)(b)(d) and Article 21(6) of the GDPR). 8. Supervisory authority If you wish to complain against the processing of your personal data, you may do so by post at: EMBL Heidelberg, Data Protection Committee, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, or Autoritat Catalana de Protecció de Dades (Catalan Data Protection Authority), C/Rosselló 214, Esc A, 1r 1a, Barcelona 08008, Spain. Published at: February 6, 2019

  Documentation data-protection/privacy-notice/ega-dac

• Privacy Notice for the Account User

  Privacy Notice for EGA User Account This Privacy Notice explains what personal data is collected by the specific service you are requesting, for what purposes, how it is processed, and how we keep it secure. Note that this service collects personal data directly provided by the user, and also collects personal data from users that is provided by other organisations. 1. Who controls your personal data and how to contact us? European Genome- Phenome Archive - EGA offers a service for permanent archiving and sharing of all types of personally identifiable genetic and phenotypic data resulting from biomedical research projects, jointly managed by European Molecular Biology Laboratory – European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) and Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG). EMBL-EBI and CRG represent joint Data Controllers’ of processing of your personal data. They and their Data protection officers may be contacted for data protection queries and for exercising your rights under Section 8. You may contact EMBL-EBI, represented by dr. Thomas Keane, by: email at: tk2@ebi.ac.uk or post at EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK. EMBL’s Data Protection Officer may be contacted by: telephone at +49 6221 387-8590, email at dpo@embl.org, or post at EMBL Heidelberg, Data protection officer, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. You may contact CRG, whose EGA team is represented by dr. Jordi Rambla de Argila, by: email at jordi.rambla@crg.eu, or post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr.Aiguader 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. CRG Data protection officer may be contacted by: email at dpo@crg.eu post at Fundació Centre de Regulació Genòmica - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, PRBB Building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 2. Which is the lawful basis for processing personal data? We process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. For monitoring your activities on the website, we process your personal data on the grounds of important public interest. Such legal basis is found in Article 5(1)(a) of EMBL Internal Policy No 68 on General Data Protection (hereinafter IP 68), which is equivalent to Article 6 (1)(e) of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter GDPR) and upon which personal data are processed for the achievement of the aims laid down in 1973 agreement establishing EMBL, such as the promotion of the cooperation in the fundamental research, in the development of advanced instrumentation and in advanced teaching in molecular biology and dissemination of information. 3. What personal data is collected from users of the service? How do we use this personal data? We collect the following personal data from you: Name Email address Title/Position Organisation Organisational affiliation Username and password (to authenticate access to the system) IP Address (for anonymous usage statistics) We process your personal data: to provide you with the authenticated access to the EGA service (opening and managing submission and distribution account), to publicly publish some aggregate data to facilitate scientific research (e.g. number of accounts, geographic distribution), to better understand the needs of the users and to guide future improvements of the service, to create anonymous usage statistics. If you do not provide us with your personal data we will not be able to open the user account and offer you our services or we will only provide you a subset of functionalities available within the service. 4. Who will have access to your personal data? The personal data will be disclosed to: Authorised staff in the data controller’s institutions acting on data controller`s behalf and instructions (for all user account data), Requested dataset Data access committee – DAC will have access to the name, email, organization, affiliation, title/position of the distribution user account, using it for their own purpose of granting access to their datasets. 5. Will your personal data be transferred to third countries (i.e. countries not part of EU/EEA) and/or international organisations? Distribution user account data are in the process of granting access disclosed to dataset(s) DAC, which might be a recipient in countries outside of the European Economic Area. Insofar as the second joint controller may be subject to GDPR, data transfer to and from the first joint controller (EMBL-EBI) is necessary for important reasons of public interest embedded in the aims of the EMBL and justified in the Article 9(4) of IP 68 (equivalent to Article 49(1)(d) of GDPR) read in conjunction with EMBL`s 1973 establishing agreement and Article 179(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. 6. How long do we keep your personal data? All data are stored for as long as you have the account open. Thereafter the storage is prolonged for as long as our service is live, even if you stop using our services. This prolongation is necessary for further scientific research, to ensure legal compliance and security and to facilitate internal and external audits it they arise. By contrast, the log files for the data categories related to anonymous usage statistics (raw web service logs) are processed only for 30 days and thereafter erased. 7. The joint Data Controllers provide these rights regarding your personal data You have the right to: Not be subject to decisions based solely on an automated processing of data (i.e. without human intervention) without you having your views taken into consideration. Request at reasonable intervals and without excessive delay or expense, information about the personal data processed about you. Under your request we will inform you in writing about, for example, the origin of the personal data or the preservation period. Request information to understand data processing activities when the results of these activities are applied to you. It must be clarified that rights under points 4 and 5 are only available whenever you need support whilst using our website. For other processing based on the grounds of important public interest you cannot exercise your rights to object, rectify or erase your personal data according to the Article 13(2)(a)(b) of IP 68 (equivalent to Article 17(3)(b)(d) and Article 21(6) of the GDPR). 8. Supervisory authority If you wish to complain against the processing of your personal data, you may do so by post at: EMBL Heidelberg, Data Protection Committee, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, or Autoritat Catalana de Protecció de Dades (Catalan Data Protection Authority), C/Rosselló 214, Esc A, 1r 1a, Barcelona 08008, Spain. Published at: February 6, 2019

  Documentation data-protection/privacy-notice/ega-user-account

• Genome-Wide Association Study of HCC in Non-Asian USA Population

  This GWAS of HCC relied on existing biological and data resources from 7 USA sites and one Canadian site which allows for the integration of genetic and environmental data. Total of 2199 case patients and 1103 non cancer controls were genotyped. Case patients are defined as patients with pathological or radiological diagnosis of HCC with and without chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Study was restricted to Caucasian population without prior infection with chronic HBV infection. All DNA samples were extracted from peripheral blood. Study population of the participated sites are: Site-1: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center A hospital based-case-control study was initiated at UT MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2000 and approved by the Institutional Review Board of The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Study design was previously described in detailed (1-3). Written informed consent for an interview and for a biological sample was obtained from each participant. At time of diagnosis prior to treatment exposure. Case patients were recruited from the population of patients with newly diagnosed HCC who were evaluated and treated at the institution's gastrointestinal medical and surgical oncology outpatient clinics. Inclusion criteria were as follows: a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of HCC, U.S. residency, and the ability to communicate in English. Patients with concurrent or past history of other types of cancers were excluded. Control subjects were healthy spouses of patients with cancers other than liver, gastrointestinal, lung, or head and neck (smoking-related cancers) undergoing treatment at our institution. Eligibility criteria for control subjects were the same as those for patients, except that control subjects could not have ever had cancer. A short, structured questionnaire was used to screen potential control subjects on the basis of eligibility criteria. Control subjects and patients were recruited simultaneously. Case patients and control subjects were interviewed by well-trained interviewers who followed a written protocol to guide ascertainment and reduce surveillance, interviewer, and recall bias. No proxy interviews were conducted. The interviewers used a structured and validated questionnaire to collect information about demographic characteristics and potential risk factors for HCC such as personal smoking history, alcohol use, medical history, occupational history, and family history of cancer. Blood samples from cases and controls were tested for HBV and HCV. HCV antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen, and antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen were detected by use of a third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL). Important clinical information were retrieved from patients' medical records. Total of 1188 case patients and 278 controls from MD Anderson study were genotyped. Site-2: Mayo Clinic Case patients and controls included in the study from Mayo clinic were recruited as part of Mayo International Hepatobiliary Neoplasia Register and Biorepository. Only USA patients and controls were participated. All cases and controls signed informed consent indicating their willingness to participate in genetic studies. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from participants and retrieved from medical records. Total of 522 HCC case patients and 182 controls were genotyped in this study. Site-3: Toronto University Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatobiliary Tumors (HBT study, CAPCR 09-0289) is a hospital-based study that includes 1710 patients diagnosed with liver, bile duct or gallbladder adenocarcinoma (Hepatocellular carcinoma - HCC; cholangiocarcinoma - CCA; and gall bladder adenocarcinoma -GBCa) recruited at University Health Network (UHN) between 2009 and 2018. HBT study is a prospective study of cancer patients that collects self-reported demographic and epidemiological data, medical records/clinical information and blood samples for research purposes. Eligible patients recruited between 2009 and March 15 2016 were selected to participate in the Genome-Wide Association Study in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (GWAS in HCC, CAPCR 15-9943-CE), a sub-study of the HBT study. Eligible prospective patients recruited after March 15 2016 signed the Addendum to the HBT consent form and became eligible to participate in the GWAS in HCC study. Total of 271 cases and 21 controls were genotyped from Toronto University Site-4: University of Pittsburgh The design of the study has been described previously (4-6). Briefly, this population-based study enrolled 120 HCC patients and 230 matched controls from black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white residents of Los Angeles County who were between 18 and 74 years of age at diagnosis from January 1995 through December 2001. HCC Cases were identified through the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program. We sought to recruit up to two control subjects per case from the neighborhoods where HCC patients resided at the time of diagnosis, who were matched to the index case by sex, age (within 5 years), and race (Hispanic white, non-Hispanic white, black). Blood samples (plasma and buffy coat), medical and lifestyle factors were collected from all consenting participants. Total of 65 cases and 60 controls were genotyped in this study Site-5: South Western Dallas Under IRB approval, HCC Cases and controls were prospectively collected since 2015 from the outpatient Liver clinics from Parkland Health and Hospital System and UT Southwestern Medical Center, two large health systems in Dallas TX. A Total of 31 cases and 29 controls were genotyped from site 5. Site-6: Columbia University HCC patients from Columbia are those recruited as part of the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center Database Shared Resource which seeks to recruit all cancer patients for potential future studies. The PI is Dr. Katherine Crew AAAL5871. This resource collects sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical data on patients as well as a blood sample. Those who indicated on their consent form that they would participate in genetic studies were included. Total of 79 case patients with HCC were genotyped from Columbia University. Site-7: University of Michigan The study population included from University of Michigan were included from a prospective study of with chronic HCV infection recruited in Ann Arbor Patients who had under- gone liver transplantation, known coinfection with HIV, life expectancy &lt;12 months due to extra-hepatic illnesses, or were receiving HCV treatment at enrolment, were excluded. Protocol, surveys, and data forms were developed where each enrolled patient completed the same questionnaire All patients provided written informed consent before enrolment in the study. The study was approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee at the University of Michigan. Detailed study description was previously published (7). Total of 44 cases and 347 controls were genotyped Site-8: Veteran Administration Medical Center in Houston This research including written informed consent form was jointly approved by Institutional Review Boards for the Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Texas. Study details have been previously published (8). Briefly, we prospectively recruited consecutive HCV-infected veterans prior to their previously scheduled HCV clinic visit at a large tertiary care VA medical center between May 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012. Patients completed a research assistant (RA) administered survey interrogating medical and risk factor history including lifetime alcohol use, had anthropometric measurements taken, and completed a fasting venipuncture for performance of the FibroSure-ActiTest as a measure of hepatic pathology. We restricted our current analysis to individuals who were: (1) White male veterans between 18 and 70 years; (2) had no history of HCC, liver transplant, decompensated liver disease including ascites, dementia, or psychosis; (3) were serologically-confirmed to have chronic HCV and to be negative for both HIV and active HBV infection; (4) were not currently receiving anti-HCV pharmacotherapy; and (5) had FibroSURE testing shown F3/F4 fibrosis consistent with cirrhosis.

  Study phs001744

• Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes sequencing of peritoneal fluid from patients with achalasia

  The data published here contains cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes sequencing (CITEseq) using the oligo-tagged TotalSeq™-B Human Universal Cocktail, V1.0 from BioLegend on peritoneal fluid (PF) from patients with achalasia. Sequencing was performed in a paired-ended fashion on the NovaSeq6000. Below an overview of the epitopes to oligotags as obtained from BioLegend: DNA_ID Description clone Sequence Ensembl ID B0006 anti-human CD86 IT2.2 GTCTTTGTCAGTGCA ENSG00000114013 B0007 anti-human CD274 (B7-H1, PD-L1) 29E.2A3 GTTGTCCGACAATAC ENSG00000120217 B0020 anti-human CD270 (HVEM, TR2) 122 TGATAGAAACAGACC ENSG00000157873 B0023 anti-human CD155 (PVR) SKII.4 ATCACATCGTTGCCA ENSG00000073008 B0024 anti-human CD112 (Nectin-2) TX31 AACCTTCCGTCTAAG ENSG00000130202 B0026 anti-human CD47 CC2C6 GCATTCTGTCACCTA ENSG00000196776 B0029 anti-human CD48 BJ40 CTACGACGTAGAAGA ENSG00000117091 B0031 anti-human CD40 5C3 CTCAGATGGAGTATG ENSG00000101017 B0032 anti-human CD154 24-31 GCTAGATAGATGCAA ENSG00000102245 B0033 anti-human CD52 HI186 CTTTGTACGAGCAAA ENSG00000169442 B0034 anti-human CD3 UCHT1 CTCATTGTAACTCCT ENSG00000167286 B0046 anti-human CD8 SK1 GCGCAACTTGATGAT ENSG00000153563 B0047 anti-human CD56 (NCAM) 5.1H11 TCCTTTCCTGATAGG ENSG00000149294 B0050 anti-human CD19 HIB19 CTGGGCAATTACTCG ENSG00000177455 B0052 anti-human CD33 P67.6 TAACTCAGGGCCTAT ENSG00000105383 B0053 anti-human CD11c S-HCL-3 TACGCCTATAACTTG ENSG00000140678 B0058 anti-human HLA-A,B,C W6/32 TATGCGAGGCTTATC ENSG00000206503 B0063 anti-human CD45RA HI100 TCAATCCTTCCGCTT ENSG00000081237 B0064 anti-human CD123 6H6 CTTCACTCTGTCAGG ENSG00000185291 B0066 anti-human CD7 CD7-6B7 TGGATTCCCGGACTT ENSG00000173762 B0068 anti-human CD105 43A3 ATCGTCGAGAGCTAG ENSG00000106991 B0070 anti-human/mouse CD49f GoH3 TTCCGAGGATGATCT ENSG00000091409 B0071 anti-human CD194 (CCR4) L291H4 AGCTTACCTGCACGA ENSG00000183813 B0072 anti-human CD4 RPA-T4 TGTTCCCGCTCAACT ENSG00000010610 B0073 anti-mouse/human CD44 IM7 TGGCTTCAGGTCCTA ENSG00000026508 B0081 anti-human CD14 M5E2 TCTCAGACCTCCGTA ENSG00000170458 B0083 anti-human CD16 3G8 AAGTTCACTCTTTGC ENSG00000203747 B0085 anti-human CD25 BC96 TTTGTCCTGTACGCC ENSG00000134460 B0087 anti-human CD45RO UCHL1 CTCCGAATCATGTTG ENSG00000081237 B0088 anti-human CD279 (PD-1) EH12.2H7 ACAGCGCCGTATTTA ENSG00000188389 B0089 anti-human TIGIT (VSTM3) A15153G TTGCTTACCGCCAGA ENSG00000181847 B0090 Mouse IgG1, κ isotype MOPC-21 GCCGGACGACATTAA B0091 Mouse IgG2a, κ isotype MOPC-173 CTCCTACCTAAACTG B0092 Mouse IgG2b, κ isotype MPC-11 ATATGTATCACGCGA B0095 Rat IgG2b, κ isotype RTK4530 GATTCTTGACGACCT B0100 anti-human CD20 2H7 TTCTGGGTCCCTAGA ENSG00000156738 B0101 anti-human CD335 (NKp46) 9E2 ACAATTTGAACAGCG ENSG00000189430 B0124 anti-human CD31 WM59 ACCTTTATGCCACGG ENSG00000261371 B0127 anti-Human Podoplanin NC-08 GGTTACTCGTTGTGT ENSG00000162493 B0134 anti-human CD146 P1H12 CCTTGGATAACATCA ENSG00000076706 B0136 anti-human IgM MHM-88 TAGCGAGCCCGTATA ENSG00000211899 B0138 anti-human CD5 UCHT2 CATTAACGGGATGCC ENSG00000110448 B0141 anti-human CD195 (CCR5) J418F1 CCAAAGTAAGAGCCA ENSG00000160791 B0142 anti-human CD32 FUN-2 GCTTCCGAATTACCG ENSG00000143226 B0143 anti-human CD196 (CCR6) G034E3 GATCCCTTTGTCACT ENSG00000112486 B0144 anti-human CD185 (CXCR5) J252D4 AATTCAACCGTCGCC ENSG00000160683 B0145 anti-human CD103 (Integrin αE) Ber-ACT8 GACCTCATTGTGAAT ENSG00000083457 B0146 anti-human CD69 FN50 GTCTCTTGGCTTAAA ENSG00000110848 B0147 anti-human CD62L DREG-56 GTCCCTGCAACTTGA ENSG00000188404 B0149 anti-human CD161 HP-3G10 GTACGCAGTCCTTCT ENSG00000111796 B0151 anti-human CD152 (CTLA-4) BNI3 ATGGTTCACGTAATC ENSG00000163599 B0152 anti-human CD223 (LAG-3) 11C3C65 CATTTGTCTGCCGGT ENSG00000089692 B0153 anti-human KLRG1 (MAFA) SA231A2 CTTATTTCCTGCCCT ENSG00000139187 B0154 anti-human CD27 O323 GCACTCCTGCATGTA ENSG00000139193 B0155 anti-human CD107a (LAMP-1) H4A3 CAGCCCACTGCAATA ENSG00000185896 B0156 anti-human CD95 (Fas) DX2 CCAGCTCATTAGAGC ENSG00000026103 B0158 anti-human CD134 (OX40) Ber-ACT35 (ACT35) AACCCACCGTTGTTA ENSG00000186827 B0159 anti-human HLA-DR L243 AATAGCGAGCAAGTA ENSG00000204287 B0160 anti-human CD1c L161 GAGCTACTTCACTCG ENSG00000158481 B0161 anti-human CD11b ICRF44 GACAAGTGATCTGCA ENSG00000169896 B0162 anti-human CD64 10.1 AAGTATGCCCTACGA ENSG00000150337 B0163 anti-human CD141 (Thrombomodulin) M80 GGATAACCGCGCTTT ENSG00000178726 B0164 anti-human CD1d 51.1 TCGAGTCGCTTATCA ENSG00000158473 B0165 anti-human CD314 (NKG2D) 1D11 CGTGTTTGTTCCTCA ENSG00000213809 B0167 anti-human CD35 E11 ACTTCCGTCGATCTT ENSG00000203710 B0168 anti-human CD57 Recombinant QA17A04 AACTCCCTATGGAGG ENSG00000109956 B0170 anti-human CD272 (BTLA) MIH26 GTTATTGGACTAAGG ENSG00000186265 B0171 anti-human/mouse/rat CD278 (ICOS) C398.4A CGCGCACCCATTAAA ENSG00000163600 B0174 anti-human CD58 (LFA-3) TS2/9 GTTCCTATGGACGAC ENSG00000116815 B0176 anti-human CD39 A1 TTACCTGGTATCCGT ENSG00000138185 B0179 anti-human CX3CR1 K0124E1 AGTATCGTCTCTGGG ENSG00000168329 B0180 anti-human CD24 ML5 AGATTCCTTCGTGTT ENSG00000272398 B0181 anti-human CD21 Bu32 AACCTAGTAGTTCGG ENSG00000117322 B0185 anti-human CD11a TS2/4 TATATCCTTGTGAGC ENSG00000005844 B0187 anti-human CD79b (Igβ) CB3-1 ATTCTTCAACCGAAG ENSG00000007312 B0189 anti-human CD244 (2B4) C1.7 TCGCTTGGATGGTAG ENSG00000122223 B0206 anti-human CD169 7-239 TACTCAGCGTGTTTG ENSG00000088827 B0214 anti-human/mouse integrin β7 FIB504 TCCTTGGATGTACCG ENSG00000139626 B0215 anti-human CD268 (BAFF-R) 11C1 CGAAGTCGATCCGTA ENSG00000159958 B0216 anti-human CD42b HIP1 TCCTAGTACCGAAGT ENSG00000203618 B0217 anti-human CD54 HA58 CTGATAGACTTGAGT ENSG00000090339 B0218 anti-human CD62P (P-Selectin) AK4 CCTTCCGTATCCCTT ENSG00000174175 B0219 anti-human CD119 (IFN-γ R α chain) GIR-208 TGTGTATTCCCTTGT ENSG00000027697 B0224 anti-human TCR α/β IP26 CGTAACGTAGAGCGA B0236 Rat IgG1, κ isotype RTK2071 ATCAGATGCCCTCAT B0238 Rat IgG2a, κ Isotype RTK2758 AAGTCAGGTTCGTTT B0242 anti-human CD192 (CCR2) K036C2 GAGTTCCCTTACCTG ENSG00000121807 B0246 anti-human CD122 (IL-2Rβ) TU27 TCATTTCCTCCGATT ENSG00000100385 B0352 anti-human FcεRIα AER-37 (CRA-1) CTCGTTTCCGTATCG ENSG00000179639 B0353 anti-human CD41 HIP8 ACGTTGTGGCCTTGT ENSG00000005961 B0355 anti-human CD137 (4-1BB) 4B4-1 CAGTAAGTTCGGGAC ENSG00000049249 B0358 anti-human CD163 GHI/61 GCTTCTCCTTCCTTA ENSG00000177575 B0359 anti-human CD83 HB15e CCACTCATTTCCGGT ENSG00000112149 B0363 anti-human CD124 (IL-4Rα) G077F6 CCGTCCTGATAGATG ENSG00000077238 B0364 anti-human CD13 WM15 TTTCAACGCCCTTTC ENSG00000166825 B0367 anti-human CD2 TS1/8 TACGATTTGTCAGGG ENSG00000116824 B0368 anti-human CD226 (DNAM-1) 11A8 TCTCAGTGTTTGTGG ENSG00000150637 B0369 anti-human CD29 TS2/16 GTATTCCCTCAGTCA ENSG00000150093 B0370 anti-human CD303 (BDCA-2) 201A GAGATGTCCGAATTT ENSG00000198178 B0371 anti-human CD49b P1E6-C5 GCTTTCTTCAGTATG ENSG00000164171 B0373 anti-human CD81 (TAPA-1) 5A6 GTATCCTTCCTTGGC ENSG00000110651 B0384 anti-human IgD IA6-2 CAGTCTCCGTAGAGT ENSG00000211898 B0385 anti-human CD18 TS1/18 TATTGGGACACTTCT ENSG00000160255 B0386 anti-human CD28 CD28.2 TGAGAACGACCCTAA ENSG00000178562 B0389 anti-human CD38 HIT2 TGTACCCGCTTGTGA ENSG00000004468 B0390 anti-human CD127 (IL-7Rα) A019D5 GTGTGTTGTCCTATG ENSG00000168685 B0391 anti-human CD45 HI30 TGCAATTACCCGGAT ENSG00000081237 B0393 anti-human CD22 S-HCL-1 GGGTTGTTGTCTTTG ENSG00000012124 B0394 anti-human CD71 CY1G4 CCGTGTTCCTCATTA ENSG00000072274 B0396 anti-human CD26 BA5b GGTGGCTAGATAATG ENSG00000197635 B0398 anti-human CD115 (CSF-1R) 9-4D2-1E4 AATCACGGTCCTTGT ENSG00000182578 B0404 anti-human CD63 H5C6 GAGATGTCTGCAACT ENSG00000135404 B0406 anti-human CD304 (Neuropilin-1) 12C2 GGACTAAGTTTCGTT ENSG00000099250 B0407 anti-human CD36 5-271 TTCTTTGCCTTGCCA ENSG00000135218 B0408 anti-human CD172a (SIRPα) 15-414 CGTGTTTAACTTGAG ENSG00000198053 B0419 anti-human CD72 3F3 CAGTCGTGGTAGATA ENSG00000137101 B0420 anti-human CD158 (KIR2DL1/S1/S3/S5) HP-MA4 TATCAACCAACGCTT ENSG00000125498 B0446 anti-human CD93 VIMD2 GCGCTACTTCCTTGA ENSG00000125810 B0575 anti-human CD49a TS2/7 ACTGATGGACTCAGA ENSG00000213949 B0576 anti-human CD49d 9F10 CCATTCAACTTCCGG ENSG00000115232 B0577 anti-human CD73 (Ecto-5'-nucleotidase) AD2 CAGTTCCTCAGTTCG ENSG00000135318 B0579 anti-human CD9 HI9a GAGTCACCAATCTGC ENSG00000010278 B0581 anti-human TCR Vα7.2 3C10 TACGAGCAGTATTCA B0582 anti-human TCR Vδ2 B6 TCAGTCAGATGGTAT B0591 anti-human LOX-1 15C4 ACCCTTTACCGAATA ENSG00000173391 B0592 anti-human CD158b (KIR2DL2/L3, NKAT2) DX27 GACCCGTAGTTTGAT ENSG00000243772 B0599 anti-human CD158e1 (KIR3DL1, NKB1) DX9 GGACGCTTTCCTTGA ENSG00000167633 B0822 anti-human CD142 NY2 CACTGCCGTCGATTA ENSG00000117525 B0830 anti-human CD319 (CRACC) 162.1 AGTATGCCATGTCTT ENSG00000026751 B0864 anti-human CD352 (NTB-A) NT-7 AGTTTCCACTCAGGC ENSG00000162739 B0867 anti-human CD94 DX22 CTTTCCGGTCCTACA ENSG00000134539 B0871 anti-human CD162 KPL-1 ATATGTCAGAGCACC ENSG00000110876 B0896 anti-human CD85j (ILT2) GHI/75 CCTTGTGAGGCTATG ENSG00000104972 B0897 anti-human CD23 EBVCS-5 TCTGTATAACCGTCT ENSG00000104921 B0902 anti-human CD328 (Siglec-7) 6-434 CTTAGCATTTCACTG ENSG00000168995 B0918 anti-human HLA-E 3D12 GAGTCGAGAAATCAT ENSG00000204592 B0920 anti-human CD82 ASL-24 TCCCACTTCCGCTTT ENSG00000085117 B0944 anti-human CD101 (BB27) BB27 CTACTTCCCTGTCAA ENSG00000134256 B1046 anti-human CD88 (C5aR) S5/1 GCCGCATGAGAAACA ENSG00000197405 B1052 anti-human CD224 KF29 CTGATGAGATGTCAG ENSG00000100031

  Dataset EGAD50000000252

• Uncovering the Genetic Architecture of Colorectal Cancer with Focus of Rare and Less Frequent Variants

  The Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) is a collaborative effort comprised of a coordinating center and scientific researchers from well-characterized cohort and case-control studies conducted in North America and Europe. This international consortium aims to accelerate the discovery of common and rare genetic risk variants for colorectal cancer by conducting large-scale meta-analyses of existing and newly generated genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, replicating and fine-mapping of GWAS discoveries, and investigating how genetic risk variants are modified by environmental risk factors. To expand these efforts, we assembled case-control sets or nested case-control sets from 20 different North American or European studies. Summary descriptions and study participant inclusions/exclusion criteria for each of these studies are detailed below. The Black Women&#39;s Health Study (BWHS): Is the largest follow-up study of the health of African-American women (Cozier et al., 2004; Rosenberg et al., 1995) [PMID: 15018884; PMID: 7722208]. The purpose is to identify and evaluate causes and preventives of cancers and other serious illnesses in African-American women. Among the diseases being studied are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, type 2 diabetes, uterine fibroids, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cardiovascular disease. The study began in 1995, when 59,000 black women from all parts of the United States enrolled through postal questionnaires. The women provided demographic and health data on the 1995 baseline questionnaire, including information on weight, height, smoking, drinking, contraceptive use, use of other selected medications, illnesses, reproductive history, physical activity, diet, use of health care, and other factors. The participants are followed through biennial questionnaires to determine the occurrence of cancers and other illnesses and to update information on risk factors. Self-reports of cancer are confirmed through medical records and state cancer registry records. Mouthwash-swish samples, as a source of DNA, were obtained from &#126;26,000 BWHS participants in 2002-2007. DNA was isolated from the mouthwash-swish samples at the Boston University Molecular Core Genetics Laboratory using the QIAAMP DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). All incident colorectal cancer cases with a DNA sample were included in the present analysis. Two controls per case, selected from among BWHS participants free of colorectal cancer at end of follow-up, were matched to cases on year of birth (&#43;/- 2 years) and geographical region of residence (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West). A total 209 colorectal cancer cases and 423 controls were sent for genotyping. Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease (CLUE II): The Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease, is a prospective cohort designed to identify biomarkers and other factors associated with risk of cancer, heart disease, and other conditions (Kakourou et al., 2015) [PMID: 26220152]. 32,894 participants were recruited from May through October 1989 from Washington County, Maryland and surrounding communities. Colorectal cancer cases (n &#61; 297) and matched controls (n &#61; 296) were identified between 1989 and 2000 among participants in the CLUE II cohort of Washington County, Maryland. Colorectal Cancer Study of Austria (CORSA): In the ongoing colorectal cancer study of Austria (CORSA), more than 13,000 Caucasian participants have been recruited within the province-wide screening project &#34;Burgenland Prevention Trial of Colorectal Disease with Immunological Testing&#34; (B-PREDICT) since 2003 (Hofer et al., 2011) [PMID: 21422235]. All inhabitants of the Austrian province Burgenland aged between 40 and 80 years are annually invited to participate in fecal immunochemical testing and haemoccult positive screening participants are invited for colonoscopy. CORSA includes genomic DNA and plasma of colorectal cancer cases, low-risk and high-risk adenomas, and colonoscopy-negative controls. Controls received a complete colonoscopy and were free of colorectal cancer or polyps. CORSA participants have been recruited in the four KRAGES hospitals in Burgenland, Austria, and additionally, at the Medical University of Vienna (Department of Surgery), the Viennese hospitals &#34;Rudolfstiftung&#34; and the &#34;Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Sud&#34;, and at the Medical University of Graz (Department of Internal Medicine). 1403 colorectal cancer and advanced colorectal adenoma cases, and 1404 matched controls were selected for the study. Distribution of factors sex and age (5 year strata) were evenly matched between cases and controls. Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II): The CPS II Nutrition cohort is a prospective study of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, established in 1992 and described in detail elsewhere (Calle et al., 2002; Campbell et al., 2014) [PMID: 12015775; PMID: 25472679]. At enrollment, participants completed a mailed self-administered questionnaire including information on demographic, medical, diet, and lifestyle factors. Follow-up questionnaires to update exposure information and to ascertain newly diagnosed cancers were sent biennially starting in 1997. Reported cancers were verified through medical records, state cancer registry linkage, or death certificates. The Emory University Institutional Review Board approves all aspects of the CPS II Nutrition Cohort. A total of 360 cases and 359 controls were selected for this study. Czech Republic Colorectal Cancer Study (Czech Republic CCS): Cases with positive colonoscopy results for malignancy, confirmed by histology as colon or rectal carcinomas, were recruited between September 2003 and May 2012 in several oncological departments in the Czech Republic (Prague, Pilsen, Benesov, Brno, Liberec, Ples, Pribram, Usti and Labem, and Zlin). Two control groups, sampled at the same time of cases recruitment, were included in the study. The first group consisted of hospital-based individuals with a negative colonoscopy result for malignancy or idiopathic bowel diseases. The reasons for the colonoscopy were: i) positive fecal occult blood test, ii) hemorrhoids, iii) abdominal pain of unknown origin, and iv) macroscopic bleeding. The second control group consisted of healthy blood donor volunteers from a blood donor center in Prague. All individuals were subjected to standard examinations to verify the health status for blood donation and were cancer-free at the time of the sampling. Details of CRC cases and controls have been reported previously (Vymetalkova et al., 2014; Naccarati et al., 2016; Vymetalkova et al., 2016) [PMID: 24755277; PMID: 26735576; PMID: 27803053]. All subjects were informed and provided written consent to participate in the study. They approved the use of their biological samples for genetic analyses, according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The design of the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. All subjects included in the study were Caucasians and comprised 1792 cases and 1764 matched controls. Controls were matched to CRC cases as 1&#58;1 ratio. Matching was done on age and sex. Age was matched on &#43;&#45;5 years, whereas sex was matched exactly. For the cases without matched controls, matching was done only on sex. Early Detection Research Network (EDRN): The aim of the EDRN initiative is to develop and sustain a biorepository for support of translational research (Amin et al., 2010) [PMID: 21031013]. High-quality biospecimens were accrued and annotated with pertinent clinical, epidemiologic, molecular and genomic information. A user-friendly annotation tool and query tool was developed for this purpose. The various components of this annotation tool include: CDEs are developed from the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Cancer Checklists and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACR) standards. The CDEs provides semantic and syntactic interoperability of the data sets by describing them in the form of metadata or data descriptor. A total of 352 colorectal case samples and 399 controls were selected for this study. Controls were matched to CRC cases based on age and sex. The EPICOLON Consortium (EPICOLON): The EPICOLON Consortium comprises a prospective, multicentre and population-based epidemiology survey of the incidence and features of CRC in the Spanish population (Fernandez-Rozadilla et al., 2013) [PMID: 23350875]. Cases were selected as patients with de novo histologically confirmed diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, Lynch syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease-related CRC, and cases where patients or family refused to participate in the study were excluded. Hospital-based controls were recruited through the blood collection unit of each hospital, together with cases. All of the controls were confirmed to have no history of cancer or other neoplasm and no reported family history of CRC. Controls were randomly selected and matched with cases for hospital, sex and age (&#43;&#45; 5 years). A total of 370 cases and 370 controls were selected for genotyping. Hawaii Adenoma Study: For this adenoma study, two flexible-sigmoidoscopy screening clinics were first used to recruit participants on Oahu, Hawaii. Adenoma cases were identified either from the baseline examination at the Hawaii site of the Prostate Lung Colorectal and Ovarian cancer screening trial during 1996-2000 or at the Kaiser Permanente Hawaii&#39;s Gastroenterology Screening Clinic during 1995-2007. In addition, starting in 2002 and up to 2007, we also approached for recruitment all eligible patients who underwent a colonoscopy in the Kaiser Permanente Hawaii Gastroenterology Department. Cases were patients with histologically confirmed first-time adenoma(s) of the colorectum and were of Japanese, Caucasian or Hawaiian race&#47;ethnicity. Controls were selected among patients with a normal colorectum and were individually matched to the cases on age at exam, sex, race/ethnicity, screening date (&#43;&#45;3 months) and clinic and type of examination (colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy). We recruited 1016 adenoma cases (67.8% of all eligible) and 1355 controls (69.2% of all eligible); 889 cases and 1169 controls agreed to give a blood and 29 cases and 34 controls, a mouthwash sample. A total of 989 cases and 1185 controls were genotyped for this study. Columbus-area HNPCC Study (HNPCC, OSUMC): Patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed at six participating hospitals were eligible for this study, regardless of age at diagnosis or family history of cancer. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis were not eligible for this study. These six hospitals perform the vast majority of all operations for CRC in the Columbus metropolitan area (population 1.7 million). The institutional review board at all participating hospitals approved the research protocol and consent form in accordance with assurances filed with and approved by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Briefly, during the period of January 1999 through August 2004, 1,566 eligible patients with CRC were accrued to the study (Hampel et al., 2008) [PMID 18809606]. A total of 1472 colorectal cancer samples had enough blood DNA remaining to be sent for genotyping. Control samples were provided by the Ohio State University Medical Center%#39;s (OSUMC) Human Genetics Sample Bank. The Columbus Area Controls Sample Bank is a collection of control samples for use in human genetics research that includes both donors&#39; anonymized biological specimens and linked phenotypic data. The data and samples are collected under the protocol &#34;Collection and Storage of Controls for Genetics Research Studies&#34;, which is approved by the Biomedical Sciences Institutional Review Board at OSUMC. Recruitment takes place in OSUMC primary care and internal medicine clinics. If individuals agree to participate, they provide written informed consent, complete a questionnaire that includes demographic, medical and family history information, and donate a blood sample. 4-7 ml of blood is drawn into each of 3 ACD Solution A tubes and is used for genomic DNA extraction and the establishment of an EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell culture, cell pellet in Trizol, and plasma. Controls were matched to CRC cases as 1&#58;1. Matching was done on age at reference time (age_ref), race, and sex. Age_ref was matched on &#43;&#45;5 years. Sex and race were matched exactly. For the cases without matched controls, matching was done only on sex and race with 1&#58;1 ratio. Since controls are fewer than cases, one control is matched on 2 cases at most. Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS): A parallel prospective study to the NHS (Nurses&#39; Health Study). The HPFS cohort comprised 51,529 men aged 40-75 who, in 1986, responded to a mailed questionnaire (Rimm et al., 1990) [PMID: 2090285]. Participants provided information on health related exposures, including current and past smoking history, age, weight, height, diet, physical activity, aspirin use, and family history of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer and other outcomes were reported by participants or next-of-kin and were followed up through review of the medical and pathology record by physicians. Overall, more than 97% of self-reported colorectal cancers were confirmed by medical record review. Information was abstracted on histology and primary location. Incident cases were defined as those occurring after the subject provided the blood sample. Prevalent cases were defined as those occurring after enrollment in the study but before the subject provided the blood sample. Follow-up evaluation has been excellent, with 94% of the men responding to date. Colorectal cancer cases were ascertained through January 1, 2008. In 1993-1995, 18,825 men in the HPFS mailed blood samples by overnight courier, which were aliquoted into buffy coat and stored in liquid nitrogen. In 2001-2004, 13,956 men in the HPFS who had not provided a blood sample previously mailed in a swish-and-spit sample of buccal cells. Incident cases were defined as those occurring after the subject provided a blood or buccal sample. Prevalent cases were defined as those occurring after enrollment in the study in 1986, but before the subject provided either a blood or buccal sample. After excluding participants with histories of cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer), ulcerative colitis, or familial polyposis, case-control sets were previously constructed. In addition to colorectal cancer cases and controls, a set of adenoma cases and matched controls with available DNA from buffy coat were selected for genotyping. Over the follow-up period, data were collected on endoscopic screening practices and, if individuals had been diagnosed with a polyp, the polyps were confirmed to be adenomatous by medical record review. Adenoma cases were ascertained through January 1, 2008. A separate case-control set was constructed of participants diagnosed with advanced adenoma matched to control participants who underwent a lower endoscopy in the same time period and did not have an adenoma. Advanced adenoma was defined as an adenoma 1 cm or larger in diameter and&#47;or with tubulovillous, villous, or highgrade dysplasia&#47;carcinoma-in-situ histology. Matching criteria included year of birth (within 1 year) and month&#47; year of blood sampling (within 6 months), the reason for their lower endoscopy (screening, family history, or symptoms), and the time period of any prior endoscopy (within 2 years). Controls matched to cases with a distal adenoma either had a negative sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy examination, and controls matched to cases with proximal adenoma all had a negative colonoscopy. In total, 159 advanced adenoma cases and 109 controls were selected for genotyping. Leeds Colorectal Cancer Study (LCCS): Following local ethical approval, colorectal cancer cases were recruited from 1997 until 2012 in Leeds, UK through surgical clinics. Initially, funding was provided by the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Farming and Fisheries (subsequently the Food Standards Agency) and Imperial Cancer Research Fund (subsequently Cancer Research UK). Recruitment also occurred similarly in Dundee, Perth and York between the periods of 1997 and 2001 using the same protocol and the data and samples were combined. Pathologically confirmed cases were consented at outpatient clinics, providing information on known and postulated risk factors for colorectal cancer (diet, lifestyle and family history) as well as providing a blood sample for DNA. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing diverticular disease and an inability to complete the questionnaire. The General Practitioners of cases (all UK residents have a nominated General Practitioner to whom to refer initial medical queries) and these GPs were asked to send letters to other persons on their patient list of the same gender and born within 5 years of the case. Subsequently to enhance the number of controls, we systematically invited patients from selected GP practices. Diet was assessed in cases and controls using an extensive dietary and lifestyle questionnaire modified by that produced by the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer (EPIC). The frequency that each specific food items were eaten was recorded and we also obtained average fruit and vegetable consumption as a cross-check. In total, 1591 cases and 739 controls provided a DNA sample. The North Carolina Colon Cancer Studies (NCCCS I/II): The North Carolina Colon Cancer Studies (NCCCS I- colon and NCCCS II-rectal) were population-based case-control studies conducted in 33 counties of North Carolina. Cases were identified using the rapid case ascertainment system of the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. Patients with a first diagnosis of histologically confirmed invasive adenocarcinoma of the colon (cecum through sigmoid colon) between October 1996 and September 2000 were classified as potential cases in the NCCCS I. The NCCCS II included patients with a first diagnosis of histologically confirmed invasive adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon, rectosigmoid, or rectum (hereafter collectively referred to as rectal cancer) between May 2001 and September 2006. Additional eligibility requirements were: aged 40-80 years, residence in one of the 33 counties, ability to give informed consent and complete an interview, had a driver&#39;s license or identification card issued by the North Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles (if under the age of 65), and had no objections from the primary physician in regards to contacting the individual. Controls, identified and sampled during the respective study dates, were selected from two sources. Potential controls under the age of 65 were identified using the North Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles records. For those 65 years and older, records from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services were used. Controls were matched to cases using randomized recruitment strategies. Recruitment probabilities were done using strata of 5-year age, sex, and race groups. Dietary information was collected using a modified version of the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire developed at the National Cancer Institute. In addition, participants were asked about vitamin and mineral supplementation, special diets, restaurant eating, sodium use, and fats used in cooking. In NCCCS I, 515 colorectal cases and 687 matched controls were sent for genotyping. In NCCCS II, 796 colorectal cases and 823 controls were sent from the NCCCS II for genotyping. Controls were matched to CRC cases as 1&#58;1 ratio. Matching was done on age, race, and sex. Age was matched on &#43;&#45;5 years. Race and sex was matched exactly. For the cases without matched controls, matching was done only on sex and race. Nurses Health Study (NHS): The NHS cohort began in 1976 when 121,700 married female registered nurses age 30-55 years returned the initial questionnaire that ascertained a variety of important health-related exposures (Belanger et al., 1978) [PMID: 248266]. Since 1976, follow-up questionnaires have been mailed every 2 years. Colorectal cancer and other outcomes were reported by participants or next-of-kin and followed up through review of the medical and pathology record by physicians. Overall, more than 97% of self-reported colorectal cancers were confirmed by medical-record review. Information was abstracted on histology and primary location. The rate of follow-up evaluation has been high: as a proportion of the total possible follow-up time, follow-up evaluation has been more than 92%. Colorectal cancer cases were ascertained through June 1, 2008. In 1989 -1990, 32,826 women in NHS I mailed blood samples by overnight courier, which were aliquoted into buffy coat and stored in liquid nitrogen. In 2001-2004, 29,684 women in NHS I who did not previously provide a blood sample mailed a swish-and-spit sample of buccal cells. Incident cases were defined as those occurring after the subject provided a blood or buccal sample. Prevalent cases were defined as those occurring after enrollment in the study in 1976 but before the subject provided either a blood or buccal sample. After excluding participants with histories of cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer), ulcerative colitis, or familial polyposis, case-control sets were previously constructed from which DNA was isolated from either buffy coat or buccal cells for genotyping. In addition to colorectal cancer cases and controls, a set of advanced adenoma cases and matched controls with available DNA from buffy coat were selected for genotyping. Over the follow-up period, data were collected on endoscopic screening practices and, if individuals had been diagnosed with a polyp, the polyps were confirmed to be adenomatous by medical record review. Adenoma cases were ascertained through June 1, 2011. A separate case-control set was constructed of participants diagnosed with advanced adenoma matched to control participants who underwent a lower endoscopy in the same time period and did not have an adenoma. Advanced adenoma was defined as an adenoma more than 1 cm in diameter and/or with tubulovillous, villous, or high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma-in-situ histology. Matching criteria included year of birth (within 1 year) and month/year of blood sampling (within 6 months), the reason for their lower endoscopy (screening, family history, or symptoms), and the time period of any prior endoscopy (within 2 years). Controls matched to cases with a distal adenoma either had a negative sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy examination, and controls matched to cases with proximal adenoma all had a negative colonoscopy. A total of 272 cases and 236 matched controls were sent to CIDR for the advanced adenoma case-control set. Northern Swedish Health and Disease Study (NSHDS): Comprises over 110,000 participants, including approximately one third with repeated sampling occasions, from three population-based cohorts (Dahlin et al., 2010; Myte et al., 2016) [PMID: 20197478; PMID: 27367522]. The largest is the ongoing Vasterbotten Intervention Programme, in which all residents of Vasterbotten County are invited to a health examination upon turning 30 (some years), 40, 50 and 60 years of age. Extensive measured and self-reported health and lifestyle data, as well as blood samples for central biobanking in Umea, Sweden, are collected at the health exam. Leucocyte DNA samples for 1&#58;1-matched CRC case-control sets from the NSHDS, of which 878 samples are included in this study, have been selected for genotyping. This is in addition to 354 samples from the NSHDS previously analyzed as part of the multicenter EPIC cohort. Cancer-specific and overall survival data are available for all patients. For at least 425 patients, archival tumor tissue has been analyzed for the BRAF V600E mutation and by sequencing codon 12 and 13 for KRAS mutations, as well as for MSI screening status by immunohistochemistry and for an eight-gene CIMP panel using quantitative real-time PCR (MethyLight). Ohio Colorectal Cancer Prevention Initiative (OCCPI, OSUMC): OCCPI (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01850654) is a population-based study of colorectal cancer patients diagnosed in one of 51 hospitals throughout the state of Ohio from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2016. The OCCPI was created to decrease CRC incidence in Ohio by identifying patients with hereditary predisposition (statewide universal tumor screening for newly diagnosed CRC patients), increase colonoscopy compliance for first-degree relatives of CRC patients, and encourage future research through the creation of a biorepository. The 51 Ohio hospitals participating in the OCCPI were selected to represent a cross-section of clinical centers in the state based on high reported volume of CRC patients, affiliation with a high volume hospital, or interest in participation. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained by the individual hospitals, Community Oncology Programs, or by ceding review to the OSU IRB. Written informed consent was obtained. A total of 2139 colorectal cases were genotyped. Patients were considered eligible for this study if they were age 18 or older at the time of enrollment, if they had a surgical resection (or biopsy if unresectable) in the state of Ohio demonstrating an adenocarcinoma of the colorectum from 1&#47;1&#47;13 - 12&#47;31&#47;16. Matched control samples were selected from the Ohio State University Medical Center&#39;s (OSUMC) Human Genetics Sample Bank in an identical way to the selection for the Columbus-area HNPCC Study (please refer to the description for the Columbus-area HNPCC Study). Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trail (PLCO): PLCO enrolled 154,934 participants (men and women, aged between 55 and 74 years) at ten centers into a large, randomized, two-arm trial to determine the effectiveness of screening to reduce cancer mortality. Sequential blood samples were collected from participants assigned to the screening arm. Participation was 93% at the baseline blood draw. In the observational (control) arm, buccal cells were collected via mail using the &#34;swish-and-spit&#34; protocol and participation rate was 65%. Details of this study have been previously described (Huang et al., 2016) [PMID&#58; 27673363] and are available online (http://dcp.cancer.gov/plco). For this study 1651 advanced adenoma cases and 1392 controls were selected for genotyping. Selenium and Vitamin E Prevention Trial (SELECT): The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was a double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial which explored using selenium and vitamin E alone and in combination to prevent prostate cancer in healthy men (Lippman et al., 2009) [PMID&#58; 19066370]. Secondary endpoints included the prevention of colorectal and lung cancers. SELECT was conducted at 427 sites and centers in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico; 35,533 men 55 years and older (50 or older if African American) were randomized beginning August 22, 2001. Supplementation was discontinued on October 23, 2008 due to futility. 308 colorectal cancer cases and 308 matched controls were selected from the SELECT population and sent for genotyping. Screening Markers For Colorectal Disease Study and Colonoscopy and Health Study (SMS-REACH): Details on this study population were previously reported (Burnett-Hartman et al., 2014) [PMID&#58; 24875374]. Participants were enrollees in an integrated health-care delivery system in western Washington State (Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington) aged 24-79 years who underwent an index colonoscopy for any indication between 1998 and 2007 and donated a buccal-cell or blood sample for genotyping analysis. Study recruitment took place in 2 phases, with phase 1 occurring in 1998-2003 and phase 2 occurring in 2004-2007. Persons who had undergone a colonoscopy less than 1 year prior to the index colonoscopy, persons with inadequate bowel preparation for the index colonoscopy, and persons with a prior or new diagnosis of colorectal cancer, a familial colorectal cancer syndrome (such as familial adenomatous polyposis), or another colorectal disease were ineligible. Patients diagnosed with adenomas or serrated polyps and persons who were polyp-free at the index colonoscopy (controls) were systematically recruited during both phases of recruitment. Approximately 75% agreed to participate and provided written informed consent. Based on medical records, persons who agreed to participate and those who refused study participation were similar with respect to age, sex, and colorectal polyp status. Study protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of the Group Health Cooperative and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle, Washington). A total of 575 cases and 508 matched were selected for the study. Controls were matched to CRC cases as 1&#58;1 ratio. Matching was done on age_ref, race, and sex. Age_ref was matched on &#43;&#45;5 years. The Women&#39;s Health Initiative (WHI): WHI is a long-term national health study that has focused on strategies for preventing heart disease, breast and colorectal cancer, and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. The original WHI study included 161,808 postmenopausal women enrolled between 1993 and 1998. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, WA serves as the WHI Clinical Coordinating Center for data collection, management, and analysis of the WHI. The WHI has two major parts&#58; a partial factorial randomized Clinical Trial (CT) and an Observational Study (OS); both were conducted at 40 Clinical Centers nationwide. The CT enrolled 68,132 postmenopausal women between the ages of 50-79 into trials testing three prevention strategies. If eligible, women could choose to enroll in one, two, or all three of the trial components. The components are: Hormone Therapy Trials (HT): This double-blind component examined the effects of combined hormones or estrogen alone on the prevention of coronary heart disease and osteoporotic fractures, and associated risk for breast cancer. Women participating in this component with an intact uterus were randomized to estrogen plus progestin (conjugated equine estrogens [CEE], 0.625 mg&#47;d plus medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA] 2.5 mg&#47;d] or a matching placebo. Women with prior hysterectomy were randomized to CEE or placebo. Both trials were stopped early, in July 2002 and March 2004, respectively, based on adverse effects. All HT participants continued to be followed without intervention until close-out. Dietary Modification Trial (DM): The Dietary Modification component evaluated the effect of a low-fat and high fruit, vegetable and grain diet on the prevention of breast and colorectal cancers and coronary heart disease. Study participants were randomized to either their usual eating pattern or a low-fat dietary pattern. Calcium/Vitamin D Trial (CaD): This double-blind component began 1 to 2 years after a woman joined one or both of the other clinical trial components. It evaluated the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures and colorectal cancer. Women in this component were randomized to calcium (1000 mg&#47;d) and vitamin D (400 IU&#47;d) supplements or a matching placebo. The Observational Study (OS)examines the relationship between lifestyle, environmental, medical and molecular risk factors and specific measures of health or disease outcomes. This component involves tracking the medical history and health habits of 93,676 women not participating in the CT. Recruitment for the observational study was completed in 1998 and participants were followed annually for 8 to 12 years. All centrally confirmed cases of invasive colorectal cancers, or deaths from colorectal cancer were selected as potential cases from September 30, 2015 database. Controls were participants free of colorectal cancer (invasive or in situ) as of September 30, 2015. Potential cases and controls were excluded if they (1) were non-White; (2) had history of colorectal cancers at baseline; (3) lost to follow-up after enrollment; (4) DbGAP ineligible; (5) had &#60;1.25ug of DNA; (6) selected for WHI study M26 Phase I or II; (7) selected for WHI study AS224 and also included in the imputation project. A total of 578 cases and 104,429 controls met the eligibility criteria. Each case was matched with 1 control (1&#58;1) that exactly met the following matching criteria: age (&#43;&#45;5 years), 40 randomization centers (exact), WHI date (&#43;&#45;3 years), CaD date (&#43;&#45;3 years), OS flag (exact), HRT assignments (exact), DM assignments (exact), and CaD assignments (exact). Control selection was done in a time-forward manner, selecting one control for each case from the risk set at the time of the case&#39;s event. The matching algorithm was allowed to select the closest match based on a criteria to minimize an overall distance measure (Bergstralh EJ, Kosanke JL. Computerized matching of cases to controls. Technical Report #56, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN. April 1995). Each matching factor was given the same weight. When exact matches could not be found, the matching criteria were gradually relaxed among unmatched cases and controls until all cases had found matched controls. Using the matching criteria specified above, 559 of the 578 eligible cases found exact matches. The matching criteria was then relaxed to &#58; Age&#43;&#45;5, randomization centers, WHI date &#43;&#45; 3 years, CaD date &#43;&#45; 3 years, OS flag, HRT flag, DM flag, CaD flag. 17 of the remaining 19 unmatched cases found matched controls. By matching on Age&#43;&#45;5, randomization centers, WHI date &#43;&#45; 3 years, CaD date &#43;&#45; 3 years, OS flag, HRT flag, the remaining 2 unmatched cases found their matches.

  Study phs001415

• Projects

  Projects Jointly managed by the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) in Cambridge (UK) and the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona, the EGA provides an invaluable service to the worldwide biomedical research community. The teams leading the EGA are involved in several international partnerships and consortia in numerous scientific fields, where they contribute to ambitious projects. In addition to the project listed below, The EGA is in a long-standing partnership with the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH), as described on the dedicated page. On-going projects Project Duration Domain Funder Tags EASIGEN-DS | The EASIGEN-DS project aims to conduct a design study to establish a new European Research Infrastructure on Advanced Genomics Technologies, EASIGEN. To develop an excellent scientific, technological and operational design, we will conduct landscape studies, stakeholder consultations, and community surveying. 2025-2028 Genomic and health data Horizon Europe DATA MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE Go-IMPaCT | Go-IMPaCT will contribute sequenced genomes and provide infrastructure as part of IMPaCT-Cohort, one of the three fundamental pillars of the Precision Medicine Infrastructure associated with Science and Technology (IMPaCT) program in Spain. Along with the Genome of Europe (GoE) project, around 18.000 people will have their genomes sequenced, also contributing to Spain's commitments in 1+MG. Go-IMPaCT will fund the development of an EGA node to manage and share this genomic and phenoclinic data, laying the foundations for regional and ethnic genomic variability in Spain to be available for research purposes. The IMPaCT cohort is created with the spirit of being an open research tool, compatible with the rest of the health research ecosystem, and other international initiatives. 2025-2027 Large-scale genomics and health data; personalised medicine Instituto de Salud Carlos III ACCESS DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS FAIR-FEGA | This project seeks to accelerate data depositions into FEGA, significantly increasing the data flow in and from FEGA nodes. It will build capacity within the FEGA nodes and increase awareness in a wide range of stakeholders, thus altogether achieving the ultimate goal of enhancing data reuse. The project will be carried out by a strategic consortium comprising seven ELIXIR nodes and two ELIXIR communities. 2025-2026 Not applicable ELIXIR ACCESS DISCOVERY DOCUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS FEGA-Connect | A consortium of six ELIXIR nodes plus the Polish FEGA node (in-kind contribution) joining forces to build a solid base to develop solutions for effective multi-omic sensitive data integration between FEGA nodes and other infrastructures and specialised Data repositories. We aim to promote a more coherent data deposition, discoverability and retrieval of multi-omics datasets, providing FAIRer data and consequently accelerating research. 2025-2026 Multi-omics data ELIXIR ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS IMPaCT-Data 2 | IMPaCT-Data 2 will develop a digital platform for the integration and modelling of biomedical data associated with IMPaCT (Precision Medicine Infrastructure associated with Science and Technology) projects in Spain. It will deploy a sustainable infrastructure that facilitates the integration, standardisation, interoperability and analysis of clinical, genomic, molecular and medical imaging data. This platform will be aligned with European projects such as Genome of Europe (GoE), the first project to make use of the European Genomic Data Infrastructure (GDI), and EUCAIM. IMPaCT-Data 2 will benefit from advanced Artificial Intelligence and High Computing Capacity Systems capabilities, offering robust and accessible tools for researchers from the National Health System in Spain. 2025-2026 Large-scale genomics and health data; personalised medicine Instituto de Salud Carlos III ACCESS DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS ERDERA | The European Rare Disease Research Alliance (ERDERA) takes over EJPRD to deliver concrete health benefits to rare disease patients in the next decade by advancing prevention, diagnosis and treatment research. To leave no one behind, over 170 organisations championed by the European Union and member states are working hand in hand to make Europe a world leader in rare diseases research and innovation. 2024-2034 Rare diseases Horizon Europe; "La Caixa" Foundation cofunds CRG's contribution ACCESS DATA ANALYSIS DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE GoE | The Genome of Europe initiative aims to build a European network of national genomic reference cohorts of at least 500.000 citizens. These reference cohorts will be selected to be representative of the European population. 2024-2028 Large-scale genomic and health data Horizon Europe ACCESS DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS HEREDITARY | HEREDITARY aims to transform the way we approach disease detection, prepare treatment response, and explore medical knowledge by building a robust, interoperable, trustworthy, and secure framework that integrates multimodal health data (including genetic data) while ensuring compliance with cross-national privacy-preserving policies. 2024-2027 Neurodegenerative disorders, gut-brain interplay Horizon Europe DATA MANAGEMENT DATA ANALYSIS EOSC-ENTRUST | The mission of EOSC-ENTRUST is to create a European network of trusted research environments for sensitive data and to drive European interoperability by joint development of a common blueprint for federated data access and analysis. 2024-2026 Trusted Research Environment Horizon Europe INFRASTRUCTURE EBV-MS | "Targeting Epstein-Barr Virus Infection for Treatment and Prevention of Multiple Sclerosis". The ambitious goals of the project are to answer the questions why only a few EBV infected persons develop MS, and define the underlying mechanism of this process, as well as clarify if targeting the EBV infection can prevent MS or improve the disease course. 2023-2028 Viral-host genetics; immune response; disease modelling; Disease prevention Horizon Europe DATA MANAGEMENT DATA ANALYSIS WISDOM | WELL-BEING IMPROVEMENT THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF HEALTHCARE AND RESEARCH DATA AND MODELS WITHOUT BORDER FOR CHRONIC IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES aims to deploy novel approaches for data processing, harmonisation, management, and secure data sharing and federated access for diseases like multiple sclerosis. Using an end-user guided approach, it will facilitate responsible and critical assessment of the use of AI in healthcare. 2023-2028 Chronic immune-mediated diseases Horizon Europe DATA MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE EUCAIM | EUropean Federation for CAncer IMages is a project that will build a highly secure, federated and large-scale European cancer imaging platform, with capabilities that will greatly enhance the potential of Artificial Intelligence in oncology. 2023-2027 Cancer Digital Europe Programme (DIGITAL) DISCOVERY CONTAGIO | CONTAGIO (COhorts Network To be Activated Globally In Outbreaks) aims to create coordination mechanisms to rapidly react to infectious disease (re-)emergence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). 2023-2026 Infectious Diseases European Commission - Horizon Europe ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY Youth-GEMs | Youth-GEMS (Gene Environment Interactions in Mental Health TrajectorieS of Youth) will conduct research into the genetic and environmental factors of mental health in young European people. 2022-2027 Mental health European Commission - Horizon Europe DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY GDI | The European Genomics Data Infrastructure project is enabling access to genomic and related phenotypic and clinical data across Europe. It is doing this by establishing a federated, sustainable and secure infrastructure to access the data. 2022-2026 Genomic and health data European Commission - Horizon Europe; "La Caixa" Foundation cofunds CRG's contribution DISCOVERY DOCUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE EOSC4Cancer | EOSC4Cancer builds on existing projects, research outcomes and established community solutions to create the federated FAIR data, analysis and services infrastructure needed for European Cancer research programmes. 2022-2025 Cancer European Commission - Horizon Europe DISCOVERY IMPaCT-T2D | The IMPaCT-T2D project aims at studying the complete genomes of a large cohort of patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D), using modern sequencing technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) in order to improve the stratification and pharmacological treatment in the context of precision medicine. 2022-2025 Cardiovascular and Complex Diseases Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; Instituto de Salud Carlos III ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE EuCanImage | A European Cancer Image Platform Linked to Biological and Health Data for Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence and Precision Medicine in Oncology. 2020-2025 AI Solutions in Oncology European Commission - H2020 Programme; "La Caixa" Foundation cofunds CRG's contribution DATA MANAGEMENT METADATA STANDARDS GenoMed4ALL | A consortium built to empower personalised medicine in the field of haematological diseases through the use of AI and the pooling of genomic and clinical data. 2020-2025 Hematological diseases European Commission - H2020 Programme DISCOVERY METADATA STANDARDS Completed projects Project Duration Domain Funder Tags BY-COVID | The BeYond-COVID project aims to make COVID-19 data accessible to scientists in laboratories but also to anyone who can use it, such as medical staff in hospitals or government officials. Going beyond SARS-CoV-2 data, the project will provide a framework for making data from other infectious diseases open and accessible to everyone. 2021-2024 Infectious diseases European Commission - H2020 Programme ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE IMPaCT-Data | IMPaCT-Data aims to create the infrastructure for secondary use of data from Spanish healthcare systems - electronic health records, medical imaging and genomic repositories - and contribute with the knowledge and methodology produced to the healthcare system. 2021-2024 Large-scale genomics and health dataSpanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; Instituto de Salud Carlos III ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE LaMarató | It is a project aimed at creating and developing a catalan interhospitalary network to interrogate genetic variants from thousands of genetic tests carried out in patients with rare diseases from the main catalan hospitals. 2021-2024 Genomic and health data Fundació La Marató de TV3 (catalan foundation) DISCOVERY HealthyCloud | This consortium will contribute a Strategic Agenda towards the European Health Research and Innovation Cloud. The project will work in collaboration with a broad range of stakeholders to ensure that all voices are included and that the results are technically and ethically sound. 2021-2023 Not Applicable European Commission - H2020 Programme DOCUMENTATION B1MG | Beyond 1 Million Genomes aims to create a network of genetic and clinical data across Europe. The project provides coordination and support to the 1+ Million Genomes Initiative (1+MG). This initiative is a commitment of 24 EU countries, the UK and Norway to give cross-border access to one million sequenced genomes by 2022. 2020-2023 Not applicable European Commission - Horizon Europe DATA MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS ELIXIR-CONVERGE | An alliance with the goal of Connecting and aligning ELIXIR Nodes to deliver sustainable FAIR life-science data management services. 2020-2023 Data Management and Infectious Diseases European Commission - H2020 Programme DATA MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS IHCC | The International HundredK+ Cohorts Consortium aims to create a global platform for translational research – informing the biological and genetic basis for disease and improving clinical care and population health. 2020-2022 Translational research NIH; The Wellcome Trust; CZI INFRASTRUCTURE METADATA STANDARDS PPCG | The Pan Prostate Cancer Group aims to harmonise and interrogate Whole Genome DNA Sequence data generated around the world from over 2000 men with prostate cancer, with associated transcriptome and methylome data to include men from different clinical categories, and ethnicities. This project is about providing breakthrough advances through analysis of a very large series of Whole Genome DNA data from prostate cancer contributed by many of the leading scientists and clinicians working in prostate cancer genomics. 2019-2024 Cancer Cancer Research UK DATA MANAGEMENT CINECA | Consortium providing a Federated solution enabling population-scale genomic and biomolecular data accessible across international borders accelerating research and improving the health of individuals resident across continents. 2019-2023 Large-scale Genomics and Health Data European Commission - H2020 Programme ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DISCOVERY INFRASTRUCTURE EASI-Genomics | A project designed to provide easy access to cutting-edge DNA sequencing technologies to researchers from academia and industry, within a framework that ensures compliance with ethical and legal requirements, as well as FAIR and secure data management. 2019-2023 Next Generation Sequencing European Commission - H2020 Programme ACCESS EJP-RD | An European consortium built to create a comprehensive, sustainable ecosystem allowing a virtuous circle between research, care, and medical innovation. 2019-2023 Rare diseases European Commission - H2020 Programme ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION METADATA STANDARDS EOSC-Life | EOSC-Life brings together the 13 Life Science research infrastructures (LS RIs) to create an open, digital and collaborative space for biological and medical research. The project will publish 'FAIR' data and a catalogue of services provided by participating RIs for the management, storage and reuse of data in the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). 2019-2023 Not applicable European Commission - H2020 Programme DOCUMENTATION EUCANCan | A federated network aiming at implementing a cultural, technological and legal integrated framework across Europe and Canada, to enable and facilitate the efficient sharing of cancer genomic data. 2019-2023 Cancer European Commission - H2020 Programme DATA MANAGEMENT METADATA STANDARDS The Federated EGA framework: supporting sensitive data management across the ELIXIR Nodes | This project is a direct continuation of the FHD IS with the goal to position the FEGA framework as the core infrastructure driver to support human data sharing for research. 2019-2023 Human genomic data ELIXIR INFRASTRUCTURE UK Biobank | UK Biobank is a large-scale biomedical database and research resource, containing in-depth genetic and health information from half a million UK participants. This project is to archive whole genome sequencing and other genetic data for UK Biobank participants. 2019-2023 Large-scale Genomics and Health Data The Wellcome Trust; UKRI; Amgen; AstraZeneca; GSK; Johnson & Johnson DATA MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE VEIS | The core mission of VEIS is to create an open ecosystem of technologies that will address and adapt to the requirements of the systems used to analyse and interpret -omics and clinical data in research and application environments in biomedicine. The aim of the project is to leverage the value of the EGA for both industry and society. 2019-2022 Oncology and Rare diseases Generalitat de Catalunya and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ACCESS DISCOVERY ELIXIR BEACON IS | This study follows on from a number of earlier activities that have established the ELIXIR Beacon Project. The main aim is to extend the Beacon protocol, developed at EGA, to become the reference ELIXIR Data Discovery product 2019-2021 Not applicable ELIXIR DISCOVERY ELIXIR FHD IS | This project coordinates the delivery of FAIR compliant metadata standards, interfaces, and reference implementation to support the federated ELIXIR network of human data resources. 2019-2021 Human genomic data ELIXIR INFRASTRUCTURE ELIXIR Rare Disease | The Rare Disease Community extends and generalises the system of access authorisation and high volume secure data transfer developed within the EGA. The goal of the Community is to create a federated infrastructure that will enable researchers to discover, access and analyse different rare disease repositories across Europe. It is doing this in partnership with other European infrastructure projects, namely RD-CONNECT, BBMRI-ERIC and E-Rare.2019-2021 Rare diseases ELIXIR INFRASTRUCTURE Solve-RD | Solve-RD - solving the unsolved rare diseases - is a research project funded by the European Commission. It echoes the ambitious goals set out by the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) to deliver diagnostic tests for most rare diseases by 2020. The current diagnostic and subsequent therapeutic management of rare diseases is still highly unsatisfactory for a large proportion of rare disease patients - the unsolved RD cases. For these unsolved rare diseases, we are unable to explain the etiology responsible for the disease phenotype, predict the individual disease risk and/or rate of disease progression, and/or quantitate the risk of relatives to develop the same disorder. 2018-2024 Rare diseases European Commission - H2020 Programme ACCESS DATA MANAGEMENT METADATA STANDARDS EuCanShare | An EU-Canada joint infrastructure for next-generation multi-Study Heart research. 2018-2022 Cardiovascular Diseases European Commission - H2020 Programme ACCESS METADATA STANDARDS

  Documentation about/projects-and-funders/projects

• HTAN MCL Pre-Cancer Atlas Pilot Project - Targeted Sequencing Development Study

  The HTAN-MCL Pre-Cancer Atlas Pilot Project (PCAPP) is the result of a collaboration between the seven members of the MCL consortium. Across four organ types, PCAPP's goal is to collect and profile pre-malignant lesions for gene expression, DNA mutations, single-cell gene expression and immune-environment. Most PML are small in size and only available come from formalin fixed paraffin embedded archived tissue. The primary goal of PCAPP is to 1) understand the logistical challenges of PML specimen collection, 2) document technical limitations of the assays that are specific to the PML and 3) overcome them to support the generation of a more comprehensive Pre-Cancer Atlas in the future. The current upload provides RNA and DNA sequencing from participants with DCIS who were studied at the University of San Diego and the University of Vermont. Description of the overall study: A. Background/Significance One of the critical barriers to developing new approaches for cancer detection and prevention is the lack of understanding of the key molecular and cellular changes that cause cancer initiation and progression. Unlike the extensive work that has been done profiling advanced stage tumors, few studies have comprehensively profiled the molecular alterations found in precancerous tissues. Premalignant lesions are currently characterized by histologic changes that precede the development of invasive carcinoma1,2.These lesions can often be identified in regions surrounding an invasive tumor or in biopsies taken from patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation for suspicion of cancer. Currently, limited metrics exist to identify lesions that will likely progress to carcinoma and require intervention from those that will naturally regress or remain stable3,4. Characterization of the molecular alterations in premalignant lesions and the corresponding changes in the microenvironment would hasten the development of biomarkers for early detection and risk stratification as well as suggest preventive interventions to reverse or delay the development of cancer. Our pilot study will establish the feasibility of transcriptomic, genomic and immune profiling of FFPE premalignant lesions from multiple organ sites, collected and profiled with uniform SOPs across multiple institutions within the MCL consortium. We will characterize the molecular alterations in precancerous lesions and the corresponding microenvironment in four major organ sites, in order to uncover the molecular and cellular determinants of premalignancy, and establish standardized sequencing and immunohistochemistry protocols on FFPE precancerous tissue. We will also evaluate the technical feasibility of single nuclei sequencing of small FFPE pre-cancer lesions. Successful completion of the proposed pilot study will set the stage for expansion and development of a comprehensive Pre-Cancer Atlas (PCA) as part of the NCI's moonshot.B. Specific Aims Aim 1: Collect premalignant lesions (PML) and their associated microenvironment via LCM from FFPE tissue across four organ sites (breast, lung, pancreas &amp; prostate). Aim 2: Perform bulk RNA and DNA seq on premalignant FFPE samples (and flash frozen tissue where available) and compare the genomic/transcriptomic alterations within and across organ sites. C. ApproachAim 1: Collect premalignant lesions (PML) and their associated microenvironment via LCM from FFPE tissue across four organ sites (breast, lung, pancreas &amp; prostate). MethodsI. Patient Population/Sample Collection: Overview of the sites collecting PML tissue from the respective organs is provided in Table 1 and a full description of the biospecimens to be obtained is described in detail for each organ type below. Table 1. Breakdown of cohort by tissue type and collection site.Organ siteBreastLungPancreasProstateType of PMLDCISAAH, Squamous Dysplasia/CISIPMNsPINCollection of PatientsUCSF/UCSDUVMBU*/UCLAVanderbilt/MoffittMDACC*JHUStanford*# of Patients201920 (10 of each type)20 (10 of each type)242020Total patients per Organ39402440Note: single nuclei/cell RNA-Seq will be performed on 4-5 FFPE samples from each of the organ types 1. DCIS lesions from breast tissue: DCIS lesions will be collected from 39 patients (20 from UCSF/UCSD &amp; 19 from UVM) with primary low or high-grade DCIS diagnosed from a breast core biopsy. Subsequent resected lumpectomy or mastectomy tissues will be prospectively sampled in the vicinity of the prior biopsy site using multiple approaches: 1) Live cells (heterogeneous mix) will be obtained as a cell scrape slurry from the lesion surface or by fine needle aspirate (FNA); 2) For a subset of specimens where size is sufficient, a block of breast tissue with DCIS will be fresh-frozen; 3) The remainder of the specimen will be taken for routine formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding (FFPE). The FFPE sample will be annotated to identify the matched FFPE tissue block adjacent to the fresh-frozen sample and will be sectioned for use in bulk and single nuclei sequencing . We will dissect DCIS, adjacent normal and when available, associated carcinoma. In addition, when possible, normal tissue will be collected from a tissue block lacking lesions as well as collection of blood. A subset of patients (n = 5 | FFPE, flash frozen and fresh) will be sent to the Broad Institute for single nuclei/cell sequencing.2. AAH and squamous dysplastic/CIS lesions from airway and lung tissue: For squamous cell lung cancer, we will collect endobronchial biopsies from abnormal airway regions identified on autofluroscence bronchoscopy or identify PMLs in the margins of resected lung tissue. We will study 20 patients (5 each from BU/UCLA/Vanderbilt/Moffitt) with pre-invasive squamous lesions (moderate-severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIS)) identified on pathologic examination. LCM of the premalignant region and adjacent normal epithelium will be performed as well as the invasive tumor for those collected from the resection margin (n=5 from UCLA). On a subset of lesions collected at bronchoscopy (n=5), we will collect additional biopsies that will be flash frozen and fresh for single nuclei and cell sequencing, respectively, performed at the Broad Institute. In parallel to the work at the Broad, BU will perform single cell RNA-seq on these freshly cell sorted tissues (n = 5). Blood will be collected on all patients for genomic studies. For lung adenocarcinoma, we will collect resected FFPE lung tissues from 20 patients (10 from UCLA and 10 from Vanderbilt/Moffitt) with early stage lung adenocarcinoma that harbor atypical adenomatous (AAH) premalignant lesions in the resection margin. We will LCM multiple AAH regions (3-5 per patient) as well as adjacent regions of normal epithelium and invasive adenocarcinoma. In addition, blood will be collected on all patients for genomic studies. 3. IPMNs from pancreatic tissue: For pancreatic cancer PML, we will collect low and high grade lesions from 24 patients representing macroscopic Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (IPMN) (n=24) from surgically resected specimens along with blood samples. Archival FFPE specimens of microscopic PanIN lesions, occurring multi-focally adjacent to invasive PDAC, and archival IPMN lesions (with or without associated invasive cancer), along with the adjacent normal tissue, will undergo LCM and utilized for bulk DNA and RNA sequencing. If matched frozen tissues are available for a subset of these FFPE samples, we will bank for comparison of profiles. Because IPMNs are macroscopic lesions, they provide an opportunity for obtaining the samples fresh and therefore can be used for single cell sequencing (in contrast to PanINs). Therefore, 5 freshly obtained IPMNs will be used for the single cell RNA sequencing studies performed at both the Broad Institute and MDACC, and the matched FFPE and/or frozen sections from these lesions (obtained from the adjacent PML) will be sent to Broad Institute as a pilot to assess "single nuclei" RNA sequencing.4. PINs from prostate tissue: For prostate cancer PML, there will be 40 samples of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN) collected between the Stanford and JHU sites (20 cases per site). At the Stanford site, 20 prostate specimens detected by PSA screening who have/will undergo surgery (radical prostatectomy) for clinically localized disease will make up the final cohort. The age range of the participants would be 40-75, and we anticipate that 18 will be Caucasian, 1 Asian and 1 Latino or African American based on the practice demographics practice at Stanford. Clinical and MRI data will also be collected for these samples. We will collect low grade (e.g. Gleason score of 6/Grade group 1; n=10) and high grade (Gleason score 4+3=7 or higher/Grade group 3 or higher; n=10) PINs from FFPE samples that have prostate carcinoma. In addition to obtaining LCM archival samples of low and high grade PIN, we will also obtain normal prostatic epithelial from the peripheral, central and transition zones as well as multiple samples of prostate carcinoma in order to obtain the spectrum of Gleason grades in the carcinoma as needed. LCM samples will be used for bulk DNA and RNA sequencing. In addition, single cells will be dissected from FFPE samples to prepare single cell RNA seq libraries using techniques developed at Stanford, and FFPE tissue will be sent to the Broad for single nuclei sequencing. When available, flash frozen and fresh samples from these prostates will be archived and prepared for single nuclei and cell sequencing, respectively, at the Broad Institute and at Stanford (single cell only). JHU will also capture 10 cases (5 grade group 1 and 5 grade group 2) of high grade PIN, normal and invasive adenocarcinoma using frozen sections from fresh frozen tissues. When possible these will be from the same patients as the FFPE samples. Since frozen sections can be quite challenging to morphologically determine high grade PIN from normal epithelium, for these samples we will perform a number of additional tissue-based characterizations. These will include a multicolor combined basal cells (p63 and CK903) and PIN/carcinoma markers (AMACR) referred to in the cocktail as "PIN4", c-MYC (referred to as MYC) protein5, by IHC and mRNA by in situ hybridization (AM De Marzo, Q Zheng unpublished observations), telomere length by in situ hybridization6 and the 5'ETS/45S rRNA7. For these slides, the whole slides will be scanned with a Hammamatsu Nanozoomer with a 40x objective and regions of interest will be annotated as a guide for LCM.II. Laser-capture microdissection (LCM): FFPE tissue blocks will be sectioned at 7&#956;m thickness and serial sections will be stained with H&amp;E. LCM will be performed utilizing standard LCM systems, such as Leica LMD7000 and ArcturusXT at each site. Regions of premalignancy will be dissected and RNA/DNA will be extracted from microdissected cells using the Qiagen All Prep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit. Aim 2: Perform bulk RNA and DNA seq on premalignant FFPE samples and compare the genomic/transcriptomic alterations within and across organ sites. Rationale: There have been limited studies characterizing the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of premalignant lesions associated with breast, pancreatic, lung or prostate cancers. Characterizing the molecular determinants of premalignant disease that are unique and shared across multiple organs will enable new candidate biomarkers for early detection and novel therapeutic strategies for early intervention. MethodsBulk RNA-seq of LCM FFPE tissue: All participating sites will perform bulk RNA-seq in accordance with SOPs developed at BU. In brief, total RNA will be isolated from LCM'd lesion and associated microenvironment tissue using the Qiagen All Prep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit and quality will be assessed with the Agilent Bioanalyzer. Libraries will be generated with the Illumina TruSeq Access kit (for FFPE samples). They will be sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq2500 with 75base-pair paired-end reads. Quality of FASTQ files will be assessed with FastQC. Reads will be aligned to the human genome with STAR and gene-level and isoform-level expression will be quantified with RSEM. Splice junction saturation, transcript integrity, and biotype distributions will be calculated for each sample with RSeQC. DESeq2 and EdgeR will be used to identify associations between gene expression profiles and clinical variables while controlling for confounding covariates. BU will serve as an RNA-seq Core to assess reproducibility of FFPE RNA-seq methods across sites. We will perform RNA-seq according to the SOP listed above on a subset of samples for each organ type (total n ~ 20). Bulk seq of DNA from FFPE tissue: All participating sites will perform targeted or whole exome-seq (WES) in accordance with SOPs. In brief, DNA from laser captured material will be isolated using the Qiagen All Prep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit and undergo stringent quality control to ensure high quality input material for genomic profiling. Purified DNA (ideally 100-200 ng) will be used for library preparation and amplification, followed by next generation sequencing using standard protocols distributed by CDMG. Exome-seq methods are considered standardized, thus we will not need a DNA-seq Core to assess reproducibility across sites. We anticipate local centers will use Illumina paired end reads, following the following general approach. 1) DNA library preparation: Paired-end libraries will be prepared following the manufacturer's protocols (Illumina and Agilent), fragmented to 150-200 bp 2) Capture of targeted exome: Whole exome capture will be carried out using the protocol for Agilent's SureSelect Human All Exon kit. Purified capture products will be amplified using the SureSelect GA PCR primers (Agilent) for 12 cycles. 3) Sequencing will be carried out for the captured libraries using at least 100 bp paired-end reads. To achieve high level sensitivity and accuracy for detecting all the mutations in the whole exome, each sample will be sequenced at 200X mean depth. 4) Read mapping and alignment and variant analysis: Sequence short reads will be aligned to a reference genome (NCBI human genome assembly build 38) using BWA-MEM. Local realignment of aligned reads will be performed using Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK).Data QC: To ensure scientific rigor and consistency among sites in RNA and DNA processing we will include a preliminary analysis of steps in processing and analysis. Protocols for extraction of high quality RNA and DNA from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues, which will be used extensively in these studies continue to improve and may have variable implementation among the sites participating in this study. To evaluate consistency of preliminary steps in processing and downstream analyses, we will initially distribute slides from one large FFPE fixed cancer of origin from prostate, breast, lung and pancreatic cancer. Analysis of these samples will allow us to review the DNA and RNA characteristics (yield, purity and strand length) among sites. Downstream analysis of these same samples will also allow us to compare among sites the consistency of variant calls among centers. We will be able to identify if there are some times of calls (such as small insertion deletions) that are more variable among centers versus other types of calls (such as relative gene expression or single base pair substitutions) that we expect to be less variable and to characterize the reliability of findings across sites. We are also including a 5% blind duplicate analysis of RNA sequencing. Samples will be analysed by the participating genomics cores without knowledge of the phenotype. RNA seq and CNA analyses are normalized for batch effects. We will also compare the observed sex to the self-reported sex as based on RNA profiles and exome sequencing of X chromosome genes as another check for processing accuracy and sample management. D. References 1. Wacholder, S. Precursors in Cancer Epidemiology: Aligning Definition and Function. Cancer Epidemiol. Prev. Biomark. 22, 521-527 (2013). PMID: 23549395.2. Berman, J. J. Precancer: The Beginning and the End of Cancer. (Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning, 2011).3. Nasiell, K., Nasiell, M. &amp; Va&#263;lavinkov&#225;, V. Behavior of moderate cervical dysplasia during long-term follow-up. Obstet. Gynecol. 61, 609-614 (1983). PMID: 6835614.4. Merrick, D. T. et al. Persistence of Bronchial Dysplasia Is Associated with Development of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila. Pa.) 9, 96-104 (2016). PMID: 26542061.5. Gurel, B. et al. Nuclear MYC protein overexpression is an early alteration in human prostate carcinogenesis. Mod. Pathol. Off. J. U. S. Can. Acad. Pathol. Inc 21, 1156-1167 (2008). PMID: 18567993.6. Meeker, A. K. et al. Telomere shortening is an early somatic DNA alteration in human prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 62, 6405-6409 (2002). PMID: 12438224.7. Guner, G. et al. Novel Assay to Detect RNA Polymerase I Activity In Vivo. Mol. Cancer Res. MCR 15, 577-584 (2017). PMID: 28119429.

  Study phs002225

• Oncoarray Consortium - Lung Cancer Studies

  The study was conducted under the auspices of the Transdisciplinary Research In Cancer of the Lung (TRICL) Research Team, which is a part of the Genetic Associations and MEchanisms in ONcology (GAME-ON) consortium, and associated with the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO). Ethics: All participants provided written informed consent. All studies were reviewed and approved by institutional ethics review committees at the involved institutions. Sequencing data are derived from four substudies. The substudies that contributed include Harvard, Liverpool, Toronto, and IARC. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study is a randomized primary prevention trial including 29,133 male smokers enrolled in Finland between 1985 and 1993. Participants ranged between ages of 50 to 69 at enrollment and were randomized in a factorial design to take either 50 milligrams of d-alpha tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E), 20 mg of all-trans-beta-carotene, both or placebo. The study continued to monitor cancer incidence through 2012 and total mortality through December 2013. The CAncer de PUlmon en Asturias Study (CAPUA) is a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Asturias, Spain by the University of Oviedo. Lung cancer cases were recruited in three main hospitals of Asturias, following an identical protocol from 2002 to 2012. Eligible cases were incident cases of histologically confirmed lung cancer between 30 and 85 years of age and residents in the geographical area of each participating hospital. Controls were selected from patients admitted to those hospitals with diagnoses unrelated to the exposures of interest and individually matched by ethnicity, gender, age (&#177; 5 years) and hospital. Epidemiologic data were collected personally through computer-assisted questionnaires by trained interviewers during the first hospital admission. Structured questionnaires collected information on sociodemographic characteristics, recent and prior tobacco use, environmental exposure (air pollution and passive smoking), diet, personal and family history of cancer, and occupational history from each participant. Peripheral blood samples (or mouthwash samples when they refused to donate blood) were collected from all participants. Coding of histology was based on 2001 WHO/IASLC. Genomic DNA was extracted based on standard protocol. The Canadian Screening Study includes the nested case-control samples from 3 screening programs: IELCAP-Toronto: Ever smokers of more than 10 pack-years age 50 and above were eligible for the I-ELCAP screening program since 2003, and a total of 4782 individuals have been enrolled in the Greater Toronto Area. Participants were administered a LDCT scan along with a standard study questionnaire at baseline. Blood samples were systematically collected at baseline since 2006. Participants who had an abnormality in a CT scan were followed up every 1 to 2 years. The screening program was organized by the Princess Margaret Hospital. PanCan: Ever smokers between the ages of 50-75 with no previous history of invasive cancer are eligible to participate in the study. The study was carried out across Canada in Vancouver, Calgary, Hamilton, Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec, Halifax, and St. John's. A total of 2537 smokers have been screened from 2008 to 2011. All study participants completed a detailed questionnaire, spirometry, collection of blood specimens for biomarker measurement and LDCT at baseline. All participants are followed for a minimum of 3 years. On yearly follow up, an updated shorter questionnaire is administered, blood is collected and CT scans are performed. Blood samples are available from all 2537 individuals. BCCA Screening Program: From 1990 to 2007, 4274 smokers above 40 years old who had smoked 20 pack-years or more were enrolled at BCCA. Upon enrollment, subjects completed a questionnaire for their lifestyle and medical history. Baseline spirometry was conducted using a flow-sensitive spirometer in accordance with the American Thoracic Society recommendations. Since 2000, a LDCT was obtained in 2440 individuals. The participants were followed prospectively to determine whether they developed lung cancer. A total of 9759 individuals participated in the CT screening program in Canada from these 3 programs. The samples included in this project is based on a subset of nested lung cancer case-control pairs based on 1:2 ratio. The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the cancer prevention efficacy and safety of a daily combination of 30 mg of beta-carotene and 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate in 18,314 persons at high risk for lung cancer. CARET began in 1985, and the intervention was halted in January 1996, 21 months ahead of schedule, with the twin conclusions for definitive evidence of no benefit and substantial evidence of a harmful effect of the intervention on both lung cancer incidence and total mortality. CARET continued to follow and collect endpoints on their participants through 2005. Pathology reports and medical records were reviewed to confirm cancer endpoints, and death certificates obtained to capture cause of death. During the active intervention phase of CARET, serum, plasma, whole blood, and lung tissue specimens were collected on participants. These biospecimens make up the CARET Biorepository. For the OncoArray Project, CARET provided DNA extracted from whole blood of lung cancer cases and controls matched on age at baseline (&#177; 4 years), sex, race, baseline smoking status, history of occupational asbestos exposure (asbestos vs heavy smoker), and year of enrollment (2-year intervals). The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study is a multi-center cohort study involving 521,000 study participants from 10 European countries. The current study involved EPIC participants from 7 countries (Greece, Netherlands, UK, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy), including 1223 incident lung cancer cases and 1249 smoking matched controls. The Kentucky Lung Cancer Research Initiative is a study conducted by the Markey Cancer Center Cancer Center and the University of Kentucky using a population-based, case-control framework to study the extraordinarily high rates of lung cancer in Southeastern, Appalachian Kentucky. Cancer cases were recruited from the Kentucky Cancer Registry at the time of diagnosis and controls were recruited from a random digit dialing process from the same region. Study accrual began in January 5, 2012 and completed on September 5, 2014 and 520 subjects were recruited in a 4:1 ratio of controls: cases from Appalachian Kentucky. Of the 520 subjects recruited, 231 are included in the OncoArray analysis, including all 93 cancer cases, and 123 controls. Newly diagnosed lung cancer cases and controls underwent blood, toenail (for trace element analysis), urine, buffy coat, water, soil, and radon collection, residence GPS mapping, as well as an extensive epidemiologic, occupational, and health history questionnaire (Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01648166). The Harvard Lung Cancer Study (HLCS) is a case-control study based at Mass General Hospital (MGH) in Boston, Massachusetts from 1992 to 2004. Details of the study were described previously. Briefly, eligible cases included any person over the age of 18 years with a diagnosis of primary lung cancer that was further confirmed by an MGH lung pathologist. Controls were recruited from the friends or spouses of cancer patients or the friends or spouses of other surgery patients in the same hospital. Potential controls were excluded from participation if they had a diagnosis of any cancer (other than non-melanoma skin cancer). Interviewer-administered questionnaires, a modified version of the standardized American Thoracic Society respiratory questionnaire, collected information on demographics, medical history, family history of cancer, smoking history, and a detailed work history, including job titles and tasks. Genome-wide genotype data were first generated using Illumina Human 610-Quad BeadChips and then imputed by MACH against the 1000 Genome Project dataset (http://browser.1000genomes.org/index.html). The Institutional Review Board of MGH and the Human Subjects Committee of the Harvard School of Public Health approved the study. The Israel study (NICCC-LCA) is an ongoing case-control study of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases of any histology and population age/sex/ethnicity-matched "healthy" controls. All participants undergo face-to-face interviews, provide a venous blood sample (separated into DNA, Sera, lymphocytes) after signing an IRB-approved form. Histology reports, FFPE blocks and clinical follow-up are available for most cancer cases. The MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) Study. Lung cancer cases and frequency-matched controls were ascertained from a large ongoing case-control study at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC) since 1991. Detailed study description was provided previously (Spitz et al 2007). In brief, cases were newly-diagnosed and histologically confirmed lung cancer patients recruited from UTMDACC. Controls were healthy individuals without a history of cancer (except for nonmelanoma skin cancer) and recruited from the Kelsey-Seybold Clinics, the largest private multispecialty physician group in the Houston metropolitan area. Controls were frequency-matched to cases on age (&#177;5 years), sex, and race/ethnicity. After providing written informed consent, each study participants completed an in-person interview by staff interviewers to collect information on demographics, smoking status, etc. Blood samples were also drawn from all the study participants. This study was approved by institutional review boards of UTMDACC and Kelsey-Seybold Clinics. The Malm&#246; Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS) is a population-based prospective cohort study that recruited men and women aged at 44 to 74 years old of living in Malm&#246;, Sweden between 1991 and 1996. The main goal of the MDCS is to study the impact of diet on cancer incidence and mortality. It consists of a baseline examination including dietary assessment, a self-administered questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and collection of blood samples. A total of 165 incident lung cancer cases and 174 individually smoking-matched controls were available for this analysis. The Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study includes 215,251 men and women aged 45-74 years at recruitment, primarily from five ethnic/racial groups - African Americans and Latinos mostly recruited from CA (mainly from Los Angeles County) and Japanese Americans, Native Hawaiians and whites (mostly recruited from HI). The cohort was assembled in 1993-1996 by mailing a self-administered questionnaire to persons identified primarily through driver's license files. The baseline questionnaire obtained information on demographics, anthropometry, smoking history, medical and reproductive histories, family history of cancer, diet and physical activity. Incident cancer cases are identified by regular linkage with the State of California Cancer Registry and the Hawaii Tumor Registry, both members of the SEER Program of the NCI. In 2001-2006, a prospective biorepository was assembled by collecting a pre-diagnostic blood specimen from 67,594 surviving MEC members. At the time of blood collection a short questionnaire was administered that included information on smoking during the previous 15 days. For this study, cases were all lung cancer cases incident to blood draw and diagnosed before December 2012. For each case, a control was selected among unaffected MEC participants who were alive at time of the case's diagnosis and matched on study site, sex, race/ethnicity, age (age at diagnosis for cases; age at blood collection for controls), and date of blood collection. The Mount-Sinai Hospital-Princess Margaret Study (MSH-PMH) was conducted in the greater Toronto area from 2008 to 2013. Lung cancer cases were recruited at the hospitals in the network of the University of Toronto. Controls were selected randomly from individuals registered in the family medicine clinics databases and were frequency matched with cases on age and sex. All subjects were interviewed, and information on lifestyle risk factors, occupational history and medical and family history was collected using a standard questionnaire. Tumors were centrally reviewed by the reference pathologist, a member of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) committee, and a second pathologist in the University Health Network. If the reviews conflicted, a consensus was arrived at after discussion. Coding of histology was based on 2001 WHO/IASLC. Genomic DNA was extracted based on standard protocol. The New England Lung Cancer Study (NELCS) is a population-based case-control study of lung cancer among residents of Northern and Central New Hampshire counties and the bordering region of Vermont. Cases with histologically confirmed primary incident lung cancer were identified from 2005 to 2007 using the New Hampshire State Cancer Registry and the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC) Tumor Registry. Control participants were identified using a commercial database and matched to lung cancer cases within 5-year age groups, sex and county. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood or buccal specimens provided by consenting participants. The study complied with requirements of the Dartmouth College's Committee for Protection of Human Subjects. The Nijmegen Lung Cancer Study. The Netherlands patients with lung cancer were identified through the population-based cancer registry of the Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Patients who were diagnosed in one of three hospitals (Radboud University Medical Center, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital in Nijmegen, and Rijnstate Hospital in Arnhem) since 1989 and who were still alive at April 15th, 2008 were recruited for a study on gene-environment interactions in lung cancer. 458 patients gave informed consent and donated a blood sample. This case series was expanded with 94 patients to a total of 552 by linking three other studies to the population-based cancer registry in order to identify new occurrences of lung cancer among the participants of these other studies. All three other studies (i.e., POLYGENE, the Nijmegen Biomedical Study, and the Radboudumc Urology Outpatient Clinic Epidemiology Study) were initiated to study genetic risk factors for disease and participants to these studies gave general informed consent for DNA-related research and linkage with disease registries. Information on histology, stage of disease, and age at diagnoses was obtained through the cancer registry. Lifestyle information was collected through a structured questionnaire and whole blood for DNA isolation was collected by the regional thrombosis services. The cancer-free controls (46% males) were selected from participants of the "Nijmegen Biomedical Study" (NBS), an age- and sex-stratified random sample of the general population of the municipality of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. All participants provided extensive lifestyle information by structured questionnaires and blood samples for DNA isolation, serum and plasma. All controls are of self-reported European descent. The study protocols of the NBS were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Radboudumc and all study subjects signed a written informed consent form. The Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study (NSHDS) encompasses several prospective cohorts. The current study involves participants from the V&#228;sterbotten Intervention Project (VIP), a sub-cohort within NSHDS. VIP is an ongoing prospective cohort and intervention study intended for health promotion of the general population of the V&#228;sterbotten County in northern Sweden. VIP was initiated in 1985 and all residents in the V&#228;sterbotten County were invited to participate by attending a health check-up at 40, 50 and 60 years of age. Participants were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire including various demographic factors such as education, smoking habits, physical activity and diet. In addition, height and weight were measured and participants were asked to donate a fasting blood sample for future research. A total of 243 incident lung cancer cases and 266 individually smoking-matched controls were available for this analysis. Norway National Institute of Occupational Health Study. Early-stage NSCLC cases and healthy controls at the time of enrollment were Caucasians of Norwegian origin and were recruited from the same geographical region (Western Norway). The patients were enrolled in the study, whenever practically feasible among patients admitted for lung cancer at the Haukeland University Hospital in Bergen, Norway. The informed written consents covering analysis of molecular and genetic markers was signed by the patients prior to surgery. Only patients with histologically confirmed early-stage NSCLC were included in our study. The subjects included in this project are a subgroup recruited into the project "lung cancer genetics" at NIOH. The controls were recruited from the same geographical region of Western Norway and frequency-matched with cases on cumulative smoking dose (pack-years). Pack-years smoked [( 20 cigarettes per day) x years smoked] were calculated to indicate the cumulative smoking dose. The Cases and controls were interviewed using similar questionnaires and were categorized as never smokers, ex-smokers or current smokers. Never smokers are subjects indicating having smoked less than 100 cigarettes in their life time. Ex-smokers were defined as those having quitted at least 1 year before sampling, and current smokers were those indicating that they were smokers at the time of sampling. The project has been approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Southern Norway in accordance with the WMA Declaration of Helsinki. The ethical approval covered access to the NSCLC databank. The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) Study, a randomized trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy of screening in reducing cancer mortality, recruited approximately 155,000 men and women age 55 to 74 years from 1992 to 20014. Screening for lung cancer among participants in the intervention arm included a chest x-ray at baseline followed by either three annual x-rays (for current or former smokers at enrollment) or two annual x-rays (for never smokers); participants in the control arm received routine health care. Screening-arm participants provided data on sociodemographic factors, smoking behavior, anthropometric characteristics, medical history, and family history of cancer, as well as blood samples annually for the first 6 years of the study (baseline T0 and T1 through T5). Lung cancers were ascertained through annual questionnaires mailed to the participants, and positive reports were followed up by abstracting medical records or death certificates. Follow-up in the trial as of July 2009 was 96.7%. Patients were excluded because of missing baseline questionnaire, previous history of any cancer, diagnosis of multiple cancers during follow-up, missing smoking information at baseline, missing consent for utilization of biologic specimens for etiologic studies, or unavailability/insufficient quantity of serum or DNA specimens. The Resource for the Study of Lung Cancer Epidemiology in North Trent (ReSoLuCENT) is an ongoing study conducted in Sheffield from 2006 and due to complete recruitment in 2016. The study recruited pathologically confirmed lung cancer cases diagnosed at age 60 years or younger and family matched controls. Lung cancer cases diagnosed at ages older than 60 years were recruited if they reported a family history of lung cancer. The cases and matched controls were recruited through several major cancer treatment centers, however, the majority were recruited in North Trent. All participants completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire which included questions about occupational exposures, education, medical history and family history of cancer and lung disease. Participants also donated blood samples for DNA extraction. The ReSoLuCENT study has been funded by the Sheffield Hospitals Charity, Sheffield ECMC and Weston Park Hospital Cancer Charity. First degree relatives were removed from the sample deposited to dbGaP. The Roy Castle Lung Study of Liverpool Lung Project (LLP) is a case-control and cohort study which has recruited over 11,500 individuals since 1996 from the Liverpool region in the UK. Detailed epidemiological and clinical data is collected with associated specimens (i.e. tumor tissue, blood, plasma, sputum, bronchial lavage and oral brushings). The participants have completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire at recruitment, with repeat questionnaires at intervals; updated data on clinical outcome and hospital events are collected through the Health and Social Care Information Center (including Office of National Statistics mortality data, Cancer Registry and Health Episode Statistics). The project is registered on the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) lung cancer portfolio and has all the required ethical approvals and sponsorship arrangements in place. The lung tumors were reviewed by the reference pathologist. The Seoul Bundang Lung Cancer Study was conducted between 2005 and 2010 to discover genetic and environmental factors related with lung cancer development. Lung cancer cases were recruited at the Seoul National University Hospital in Bundang. Controls were selected randomly from individuals participated in health check-up program and were frequency matched with cases on age and sex. All subjects were interviewed, and information on lifestyle risk factors, occupational history and medical and family history was collected using a standard questionnaire. Tumors were reviewed by the pathologists in the hospital. If the reviews conflicted, a consensus was arrived at after discussion. Coding of histology was based on 2001 WHO/IASLC. Genomic DNA was extracted based on standard protocol. The Shanghai Cohort Study (SCS) consisted of 18,244 men in Shanghai, China, who were 45-64 years old at the time of enrollment during 1986-1989. Approximately 80% of eligible men participated in the study. At the time of recruitment, each cohort subject was interviewed in-person by a trained nurse interviewer using a structured questionnaire that included background information, history of tobacco and alcohol use, current diet, and medical history. At the completion of the interview, the nurse collected a 10 ml blood and a single void urine specimen from the study participant. The buccal cell samples were collected from all surviving cohort members (~15,000) in the 2001-2002 follow-up interviews. The cohort has been followed for the occurrence of cancer and death through routine ascertainment of new cases from the population-based Shanghai Cancer Registry and Shanghai Vital Statistics Units. To maximize the cancer findings and minimize the loss of follow-up, we contacted each surviving cohort member annually. Retired nurses visit the last known address of each living cohort member and record details of the interim health history of the cohort member. As of December 31, 2014, cumulatively 612 (3.4%) original subjects were lost to follow-up, and 574 (3.1%) refused to our continued follow-up interview. A nested case-control study of incident lung cancer cases within the Shanghai Cohort Study was used to examine the association between serum levels of vitamin B6 and other compounds in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and risk of lung cancer. Briefly, 516 lung cancer cases were identified among cohort participants with available serum samples as of 12/31/2006. For each case, we randomly selected one control subject from all cohort members who were free of cancer and alive at the time of cancer diagnosis of the index case. Controls were matched to the index case by age at enrollment (&#177;2 years), date of biospecimen collection (&#177;1 month) and neighborhood of residence at recruitment, and smoking status (current, former and never smokers) as established previously for other studies. For former smokers, cases and controls were further matched by years since quitting smoking (&lt;10 vs &#8805;10 years). One serum vial per subject was retrieved from biorepository and all serum samples were sent to the laboratory (B-vital) for measurements. DNA samples of 250 lung cancer cases and 250 matched controls were available for the present study. The Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) cohort consisted of 63,257 Chinese men and women in Singapore when they were 45-74 years old at the time of enrollment between April 1993 and December 1998. At recruitment, each study subject was interviewed in person by a trained interviewer using a structured questionnaire that emphasized current diet assessed via a validated, 165-item food frequency questionnaire. The questionnaire also requested information on demographics, lifetime use of tobacco, incense use, current physical activity, usual sleep duration, reproductive history (women only), occupational exposure, medical history, and family history of cancer. Blood or buccal cell, and spot urine samples were collected first from a random 3% sample of cohort participants in April 1994, and extended to all surviving cohort participants starting in January 2000. Overall approximately 60% of eligible cohort participants donated biospecimens. The cohort has been passively followed for death and cancer occurrence through regular record linkage with the population-based Singapore Cancer Registry and the Singapore Registry of Births and Deaths. Migration out of Singapore, especially among housing estate residents, was negligible. As of latest update, only 55 individuals from this cohort were known to be lost to follow-up due to migration and other reason. A nested case-control study of incident lung cancer cases within the Singapore Chinese Health Study was used to examine the association between serum levels of vitamin B6 and other compounds in the one-carbon metabolism pathway and risk of lung cancer. As of 12/31/2011, 422 lung cancer cases were identified among cohort participants with available prediagnostic plasma samples. For each case, one control subject was randomly selected from all eligible cohort members who were alive and free of cancer on the date of cancer diagnosis of the index case. The control subject was individually matched to the index case by gender, dialect group (Hokkien, Cantonese), age at enrollment (&#177;3 years), date of baseline interview (&#177;2 year), date of biospecimen collection (&#177;6 months), and smoking status (current, former, and never smokers). For current smokers, cases and controls were further matched by number of cigarettes per day (&lt;15, &#8805;15 cigarettes/day). For former smokers, cases and controls were further matched by years since quitting smoking (&lt;10, &#8805;10 years). One plasma aliquot per subject was retrieved from the biorepository and all plasma samples were sent to the laboratory (B-vital) for measurements, and one aliquot of DNA per subject for the present study. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) L2 Study. Lung cancer cases and controls were recruited through a multicentric case-control study coordinated by the IARC in Russia, Poland, Serbia, Czech Republic, and Romania from 2005 to 2013. Cases were incident cancer patients collected from general hospitals. Controls were recruited from individuals visiting general hospitals and out-patient clinics for disorders unrelated to lung cancer and/or its associated risk factors, or from the general population. Information on lifestyle risk factors, medical and family history was collected from subjects by interview using a standard questionnaire. All study participants provided written informed consent. The current study included 1,133 lung cancer cases and 1,117 controls genotyped on the Oncoarray. The Washington State University Lung Cancer Study is a hospital case-control study of 511 subjects with newly-diagnosed (within 1 year of diagnosis) lung cancer and 820 race-, sex- and age-matched controls. Lung cancer cases were recruited from lung cancer clinics within the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center while controls were recruited from the Lifetime Cancer Screening Center, a H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center affiliate. None of the controls were diagnosed with any form of cancer at the time of screening. Detailed questionnaire data and oral buccal cells were collected for all subjects. The Total Lung Cancer (TLC) Study is a hospital-based study that included 458 lung cancer patients recruited for Moffitt Cancer Center's Total Cancer Care&#8482; protocol between April 2006 and August 2010. Total Cancer Care&#8482; is a multi-institutional observational study of cancer patients that prospectively collects self-reported demographic and clinical data, medical record information and blood samples for research purposes. All patients used in this cohort were recruited from the Thoracic Oncology Clinic at the Moffitt Cancer Center. The Vanderbilt Lung Cancer Study (BioVU) is a case-control study nested within the Vanderbilt University Medical Center biobank, BioVU. BioVU is a biorepository of DNA extracted from blood drawn from patients seeking routine clinical care at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and linked to de-identified electronic health records for research purposes. Lung cancer cases and controls were identified from BioVU participants in February 2014. Lung cancer cases were identified from the Vanderbilt tumor registry. All specimens undergo pathologic review for determination of morphology. Coding of histology was based on SEER Program Coding Guidelines. Controls were randomly selected from BioVU participants, excluding cancer patients, and were matched to cases on age (&#177; 5 years), sex, and race. Relevant covariates were identified from electronic health records using natural language processing. Genomic DNA was extracted based on a standard protocol.

  Study phs001273

• OncoArray: Prostate Cancer

  Original description of the study: From ELLIPSE (linked to the PRACTICAL consortium), we contributed ~78,000 SNPs to the OncoArray. A large fraction of the content was derived from the GWAS meta-analyses in European ancestry populations (overall and aggressive disease; ~27K SNPs). We also selected just over 10,000 SNPs from the meta-analyses in the non-European populations, with a majority of these SNPs coming from the analysis of overall prostate cancer in African ancestry populations as well as from the multiethnic meta-analysis. A substantial fraction of SNPs (~28,000) were also selected for fine-mapping of 53 loci not included in the common fine-mapping regions (tagging at r2&#62;0.9 across &#177;500kb regions). We also selected a few thousand SNPs related with PSA levels and/or disease survival as well as SNPs from candidate lists provided by study collaborators, as well as from meta-analyses of exome SNP chip data from the Multiethnic Cohort and UK studies. The Contributing Studies: Aarhus: Hospital-based, Retrospective, Observational. Source of cases: Patients treated for prostate adenocarcinoma at Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby (Aarhus, Denmark). Source of controls: Age-matched males treated for myocardial infarction or undergoing coronary angioplasty, but with no prostate cancer diagnosis based on information retrieved from the Danish Cancer Register and the Danish Cause of Death Register. AHS: Nested case-control study within prospective cohort. Source of cases: linkage to cancer registries in study states. Source of controls: matched controls from cohort ATBC: Prospective, nested case-control. Source of cases: Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years at baseline. Source of controls: Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years at baseline BioVu: Cases identified in a biobank linked to electronic health records. Source of cases: A total of 214 cases were identified in the VUMC de-identified electronic health records database (the Synthetic Derivative) and shipped to USC for genotyping in April 2014. The following criteria were used to identify cases: Age 18 or greater; male; African Americans (Black) only. Note that African ancestry is not self-identified, it is administratively or third-party assigned (which has been shown to be highly correlated with genetic ancestry for African Americans in BioVU; see references). Source of controls: Controls were identified in the de-identified electronic health record. Unfortunately, they were not age matched to the cases, and therefore cannot be used for this study. Canary PASS: Prospective, Multi-site, Observational Active Surveillance Study. Source of cases: clinic based from Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, University of California at San Francisco, University of Texas Health Sciences Center San Antonio, University of Washington, VA Puget Sound. Source of controls: N/A CCI: Case series, Hospital-based. Source of cases: Cases identified through clinics at the Cross Cancer Institute. Source of controls: N/A CerePP French Prostate Cancer Case-Control Study (ProGene): Case-Control, Prospective, Observational, Hospital-based. Source of cases: Patients, treated in French departments of Urology, who had histologically confirmed prostate cancer. Source of controls: Controls were recruited as participating in a systematic health screening program and found unaffected (normal digital rectal examination and total PSA &#60; 4 ng/ml, or negative biopsy if PSA &#62; 4 ng/ml). COH: hospital-based cases and controls from outside. Source of cases: Consented prostate cancer cases at City of Hope. Source of controls: Consented unaffected males that were part of other studies where they consented to have their DNA used for other research studies. COSM: Population-based cohort. Source of cases: General population. Source of controls: General population CPCS1: Case-control - Denmark. Source of cases: Hospital referrals. Source of controls: Copenhagen General Population Study CPCS2: Source of cases: Hospital referrals. Source of controls: Copenhagen General Population Study CPDR: Retrospective cohort. Source of cases: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Source of controls: Walter Reed National Military Medical Center ACS_CPS-II: Nested case-control derived from a prospective cohort study. Source of cases: Identified through self-report on follow-up questionnaires and verified through medical records or cancer registries, identified through cancer registries or the National Death Index (with prostate cancer as the primary cause of death). Source of controls: Cohort participants who were cancer-free at the time of diagnosis of the matched case, also matched on age (&#177;6 mo) and date of biospecimen donation (&#177;6 mo). EPIC: Case-control - Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK. Source of cases: Identified through record linkage with population-based cancer registries in Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and UK. In Germany and Greece, follow-up is active and achieved through checks of insurance records and cancer and pathology registries as well as via self-reported questionnaires; self-reported incident cancers are verified through medical records. Source of controls: Cohort participants without a diagnosis of cancer EPICAP: Case-control, Population-based, ages less than 75 years at diagnosis, H&#233;rault, France. Source of cases: Prostate cancer cases in all public hospitals and private urology clinics of d&#233;partement of H&#233;rault in France. Cases validation by the H&#233;rault Cancer Registry. Source of controls: Population-based controls, frequency age matched (5-year groups). Quotas by socio-economic status (SES) in order to obtain a distribution by SES among controls identical to the SES distribution among general population men, conditionally to age. ERSPC: Population-based randomized trial. Source of cases: Men with PrCa from screening arm ERSPC Rotterdam. Source of controls: Men without PrCa from screening arm ERSPC Rotterdam ESTHER: Case-control, Prospective, Observational, Population-based. Source of cases: Prostate cancer cases in all hospitals in the state of Saarland, from 2001-2003. Source of controls: Random sample of participants from routine health check-up in Saarland, in 2000-2002 FHCRC: Population-based, case-control, ages 35-74 years at diagnosis, King County, WA, USA. Source of cases: Identified through the Seattle-Puget Sound SEER cancer registry. Source of controls: Randomly selected, age-frequency matched residents from the same county as cases Gene-PARE: Hospital-based. Source of cases: Patients that received radiotherapy for treatment of prostate cancer. Source of controls: n/a Hamburg-Zagreb: Hospital-based, Prospective. Source of cases: Prostate cancer cases seen at the Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia. Source of controls: Population-based (Croatia), healthy men, older than 50, with no medical record of cancer, and no family history of cancer (1st &#38; 2nd degree relatives) HPFS: Nested case-control. Source of cases: Participants of the HPFS cohort. Source of controls: Participants of the HPFS cohort IMPACT: Observational. Source of cases: Carriers and non-carriers (with a known mutation in the family) of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, aged between 40 and 69, who are undergoing prostate screening with annual PSA testing. This cohort has been diagnosed with prostate cancer during the study. Source of controls: Carriers and non-carriers (with a known mutation in the family) of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, aged between 40 and 69, who are undergoing prostate screening with annual PSA testing. This cohort has not been diagnosed with prostate cancer during the study. IPO-Porto: Hospital-based. Source of cases: Early onset and/or familial prostate cancer. Source of controls: Blood donors Karuprostate: Case-control, Retrospective, Population-based. Source of cases: From FWI (Guadeloupe): 237 consecutive incident patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer attending public and private urology clinics; From Democratic Republic of Congo: 148 consecutive incident patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer attending the University Clinic of Kinshasa. Source of controls: From FWI (Guadeloupe): 277 controls recruited from men participating in a free systematic health screening program open to the general population; From Democratic Republic of Congo: 134 controls recruited from subjects attending the University Clinic of Kinshasa KULEUVEN: Hospital-based, Prospective, Observational. Source of cases: Prostate cancer cases recruited at the University Hospital Leuven. Source of controls: Healthy males with no history of prostate cancer recruited at the University Hospitals, Leuven. LAAPC: Subjects were participants in a population-based case-control study of aggressive prostate cancer conducted in Los Angeles County. Cases were identified through the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program rapid case ascertainment system. Eligible cases included African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White men diagnosed with a first primary prostate cancer between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2003. Eligible cases also had (a) prostatectomy with documented tumor extension outside the prostate, (b) metastatic prostate cancer in sites other than prostate, (c) needle biopsy of the prostate with Gleason grade &#8805;8, or (d) needle biopsy with Gleason grade 7 and tumor in more than two thirds of the biopsy cores. Eligible controls were men never diagnosed with prostate cancer, living in the same neighborhood as a case, and were frequency matched to cases on age (&#177; 5 y) and race/ethnicity. Controls were identified by a neighborhood walk algorithm, which proceeds through an obligatory sequence of adjacent houses or residential units beginning at a specific residence that has a specific geographic relationship to the residence where the case lived at diagnosis. Malaysia: Case-control. Source of cases: Patients attended the outpatient urology or uro-onco clinic at University Malaya Medical Center. Source of controls: Population-based, age matched (5-year groups), ascertained through electoral register, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia MCC-Spain: Case-control. Source of cases: Identified through the urology departments of the participating hospitals. Source of controls: Population-based, frequency age and region matched, ascertained through the rosters of the primary health care centers MCCS: Nested case-control, Melbourne, Victoria. Source of cases: Identified by linkage to the Victorian Cancer Registry. Source of controls: Cohort participants without a diagnosis of cancer MD Anderson: Participants in this study were identified from epidemiological prostate cancer studies conducted at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in the Houston Metropolitan area. Cases were accrued in the Houston Medical Center and were not restricted with respect to Gleason score, stage or PSA. Controls were identified via random-digit-dialing or among hospital visitors and they were frequency matched to cases on age and race. Lifestyle, demographic, and family history data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. MDACC_AS: A prospective cohort study. Source of cases: Men with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer meeting eligibility criteria for a prospective cohort study of active surveillance at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Source of controls: N/A MEC: The Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) is comprised of over 215,000 men and women recruited from Hawaii and the Los Angeles area between 1993 and 1996. Between 1995 and 2006, over 65,000 blood samples were collected from participants for genetic analyses. To identify incident cancer cases, the MEC was cross-linked with the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries in California and Hawaii, and unaffected cohort participants with blood samples were selected as controls MIAMI (WFPCS): Prostate cancer cases and controls were recruited from the Departments of Urology and Internal Medicine of the Wake Forest University School of Medicine using sequential patient populations as described previously (PMID:15342424). All study subjects received a detailed description of the study protocol and signed their informed consent, as approved by the medical center&#39;s Institutional Review Board. The general eligibility criteria were (i) able to comprehend informed consent and (ii) without previously diagnosed cancer. The exclusion criteria were (i) clinical diagnosis of autoimmune diseases; (ii) chronic inflammatory conditions; and (iii) infections within the past 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from all subjects. MOFFITT: Hospital-based. Source of cases: clinic based from Moffitt Cancer Center. Source of controls: Moffitt Cancer Center affiliated Lifetime cancer screening center NMHS: Case-control, clinic based, Nashville TN. Source of cases: All urology clinics in Nashville, TN. Source of controls: Men without prostate cancer at prostate biopsy. PCaP: The North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP) is a multidisciplinary population-based case-only study designed to address racial differences in prostate cancer through a comprehensive evaluation of social, individual and tumor level influences on prostate cancer aggressiveness. PCaP enrolled approximately equal numbers of African Americans and Caucasian Americans with newly-diagnosed prostate cancer from North Carolina (42 counties) and Louisiana (30 parishes) identified through state tumor registries. African American PCaP subjects with DNA, who agreed to future use of specimens for research, participated in OncoArray analysis. PCMUS: Case-control - Sofia, Bulgaria. Source of cases: Patients of Clinic of Urology, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria, PrCa histopathologically confirmed. Source of controls: 72 patients with verified BPH and PSA&#60;3,5; 78 healthy controls from the MMC Biobank, no history of PrCa PHS: Nested case-control. Source of cases: Participants of the PHS1 trial/cohort. Source of controls: Participants of the PHS1 trial/cohort PLCO: Nested case-control. Source of cases: Men with a confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer from the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. Source of controls: Controls were men enrolled in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial without a diagnosis of cancer at the time of case ascertainment. Poland: Case-control. Source of cases: men with unselected prostate cancer, diagnosed in north-western Poland at the University Hospital in Szczecin. Source of controls: cancer-free men from the same population, taken from the healthy adult patients of family doctors in the Szczecin region PROCAP: Population-based, Retrospective, Observational. Source of cases: Cases were ascertained from the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden Follow-Up Study, a retrospective nationwide cohort study of patients with localized prostate cancer. Source of controls: Controls were selected among men referred for PSA testing in laboratories in Stockholm County, Sweden, between 2010 and 2012. PROGReSS: Hospital-based, Prospective, Observational. Source of cases: Prostate cancer cases from the Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. Source of controls: Cancer-free men from the same population ProMPT: A study to collect samples and data from subjects with and without prostate cancer. Retrospective, Experimental. Source of cases: Subjects attending outpatient clinics in hospitals. Source of controls: Subjects attending outpatient clinics in hospitals ProtecT: Trial of treatment. Samples taken from subjects invited for PSA testing from the community at nine centers across United Kingdom. Source of cases: Subjects who have a proven diagnosis of prostate cancer following testing. Source of controls: Identified through invitation of subjects in the community. PROtEuS: Case-control, population-based. Source of cases: All new histologically-confirmed cases, aged less or equal to 75 years, diagnosed between 2005 and 2009, actively ascertained across Montreal French hospitals. Source of controls: Randomly selected from the Provincial electoral list of French-speaking men between 2005 and 2009, from the same area of residence as cases and frequency-matched on age. QLD: Case-control. Source of cases: A longitudinal cohort study (Prostate Cancer Supportive Care and Patient Outcomes Project: ProsCan) conducted in Queensland, through which men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer from 26 private practices and 10 public hospitals were directly referred to ProsCan at the time of diagnosis by their treating clinician (age range 43-88 years). All cases had histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer, following presentation with an abnormal serum PSA and/or lower urinary tract symptoms. Source of controls: Controls comprised healthy male blood donors with no personal history of prostate cancer, recruited through (i) the Australian Red Cross Blood Services in Brisbane (age range 19-76 years) and (ii) the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) (age and post-code/ area matched to ProsCan, age range 54-90 years). RAPPER: Multi-centre, hospital based blood sample collection study in patients enrolled in clinical trials with prospective collection of radiotherapy toxicity data. Source of cases: Prostate cancer patients enrolled in radiotherapy trials: CHHiP, RT01, Dose Escalation, RADICALS, Pelvic IMRT, PIVOTAL. Source of controls: N/A SABOR: Prostate Cancer Screening Cohort. Source of cases: Men &#62;45 yrs of age participating in annual PSA screening. Source of controls: Males participating in annual PSA prostate cancer risk evaluations (funded by NCI biomarkers discovery and validation grant), recruited through University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and affiliated sites or through study advertisements, enrolment open to the community SCCS: Case-control in cohort, Southeastern USA. Prospective, Observational, Population-based. Source of cases: SCCS entry population. Source of controls: SCCS entry population SCPCS: Population-based, Retrospective, Observational. Source of cases: South Carolina Central Cancer Registry. Source of controls: Health Care Financing Administration beneficiary file SEARCH: Case-control - East Anglia, UK. Source of cases: Men &#60; 70 years of age registered with prostate cancer at the population-based cancer registry, Eastern Cancer Registration and Information Centre, East Anglia, UK. Source of controls: Men attending general practice in East Anglia with no known prostate cancer diagnosis, frequency matched to cases by age and geographic region SNP_Prostate_Ghent: Hospital-based, Retrospective, Observational. Source of cases: Men treated with IMRT as primary or postoperative treatment for prostate cancer at the Ghent University Hospital between 2000 and 2010. Source of controls: Employees of the University hospital and members of social activity clubs, without a history of any cancer. SPAG: Hospital-based, Retrospective, Observational. Source of cases: Guernsey. Source of controls: Guernsey STHM2: Population-based, Retrospective, Observational. Source of cases: Cases were selected among men referred for PSA testing in laboratories in Stockholm County, Sweden, between 2010 and 2012. Source of controls: Controls were selected among men referred for PSA testing in laboratories in Stockholm County, Sweden, between 2010 and 2012. PCPT: Case-control from a randomized clinical trial. Source of cases: Randomized clinical trial. Source of controls: Randomized clinical trial SELECT: Case-cohort from a randomized clinical trial. Source of cases: Randomized clinical trial. Source of controls: Randomized clinical trial TAMPERE: Case-control - Finland, Retrospective, Observational, Population-based. Source of cases: Identified through linkage to the Finnish Cancer Registry and patient records; and the Finnish arm of the ERSPC study. Source of controls: Cohort participants without a diagnosis of cancer UGANDA: Uganda Prostate Cancer Study: Uganda is a case-control study of prostate cancer in Kampala Uganda that was initiated in 2011. Men with prostate cancer were enrolled from the Urology unit at Mulago Hospital and men without prostate cancer (i.e. controls) were enrolled from other clinics (i.e. surgery) at the hospital. UKGPCS: ICR, UK. Source of cases: Cases identified through clinics at the Royal Marsden hospital and nationwide NCRN hospitals. Source of controls: Ken Muir&#39;s control- 2000 ULM: Case-control - Germany. Source of cases: familial cases (n=162): identified through questionnaires for family history by collaborating urologists all over Germany; sporadic cases (n=308): prostatectomy series performed in the Clinic of Urology Ulm between 2012 and 2014. Source of controls: age-matched controls (n=188): age-matched men without prostate cancer and negative family history collected in hospitals of Ulm WUGS/WUPCS: Cases Series, USA. Source of cases: Identified through clinics at Washington University in St. Louis. Source of controls: Men diagnosed and managed with prostate cancer in University based clinic. Acknowledgement Statements: Aarhus: This study was supported by the Danish Strategic Research Council (now Innovation Fund Denmark) and the Danish Cancer Society. The Danish Cancer Biobank (DCB) is acknowledged for biological material. AHS: This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (Z01CP010119). ATBC: This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH and the National Cancer Institute. Additionally, this research was supported by U.S. Public Health Service contracts N01-CN-45165, N01-RC-45035, N01-RC-37004, HHSN261201000006C, and HHSN261201500005C from the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. BioVu: The dataset(s) used for the analyses described were obtained from Vanderbilt University Medical Center&#39;s BioVU which is supported by institutional funding and by the National Center for Research Resources, Grant UL1 RR024975-01 (which is now at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Grant 2 UL1 TR000445-06). Canary PASS: PASS was supported by Canary Foundation and the National Cancer Institute&#39;s Early Detection Research Network (U01 CA086402) CCI: This work was awarded by Prostate Cancer Canada and is proudly funded by the Movember Foundation - Grant # D2013-36.The CCI group would like to thank David Murray, Razmik Mirzayans, and April Scott for their contribution to this work. CerePP French Prostate Cancer Case-Control Study (ProGene): None reported COH: SLN is partially supported by the Morris and Horowitz Families Endowed Professorship COSM: The Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Cancer Foundation CPCS1 &#38; CPCS2: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, DK-2730 Herlev, DenmarkCPCS1 would like to thank the participants and staff of the Copenhagen General Population Study for their important contributions. CPDR: Uniformed Services University for the Health Sciences HU0001-10-2-0002 (PI: David G. McLeod, MD) CPS-II: The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the Cancer Prevention Study II cohort. CPS-II thanks the participants and Study Management Group for their invaluable contributions to this research. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, and cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program. EPIC: The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); the Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, Greek Ministry of Health; Greek Ministry of Education (Greece); the Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC) and National Research Council (Italy); the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); the Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); the Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andaluc&#237;a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, Spanish Ministry of Health ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020), Red de Centros RCESP, C03/09 (Spain); the Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council and Regional Government of Sk&#229;ne and V&#228;sterbotten, Fundacion Federico SA (Sweden); the Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council (United Kingdom). EPICAP: The EPICAP study was supported by grants from Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Ligue d&#233;partementale du Val de Marne; Fondation de France; Agence Nationale de s&#233;curit&#233; sanitaire de l&#39;alimentation, de l&#39;environnement et du travail (ANSES). The EPICAP study group would like to thank all urologists, Antoinette Anger and Hasina Randrianasolo (study monitors), Anne-Laure Astolfi, Coline Bernard, Oriane Noyer, Marie-H&#233;l&#232;ne De Campo, Sandrine Margaroline, Louise N&#39;Diaye, and Sabine Perrier-Bonnet (Clinical Research nurses). ERSPC: This study was supported by the DutchCancerSociety (KWF94-869,98-1657,2002-277,2006-3518, 2010-4800), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW-002822820, 22000106, 50-50110-98-311, 62300035), The Dutch Cancer Research Foundation (SWOP), and an unconditional grant from Beckman-Coulter-HybritechInc. ESTHER: The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden W&#252;rttemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. The ESTHER group would like to thank Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann, Heiko M&#252;ller, Karina Dieffenbach, Katja Butterbach for valuable contributions to the study. FHCRC: The FHCRC studies were supported by grants R01-CA056678, R01-CA082664, and R01-CA092579 from the US National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, with additional support from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. FHCRC would like to thank all the men who participated in these studies. Gene-PARE: The Gene-PARE study was supported by grants 1R01CA134444 from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, PC074201 and W81XWH-15-1-0680 from the Prostate Cancer Research Program of the Department of Defense and RSGT-05-200-01-CCE from the American Cancer Society. Hamburg-Zagreb: None reported HPFS: The Health Professionals Follow-up Study was supported by grants UM1CA167552, CA133891, CA141298, and P01CA055075. HPFS are grateful to the participants and staff of the Physicians&#39; Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study for their valuable contributions, as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, and WY. IMPACT: The IMPACT study was funded by The Ronald and Rita McAulay Foundation, CR-UK Project grant (C5047/A1232), Cancer Australia, AICR Netherlands A10-0227, Cancer Australia and Cancer Council Tasmania, NIHR, EU Framework 6, Cancer Councils of Victoria and South Australia, and Philanthropic donation to Northshore University Health System. We acknowledge support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Foundation NHS Trust. IMPACT acknowledges the IMPACT study steering committee, collaborating centres, and participants. IPO-Porto: The IPO-Porto study was funded by Funda&#231;&#228;o para a Ci&#234;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT; UID/DTP/00776/2013 and PTDC/DTP-PIC/1308/2014) and by IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP-16-2012 and CI-IPOP-24-2015). MC and MPS are research fellows from Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro, N&#250;cleo Regional do Norte. SM is a research fellow from FCT (SFRH/BD/71397/2010). IPO-Porto would like to express our gratitude to all patients and families who have participated in this study. Karuprostate: The Karuprostate study was supported by the the Frech National Health Directorate and by the Association pour la Recherche sur les Tumeurs de la ProstateKarusprostate thanks S&#233;verine Ferdinand. KULEUVEN: F.C. and S.J. are holders of grants from FWO Vlaanderen (G.0684.12N and G.0830.13N), the Belgian federal government (National Cancer Plan KPC_29_023), and a Concerted Research Action of the KU Leuven (GOA/15/017). TVDB is holder of a doctoral fellowship of the FWO. LAAPC: This study was funded by grant R01CA84979 (to S.A. Ingles) from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Malaysia: The study was funded by the University Malaya High Impact Research Grant (HIR/MOHE/MED/35). Malaysia thanks all associates in the Urology Unit, University of Malaya, Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation (CARIF) and the Malaysian Men&#39;s Health Initiative (MMHI). MCCS: MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553, and 504711, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. MCC-Spain: The study was partially funded by the Accion Transversal del Cancer, approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI09/00773-Cantabria, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, and PI12/00715), by the Fundaci&#243;n Marqu&#233;s de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation and by the Catalan Government DURSI grant 2009SGR1489. Samples: Biological samples were stored at the Parc de Salut MAR Biobank (MARBiobanc; Barcelona) which is supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER (RD09/0076/00036). Also sample collection was supported by the Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya sponsored by Pla Director d&#39;Oncologia de Catalunya (XBTC). MCC-Spain acknowledges the contribution from Esther Gracia-Lavedan in preparing the data. We thank all the subjects who participated in the study and all MCC-Spain collaborators. MD Anderson: Prostate Cancer Case-Control Studies at MD Anderson (MDA) supported by grants CA68578, ES007784, DAMD W81XWH-07-1-0645, and CA140388. MDACC_AS: None reported MEC: Funding provided by NIH grant U19CA148537 and grant U01CA164973. MIAMI (WFPCS): ACS MOFFITT: The Moffitt group was supported by the US National Cancer Institute (R01CA128813, PI: J.Y. Park). NMHS: Funding for the Nashville Men&#39;s Health Study (NMHS) was provided by the National Institutes of Health Grant numbers: RO1CA121060. PCaP only data: The North Carolina - Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP) is carried out as a collaborative study supported by the Department of Defense contract DAMD 17-03-2-0052. For HCaP-NC follow-up data: The Health Care Access and Prostate Cancer Treatment in North Carolina (HCaP-NC) study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by the American Cancer Society award RSGT-08-008-01-CPHPS. For studies using both PCaP and HCaP-NC follow-up data please use: The North Carolina - Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP) and the Health Care Access and Prostate Cancer Treatment in North Carolina (HCaP-NC) study are carried out as collaborative studies supported by the Department of Defense contract DAMD 17-03-2-0052 and the American Cancer Society award RSGT-08-008-01-CPHPS, respectively. For any PCaP data, please include: The authors thank the staff, advisory committees and research subjects participating in the PCaP study for their important contributions. For studies using PCaP DNA/genotyping data, please include: We would like to acknowledge the UNC BioSpecimen Facility and LSUHSC Pathology Lab for our DNA extractions, blood processing, storage and sample disbursement (https://genome.unc.edu/bsp). For studies using PCaP tissue, please include: We would like to acknowledge the RPCI Department of Urology Tissue Microarray and Immunoanalysis Core for our tissue processing, storage and sample disbursement. For studies using HCaP-NC follow-up data, please use: The Health Care Access and Prostate Cancer Treatment in North Carolina (HCaP-NC) study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by the American Cancer Society award RSGT-08-008-01-CPHPS. The authors thank the staff, advisory committees and research subjects participating in the HCaP-NC study for their important contributions. For studies that use both PCaP and HCaP-NC, please use: The authors thank the staff, advisory committees and research subjects participating in the PCaP and HCaP-NC studies for their important contributions. PCMUS: The PCMUS study was supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund, Ministry of Education and Science (contract DOO-119/2009; DUNK01/2-2009; DFNI-B01/28/2012) with additional support from the Science Fund of Medical University - Sofia (contract 51/2009; 8I/2009; 28/2010). PHS: The Physicians&#39; Health Study was supported by grants CA34944, CA40360, CA097193, HL26490, and HL34595. PHS members are grateful to the participants and staff of the Physicians&#39; Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study for their valuable contributions, as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, and WY. PLCO: This PLCO study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIHPLCO thanks Drs. Christine Berg and Philip Prorok, Division of Cancer Prevention at the National Cancer Institute, the screening center investigators and staff of the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial for their contributions to the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. We thank Mr. Thomas Riley, Mr. Craig Williams, Mr. Matthew Moore, and Ms. Shannon Merkle at Information Management Services, Inc., for their management of the data and Ms. Barbara O&#39;Brien and staff at Westat, Inc. for their contributions to the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. We also thank the PLCO study participants for their contributions to making this study possible. Poland: None reported PROCAP: PROCAP was supported by the Swedish Cancer Foundation (08-708, 09-0677). PROCAP thanks and acknowledges all of the participants in the PROCAP study. We thank Carin Cavalli-Bj&#246;rkman and Ami R&#246;nnberg Karlsson for their dedicated work in the collection of data. Michael Broms is acknowledged for his skilful work with the databases. KI Biobank is acknowledged for handling the samples and for DNA extraction. We acknowledge The NPCR steering group: P&#228;r Stattin (chair), Anders Widmark, Stefan Karlsson, Magnus T&#246;rnblom, Jan Adolfsson, Anna Bill-Axelson, Ove Andr&#233;n, David Robinson, Bill Pettersson, Jonas Hugosson, Jan-Erik Damber, Ola Bratt, G&#246;ran Ahlgren, Lars Egevad, and Roy Ehrnstr&#246;m. PROGReSS: The PROGReSS study is founded by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health (INT15/00070; INT16/00154; FIS PI10/00164, FIS PI13/02030; FIS PI16/00046); the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PTA2014-10228-I), and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER 2007-2013). ProMPT: Founded by CRUK, NIHR, MRC, Cambride Biomedical Research Centre ProtecT: Founded by NIHR. ProtecT and ProMPT would like to acknowledge the support of The University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK. Cancer Research UK grants (C8197/A10123) and (C8197/A10865) supported the genotyping team. We would also like to acknowledge the support of the National Institute for Health Research which funds the Cambridge Bio-medical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK. We would also like to acknowledge the support of the National Cancer Research Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Progression and Treatment (PROMPT) collaborative (grant code G0500966/75466) which has funded tissue and urine collections in Cambridge. We are grateful to staff at the Welcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrooke&#39;s Clinical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK for their help in conducting the ProtecT study. We also acknowledge the support of the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, the DOH HTA (ProtecT grant), and the NCRI/MRC (ProMPT grant) for help with the bio-repository. The UK Department of Health funded the ProtecT study through the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (projects 96/20/06, 96/20/99). The ProtecT trial and its linked ProMPT and CAP (Comparison Arm for ProtecT) studies are supported by Department of Health, England; Cancer Research UK grant number C522/A8649, Medical Research Council of England grant number G0500966, ID 75466, and The NCRI, UK. The epidemiological data for ProtecT were generated though funding from the Southwest National Health Service Research and Development. DNA extraction in ProtecT was supported by USA Dept of Defense award W81XWH-04-1-0280, Yorkshire Cancer Research and Cancer Research UK. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of all members of the ProtecT study research group. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Health of England. The bio-repository from ProtecT is supported by the NCRI (ProMPT) Prostate Cancer Collaborative and the Cambridge BMRC grant from NIHR. We thank the National Institute for Health Research, Hutchison Whampoa Limited, the Human Research Tissue Bank (Addenbrooke&#39;s Hospital), and Cancer Research UK. PROtEuS: PROtEuS was supported financially through grants from the Canadian Cancer Society (13149, 19500, 19864, 19865) and the Cancer Research Society, in partnership with the Minist&#232;re de l&#39;enseignement sup&#233;rieur, de la recherche, de la science et de la technologie du Qu&#233;bec, and the Fonds de la recherche du Qu&#233;bec - Sant&#233;.PROtEuS would like to thank its collaborators and research personnel, and the urologists involved in subjects recruitment. We also wish to acknowledge the special contribution made by Ann Hsing and Anand Chokkalingam to the conception of the genetic component of PROtEuS. QLD: The QLD research is supported by The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia Project Grants (390130, 1009458) and NHMRC Career Development Fellowship and Cancer Australia PdCCRS funding to J Batra. The QLD team would like to acknowledge and sincerely thank the urologists, pathologists, data managers and patient participants who have generously and altruistically supported the QLD cohort. RAPPER: RAPPER is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1094/A11728; C1094/A18504) and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre funding (C1467/A7286). The RAPPER group thank Rebecca Elliott for project management. SABOR: The SABOR research is supported by NIH/NCI Early Detection Research Network, grant U01 CA0866402-12. Also supported by the Cancer Center Support Grant to the Cancer Therapy and Research Center from the National Cancer Institute (US) P30 CA054174. SCCS: SCCS is funded by NIH grant R01 CA092447, and SCCS sample preparation was conducted at the Epidemiology Biospecimen Core Lab that is supported in part by the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (P30 CA68485). Data on SCCS cancer cases used in this publication were provided by the Alabama Statewide Cancer Registry; Kentucky Cancer Registry, Lexington, KY; Tennessee Department of Health, Office of Cancer Surveillance; Florida Cancer Data System; North Carolina Central Cancer Registry, North Carolina Division of Public Health; Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry; Louisiana Tumor Registry; Mississippi Cancer Registry; South Carolina Central Cancer Registry; Virginia Department of Health, Virginia Cancer Registry; Arkansas Department of Health, Cancer Registry, 4815 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205. The Arkansas Central Cancer Registry is fully funded by a grant from National Program of Cancer Registries, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data on SCCS cancer cases from Mississippi were collected by the Mississippi Cancer Registry which participates in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the CDC or the Mississippi Cancer Registry. SCPCS: SCPCS is funded by CDC grant S1135-19/19, and SCPCS sample preparation was conducted at the Epidemiology Biospecimen Core Lab that is supported in part by the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (P30 CA68485). SEARCH: SEARCH is funded by a program grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. SNP_Prostate_Ghent: The study was supported by the National Cancer Plan, financed by the Federal Office of Health and Social Affairs, Belgium. SPAG: Wessex Medical ResearchHope for Guernsey, MUG, HSSD, MSG, Roger Allsopp STHM2: STHM2 was supported by grants from The Strategic Research Programme on Cancer (StratCan), Karolinska Institutet; the Linn&#233; Centre for Breast and Prostate Cancer (CRISP, number 70867901), Karolinska Institutet; The Swedish Research Council (number K2010-70X-20430-04-3) and The Swedish Cancer Society (numbers 11-0287 and 11-0624); Stiftelsen Johanna Hagstrand och Sigfrid Linn&#233;rs minne; Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS), number 2012-0073STHM2 acknowledges the Karolinska University Laboratory, Aleris Medilab, Unilabs and the Regional Prostate Cancer Registry for performing analyses and help to retrieve data. Carin Cavalli-Bj&#246;rkman and Britt-Marie Hune for their enthusiastic work as research nurses. Astrid Bj&#246;rklund for skilful data management. We wish to thank the BBMRI.se biobank facility at Karolinska Institutet for biobank services. PCPT &#38; SELECT are funded by Public Health Service grants U10CA37429 and 5UM1CA182883 from the National Cancer Institute. SWOG and SELECT thank the site investigators and staff and, most importantly, the participants who donated their time to this trial. TAMPERE: The Tampere (Finland) study was supported by the Academy of Finland (251074), The Finnish Cancer Organisations, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, and the Competitive Research Funding of the Tampere University Hospital (X51003). The PSA screening samples were collected by the Finnish part of ERSPC (European Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer). TAMPERE would like to thank Riina Liikanen, Liisa Maeaettaenen and Kirsi Talala for their work on samples and databases. UGANDA: None reported UKGPCS: UKGPCS would also like to thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. UKGPCS should also like to acknowledge the NCRN nurses, data managers, and consultants for their work in the UKGPCS study. UKGPCS would like to thank all urologists and other persons involved in the planning, coordination, and data collection of the study. ULM: The Ulm group received funds from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). WUGS/WUPCS: WUGS would like to thank the following for funding support: The Anthony DeNovi Fund, the Donald C. McGraw Foundation, and the St. Louis Men&#39;s Group Against Cancer.

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