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• Genetic Study of Vascular Anomalies

  Vascular anomalies are malformations or tumors of the vasculature that can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Vascular anomalies are caused by germline or post-zygotic pathogenic variants in genes that regulate cell growth and vascular development. Complex or extensive vascular anomalies are often intractable despite interventions such as sclerotherapy, embolization, or surgery. In recent years, targeted therapy has played an increasingly crucial role in the management of these diseases. Identification of the molecular causes of vascular anomalies is essential to provide efficacious therapy; however, genetic profiling is often limited by difficulty obtaining affected tissues and limited sequencing depth. The lack of this information limits treatment options and the precision of targeted therapy, especially for primary complex lymphatic anomalies. To address these limitations, we have applied novel techniques, including analysis of unconventional samples such as endothelial cells isolated from lymphatic fluid and cell-free DNA, deep coverage exome sequencing, and unique molecular identifier ultra-deep targeted sequencing, in the molecular profiling of these diseases.

  Study phs003197

• Multi-Omic Investigation of Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Hepatoblastoma

  Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant liver tumor diagnosed in children under 5 years of age. One of the most common HB predisposition syndromes is Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS, OMIM 130650), which affects approximately 1/10,000 live births. In this study, we perform Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), DNA methylation array, messenger RNA-Sequencing (mRNA-Seq), and microRNA-Sequencing (miRNA-Seq) to examine the genomic, methylomic, and transcriptomic signature of BWS HB. We analyzed five tumor-normal paired samples, two BWS tumor only samples, and five non-BWS control samples to identify a predisposition and oncogenic signature of BWS HB development. To further understand the new impact of 11p15 changes, specifically in the liver, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (snATAC-seq) to generate paired, cell-type-specific transcriptional and chromatin accessibility profiles of both BWS-liver and nonBWS-liver nontumorous and tumor tissues.

  Study phs002614

• EATL-II STUDY

  Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), a rare and aggressive intestinal malignancy of intraepithelial T lymphocytes, comprises two disease variants (EATL-I and EATL-II) differing in clinical characteristics and pathological features. Here we report findings derived from whole exome sequencing of 15 EATL-II tumor-normal tissue pairs. The tumor suppressor gene SETD2 encoding a non-redundant H3K36-specific trimethyltransferase is altered in 14/15 cases (93%), mainly by loss-of-function mutations and/or loss of the corresponding locus (3p21.31). These alterations consistently correlate with defective H3K36 trimethylation. The JAK/STAT pathway comprises recurrent STAT5B (60%), JAK3 (46%) and SH2B3 (20%) mutations, including a STAT5B V712E activating variant. Additionally, frequent mutations in TP53, BRAF and KRAS are observed. Conversely, in EATL-I, no SETD2, STAT5B or JAK3 mutations are found, and H3K36 trimethylation is preserved. This study describes SETD2 inactivation as EATL-II molecular hallmark, supports EATL-I and -II being two distinct entities, and defines potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.

  Study EGAS00001001879

• Inactivation of TGFβ receptors in stem cells drives cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma - 30 whole exomes

  Melanoma patients treated with oncogenic BRAF inhibitors can develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) within weeks of treatment, driven by paradoxical RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway activation. Here, we identify frequent TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 mutations in human vemurafenib-induced skin lesions and in sporadic cSCC. Functional analysis reveals these mutations ablate canonical TGFβ Smad signaling which is localised to bulge stem cells in both normal human and murine skin. MAPK pathway hyperactivation (through BrafV600E or KrasG12D knockin) and TGFβ signaling ablation (through Tgfbr1 deletion) in LGR5+ve stem cells enables rapid cSCC development in the mouse. Mutation of Tp53 (which is commonly mutated in sporadic cSCC) coupled with Tgfbr1 deletion in LGR5+ve cells also results in cSCC development. These findings indicate that LGR5+ve stem cells can act as cells of origin for cSCC and that RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway hyperactivation or Tp53 mutation, coupled with loss of TGFβ signaling, are driving events of skin tumorigenesis.

  Study EGAS00001001892

• DONSON encodes a novel replication fork protection factor mutated in microcephalic dwarfism.

  To ensure efficient genome duplication, cells have evolved a multitude of factors that promote unperturbed DNA replication, and protect, repair and restart damaged forks. Here we identify DONSON as a novel fork protection factor, and report biallelic DONSON mutations in 29 individuals with microcephalic dwarfism. We demonstrate that DONSON is a component of the replisome that stabilises forks during normal genome replication. Loss of DONSON leads to severe replication-associated DNA damage arising from nucleolytic cleavage of stalled replication forks. Furthermore, ATR-dependent signalling in response to replication stress is impaired in DONSON-deficient cells, resulting in decreased checkpoint activity, and potentiating chromosomal instability. Hypomorphic mutations substantially reduce DONSON protein levels and impair fork stability in patient cells, consistent with defective DNA replication underlying the disease phenotype. In summary, we identify mutations in DONSON as a common cause of microcephalic dwarfism, and establish DONSON as a critical replication fork protein required for mammalian DNA replication and genome stability.

  Study EGAS00001002224

• Myelodysplastic cells in patients re-program mesenchymal stromal cells to establish a transplantable stem cell-niche disease unit.

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms with defects in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and possibly the HSPC niche. Here we show that patient-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MDS MSCs) display a disturbed differentiation program and are essential for the propagation of MDS-initiating lin-CD34+CD38- stem cells in orthotopic xenografts. Overproduction of niche factors such as N-Cadherin, IGFBP2, VEGFA and LIF is associated with the ability of MDS MSCs to enhance MDS expansion. These factors represent putative therapeutic targets to disrupt critical hematopoietic-stromal interactions in MDS. Finally, healthy MSCs adopt "MDS-MSC like" molecular features when exposed to hematopoietic MDS cells, indicative of an instructive remodeling of their microenvironment. This patient-derived xenograft model therefore provides functional and molecular evidence that MDS is a complex disease involving both the hematopoietic and stromal compartments. The resulting deregulated expression of niche factors may well also be a feature of other hematopoietic malignancies.

  Study EGAS00001000716

• single cell sequencing of resting and Influenza-stimulated mononcluear phagocytes of African and Europeans with varying degree of ex-vivo susceptibility to Influenza

  There is considerable inter-individual immunological and clinical variability upon influenza A virus (IAV) infection in humans; yet, the factors underlying such heterogeneity remain elusive. Here, using an ex vivo cellular model that captures natural variation in the transcriptional responses of monocytes to IAV, we find significant differences in viral mRNA levels between individuals of African and European ancestry. Using single cell analyses, we show that the overall number of cells that will ultimately become infected, rather than the amount of viral transcript expression per cell, is the main driver of the surprisingly higher IAV mRNA levels detected in European cells. Finally, we identify 135 genes, including the interferon-stimulated genes IFITM3, MX1, and OAS3, for which basal mRNA expression levels associate with IAV mRNA levels post infection. Our findings reveal that basal differences in activation of IRF/STAT-induced antiviral mechanisms may contribute to individual and population disparities in susceptibility to IAV infection.

  Study EGAS00001005000

• Translation of non-canonical open reading frames as a cancer cell survival mechanism in childhood medulloblastoma

  A hallmark of high-risk childhood medulloblastoma is the dysregulation of RNA translation. Currently, it is unknown whether medulloblastoma dysregulates the translation of putatively oncogenic non-canonical open reading frames. To address this question, we performed ribosome profiling of 32 medulloblastoma tissues and cell lines and observed widespread non-canonical ORF translation. We then developed a step-wise approach to employ multiple CRISPR-Cas9 screens to elucidate functional non-canonical ORFs implicated in medulloblastoma cell survival. We determined that multiple lncRNA-ORFs and upstream open reading frames (uORFs) exhibited selective functionality independent of the main coding sequence. One of these, ASNSD1-uORF or ASDURF, was upregulated, associated with the MYC family oncogenes, and was required for medulloblastoma cell survival through engagement with the prefoldin-like chaperone complex. Our findings underscore the fundamental importance of non-canonical ORF translation in medulloblastoma and provide a rationale to include these ORFs in future cancer genomics studies seeking to define new cancer targets.

  Study EGAS00001007426

• HCA_Gonads_Foetal_EU_H2020_HUGODECA_RNA

  Cell Atlas of human fetal gonads The HUGODECA consortium brings together leading European academic and industrial experts (from 5 different EU countries). It includes active contributors and executives of the Human Cell Atlas (HCA) which will ensure complementarity with other ongoing HCA efforts. The overall HUGODECA concept is grounded on the integration of multiple synergistic expertise and technologies: Single cell profiling, spatial transcriptomic, 2D Mass cytometry and cyclic immunofluorescence and 3D imaging of optically cleared gonads. HUGODECA will implement novel tools, analytical and computational methods to process and integrate multidimensional OMICS and image data across different platforms. It will evaluate the accuracy of ex vivo culture models of human gonadal development and assess consequences of altering key signalling pathways. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001004723

• Rna-Seq Leiomyosarcoma subtypes

  Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are genetically heterogeneous tumors differentiating along smooth muscle lines. Currently, LMS treatment is not informed by molecular subtyping and is associated with highly variable survival. While disease site continues to dictate clinical management, the contribution of genetic factors to LMS subtype, origins, and timing are unknown. Here we analyzed 70 genomes and 130 transcriptomes of LMS, including multiple tumor regions and paired metastases. Molecular profiling highlighted the extremely early origins of LMS. Three specific subtypes of LMS develop from distinct lineages of smooth muscle cells. Of these, dedifferentiated LMS with high immune infiltration and tumors primarily of gynaecological origin acquired the highest burden of genomic mutation and are associated with worse survival. Homologous recombination defects lead to genome-wide mutational signatures, and a corresponding sensitivity to PARP and other DNA damage response inhibitors, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for LMS. Finally, by phylogenetic reconstruction, we present evidence that clones seeding lethal metastases arise decades prior to LMS diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001004783

• Data from the paper Context-specific Effects of TGFβ/SMAD3 in Cancer Are Modulated by the Epigenome. Tufegdzic et al, Cell Reports 2015

  The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling pathway exerts opposing effects on cancer cells, acting either as a tumor-promoter or as a tumor-suppressor. Here we show these opposing effects are a result of the synergy between SMAD3, a downstream effector of TGFβ signalling, and the distinct epigenomes of breast tumor initiating cells (BTICs). These effects of TGFβ are associated with distinct gene expression programs, but genomic SMAD3 binding patterns are highly similar in the BTIC-promoting and BTIC- suppressing contexts. Our data show cell type-specific epigenetic configurations provide a modulatory layer by determining accessibility of genes to regulation by TGFβ/SMAD3. LBH, one such context-specific target gene, is regulated according to its DNA methylation status, and is crucial for TGFβ-dependent promotion of BTICs. Overall, these results reveal that the epigenome plays a central and previously overlooked role in shaping the context-specific effects of TGFβ in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001001570

• A novel TP53-KPNA3 translocation defines a de novo treatment-resistant clone in osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer. It can be cured by aggressive surgery and chemotherapy, but outcomes for metastatic or chemoresistant disease remain dismal. Cancer sequencing studies have shown that the p53 pathway is dysregulated in nearly every case, often by translocation; however, no studies of osteosarcoma evolution or intratumor heterogeneity have been done to date. We studied a patient with chemoresistant, metastatic disease over the course of three years. We performed exome sequencing on germline DNA and DNA collected from tumor at three separate timepoints. We compared variant calls and variant allele frequencies between different samples. We identified subclonal driver mutations in several different genes in the primary tumor sample and found that one particular subclone dominated subsequent tumor samples at relapse. This clone was marked by a novel TP53-KPNA3 translocation and loss of the opposite-strand wild-type TP53 allele. Future research must focus on functional significance of such clones and strategies to eliminate them.

  Study EGAS00001001805

• Physiological and genetic adaptations to diving in Sea Nomads

  Understanding the physiology and genetics of human hypoxia tolerance has important medical implications, but this phenomenon has thus far only been investigated in high-altitude human populations. Another system, yet to be explored, is humans who engage in breath-hold diving. The indigenous Bajau people (“Sea Nomads”) of Southeast Asia live a subsistence lifestyle based on breath-hold diving and are renowned for their extraordinary breath holding abilities. However, it is unknown whether this has a genetic basis. Using a comparative genomic study, we show that natural selection on genetic variants in the PDE10A gene have increased spleen size in the Bajau, providing them with a larger reservoir of oxygenated red blood cells. We also find evidence of strong natural selection specific to the Bajau on BDKRB2, a gene affecting the human diving reflex. Thus, the Bajau, and possibly other natural diving populations, provide a new opportunity to study human adaptation to hypoxia tolerance.

  Study EGAS00001002823

• Single_Cell_RNAseq_at_various_stages_of_HiPSCs_differentiating_toward_definitive_endoderm_and_endoderm_derived_lineages

  When comparing the differentiation capacities of pluripotent stem cell lines that have different genetic backgrounds, batch to batch experimental variablility poses a significant challenge, especially when trying to identify smaller effects. One way to address this issue is to differentiate several different lines in the same culture dish, thereby elimating experimental variation. In addition, it allows researchers to analyze many more lines with less experiments. Parallel single cell RNA-Seq exploits that individual cells are tagged and hence each cell can be reliably assigned to the donor of origin based on the genetic variants it contains. In addition, analyzing the genetic signature of single cells within a differentiating population can reveal differentation stages that are not easily detected in bulk RNAseq data. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002278

• Genomic landscape and PD-1 blockade in Natural-killer/T cell lymphoma

  Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) is an aggressive malignancy with a predilection for Asian, Mexican and South American populations. With the exception of Japan, it is the most common mature T-cell lymphoma in Asia. NKTL presents as extranodal disease and mostly affects the upper aerodigestive tract. Neoplastic cells are invariably infected by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by a cytotoxic phenotype. The genetic landscape of NKTL has been recently unraveled by discoveries describing recurring mutations altering the JAK-STAT pathway, epigenetic modifiers, the DDX3X gene and genetic predisposition in the HLA-DPB1 gene.The genomic landscape of NKTL has been interrogated by whole-exome sequencing, targeted sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, but has yet been studied with whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In this study, we will use a combination of WGS, targeted-capture sequencing (TCS) and RNA sequencing data to explore the genetic landscape and its relevance to immunotherapy in NKTL

  Study EGAS00001003828

• Single_cell_analysis_of_cytokine_induced_T_cell_states

  We isolated T cells from healthy platelet donors and cultured them in resting and stimulated conditions with addition of a range of cytokines. We performed scRNA sequencing to assess the variability of polarization in different cytokines treated cells. Cytokines affect T cell responses by polarising them to different phenotypes. Given that the inflammation and and autoimmune tissue distruction is driven by the local production of cytokines, we investigated cytokine induced changes in T cells by using a combination of immunological and genomics approaches. To characterize, the efficacy of cytokine induced porization, here we stimulated naive and memory CD4+ T cells in the presence of cytokine polarizing coctails and profiled single cell transcriptome five days following polarization. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001003215

• Modulation of macrophage inflammatory function through selective inhibition of the epigenetic reader protein SP140

  SP140 is a bromodomain-containing protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications in the SP140 locus have been linked to Crohn’s disease (CD), suggesting a role in inflammation. We report the development of the first small molecule SP140 inhibitor (GSK761) and utilize this to elucidate SP140 function in macrophages. We show that SP140 is highly expressed in CD68+ CD mucosal macrophages and in in vitro-generated inflammatory macrophages. SP140 inhibition through GSK761 reduced monocyte differentiation into inflammatory macrophages and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory activation. SP140 preferentially occupies transcriptional start sites (TSS) in inflammatory macrophages, with enrichment at gene loci encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory pathways. GSK761 specifically reduced SP140 binding and thereby expression of SP140-bound genes. GSK761 inhibited the spontaneous expression of cytokines, including TNF, by CD14+ macrophages isolated from CD intestinal-mucosa. This study identifies SP140 as a druggable epigenetic therapeutic target for CD.

  Study EGAS00001004460

• Genome-wide discovery of somatic coding and regulatory variants in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

  Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive cancer originating from mature B-cells. Prognosis is strongly associated with molecular subgroup, although the driver mutations that distinguish the two main subgroups remain poorly defined. Through an integrative analysis of whole genomes, exomes, and transcriptomes, we have uncovered genes and non-coding loci that are commonly mutated in DLBCL. Our analysis has identified novel cis-regulatory sites, and implicates recurrent mutations in the 3'UTR of NFKBIZ as a novel mechanism of oncogene deregulation and NFκB pathway activation in the activated B-cell (ABC) subgroup. Small amplifications associated with over-expression of FCGR2B (the Fcγ receptor protein IIB), primarily in the germinal centre B-cell (GCB) subgroup, correlate with poor patient outcomes suggestive of a novel oncogene. These results expand the list of subgroup driver mutations that may facilitate implementation of improved diagnostic assays and could offer new avenues for the development of targeted therapeutics.

  Study EGAS00001002936

• Gut metagenome associations with extensive digital health data in a volunteer-based EstMB cohort

  Microbiome research is starting to move beyond the exploratory phase towards interventional trials and therefore well-characterized cohorts will be instrumental for generating hypothesis and providing new knowledge. As part of the Estonian Biobank, we established the Estonian Microbiome Cohort which includes stool, oral and plasma samples from 2,509 participants and is supplemented with multi-omic measurements, questionnaires, and regular linkages to national electronic health records. In this study, we analyzed stool data from deep metagenomic sequencing together with rich phenotyping, including 71 diseases, 136 medications, 21 dietary questions, 5 procedures, and 19 other factors. The data revealed numerous relationships with different microbiome features. Additionally, the long-term antibiotic usage, independent from recent administration, has a significant impact on the microbiome composition, partly explaining the common associations between diseases. Overall, this study extends the understanding of microbiome–host interactions and facilitates the development of microbiome-related studies.

  Study EGAS00001005900

• Fibroblast heterogeneity drives metastatic spread in breast cancer through distinct mechanisms

  The major cause of death among breast cancer patients is metastatic dissemination, suggesting that understanding the mechanisms driving this process remains an unmet medical need. Here, by concomitantly using 5 markers, we identify 4 Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAF) subsets in primary tumors and corresponding metastatic lymph nodes (LN). Two CAF subsets, called CAF-S1 and CAF-S4, correlate with the proportion of cancer cells in invaded LN and exert distinct functions in tumor cell spread. CAF-S1 promote cancer cell migration and initiates an epithelial to mesenchymal transition through a CXCL12 / TGFb positive loop. For their part, the highly contractile CAF-S4 foster cancer cell motility and invasion in 3-dimensional matrix via Notch pathway activation. Finally, CAF-S1 and CAF-S4 accumulation in LN is a new prognostic factor at diagnostic, independent of breast cancer subtypes and LN status, strengthening the validity of our findings in human breast cancer pathophysiology.

  Study EGAS00001003238

• Detection of cell-free DNA fragmentation and copy number alterations in cerebrospinal fluid from glioma patients

  Glioma is difficult to detect or characterise using current liquid biopsy approaches. Detection of cell-free tumor DNA (cftDNA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been proposed as an alternative to detection in plasma. We used shallow whole-genome sequencing (sWGS, at a coverage of < 0.4x) of cell-free DNA from the CSF of 13 patients with primary glioma to determine somatic copy number alterations and DNA fragmentation patterns. This allowed us to determine the presence of cftDNA in CSF without any prior knowledge of point mutations present in the tumor. We also showed that the fragmentation pattern of cell-free DNA in CSF is different from that in plasma. This low-cost screening method provides information on the tumor genome and can be used to target those patients with high levels of cftDNA for further larger-scale sequencing, such as by whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001003255

• A Proteogenomic Analysis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Chinese Population

  Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common and aggressive subtype of renal cancer. Here we conduct a comprehensive proteogenomic analysis of 232 tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissue pairs from Chinese ccRCC patients. By comparing with tumor adjacent tissues, we find that ccRCC shows extensive metabolic dysregulation and an enhanced immune response. Molecular subtyping classifies ccRCC tumors into three subtypes (GP1–3), among which the most aggressive GP1 exhibits the strongest immune phenotype, increased metastasis, and metabolic imbalance, linking the multi-omics-derived phenotypes to clinical outcomes of ccRCC. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a one-carbon 38 metabolic enzyme, is identified as a potential marker of ccRCC and a drug target for GP1. We demonstrate that NNMT induces DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) homocysteinylation, increases DNA repair, and promotes ccRCC tumor growth. This study provides insights into the biological underpinnings and prognosis assessment of ccRCC, revealing targetable metabolic vulnerabilities.

  Study EGAS00001006005

• Combined gene expression and digital pathology identifies molecular mediators of T cell exclusion and immune suppression in ovarian cancer

  Close proximity between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumour cells is required for effective immunotherapy. However, what determines the spatial distribution of T cells in the tumour microenvironment is not well understood. Coupling digital pathology and transcriptome analysis on a large ovarian tumour cohort, we develop a machine learning approach to molecularly classify and characterize tumour-immune phenotypes. Our study identifies two important hallmarks characterizing T cell excluded tumours: 1) loss of antigen presentation on tumour cells and 2) upregulation of TGFb and activated stroma. Furthermore, we identify TGFb as a key mediator of T cell exclusion. TGFb reduces MHC-I expression in ovarian cancer cells in vitro; TGFb also activates fibroblasts and induced extracellular matrix (ECM) production as a potential physical barrier to hinder T cell infiltration. Our findings indicate that targeting TGFb may represent a promising strategy to overcome T cell exclusion and improve clinical benefits of cancer immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001003487

• GENOMIC MUTATION LANDSCAPE OF SKIN CANCERS FROM DNA REPAIR-DEFICIENT XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM PATIENTS

  Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in genes of the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway (groups A-G) or in Translesion Synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase η (group V). XP is associated with an increased skin cancer risk, reaching, for some groups, several thousand-fold compared to the general population. Here, we analyzed 38 skin cancer genomes from five XP groups. We found that the activity of NER determines heterogeneity of the mutation rates across skin cancer genomes and that transcription-coupled NER extends beyond the gene boundaries reducing the intergenic mutation rate. Mutational profile in XP-V tumors revealed the role of polymerase η in the error-free bypass of (i) rare TpG and TpA DNA lesions, (ii) 3’ nucleotides in pyrimidine dimers, and (iii) TpT photodimers. Our study unravels the genetic basis of skin cancer risk in XP and provides insights into the mechanisms reducing UV-induced mutagenesis in the general population.

  Study EGAS00001006732

• Multi-omics identify falling LRRC15 as a COVID-19 severity marker and persistent pro-thrombotic signals in convalescence

  Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of severe COVID-19. Here, we perform longitudinal blood sampling of ESKD haemodialysis patients with COVID-19, collecting samples pre-infection, serially during infection, and after clinical recovery. Using plasma proteomics, and RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry of immune cells, we identify transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of COVID-19 severity, and find distinct temporal molecular profiles in patients with severe disease. Supervised learning reveals that the plasma proteome is a superior indicator of clinical severity than the PBMC transcriptome. We show that a decreasing trajectory of plasma LRRC15, a proposed co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is associated with a more severe clinical course. Strikingly, we observe that two months after the acute infection, patients still display dysregulated gene expression related to vascular, platelet and coagulation pathways, including PF4 (platelet factor 4), which may explain the prolonged thrombotic risk following COVID-19.

  Study EGAS00001006778

• RNA_seq_analysis_of_transcriptome_variation_with_human_ESC_subclones

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progenyThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001655

• PSCP_bisulphite_analysis_in_hESCs

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001625

• PSCP_mutation_analysis_in_hESCs

  Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shred by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001561

• Integrated Analysis of Multimodal Single-Cell Data

  The simultaneous measurement of multiple modalities, known as multimodal analysis, represents an exciting frontier for single cell genomics and necessitates new computational methods that can define cellular states based on multiple data types. Here, we introduce 'weighted nearest neighbor' analysis, an unsupervised framework to learn the relative utility of each data type in each cell, enabling an integrative analysis of multiple modalities. We apply our procedure to a CITE-seq dataset of hundreds of thousands of human white blood cells alongside a panel of 228 antibodies to construct a multimodal reference atlas of the circulating immune system. We demonstrate that integrative analysis substantially improves our ability to resolve cell states and validate the presence of previously unreported lymphoid subpopulations. Moreover, we demonstrate how to leverage this reference to rapidly map new datasets, and to interpret immune responses to vaccination and COVID-19. Our approach represents a broadly applicable strategy to analyze single-cell multimodal datasets, including paired measurements of RNA and chromatin state, and to look beyond the transcriptome towards a unified and multimodal definition of cellular identity. All CITE-seq and ECCITE-seq raw matrices are available in GEO database under the accession number GEO: GSE164378.

  Study phs002315

• Single-cell multidimensional profiling of tumor cell heterogeneity in supratentorial ependymomas

  Supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPNs) are aggressive and treatment-resistant pediatric brain tumors that form along the human cortex, with suspected origin from radial glia cells. Although histologically similar, ST-EPNs are molecularly classified into six distinct subgroups, many of them remaining understudied. Here, we integrated molecular cell states and spatial architecture to resolve the cellular origins and aberrant differentiation trajectories of ST-EPNs at single-cell resolution. We show that, while all ST-EPNs display a unified origin from neuroepithelial cells, different subgroups harbor highly diverse cell states and differentiation potential associated with neural or ependymal differentiation. Spatial mapping uncovered a higher-order structural tumor organization driven by presence of the mesenchymal state, and refines classical histological features based on detailed molecular resolution. By benchmarking a morpho-molecular cell-state classification system in different disease models and human tumors, we identified four cellular subtypes defined by the architecture of neurite-like extensions that mediate either self-renewal or fast, saltatory invasive phenotypes reminiscent of neurons during neurodevelopment. Collectively, our study provides a comprehensive framework for the study of ST-EPN cellular states, and reveals biologically relevant tumor compartmentalization with potential clinical implication.

  Study EGAS50000001513

• Plasma MicroRNA Signatures of Aging

  Background. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and show differential expression in various tissues with aging phenotypes. Detectable in circulation, extracellular microRNAs reflect (patho)physiological processes and hold promise as biomarkers for healthy aging and age-related diseases. This study aimed to explore plasma extracellular microRNAs as biological aging indicator and their associations with health outcomes using population-level data. Methods. We quantified plasma expression levels of 2,083 extracellular microRNAs using targeted RNA-sequencing in 2,684 participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study cohort. The training and test sets included 1,930 participants from the advanced-aged initial and second subcohort (RS-I/RS-II; median age: 70.6), while the validation set comprised 754 participants from the middle-aged fourth subcohort (RS-IV; median age: 53.5). Based on 591 microRNAs well-expressed in plasma, we examined differential expression of microRNAs with chronological age, PhenoAge –a composite score of age and nine multi-system blood biomarkers–, the frailty index, and mortality. Next, elastic net models were employed to construct composite microRNA-based aging biomarkers predicting chronological age (mirAge), PhenoAge (mirPA), frailty index (mirFI), and mortality (mirMort). The association of these aging biomarkers with different age-related health outcomes was assessed using Cox Proportional Hazard, linear regression, and logistic regression models in the test and validation sets. Results. We identified 188 microRNAs differentially expressed with chronological age within the RS-I/RS-II advanced-aged population (ntraining=1158, ntest=772), of which 177 microRNAs (94.1%) were replicated in the middle-aged RS-IV subcohort (nvalidation=754). Moreover, 227 miRNAs showed robust associations with PhenoAge, 61 with FI, and 16 with ten-year mortality independent of chronological age. Subsequently, we constructed four plasma microRNA-based aging biomarkers: mirAge with 108, mirPA with 153, mirFI with 81, and mirMort with 50 miRNAs. Elevated scores on these microRNA-based aging biomarkers were associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including lower subjective physical functioning and self-reported health and increased mortality and frailty risk, but not with first- or multi-morbidity. Overall, larger effect estimates were observed for mirPA, mirFI, and mirMort compared to mirAge. Conclusions. This study describes distinct plasma microRNA-aging signatures and introduces four microRNA-based aging biomarkers with potential to identify accelerated aging and age-related decline, providing insights into the intricate process of human aging.

  Study EGAS00001008117

• Laser Capture Microscopy (LCM)-RNAseq for Topological Mapping of Synovial Pathology during Rheumatoid Arthritis

  Synovial tissue from the hip or knee was collected from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients at the time of joint replacement surgery. Samples were analyzed using laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by RNA-seq to evaluate the transcriptome in distinct synovial compartments. Results indicated that synovial compartments have both shared and distinct transcriptional signatures that correspond to key pathways relevant to RA pathogenesis.

  Study phs003587

• Whole genome sequencing of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma arising from germline SDHB mutations

  Paired-end 150 basepair whole genome sequencing of 94 SDHB-deficient non-metastatic and metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Libraries were prepared using the Illumina® TruSeq™ DNA Nano library preparation method according to the manufacturer’s instructions at The University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research (UMCCR) using 200ng input DNA and a 550 base pair insert size. Samples were sequenced in separate batches on the Illumina® Nova-Seq 6000 according to manufacturer’s instructions (Illumina, USA). Included in this dataset are FASTQ format files containing raw read data, CRAM format files containing reads aligned to GRCh38, and VCF format files containing germline variants calls.

  Dataset EGAD50000000502

• WES analysis of tumor samples from ER+ breast cancer patients treated with CDK4/6 inhibitor

  We performed whole exome sequencing of paired fresh frozen tumor from 4 ER+ advanced breast cancer patients. Samples were obtained for each patient prior to combined CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy and at disease progression (N=8). DNA was extracted using the Maxwell® RSC FFPE and Tissue DNA Kit (Promega). WES was performed at the Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital on matched tumor DNA (derived from primary fresh frozen and FFPE tissue) and buffy coat DNA. Libraries of tumors and matching germline DNA were prepared using 50 ng DNA and captured by Twist Comprehensive Exome with custom spike-ins, sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform to an average coverage of 413x (range: 148-515x). The dataset include the analysis data files (vcf files).

  Dataset EGAD50000000622

• ISCAPE V(D)J libraries from HA-specific single memory B cells of four Influenza A exposed individuals

  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to produce paired, full-length IGM, IGK and IGL V(D)J libraries from HA-binding single memory B cells using the ISCAPE (Individualized Single Cell Analysis of Paired Expressed antigen receptors) technique. Locus-specific multiplexed nested PCR with primer sets targeting the 5’ UTR/leader and 3’ constant region was performed before well and plate indexing and paired chain sequencing with an Illumina MiSeq instrument. Expressed total IGM, IGK and IGL V(D)J libraries from each donor were acquired and analyzed to define personalized IG allele content. The fastq file names include the donor and a numerical plate index for the HA-specific ISCAPE BCR HC and LC V(D)J libraries.

  Dataset EGAD50000002019

• Evolutionary trajectories and clonal migration underlying tumor progression and lymph node metastasis in resectable lung cancer

  In this prospective study, targeted deep sequencing was performed on a total of 160 primary tumors (474 regions) and 112 lymph nodes from 125 patients with stage I-III lung cancer (LuCaTH). Progressive evolution at clonal divergence scale was observed while specific driver events were positively selected for clonal sweeps during tumor development. Between-region genetic divergence (BRGD) of tumors were assessed and positively correlated with tumor differentiation. A machine learning algorithm was employed to evaluate clinicopathological and molecular parameters of primary tumors underlying lymph node metastasis. By analyzing clonal lineages and metastatic trajectories across multiple nodal stations, we unraveled a common sequential LNM seeding pattern but with divergent modes of clonal spread.

  Dataset EGAD00001007587

• Pooled Single-Cell RNA-Seq of iPSC-Derived Neural Stem Cells from ADHD and Control Individuals

  This dataset contains FASTQ files from pooled single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The iPSCs were reprogrammed using the non-integrative Sendai virus system (CytoTune-iPS 2.0), introducing OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC. Donor somatic cells included keratinocytes, PBMCs, and lymphoblastoid cell lines from individuals with ADHD and age-matched healthy controls (6–18 years). iPSCs underwent standard quality control, including immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR, mycoplasma testing, and SNP genotyping. NSCs were produced via neural induction and validated by qRT-PCR and immunostaining for PAX6, SOX2, NESTIN, TUJ1, and FOXG1. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000.

  Dataset EGAD00001015644

• Characterization of CNS Metastases

  Metastatic disease to the central nervous system (CNS) is devastating, with a poor prognosis. There are limited treatment options for patients with CNS metastases, and in particular with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMD). In this study, we evaluated the molecular and cellular features of parenchymal brain metastases and LMD. We used single-cell RNA and cell-free DNA profiling of CSF from patients with LMD receiving immunotherapy to demonstrate shifts in the liquid LMD tumor microenvironment. We also characterize the tumor microenvironment of parenchymal brain metastases using single cell sequencing, before and after treatment with immunotherapy.

  Study phs002416

• Organoid Profiling Identifies Common Responders to Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

  We generated a collection of patient-derived pancreatic normal and cancer organoids. We performed whole genome sequencing, targeted exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing on organoids as well as matched tumor and normal tissue if available. This dataset is a valuable resource for pancreas cancer researchers, and those looking to compare primary tissue to organoid culture. In our linked publication, we show that pancreatic cancer organoids recapitulate the mutational spectrum of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of organoids demonstrates the presence of both transcriptional subtypes of pancreas cancer.

  Study phs001611

• Epigenetic landscape reorganization and reactivation of embryonic development genes are associated with malignancy in IDH-mutant astrocytoma

  Accurate grading of IDH-mutant gliomas is crucial for determining patient prognosis and guiding treatment decisions. However, histological grading can be challenging, so we aimed to identify objective molecular markers. To this end, we conducted bulk RNA sequencing on primary IDH-mutant astrocytomas (n=138) from the prospective CATNON trial, which evaluated the prognostic impact of adjuvant and concurrent temozolomide. Using this data, we sought to identify molecular markers linked to increased malignancy in IDH-mutant astrocytomas to establish objective grading criteria.

  Study EGAS50000000381

• Spatially Resolved Tumor Ecosystems and Cell States in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Progression and Evolution

  Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cause of global cancer mortality with high levels of heterogeneity, and intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) represents a significant barrier to GC patient outcomes. In this study, we applied GeoMx DSP technology to identify ITH in GC. We found spatially colocalized RNA-based intratumor subgroups within samples, each correlated with distinct spatially oriented TME and immune profiles. The findings broadening our understanding of the spatial and molecular complexity of GC ITH and offering a valuable data resource for future exploration and discovery.

  Study EGAS50000000345

• RNA seq data of 2 lung cancer samples prepared using 2 different RNA-seq library preparation protocols

  Raw data used for generation of the results in the Vardetector manuscript – “.bam” files of RNA-seq data of tumor samples of 2 patients prepared with 2 different library preparation protocols (exome-capture and ribodepletion –> 4 “.bam” files in total). The submission also contains the somatic mutations “.vcf” files (4 in total, however 2 unique). Moreover, also an output of the Vardetector module (“.csv” file with the number of reads above the mutations of interest) is present in the submission (4 “.csv” files in total).

  Study EGAS50000001419

• Human_Colorectal_Cancer_Exome_Sequencing

  In this experiment we sequenced a collection of genes identified as being mutated in a Sleeping Beauty Screen in a mouse colorectal Cancer Model in human tumours collected from patients with germline mutations in APC and also other familial CRC predisposition syndromes. We also sequenced the germline of these patients allowing us to identify somatically mutated genes. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000077

• FinHer_Breast_Cancer_Study

  The purpose of this study is to sequence 500 known cancer genes in 960 newly diagnosed high risk breast cancer patients treated with current standard of care therapies and trastuzumab, for somatic alteration and copy number changes. We will be using next gen sequencing technology to determine the prognostic relevance of these somatic genetic alterations and of teh low frequency events to determine if they are associated with trastuzumab benefit or HER2 positive breast cancer, i.e. treatment interaction. The samples will be analysed adn correlated with clinical variables including outcome.

  Study EGAS00001000648

• Identification_of_immune_mechanisms_associated_with_the_high_rate_of_relapse_in_patient_with_visceral_leishmaniasis_and_HIV_co_infection

  RNA-seq transcriptomics of whole blood samples from longitudinal follow-up of a cohort of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients with and without HIV coinfection, from active disease through apparent cure and potential relapse. Analysis will identify potential correlates of relapse to identify immune mechanisms underlying the high rate of relapse in HIV/VL coinfection. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001003465

• cfDNA in Hereditary And High-Risk Malignancies (CHARM)

  Our goal is to improve early cancer detection by developing a blood test to predict cancer development in carriers using circulating DNA. As carriers develop cancer, they may have pre-cancerous cells which release this DNA into the blood (cell-free DNA; cfDNA), which can be detected with novel genetic technologies. We propose to use three complementary cfDNA assays:shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS), Liquid-Biopsy Sequencing (LB-Seq) and Cell-free Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation and High-throughput Sequencing (cfMeDip-Seq) for early cancer detection.

  Study EGAS00001006539

• MutWPX__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Effects_of_Chemotherapy_on_the_Somatic_Mutational_Landscape_in_Normal_Human_Tissue___Matched_Normals

  This study is investigating the effects of chemotherapy drugs used in cancer treatment on the somatic mutational landscape in normal human tissues. The samples used in this study have been taken from rapid autopsies of patients who have undergone chemotherapy using drugs thought to cause mutations in the DNA. Structures from a variety of tissues will be dissected using LCM and whole genome sequences will be produced in order to assess mutational burdens and signatures. This study contains the samples used as matched normals for each patient to remove germline mutations.

  Study EGAS00001004957

• Functional Mapping of AKT Signaling and Biomarkers of Response From the FAIRLANE Trial of Neoadjuvant Ipatasertib Plus Paclitaxel for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

  Purpose: Despite extensive genomic and transcriptomic profiling, it remains unknown how signaling pathways are differentially activated and how tumors are differentially sensitized to certain perturbations. Here, we aim to characterize AKT signaling activity and its association with other genomic or immunohistochemistry-based PI3K/AKT pathway biomarkers as well as the clinical activity of ipatasertib (AKT inhibitor) in the FAIRLANE trial. Experimental Design: In FAIRLANE, 151 patients with early triple-negative breast cancer were randomized 1:1 to receive paclitaxel with ipatasertib or placebo for 12 weeks prior to surgery. Adding ipatasertib did not increase pathologic complete response rate and numerically improved overall response rate by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We used reverse-phase protein microarrays (RPPA) to examine the total level and/or phosphorylation states of over 100 proteins in various signaling or cell processes including PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling. 125 baseline and 127 on-treatment samples were evaluable by RPPA, with 110 paired samples at both time points. Results: Tumors with genomic/protein alterations in PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN were associated with higher levels of AKT phosphorylation. In addition, phosphorylated(p)AKT levels exhibited a significant association with enriched clinical benefit of ipatasertib, and identified patients who received benefit in the absence of PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alterations. Ipatasertib treatment led to a down-regulation of AKT/mTORC1 signaling, which was more pronounced among the tumors with PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN alterations or among the responders to the treatment. Conclusions: We showed that the high baseline pAKT levels are associated with the alterations of PI3K/AKT pathway components and enriched benefit of ipatasertib in TNBC.

  Study EGAS00001005892

• Endogenous CD4+ T Cells Recognize Neoantigens in Lung Cancer Patients, including KRAS and ERBB2 (Her2) Driver Mutations

  Neoantigen-specific T cell responses were characterized in 4 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Candidate neoantigens were identified by sequencing tumor and normal DNA from each patient, and ranking single nucleotide variants by expression. Multiple T cell responses were isolated, and in two patients with lung adenocarcinoma, CD4+ T cell responses to recurrent oncogenic mutations in KRAS and Her2 were identified.

  Study phs001805

• National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) GO-ESP: Heart Cohorts Component of the Exome Sequencing Project (ARIC)

  The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. HeartGO is a consortium of six well-phenotyped NHLBI cohorts: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, the Cardiovascular Health Study, the Framingham Heart Study, the Jackson Heart Study, and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Together, these cohorts have provided DNA and phenotype datasets from a diverse cohort of individuals of African-American, Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic ancestry to be made available for use by qualified investigators in dbGaP. HeartGO investigators will conduct genotype-phenotype analyses for phenotypes related not only to heart disease but with other variables that will be contributed to dbGaP. The HeartGO dataset provides investigators with genotype-phenotype analytic opportunities for traits not only related to heart disease but also associated with ancillary variables that will be contributed to dbGaP, including disease endpoints, risk factors, biomarkers, and subclinical disease measures. The phenotypes planned for investigation as part of the GO-ESP HeartGO project include early-onset myocardial infarction (EOMI), low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, body mass index/type 2 diabetes (BMI/T2D), blood pressure and ischemic stroke. Results of the proposed analyses as well as relevant replication/follow-up analyses will be reported in peer-reviewed journals. This study phs000398 contains the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) subset of GO-ESP/Heart-GO. Additional GO-ESP data is also available via dbGaP.

  Study phs000398