3288 results for "ovarian cancer"

in 29.49 milliseconds.

• Synergy study: "Tissue resident CD8+ T cell clonal expansion in advanced triple negative breast cancer is associated with response to chemoimmunotherapy"

  Dataset of 10x Genomics 5'prime single-cell RNA sequencing of 40 tumor biopsy samples or triple negative breast cancer. Samples are taken before and after immuno checkpoint blockade treatment. Processed according the 10X genomics protocol, sequenced on Immumina NovaSeq6000. Raw sequencing reads are further processed with Cellranger 3.0 to get gene-expression matrices.

  Study EGAS50000000527

• single cell RNA-seq of small cell lung cancer circulating tumor cells

  This study investigated the transcriptomic profile of circulating tumor cells from three small cell lung cancer patients. CTCs were enriched from the blood of three SCLC patients using the CTC-iChip followed by magnetic depletion of RBCs. The enriched samples were processed with the 10x Genomics Chromium platform (Chromium GEM-X Single Cell 3' Kit v4) and sequenced on a NextSeq 2000 system.

  Study EGAS50000001401

• Familial_Thrombocytosis_germline_exome_sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from 3 relatives from a family with multiple affected familial thrombocytosis (FT) patients. Germline DNA from 2-4 patients affected with FT will be used to prepare libraries and sequenced in one lane of HiSeq sequencing, mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000088

• Mixed_Leukemia_Rearrangement_Screen

  Genomic libraries will be generated from total genomic DNA derived from Mixed Leukemia and MPD samples and subjected to total of eight lanes of 37 bp, paired end sequencing on the illumina GA. Paired reads will be mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the generation of genome wide copy number information, and the identification of novel rearranged cancer genes and gene fusions.

  Study EGAS00001000180

• ET_Exome

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from 50 Essential Thrombocythemia Myeloproliferative Disease samples and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Samples will be multiplexed in one lane of Illumina HiSeq. Sequencing to a coverage of at least 30x will be performed and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000102

• Test_of_PCR_library_method_on_whole_genmoe_samples

  We will sequence 2 whole genome pairs which have had the libraries prepared with a PCR step. The resulting sequence will be compared to teh same samples which have had sequence obtain using a no_PCR library method. the sequence obtained in this experiment may or may not be used in conjunction with the other sequence obtain for these samples in the search for novel cancer mutations.

  Study EGAS00001000214

• Drug-induced epigenomic plasticity reprograms circadian rhythm regulation to drive prostate cancer towards androgen-independence (RNA-seq)

  Understanding how prostate cancer cells adapt to AR-targeted interventions is critical for identifying novel drug targets to improve the clinical management of treatment-resistant disease. Our study revealed an enzalutamide-induced epigenetic plasticity towards pro-survival signaling, and uncovered circadian regulator ARNTL as an acquired vulnerability after AR inhibition, presenting a novel clinical lead for therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001006016

• Oesophageal_Adenocarcinoma_Organoids_Iso_Seq

  RNA Sequencing of 5 patient derived organoid cell models. Each model was derived from a piece of patient tumour taken following surgical rescetion of the tumour. All model derivations took place with the CGaP facility in Sanger. This PacBio RNA data will be combined with other sequencing data in order to generate accurate reference cancer genomes and study how structural variants affect gene expression

  Study EGAS00001004051

• Expression-Based Subtypes Define Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

  Checkpoint immunotherapy (CPI) has increased survival for some patients with advanced stage bladder cancer (BCa). However, most patients do not respond. Here, we characterized the tumor and immune microenvironment in pre- and post-treatment tumors from the PURE01 neoadjuvant pembrolizumab immunotherapy trial, using a consolidative approach that combined transcriptional and genetic profiling with digital spatial profiling.

  Study EGAS00001005549

• Drug-induced epigenomic plasticity reprograms circadian rhythm regulation to drive prostate cancer towards androgen-independence (ChIP-seq)

  Understanding how prostate cancer cells adapt to AR-targeted interventions is critical for identifying novel drug targets to improve the clinical management of treatment-resistant disease. Our study revealed an enzalutamide-induced epigenetic plasticity towards pro-survival signaling, and uncovered circadian regulator ARNTL as an acquired vulnerability after AR inhibition, presenting a novel clinical lead for therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001006017

• Leukemia sequencing study

  Study EGAS00001006901

• Sequencing of Breast Cancer

  Study EGAS00001007490

• ID1 in glioblastoma

  Study EGAS00001003711

• EAC Genomic data

  Study EGAS00001004887

• Pearl study

  Study EGAS00001005523

• The UC San Diego Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Study

  The UC San Diego Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study is designed to identify genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptional changes important for CLL. This data release consists of samples collected to 1) identify genomic changes associated with CLL progression using serially collected tumor samples; 2) characterize the transcriptional consequences of SF3B1 mutation through RNA-seq; and 3) characterize the expression profiles of ROR1+ vs. ROR1- tumors. The samples were collected from participants at the University of California, San Diego Moores Cancer Center and the data was generated at UC San Diego or in collaboration with the BC Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre.

  Study phs000767

• Oncogene activated human breast luminal progenitors contribute basally located myoepithelial cells

  Basal-like breast cancer originates in luminal progenitors, frequently with an altered PI3K pathway, and focally in close association with genetically altered myoepithelial cells at the site of tumor initiation. The exact trajectory behind this bi-lineage phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here we used a breast cancer relevant transduction protocol including hTERT, shp16, shp53, and PIK3CA(H1047R) to immortalize FACS isolated luminal cells, and we identified a candidate multipotent progenitor. We found that the apparent luminal phenotype of these oncogene transduced progenitors was metastable giving rise to basal-like cells dependent on culture conditions.

  Study EGAS50000000505

• ERBB2/HER2 alterations in ctDNA and metachronous tissues of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer - Targeted

  Targeted sequencing data related to the publication titled "ERBB2/HER2 alterations in ctDNA and metachronous tissues of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer." ERBB2 alterations, usually amplifications or activating mutations, are seen in up to 20% of urothelial carcinoma and can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and most recently, antibody-drug conjugates. Here, we perform targeted and whole-genome sequencing of cell-free DNA and archival FFPE of mUC with and without ERBB2 alterations to identify unique genomic and clinical features of ERBB2-altered cancers, accompanied by IHC, FISH, and detailed clinical outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000001081

• Multi-omic analyses from a randomized phase II study of epigenetic priming followed by nivolumab in previously treated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer

  Emergence of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) mandates the development of strategies for ICB sensitization. We aimed to understand the effects of epigenetic priming in re-shaping the tumor microenvironment, together with molecular drivers of therapeutic response of epigenetic therapy followed by ICB in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; NCT01928576). This was done through a multi-omic approach encompassing both genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Findings suggest that epigenetic therapy may reshape the tumor microenvironment towards a more inflamed phenotype and prime responses to immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS50000000913

• CAGE analysis for endometrial carcinoma

  For endometrial cancer patients, lymphadenectomy is recommended to exclude rarely metastasized cancer cells. This procedure is performed even in patients with low risk of recurrence despite the risk of complications such as lymphedema. A method to accurately identify cases with no lymph node metastases (LN-) before lymphadenectomy is therefore highly required. We approached this clinical problem by examining primary lesions of endometrial cancers with CAGE (Cap Analysis Gene Expression), which quantifies promoter-level expression across the genome. Fourteen profiles delineated distinct transcriptional networks between LN?+?and LN- cases, within those classified as having the low or intermediate risk of recurrence.

  Study JGAS000124

• Primary breast cancers and paired brain metastases sequencing study

  Improving management of brain metastases (BM) from primary breast cancer (PBC) is a challenge in which targeted therapies play a promising role. However this approach is impaired by miss-knowledge of molecular patterns of the metastatic and drug-resistance processes.We performed a differential analysis of copy-number-alterations (CNAs) and mutations profiles by using pan-genomic array-CGH and targeted next-generation-sequencing of 494 cancer-associated genes, in a series of 14 pairs of matched PBC/BM and assessed if the observed genomic alterations may be used as a druggable agent in a clinical trial.

  Study EGAS00001003173

• Clinical Cancer Sequencing

  Translating whole exome sequencing (WES) for prospective clinical use may impact the care of cancer patients; however, multiple innovations are necessary for clinical implementation. These include: (1) rapid and robust WES from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue, (2) analytical output similar to data from frozen samples, and (3) clinical interpretation of WES data for prospective use. In this study, we describe a prospective clinical WES platform for archival FFPE tumor samples. The platform employs computational methods for effective clinical analysis and interpretation of WES data. When applied retrospectively to 511 exomes, the interpretative framework revealed a "long tail" of somatic alterations in clinically important genes. Prospective application of this approach identified clinically relevant alterations in 15/16 patients. Overall, this methodology may inform the widespread implementation of precision cancer medicine.

  Study phs000694

• Evolution of Resistance in ER+ Breast Cancer

  While the combination of endocrine therapy and CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors has been shown to be effective in the metastatic ER+ breast cancer setting, to test whether it is effective in an earlier stage neoadjuvant setting, the FELINE trial (NCT02712723) was established to test the efficacy of letrozole and ribociclib in a ER-positive, HER2-negative patients in a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Patients were randomized to one of three arms: those in Arm A received letrozole and placebo, Arm B letrozole and intermittent ribociclib, and Arm C letrozole and continuous ribociclib. Samples were collected at screening (Day 0), Cycle 1 (Day 14), and end of trial (Day 180). Samples from 24 patients, where cancer cells were present at Day 0 and one additional time point, were subjected to whole-exome sequencing profiling.

  Study phs002287

• TCGA WGS Variants Across 18 Cancer Types

  Even though whole genome sequence (WGS) data has been generated and published in many studies, much of this information is not yet processed for use in down-stream analysis. This study's aim is to provide 1342 WGS normal-tumor paired single nucleotide variations (SNP) over 18 different cancer types provided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Individual level data for TCGA can be accessed by requesting access for phs000178. This data includes variations within self-reported white and African-American populations. Variations that exist within the tumor tissue but are absent in associated normal organ tissue (as compared to the human reference genome) are reported. Data published includes SNP and small insertions and deletions, which were generated through a pipeline including the VarScan2 variant calling software.

  Study phs003155

• The characterization of gene expression pattern of anticancer agent-resistant cancer stem cells using RNA sequencing analysis.

  Slow cycling cancer stem cells persist and contribute to tumor regrowth after chemotherapy.To investigate this mechanism, we developed stemness- and cell cycle-visualized colon cancer organoids from patient tissues, and perfomed comparative transcriptome analysis using sorted rapid cycling stem cells (LGR5+p27-) and slow cycling stem cells (LGR5+p27+). In addition, we analyzed the changes in the gene expression patterns in the slow cycling stem cells and all of tumor cells after chemotherapy (camptothecin) treatment. Gene ontology analysis and gene set enrichment analysis using these transcriptome data revealed cell adhesion signal and YAP siganling pathway were important to maintain the dormancy and resume propagation after chemotherapy. In each experiments, total RNA was extracted from organoids and sequenced with HiSeq X Ten (Illumina).

  Study JGAS000350

• The KATHERINE study of adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine in HER2-positive breast cancer: analysis of patients with HER2-negative residual invasive disease on re-testing

  Following chemotherapy and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-targeted neoadjuvant therapy for HER2-positive early breast cancer, residual invasive breast cancer at surgery may be HER2-negative on retesting in some patients. We evaluated outcomes with T-DM1 and trastuzumab in patients randomized in the phase III KATHERINE trial based on HER2-positive central testing of the core biopsy with HER2-negative central testing on their corresponding surgical specimen. In the 70/845 (8.3%) patients with HER2-negative residual disease on retesting at surgery, there were 11 IDFS events in the 42 trastuzumab-treated patients (26.2%) and none in the 28 T-DM1-treated patients, suggesting that T-DM1 should not be withheld in this patient population.

  Study EGAS00001006037

• Frequent somatic transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of human cancer cells

  Mitochondrial genomes are separated from the nuclear genome for most of the cell cycle by the nuclear double membrane, intervening cytoplasm and the mitochondrial double membrane. Despite these physical barriers we show that somatically acquired mitochondrial-nuclear genome fusion sequences are present in cancer cells. Most occur in conjunction with intranuclear genomic rearrangements and the features of the fusion fragments indicate that non-homologous end joining and/or replication-dependent DNA double strand break repair are the dominant mechanism involved. This study includes 12 pairs of whole-genome sequences (tumour and paired-normal), which present somatic mitochondrial DNA integrations in tumour genomes. Reference: Young Seok Ju et al., Frequent somatic transfer of mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of human cancer cells, Genome Research (2015).

  Study EGAS00001001234

• Comprehensive Molecular Analysis of Colon Cancer for the Identification and Validation of New Biomarkers

  This study aims to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in colon cancer and to study understand the complex genomic, genetic and epigenetic relationships with a multiomic approach. The study includes tumor and paired normal mucosa of 100 colon cancer patients diagnosed at stage II, untreated and with microsatellite stable tumours. Also 50 normal mucosa samples from healthy donors are included as reference. The samples have been analysed for gene expression with Affymetrix U219 array (available at GEO GSE44076), SNP/CNV with the Affymetrix 6.0 Human SNP array, for DNA methylation with the Illumina 450K array. Small RNAs were sequenced with the Solid technology and 42 of the tumours and paired normal mucosa DNA were whole exome sequenced with Illumina Genome Analyzer.

  Study EGAS00001002453

• A benchmarking resource for NGS testing of cancer predisposition genes

  A benchmarking resource of 639 individuals, to assess the analytical sensitivity of cancer predisposition gene (CPG) testing.The dataset includes sequencing data generated using the TruSight Cancer Panel (TSCP) a targeted NGS assay for analysis of CPGs and orthogonally generated data supporting at least one pathogenic variant in a CPG for a total of 645 pathogenic CPG variants.The set of pathogenic CPG variants includes strong representation of some of the most challenging types of pathogenic variants, with 339 indels, including 16 complex indels and 24 insertions or deletions with length greater than 5bp, and 74 exon CNVs, including 23 single exon CNVs. There are 502 pathogenic variants in BRCA1 or BRCA2, making this an important first-line validation dataset for laboratories performing NGS testing of BRCA1 and BRCA2.

  Study EGAS00001002993

• Longitudinal monitoring of cell-free DNA methylation in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients

  Here, we performed genome-wide 5-mC profiling in plasma of metastatic ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. We established a strategy to identify ALK-specific 5-mC changes from cfDNA and demonstrated the suitability of the identified markers for cancer detection, prognosis and therapy monitoring. Longitudinal plasma samples (n = 79) of 21 ALK-positive NSCLC patients and 13 healthy donors were collected alongside 15 ALK-positive tumor tissue and 10 healthy lung tissue specimens. All plasma and tissue samples were analyzed by cell-free DNA methylation immunoprecipitation sequencing to generate genome-wide 5-mC profiles. Information on genomic alterations (i.e., somatic mutations/fusions and copy number alterations) determined in matched plasma samples were available from previous studies.

  Study EGAS00001006573

• FOXM1 is a biomarker of resistance to PI3Kα inhibition in ER+ breast cancer that is detectable using metabolic imaging (RNA-seq data)

  PIK3CA, encoding the PI3Kα isoform, is the most frequently mutated oncogene in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors are used clinically but intrinsic and acquired resistance limits their utility. Improved selection of patients that will benefit from these drugs requires novel predictive biomarkers. We show here that persistent FOXM1 expression following drug treatment is a biomarker of resistance to PI3Kα inhibition in ER+ breast cancer. Since the transcription factor drives expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) but not hexokinase 2 (HK-II), changes in FOXM1 expression can be detected using magnetic resonance imaging of LDH-catalyzed hyperpolarized 13C label exchange between pyruvate and lactate but not by PET measurements of HK-II-mediated trapping of the glucose analog 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose.

  Study EGAS00001004452

• Mitochondrial DNA sequencing

  Study EGAS00001005540

• Patient-derived organoids_Vumc

  Study EGAS00001005947

• WGS of PMBCL

  Study EGAS00001006452

• CIDR: NCI Genome Wide Predictors of Survival in Colorectal Cancer

  CIDR/Molecular Correlates: This study genotyped archived blood samples from colorectal cancer cases participating in clinical trials. The goals of this project were to identify genetic variants associated with survival outcomes treatment and treatment-related severe adverse events among patients with colorectal cancer. Another goal was to examine the impact of adding information on germline genetic loci to existing prognostic models. MOSAIC: Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/ 5FU-LV in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer (MOSAIC). A randomized, open label efficacy trial to evaluate the FOLFOX regimen versus LV5FU2 in the adjuvant treatment of stage II and III colon cancer. The primary end point was disease-free survival. CPT.ES1.604: Randomized phase 3 study of weekly irinotecan plus high-dose 5-fluorouracil (FUIRI) versus biweekly irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFIRI) as first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic CRC. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that a regimen without leucovorin (LV) (FUIRI) is not inferior to the standard FOLFIRI (response rate). 03-TTD-01: The purpose of this phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) vs. oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in continous infusion (5-FU CI) as first line treatment in advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. The primary outcome measure is time to disease progression. Secondary outcome measures are to determine safety of combination, objective response rate, time to onset of response, duration of response, time to treatment failure, one year survival time, and overall survival time. 03-TTD-01: The purpose of this phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) vs. oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in continous infusion (5-FU CI) as first line treatment in advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. The primary outcome measure is time to disease progression. Secondary outcome measures are to determine safety of combination, objective response rate, time to onset of response, duration of response, time to treatment failure, one year survival time, and overall survival time. N0147: Randomized phase III clinical trial for adjuvant therapy in stage III colon cancer patients enrolled at institutions across North America. Originally designed to compare three different chemotherapy regimens, and then later expanded to evaluate adding cetuximab to each original arm (leading to six total arms). Further modification later added pre-screening for KRAS mutation status, with the resulting goal to assess the potential benefit of cetuximab added to the modified sixth version of the FOLFOX regimen (mFOLFOX6) in patients with resected stage III wild-type KRAS colon cancer. Main outcome of interest is disease-free survival in patients with wild-type KRAS, while secondary end points included overall survival and toxicity. N9741: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of various combination chemotherapy regimens in treating patients who have advanced, recurrent, or metastatic colorectal cancer that cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. C-08: A Phase III Clinical Trial Comparing Infusional 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin (mFOLFOX6) Every Two Weeks With Bevacizumab to the Same Regimen Without Bevacizumab For the Treatment of Patients With Resected Stages II and III Carcinoma of the Colon. The primary aim of the trial was to compare the relative efficacy of mFOLFOX6 + bevacizumab with that of mFOLFOX6 alone in prolonging disease-free survival and the secondary aim was to compare the relative efficacy of mFOLFOX6 + bevacizumab with that of mFOLFOX6 alone in prolonging survival.

  Study phs001290

• Dissociation of solid tumour tissues with cold active protease for single-cell RNA-seq minimizes conserved collagenase-associated stress responses

  Background Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) is a powerful tool for studying complex biological systems, such as tumour heterogeneity and tissue microenvironments. However, the sources of technical and biological variation in primary solid tumour tissues and patient-derived mouse xenografts for scRNAseq, are not well understood. Here, we used low temperature (6°C) protease and collagenase (37°C) to identify the transcriptional signatures associated with tissue dissociation across a diverse scRNAseq dataset comprising 128,481 cells from patient cancer tissues, patient-derived breast cancer xenografts and cancer cell lines.Results We observe substantial variation in standard quality control (QC) metrics of cell viability across conditions and tissues. From FACS sorted populations gated for cell viability, we identify a sub-population of dead cells that would pass standard data filtering practices, and quantify the extent to which their transcriptomes differ from live cells. We identify a further subpopulation of transcriptomically “dying” cells that exhibit up-regulation of MHC class I transcripts, in contrast with live and fully dead cells. From the contrast between tissue protease dissociation at 37°C or 6°C, we observe that collagenase digestion results in a stress response. We derive a core gene set of 512 heat shock and stress response genes, including FOS and JUN, induced by collagenase (37°C), which are minimized by dissociation with a cold active protease (6°C). While induction of these genes was highly conserved across all cell types, cell type-specific responses to collagenase digestion were observed in patient tissues. We observe that the yield of cancer and non-cancer cell types varies between tissues and dissociation methods.Conclusions The method and conditions of tumour dissociation influence cell yield and transcriptome state and are both tissue and cell type dependent. Interpretation of stress pathway expression differences in cancer single cell studies, including components of surface immune recognition such as MHC class I, may be especially confounded. We define a core set of 512 genes that can assist with identification of such effects in dissociated scRNA-seq experiments.

  Study EGAS00001003753

• Optimized Polyepitope Neoantigen DNA Vaccines Elicit Neoantigen-Specific Immune Responses in Preclinical Models and in Clinical Translation

  A patient with Lynch syndrome and a neuroendocrine tumor sequenced with exome, whole genome, and bulk RNAseq. Sequence data was used to create a personalized cancer vaccine.

  Study phs002342

• Comprehensive analyses of clinicopathological features and genomic mutations of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma

  Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a rare primary liver cancer. We performed whole exome sequencing to clarify the relationship between genetic mutations and clinicopathological features in cHCC-CCA.

  Study JGAS000599

• Whole genome shotgun sequencing and somatic mutations data in Hepatocellular carcinoma

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignancy of the liver. Genomic analysis is conducted to identify genetic alterations in driver genes which are all druggable targets for cancer therapy.

  Study EGAS00001002578

• Genomic determination for Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) by shallow Whole Genome Sequencing (sWGS)

  Genomic determination for Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) by shallow Whole Genome Sequencing (sWGS) with shallowHRD (PMID : 32315385) on 55 triple-negative breast cancer Patient Derived-Xenograft (PDX) treated with platinum.

  Study EGAS00001005926

• Human lymphoma plasma cfRNA - raw data

  This study contains total RNA sequencing data from plasma of 65 different human donors: 30 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients, 13 primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma patients and 22 cancer-free controls.

  Study EGAS00001007127

• Whole exome and RNA sequencing of organoid samples derived from TRACERx patients

  Immune checkpoint blockade in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) rarely leads to complete tumour remission, suggesting that tumours harbour subpopulations of cancer cells that can escape immune predation. However, while tumours consist of multiple genetically distinct clones, the extent to which separate tumour subclones differ intrinsically in their functional capacity for immune evasion remains largely unexplored. This has been challenging to address due to an inability to isolate and propagate individual tumour subclones from human cancers. Here, we leverage the multi-region TRACERx lung cancer evolution study to generate a patient-derived platform that allows the functional analysis of immune escape at single clone resolution. We generated libraries of >20 separate NSCLC organoid lines per patient by isolating individual (clonal) organoids established from multiple spatially separated tumour regions. Each organoid subline was co-cultured with autologous tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) to evaluate their capacity to elicit a T cell response. Organoid lines derived from separate tumour regions, or from single clones within individual regions, differ vastly in their capacity to elicit a T cell response, showing the coexistence of intrinsically immune evading (‘hot’) and non-evading (‘cold’) clones in the same primary tumour. Organoid lines escaping T cell recognition represent genetically and transcriptionally unique subclones with a distinct evolutionary history, showing that evolutionary sculpting of subclonal diversity can have functional consequences for anti-tumour immunity. Notably, the identification of immune-evasive subclones would not have been possible using computational approaches alone, highlighting the unique value of functional co-culture platforms. This patient-derived functional co-culture platform reveals that tumour evolution can give rise to distinct cancer clones with intrinsic differences in immune evasion capacity and provides an approach to prospectively identify, isolate and characterise immune evading subclones from patients with cancer.

  Study EGAS00001008092

• Genomic characterization of retinoblastoma

  Study EGAS00001005248

• Soft tissue sarcoma sequencing data

  Study EGAS00001006356

• HGSOC organoid sequencing study

  Study EGAS00001007189

• early-Duodenal Cancer sequencing study

  ...

  Study EGAS00001006357

• Response and Resistance to ER-Directed Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer

  Despite the reduction in cancer recurrence and mortality provided by hormonal therapy, estrogen receptor positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains the most common cause of breast cancer death, resulting in more than 20,000 deaths in the U.S each year. Although several therapeutic options exist to target the estrogen receptor, resistance to these therapies invariably occurs. Genetic mechanisms of acquired resistance to targeted therapies in ER+ MBC are not well understood. To address this, we developed a prospective biopsy protocol where multiple research biopsies are collected from metastatic samples and used for pathology, ER/PR/HER2, OncoPanel (a CLIA 300 gene sequencing panel), whole exome sequencing (WES), transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), and single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq). In some cases, tissue is used for cell line and xenograft generation. Archival primary biopsies are also obtained when possible for parallel genomic studies. Patients are followed and serial metastatic biopsies are obtained. This data will be used to determine the landscape of genomic alterations in treatment-resistant ER+ MBC, and compared to data generated by TCGA for treatment-naive ER+ primary breast cancer. Comparison of genomic studies from resistant, metastatic specimens with corresponding pre-treatment primary samples will allow us to identify genomic association with resistance to specific therapies. Analysis of the serial metastatic biopsies collected over the course of multiple treatments will also shed light on tumor evolution under selective therapeutic pressure.NoteA subset of the MBC blood biopsies that are included in our study can be accessed and downloaded from the phs001977 accession.Another subset of patients in this study participated in a clinical trial (NCT02871791) and have their data deposited in the current study as well.

  Study phs001285

• Systems biology of Colorectal Cancer

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in both males and females, and it is perhaps the best understood of all epithelial tumors in terms of its molecular origin. Yet, despite large amount of work that has concentrated on understanding of colon tumorigenesis, we still do not know the full complement of molecular lesions that are individually necessary – and together sufficient – to cause colorectal cancer. Neither do we understand why some specific mutations that are relatively rare in other tumors (e.g. loss of the APC tumor suppressor) are extremely common in colorectal cancer. We propose here to use the tools of systems biology to develop a quantitative and comprehensive model of colorectal tumorigenesis. The model will include identification of cell-type specific and oncogenic pathways that contribute to colon tumorigenesis, and explain in molecular detail how a genotype of an individual CRC leads to activation of downstream genes that drive uncontrolled cell growth. This model will subsequently be used to find novel therapeutic targets, to guide genetic screening to identify individuals with elevated risk for developing CRC, and to classify patients into molecular subgroups to select the treatment combination that is optimal for each patient (personalized medicine). The specific objectives of the SYSCOL project are: 1. Identify genetic markers for individual risk using genotyping and sequencing of constitutional DNA from sporadic and familial CRC cases and controls 2. Identify genes and regulatory elements that contribute to colorectal cancer cell growth 3. Use data from Aims 1-2 to develop a quantitative model for colorectal tumorigenesis 4. Apply the model for identification of high-risk individuals, for molecular classification of the disease, and for identification of novel molecular treatment targets

  Study EGAS00001000854

• Integrative genomic analysis reveals cancer-associated mutations at diagnosis of CML in patients with high risk disease

  Genomic events associated with poor outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are poorly understood. We performed whole exome sequencing, copy number variation and/or RNA-Seq for 65 patients to discover mutations at diagnosis and blast crisis (BC). Forty-six chronic phase patients with the extremes of outcome were studied at diagnosis. Cancer gene variants were detected in 15/27 patients (56%) with subsequent BC or poor outcome and in 3/19 optimal responders (16%), P=.007. Frequently mutated genes at diagnosis were ASXL1, IKZF1 and RUNX1. The methyltransferase SETD1B was a novel recurrently mutated gene. A novel class of variant associated with the Philadelphia translocation was detected at diagnosis in 11/46 patients (24%) comprising fusions and/or rearrangement of genes on the translocated chromosomes, with evidence of fragmentation, inversion and imperfect sequence reassembly. These were more frequent at diagnosis in patients with poor outcome: 9/27 (33%) versus 2/19 optimal responders (11%), P=.07. Thirty-nine patients were tested at BC and all had cancer gene variants, including ABL1 kinase domain mutations in 58%. However, ABL1 mutations co-occurred with other mutated cancer genes in 89% of cases, and these predated ABL1 mutations in 62% of evaluable patients. Gene fusions not associated with the Philadelphia translocation occurred in 42% of patients at BC and commonly involved fusion partners that were known cancer genes (78%). Genomic analysis revealed numerous relevant variants at diagnosis in patients with poor outcome and all patients at BC. Future refined biomarker testing of specific variants will likely provide prognostic information to facilitate a risk-adapted therapeutic approach.

  Study EGAS00001003071

• Comprehensive characterization of pre- and post-treatment samples of breast cancer reveal potential mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance

  When locally advanced breast cancer is treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the recurrence risk is significantly higher if no complete pathologic response is achieved. Identification of the underlying resistance mechanisms is essential to select treatments with maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity. Here we employed gene expression profiles derived from 317 HER2-negative treatment-naïve breast cancer biopsies of patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, deep whole exome and RNA-sequencing profiles of 22 matched pre- and post-treatment tumors, and treatment outcome data to identify biomarkers of response and resistance mechanisms. Molecular profiling of treatment-naïve breast cancer samples revealed that expression levels of proliferation, immune response and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization combined predict response to chemotherapy. Triple negative patients with high proliferation, high immune response and low ECM expression had a significantly better treatment response and survival benefit (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10-0.85; p=0.02), while in ER+ patients the opposite was seen (HR 4.73, 95% CI 1.51-14.8; 0=0.008). The characterization of paired pre-and post-treatment samples revealed that aberrations of known cancer genes were either only present in the pre-treatment sample (CDKN1B) or in the post-treatment sample(TP53, APC, CTNNB1). Proliferation-associated genes were frequently down-regulated in post-treatment ER+ tumors, but not in triple negative tumors. Genes involved in ECM were upregulated in the majority of post-chemotherapy samples. Genomic and transcriptomic differences between pre- and post-chemotherapy samples are common and may reveal potential mechanisms of therapy resistance. Our results show a wide range of distinct, but related mechanisms, with a prominent role for proliferation- and ECM-related genes.

  Study EGAS00001005876

• Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Precursor Study

  Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer death in the world. High-risk areas occur across central Asia and from eastern to southern Africa, and in these populations, nearly all of the cases are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). ESCC has a dismal prognosis, largely because symptoms usually appear late in the course of the disease, when the tumors are incurable. Early detection and treatment of curable precursor lesions and early invasive ESCC in asymptomatic high-risk adults offers the potential for long-term survival and reduced mortality from this disease. Previous studies have shown that routine cytology of non-endoscopically collected esophageal cell samples is not sensitive and specific enough to be clinically useful, so we are now looking for molecular markers of high-grade esophageal squamous dysplasia (HGD), the proven clinically important precursor lesion of ESCC, that can be used to increase the accuracy and utility of this initial screening exam. National Cancer Institute (NCI) and Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) began collaborative studies of ESCC since the mid-1980s in China. The present proposal is designed to characterize the type and prevalence of DNA mutations in tissue samples of HGD and to establish biologic and questionnaire resources for further study. The proposed study has two components, a field study to obtain questionnaire data and biological samples, and a genomic analysis to perform sequencing of the biological samples and bioinformatics analysis of the sequencing. 

  Study phs002814

• Decoding Human Endogenous Retrovirus Expression in Liver Metastatic Colorectal Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis and Prognosis

  The association between Human Endogenous RetroVirus (HERV) expression and cancer can be considered to both reflect the epigenetic deregulation of cancer and facilitate oncogenesis through its promoter/enhancer action on genes. More than 50% of colorectal cancers develop liver metastases and HERV has never been studied in this setting. We collected 400 RNAseq samples from more than 200 patients with primary and liver metastases from published and unpublished databases. We corroborated our findings with tandem mass spectrometry from primary colorectal cancer and single-cell RNAseq from liver metastatic colorectal cancer (lmCRC). We identified global stability in HERV expression between liver metastases and primary colorectal cancers, suggesting an early oncogenic footprint. Therefore, we proposed a list of seventeen HERV loci for lmCRC characterization with ERV-derived peptides but no expression in normal tissues. Among them, we discovered six prognostic markers after surgical resection of lmCRC. Four of them, HERVH_Xp22.32a, HERVH_20p11.23b, HERVH_13q33.3, HERVH_13q31.3, showed poor prognostic value when expressed (log-rank p-value 0.028, 0.0083, 9e-4, 0.05, respectively). HERVH_Xp22.2c (log-rank p-value 0.032) and HERVH_8q21.3b (only in multivariate models) were associated with better prognosis when expressed. These markers showed a cumulative effect on survival when expressed. Some HERVs were associated with decreased cytotoxic immune cells and most of them correlated with cell cycle pathways. Our findings provide new insights into lmCRC classification and suggest novel prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS50000000307

• Delineating pediatric brain tumor progression using single-nuclei sequencing

  Pediatric brain cancers are the most common solid tumors in children with varying survival rates depending on molecular features of cancer cells and associated microenvironment. Several studies have used single-cell RNA sequencing to define transcriptional programs active in cancer cells and highlighted supportive roles of non-cancerous cells embedded in these tumors. Although application of single-cell RNA sequencing technology has expanded our understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity and underlying transcriptional mechanisms in brain tumors at diagnosis, mechanisms of disease remains elusive. Therefore, the purpose of this proposal is to characterize cellular and transcriptional states of malignant and non-malignant compartments at primary diagnosis and at relapse. In this study, we performed single-nuclei sequencing of 42 patient samples taken at various disease stages (initial diagnosis, progressive disease, and relapsed disease) from 20 patients with low-grade glioma or Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT). Bulk whole genome and RNA-seq data for these samples are available from the Children’s Brain Tumor Network and the Gabriella Miller Kids First Data Resource Center. Findings from our study will help define the mechanistic shifts of tumor and non-cancerous cells over course of disease progression. Collectively with the single-cell Pediatric Cancer Atlas funded, this project lays the foundation of an important data set focused on lethal relapsed cancers that can continue to be expanded to identify cancer-intrinsic and extrinsic microenvironmental factors supporting recurrence of pediatric brain tumors.

  Study EGAS50000001288

• Cistrome-partitioning reveals convergence of somatic mutations and risk-variants on master transcription regulators in primary prostate tumors

  Thousands of noncoding somatic Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) of unknown function are reported in tumors. Partitioning the genome according to cistromes, reveals the enrichment of somatic SNVs in prostate tumors as opposed to adjacent normal tissue cistromes of master transcription regulators, including AR, FOXA1 and HOXB13. This parallels enrichment of prostate cancer genetic predispositions over these transcription regulators’ tumor cistromes, exemplified at the 8q24 locus harboring both risk-variants and somatic SNVs in cis-regulatory elements, upregulating MYC expression and altering the binding of transcription regulators to DNA. However, Massively-Parallel Reporter Assays reveal that few SNVs can alter the transactivation potential of individual CREs. Instead, SNVs accumulate, similarly to inherited riskvariants, in cistromes of master transcription regulators required for prostate cancer development. Difficulties in inferring the biological significance of noncoding mutations have limited their inclusion in precision genomics medicine pipelines. Most attempts to delineate a role for noncoding mutations relied on detecting evidence for positive selection within individual CREs, such as reported for the TERT gene promoter. By considering the enrichment of noncoding mutations in cistromes as opposed to individual CREs, we reveal their specificity towards master transcription regulators that promote prostate cancer development, a feature shared with inherited risk-variants. Overall, our work provides a blueprint for the functional interpretation of noncoding mutations in genomic tests relying on defining cis-regulatory units according to cistrome-partitioning to identify cancer driver transcription regulators.

  Study EGAS00001003928

• Identification of the mutational consequences of precancerous liver disease (including alcohol abuse) on the genomes of human adult stem cells.

  Stem cells are believed to be the cells-of-origin cancer. Nevertheless, their genome remains remarkably stable during life. To increase insight into how these cells can drive tumorigenesis, we set out to determine the genomic integrity of human adult stem cells from patients with liver disease associated with increased cancer risk. To this end, we characterized genome-wide mutation profiles of single ASCs from livers of patients with alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic liver disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The patients included in our study received a liver transplant due to their liver disease. Strikingly, we found that ASCs in these livers maintain a stable genome and have comparable mutation rates as healthy human liver ASCs. We did observe more nonsense and nonsynonymous mutations in COSMIC cancer genes that are hit by dominant mutations in tumors in comparison to healthy ASCs (n.s.), including two ASCs in alcoholic liver disease patients with a nonsense mutation in PTPRK. Next, we sequenced 5 biopsies of an alcoholic tumour to identify the mutational patterns in the tumour-initiating ASC. We found that the mutational patterns are, again, similar to healthy liver, but the mutational load is slightly higher. This suggests that the increased cancer risk in the liver disease patients is not caused by an increased mutational load, but rather that the precancerous liver environment promotes outgrowth of cells that would normally be selected against.

  Study EGAS00001002983

• Characterizing Advanced Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Treatment Resistance through Serial Biopsies and Comprehensive Analytics

  This dataset accompanies the manuscript "Characterizing Advanced Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Treatment Resistance Through Serial Biopsies and Comprehensive Analytics". In this study we discuss the clinical implications and consequences of molecular heterogeneity in a metastatic breast cancer patient identified through serial biopsies, multi-omic analysis, and longitudinal patient monitoring, performed through the precision oncology program, Serial Measurements of Molecular and Architectural Responses to Therapy (SMMART). This case study describes a metastatic breast cancer patient with a highly heterogenous tumor that began as ER positive/HER2 negative on diagnosis, then was found to be ER negative/HER2 positive in a metastatic liver lesion (Study biopsy #1), and finally triple negative (TNBC) in another metastatic liver biopsy (Study biopsy #2). Multi-omic assays included clinical genomic panel sequencing, clinical immunohistochemistry, a clinical protein profiling assay (Intracellular Signaling Protein Profiling), RNA sequencing, and RPPA. Here we provide the expression data from RNAseq and RPPA data on Study biopsy #2 for the patient discussed in this case report. Note: The first liver biopsy did not yield sufficient material for RNAseq or RPPA.Raw RNA FASTQ files from Study biopsy #2 of the liver Gene expression (RNAseq) files from Study biopsy #2Protein expression (RPPA) files (level 2, 3, 4) for Study biopsy #2

  Study phs002321

• Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS)

  The Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), phase III, is a population-based study aiming to understand the social and molecular correlates of breast cancer outcomes, particularly among Black and young women. CBCS recruited first primary breast cancer cases from 44 North Carolina counties between 2008-2013. All cases were between age 20 and 74 and self-identified as female. Black women and young women were systematically oversampled by randomized recruitment such that the study includes approximately 50% Black women and approximately 50% women diagnosed before age 50. A total of 2,998 participants were enrolled. In the ten years following diagnosis, women completed surveys approximately every 1-2 years and diagnoses of subsequent distant local recurrence and second primary tumors were ascertained via linked medical records. We identified records of women who developed secondary breast tumors (including second primary tumors, contralateral breast cancers, and locoregional recurrences), and these participants were oversampled for targeted DNA sequencing using the UNCseq panel (~1200 genes).CBCS germline pathogenic mutations cannot be investigated because participants were consented between 2008 and 2013 with specific language prohibiting this. However, germline data can be used to call somatic mutations or to standardize somatic genomic data.For sharing of study data not included here, please visit unclineberger.org for instructions on submitting a data use agreement.

  Study phs003725

• CancerLocator: Non-Invasive Cancer Diagnosis and Tissue-of-Origin Prediction Using Methylation Profiles of Cell-Free DNA

  Background: The detection and characterization of cell-free DNA in plasma is one of the most promising new areas in cancer diagnosis. Liquid biopsy, unlike traditional tissue biopsy, has the potential to diagnose a variety of different malignancies. Results: Here we propose a probabilistic method, CancerLocator, which exploits the diagnostic potential of cell-free DNA by determining not only the presence but also the location of tumors. CancerLocator simultaneously infers the proportions and the tissue-of-origin of tumor-derived cell-free DNA in a blood sample using genome-wide DNA methylation data. We comprehensively evaluate CancerLocator with simulations and real data, and compare its performance with that of two established multi-class classification methods. We show that the predicted tumor burdens are highly consistent with the true values. In addition, when the proportion of tumor-derived DNAs in the cell-free DNAs is low, the two popular machine learning methods completely fail for cancer diagnosis, while CancerLocator successfully overcomes the challenge. CancerLocator also achieves promising results on patient plasma samples, despite the fact that the DNA methylation data from these samples has very low sequencing coverage. Conclusions: CfDNA methylation may be developed as an important approach for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001002211

• CancerDetector: Ultrasensitive and Non-Invasive Cancer Detection at the Resolution of Individual Reads using Cell-free DNA Methylation Sequencing Data

  The detection of tumor-derived cell-free DNA in plasma is one of the most promising directions in cancer diagnosis. The major challenge in such approach is how to identify the tiny amount of tumor DNAs out of total cell-free DNAs in blood. Here we propose an ultrasensitive cancer detection method, termed “CancerDetector”, using the DNA methylation profiles of cell-free DNAs. The key of our method is to probabilistically model the joint methylation patterns of multiple adjacent CpG sites on an individual sequencing read, in order to exploit the pervasive nature of DNA methylation for signal amplification. Therefore, CancerDetector can sensitively identify a trace amount of tumor cfDNAs in plasma, at the level of individual reads. We evaluated CancerDetector on the simulated data, and showed a high concordance of the predicted and true tumor burden. Testing CancerDetector on real plasma data demonstrated its high sensitivity and specificity in detecting tumor DNAs. In addition, the predicted tumor burden showed great consistency with tumor size and survival outcome. Note that all of those testing were performed on sequencing data at low to medium coverage (1X to 10X). Therefore, CancerDetector holds the great potential to detect cancer early and cost-effectively.

  Study EGAS00001002728

• Exome sequencing of a novel cervical cancer cell line

  Human cancer cell lines are largely used in the searching for new antineoplastic agents. However, due to the artifacts of a long-term in culture, cell lines do not always represent the realistic tumor cell behavior. This has motivated the development of models that better mimetics the tumor tissue, among them, the establishment of primary cell cultures. In this work, we establish and characterized a low-passage cervix cancer cell line from a Brazilian patient with squamous cell carcinoma. The phenotype confirms the epithelial and tumor origin, through cytokeratins, EpCAM, and p16 staining. Whole exome sequencing showed relevant somatic mutations in several genes including BRCA2, TGFBR1, and IRX2 genes. CNV analysis by nanostring and WGS revealed amplification in genes related mainly with kinases proteins, involved in proliferation, migration and cell differentiation, such as EGFR, PIK3CA, and MAPK7. Overexpression of EGFR was confirmed by phospho RTK-array and western blot analysis. Furthermore, the cell was sensitivity to cisplatin, with IC50 13 times lower than SiHa cell line. In conclusion, this cervical cancer cell line presents molecular alterations that are an important tool for leading pre-clinical studies of new drugs that target one or more of the altered pathways.

  Study EGAS00001003343

• A system-wide approach to monitor responses to synergistic BRAF and EGFR inhibition in colorectal cancer cells

  Molecular heterogeneity of tumors, epigenetic changes and a diverse range of molecular mechanisms are main contributors to drug resistance, which represents one of the great challenges in cancer treatment. A deeper understanding of the molecular biology of cancer has resulted in better targeted therapies, where one or multiple drugs are adopted in novel therapies to tackle resistance. This beneficial effect of using combination treatments has to some extent also been observed in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients harboring the BRAF(V600E) mutation, whereby dual inhibition of BRAF(V600E) and EGFR increases antitumor activity. Notwithstanding this success, it is not clear whether this combination treatment is the only or most effective treatment to block resistance. Here, we investigate molecular responses upon single and multi-target treatments, over time, using BRAF(V600E) mutant CRC cells as a well-define model system. Through integration of transcriptomic, proteomic and phosphoproteomics data we obtain a comprehensive overview, revealing both well-known and novel responses. We primarily observe widespread upregulation of tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and and metabolic pathways. This points to by which the treated cells switch energy sources as a defensive response entering a quiescent like state, while activating signalling to re-activate the MAPK pathway.

  Study EGAS00001002654

• Genomic evolution and transcriptional changes in the evolution of prostate cancer into neuroendocrine and ductal carcinoma types

  Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuro-endocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can al-so arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tis-sue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with 3 longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after development of treatment related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all sam-ples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for the ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common an-cestry and the process of evolution over time. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature.

  Study EGAS00001007412

• Genomic evolution and transcriptional changes in the evolution of prostate cancer into neuroendocrine and ductal carcinoma types (RNAseq)

  Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuro-endocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can al-so arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tis-sue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with 3 longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after development of treatment related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all sam-ples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for the ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common an-cestry and the process of evolution over time. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature.

  Study EGAS00001007428

• Osteosarcoma_Sequencing

  Genomic libraries (500 bps) will be generated from total genomic DNA derived from 25 osetocarcinoma samples and subjected to total of three lanes of 37 bp paired end sequencing on the llumina GA per sample. Paired reads will be mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the generation of genome wide copy number information, and the identification of novel rearranged cancer genes and gene fusions.

  Study EGAS00001000013

• ADCC_Rearrangement_Screen

  Genomic libraries (500 bps) will be generated from total genomic DNA derived from 25 adenoid cystic carcinoma samples and subjected to total of eight lanes of 37 bp, paired end sequencing on the llumina GA. Paired reads will be mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the generation of genome wide copy number information, and the identification of novel rearranged cancer genes and gene fusions.

  Study EGAS00001000030

• Endogenous CD4+ T Cells Recognize Neoantigens in Lung Cancer Patients, including KRAS and ERBB2 (Her2) Driver Mutations

  Neoantigen-specific T cell responses were characterized in 4 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Candidate neoantigens were identified by sequencing tumor and normal DNA from each patient, and ranking single nucleotide variants by expression. Multiple T cell responses were isolated, and in two patients with lung adenocarcinoma, CD4+ T cell responses to recurrent oncogenic mutations in KRAS and Her2 were identified.

  Study phs001805

• Phase IB/II Study of Bazedoxifene in Combination with Palbociclib in Patients with Endocrine Resistant Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

  In this phase Ib/II clinical trial, the investigators evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combination of palbociclib with bazedoxifene in patients with a metastatic endocrine-resistant hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, whole exome sequencing of cell-free tumor DNA was done on serial samples from these patients, revealing potential molecular changes associated with mechanisms of resistance.

  Study phs002802

• Epigenetic Mechanisms of Inflammation and Fatigue in Head and Neck Cancer

  This was a longitudinal observational study to examine the association between fatigue and DNA methylation as well as gene expression among patients with head and neck cancer. Demographic and clinical variables were collected before chemoradiotherapy and/or at follow-up visits as appropriate. Fatigue was assessed and biosamples (for DNA methylation and gene expression) were collected before, immediately after, and at six- and twelve-months post-chemoradiotherapy.

  Study phs002106

• FOCUS Trial

  We studied patients with advanced colorectal cancer, starting treatment with non-curative intent. 2135 unpretreated patients were randomly assigned to three treatment strategies in the ratio 1:1:1. Strategy A (control group) was single-agent fl uorouracil (given with levofolinate over 48 h every 2 weeks) until failure, then single-agent irinotecan. Strategy B was fl uorouracil until failure, then combination chemotherapy. Strategy C was combination chemotherapy from the outset.

  Study EGAS50000000725

• Childhood Cancer Data Initiative (CCDI): Texas Pediatric Patient Derived Xenograft 

  The DNA/RNA samples of patients for which PDX models were developed were from a population of children, adolescents, and young adults from South Texas. Consent was obtained for collection of malignant and non-malignant tissue samples for genetic analysis and for the development of models to study new ways to treat cancer. For additional details, please refer to these publications: PMID: 37915590; PMID: 37990009.

  Study phs003215

• Longitudinal therapy monitoring of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (copy number, cell-free DNA)

  Clinical courses of non-small cell lung cancer patients with ALK rearrangements (ALK+ NSCLC) vary widely. We analyzed 271 longitudinal plasma samples from 73 patients with advanced ALK+ NSCLC treated with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors by combined hybrid-capture-based targeted sequencing (average 4,100x coverage) for mutation analysis and shallow whole genome sequencing (0.5x coverage) for global copy number profiling from cfDNA.

  Study EGAS00001004276

• Immunological hallmarks for clinical response to BCG in bladder cancer

  Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an effective immunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, recurrence and progression remain frequent warranting deeper insights into its mechanism. We herein comprehensively profiled blood and tissues obtained from NMIBC patients before, during and after BCG treatment using cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) and RNA sequencing to identify the key immune subsets crucial for anti-tumour activity.

  Study EGAS00001004764

• RNAseq_of_ribosomal_footprints

  Cancer genes can affect ribosomal RNA processing and this can underlie their essentiality to cells, making them cell-essential in the same way as ribosomal genes themselves. We want to confirm this, in order to understand the results of our CRISPR drop-out screens.NOTE FROM BESPOKE TEAM: Run a single read 1 (forward read) of 30 bases, then an index 1 read as normal. This would fit a 50cycle kit

  Study EGAS00001001591

• MDSMPN_Rearrangement_Screen

  Genomic libraries (500 bps) will be generated from total genomic DNA derived from 11 Myelodysplastic Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDSMPN) and subjected to total of two lanes of 50 bp, paired end sequencing on the llumina HiSeq. Paired reads will be mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the generation of genome wide copy number information, and the identification of novel rearranged cancer genes and gene fusions.

  Study EGAS00001000034

• Gastric_and_Esophageal_tumour_rearrangement_screen

  Genomic libraries (500 bps) will be generated from total genomic DNA derived from gastric and esophageal tumours and subjected to total of two lanes of 50 bp, paired end sequencing on the llumina HiSeq. Paired reads will be mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the generation of genome wide copy number information, and the identification of novel rearranged cancer genes and gene fusions.

  Study EGAS00001000037

• Splenic_Marginal_Zone_Lymphoma_with_villous_lymphocytes_exome_sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from ~3 Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma with villous lymphocytes samples and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Samples will be multiplexed in one lane of Illumina HiSeq. Sequencing to a coverage of at least 30x will be performed and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000139

• Acute_Myeloid_Leukemia_Sequencing

  Genomic libraries (500 bps) will be generated from total genomic DNA derived from 25 acute myeloid leukemia samples and subjected to total of eight lanes of 37 bp, paired end sequencing on the llumina GA. Paired reads will be mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the generation of genome wide copy number information, and the identification of novel rearranged cancer genes and gene fusions.

  Study EGAS00001000209

• Comprehensive investigation of genome architecture of papillary thyroid cancer with whole-exon sequencing in the Chinese population.

  In this study, we performed whole-exon sequencing (WES) of 50 paired PTC tumors and adjacent normal tissues to identify novel potential biomarkers. We extracted mutational signatures which induce somatic mutations. Moreover, we observed copy number changes frequently occurring in some cancer related genes. Our study covers a comprehensive genetic framework that can be used in clinical trials and treatment modalities in PTC.

  Study EGAS00001002402

• Targeted sequencing DDR genes in cancer stem cells

  Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) show heterogeneous levels of constitutive replication stress leading distinct dependence on the replication stress response. The aim of the projects was to find genetic, epigenetic, phenotypic factors associated with the resistance of colorectal CSCs to inhibitors of the ATR/CHK1 pathway, which regulates of the replication stress response. Different pairs of colorectal CSCs sensitive and resistant to ATR or CHK1 inhibitors were analyzed

  Study EGAS00001004892

• Whole genome sequencing of tumour and matched normal from patients with family history of breast cancer

  Analysis of whole genome sequencing of tumour and matched normal from familial breast cancer patients who had previously undergone clinical germline testing for variation in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The patients were either carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants or non-carriers high-risk individuals (non-BRCA1/2). Somatic mutational signatures were used to study tumour aetiology of these individuals.

  Study EGAS00001003305

• Transcriptional Profiling of Macrophages In Situ in Metastatic Melanoma Reveals Localization-Dependent Phenotypes and Function

  Therapeutic interventions modulating immune function at the tumor site could improve outcomes in cancer. Here we analyzed metastatic melanoma, a tumor type highly responsive to T-cell based therapies, and found that the tumor-infiltrating T cells are localized closely to CD14+ monocytes/macrophages rather than to melanoma cells. Using novel immunofluorescence-guided laser capture micro-dissection, we analyzed transcriptomes of CD3+ T cells, CD14+ monocytes/macrophages and melanoma cells in non-dissociated tissue. CD14+ cells localized in tumors beds displayed specific transcriptional signatures distinct from CD14+ cells that were localized in tumor stroma.The 8 distinct metastatic melanoma samples are from the Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN). 64 RNA-seq files are available from 16 intraCD14+, 16 stromaCD14+, 16 cancer cells, 8 intraCD3+ and 8 stromaCD3+ cells. 2 LCM harvests were completed for the CD14+ and cancer cells on two sections of the samples. One harvest was done for the CD3+ samples.The processed data (TPM/raw counts tables) are available on GEO under GSE180124. 

  Study phs002564

• CPTAC: Microscaled Proteogenomic Methods for Precision Oncology

  Cancer proteogenomics combines genomics, transcriptomics and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to gain insights into cancer biology and treatment outcomes. To promote clinical investigation, we developed a "microscaled" proteogenomics approach for tumor-rich frozen core needle biopsies. Tissue-sparing specimen processing ("Biopsy Trifecta EXTraction", BioTExt) and microscaled proteomics (MiProt) generated deep-scale proteogenomics datasets. As a proofof- concept, biopsies were accrued from ERBB2 positive (ERBB2+) breast cancers before and 48 to 72 hours after the first dose of neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based chemotherapy. Multi-omics comparisons were conducted between samples associated with residual disease versus complete pathological response (pCR). Integrated analyses diagnosed diverse molecular causes of treatmentresistance including: 1) absence of ERBB2 amplification (false-ERBB2&#43); 2) insufficient ERBB2 activity for therapeutic sensitivity despite ERBB2 amplification (pseudo-ERBB2&#43); 3) resistance features in true-ERBB2+ cases including androgen receptor signaling, mucin expression and an inactive immune microenvironment; 4) lack of acute phospho-ERBB2 down-regulation in nonpCR cases. We conclude microscaled cancer proteogenomics could improve diagnostic precision.

  Study phs001907

• Development of the prevention and therapy of CRC using patient derived culture tissues.

  Tumor tissues consist of functionally heterogeneous cells including those with high clonogenic potential called cancer stem cells (CSCs) which produce differentiated non-tumorigenic progenies. Transplantation assays have been performed to identify cell surface markers in solid tumors including colorectal cancers, which identified several CSC markers such as CD133 and CD44. In addition to the transplantation, the lineage tracing of genetically labelling cells in animal models of cancer qhas been employed to explore the cellular heterogeneity of tumors by identifying the CSCs and its progenies. This approach is particularly useful to investigate solid tumors, where cellular proliferation and differentiation are controlled by niche factors and cell-cell contact with adjacent cells. Lineage tracing of mouse model of cancer unravel the mode of growth of autochthonous tumor in their native environment. In this study, we used patient derived organoids (PDO) established from surgically resected CRC patients to identify the CSC. Single cell RNA-seq analysis identified potential CRC markers, which may exhibit self-renewal activity and produce progenitors

  Study JGAS000139

• METABRIC: Data from Pereira et al (2016), The somatic mutation profiles of 2433 breast cancers refine their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes. Nat Comms 7.

  The genomic landscape of breast cancer is complex, and inter- and intra-tumour heterogeneity are important challenges in treating the disease. In this study, we sequence 173 genes in 2433 primary breast tumours that have copy number aberration (CNA), gene expression, and long-term clinical follow-up data. We identify 40 mutation-driver (Mut-driver) genes, and determine associations between mutations, driver CNA profiles, clinical-pathological parameters, and survival. We assess the clonal states of Mut-driver mutations, and estimate levels of intratumour heterogeneity using mutant allele fractions. Associations between PIK3CA mutations and reduced survival are identified in three subgroups of ER-positive cancer (defined by amplification of 17q23, 11q13-14 or 8q24). High levels of intratumour heterogeneity are in general associated with worse outcome, but highly aggressive tumours with 11q13-14 amplification have low levels of intratumour heterogeneity. These results emphasise the importance of genome-based stratification of breast cancer, and have important implications for designing therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS00001001753

• Dissecting intratumor heterogeneity of nodal B cell lymphoma on the transcriptional, genetic, and drug response level

  Tumor heterogeneity encompasses both the malignant cells and their microenvironment. While heterogeneity between individual patients is well-known to affect the efficacy of anti-cancer, most personalized treatment approaches do not account for intratumor heterogeneity. We addressed this issue by studying the heterogeneity of lymph node-derived B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) by single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and transcriptome-informed flow cytometry. We identified transcriptionally distinct malignant subclones and compared their drug response and genomic profiles. Malignant subclones of the same patient responded strikingly different to anti-cancer drugs ex vivo, which recapitulated subclone-specific drug sensitivity during in vivo treatment. Tumor infiltrating T cells represented the majority of non-malignant cells, whose gene expression signatures were similar across all donors, whereas the frequencies of T cell subsets varied significantly between the donors. Our data provide new insights into the heterogeneity of B-NHL and highlight the relevance of intratumor heterogeneity for personalized cancer therapies.

  Study EGAS00001004335

• Analysis of DNA methylation in normal B cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia

  Charting differences between tumors and normal tissue is a mainstay of cancer research. However, clonal tumor expansion from complex normal tissue architectures potentially obscures cancer-specific events, including divergent epigenetic patterns. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of normal B cell subsets, we observed broad epigenetic programming of selective transcription factor binding sites coincident with the degree of B cell maturation. By comparing normal B cells to malignant B cells from 268 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we showed that tumors derive largely from a continuum of maturation states reflected in normal developmental stages. Epigenetic maturation in CLL was associated with an indolent gene expression pattern and increasingly favorable clinical outcomes.As second study using these samples focued on evolution and resulting intra-tumor heterogeneity in CLL. We used 450k bead-chip arrays to study DNA methylomes in 68 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases, including 28 serial cases. The result establishs linked evolution of epigenetic and genetic alterations in progressive disease, revealing an important aspect of the biology of epigenetics in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000534

• Sequencing of an organoid biobank for childhood kidney cancers that captures disease and tissue heterogeneity.

  Kidney tumors are among the most common solid tumors in children, comprising several distinct subtypes differing in many aspects, including cell-of-origin, genetics, and pathology. Pre-clinical cell models capturing the disease heterogeneity are currently lacking. Here, we describe the first pediatric cancer organoid biobank. It contains tumor and matching normal organoids from over 50 children with different subtypes of kidney cancer, including Wilms tumors, malignant rhabdoid tumors, renal cell carcinomas, and congenital mesoblastic nephromas. The malignant rhabdoid tumor organoids represent the first organoid model for tumors of non-epithelial origin. The tumor organoids retain key properties of native tumors, useful for revealing patient specific drug vulnerabilities. We further demonstrate that organoid cultures derived from Wilms tumors consist of multiple different cell types, including epithelial, stromal and blastemal-like. Our organoid biobank captures the cellular heterogeneity of pediatric kidney tumors, providing a representative collection of well-characterized models for basic cancer research, drug-screening, and personalized medicine.

  Study EGAS00001003853

• Pheno-Seq, linking 3D phenotypes of clonal tumor spheroids to gene expression

  3D-culture systems have advanced cancer modeling by reflecting physiological characteristics of in-vivo tissues, but our understanding of functional intratumor heterogeneity including visual phenotypes and underlying gene expression is still limited. Transcriptional heterogeneity can be dissected by single-cell RNA-sequencing, but these technologies suffer from low RNA-input and fail to directly correlate gene expression with contextual cellular phenotypes. Here we present pheno-seq for integrated high-throughput imaging and transcriptomic profiling of clonal tumor spheroids derived from 3D models of breast and colorectal cancer. Specifically, we identify characteristic expression signatures that are associated with heterogeneous invasive and proliferative behavior including a rare cell subtype. Furthermore, we identify functionally relevant transcriptional regulators missed by single-cell RNA-seq, link visual phenotypes defined by heterogenous expression to inhibitor response and infer single-cell regulatory states by deconvolution. We anticipate that directly linking molecular features with patho-phenotypes of cancer cells will improve the understanding of intratumor heterogeneity and consequently prove to be useful for translational research.

  Study EGAS00001002999

• Combined hereditary and somatic mutations of replication error repair genes result in rapid onset of ultra-hypermutated cancers

  DNA replication-associated mutations are repaired by two components: polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair. The mutational consequences of disruption to both repair components in humans are not well studied. We sequenced cancer genomes from children with inherited biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (bMMRD). High-grade bMMRD brain tumors exhibited massive numbers of substitution mutations (>250/Mb) – higher than all childhood and most cancers (>7000 analyzed). All ultra-hypermutated bMMRD cancers acquired early somatic driver mutations in DNA polymerases epsilon or delta. The ensuing mutation signatures and numbers are unique and diagnostic of childhood germline bMMRD (p<10e-13). Sequential tumor biopsy analysis revealed that bMMRD/polymerase mutant cancers rapidly amass an excess of simultaneous mutations (~600 mutations/cell division), reaching but not exceeding ~20,000 exonic mutations in <6 months. Thus implying a threshold compatible with cancer cell survival. We suggest a new mechanism of cancer progression in which mutations develop in a rapid burst after ablation of replication repair.

  Study EGAS00001001112

• MED12L Gene Alterations Define Aggressive BRCA2-Mutant Prostate Cancers

  Germline mutation of BRCA2 increases the lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa) by over 700%. BRCA2-mutant PCa have poorer prognosis than sporadic PCa, with rapid development of metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and 5-year cancer-specific survival rates of ~50-60%1-4. Despite this, unique genomic driver events that explain the aggressiveness of localized BRCA2-mutant PCa are lacking. We used whole-genome sequencing to fully characterize 14 BRCA2-mutant PCa and demonstrate that BRCA2-mutant PCa is associated with increased genetic instability and a mutually exclusive mutational burden when compared to sporadic PCa. Importantly, BRCA2-mutated cancers are defined by unique copy number gains and hypomethylation events, including alterations in the MED12L/MED12 axis, which are found solely in mCRPC and are enriched in PCa tumours harbouring aggressive intraductal carcinoma (IDC-P) pathologic sub-types. Our findings begin to explain the clinical entity of BRCA2-mutated PCa as these tumours have a unique and aggressive genotype de novo, associated with IDC-P and mCRPC, even in the hormone-naive setting.

  Study EGAS00001001615

• Long-read sequencing of diagnosis and post-therapy medulloblastoma reveals complex rearrangement patterns and epigenetic signatures

  Cancer genomes harbor a broad spectrum of structural variants (SV) driving tumorigenesis, a relevant subset of which are likely to escape discovery in short reads. We employed Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing in a paired diagnostic and post-therapy medulloblastoma to unravel the haplotype-resolved somatic genetic and epigenetic landscape. We assemble complex rearrangements and such associated with telomeric sequences, including a 1.55 Megabasepair chromothripsis event. We uncover a complex SV pattern termed "templated insertion thread", characterized by short (mostly less than 1kb) insertions showing prevalent self-concatenation into highly amplified structures of up to 50kbp in size. Templated insertion threads occur in 3% of cancers, with a prevalence ranging to 74% in liposarcoma, and frequent colocalization with chromothripsis. We also perform long-read based methylome profiling and discover allele-specific methylation (ASM) effects, complex rearrangements exhibiting differential methylation, and differential promoter methylation in seven cancer-driver genes. Our study shows the potential of long-read sequencing in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001006576

• Analysis of four key cell types (epithelial, fbroblast, myeloid and T cells)

  Alterations of the normal prostate epithelial cell genome trigger the emergence of carcinoma, however cancer-only analyses of genomic aberrations have resulted in little clinical translation. A deep understanding of the tumor microenvironment is likely to inform on key drivers of disease progression and novel therapeutic opportunities. We investigated the role of key cell types along disease progression, profiling the RNA abundance of 52 samples from 13 patients enriched for one of four key cell types, spanning a wide CAPRA-S risk score range. Using a novel differential transcription Bayes method, TABI, we avoided a priori patient stratification, and mapped transcriptional alteration events to specific risk scores. The developmental and cell-type resolution yielded a landscape of concurrent transcriptional alterations from the tumour microenvironment, including key hallmarks. These transcriptional signatures permitted the identification of a “high survival” patient cluster in an independent prostate cancer dataset. Most importantly, together with our integrated transcriptional analysis, differential tissue composition analysis provided evidence for a key role for monocytes and macrophages in prostate cancer progression and disease recurrence.

  Study EGAS00001003579

• Broad utility of ultrasensitive analysis of ctDNA dynamics across solid tumors treated with immunotherapy

  Prior studies have suggested the biomarker potential of plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In order to characterize the potential role of ultrasensitive ctDNA detection in the management of these patients we have performed tumor whole-genome-informed, ultrasensitive ctDNA analysis—tracking approximately 1,800 tumor-specific mutations per patient—in a retrospective cohort (n=136) and a prospective validation cohort (n=66) across 24 cancer types treated with ICIs alone or in combination with bispecific antibodies or immune cell engagers. Analyzing 1,455 longitudinal samples, we found that ctDNA molecular response measured as early as 3 weeks after treatment initiation correlated with improved progression-free and overall survival, while ctDNA clearance at any time strongly correlated with radiological response and prolonged survival. Additionally, ctDNA dynamics distinguished true progression from pseudoprogression and predicted outcomes in patients receiving continued immunotherapy beyond initial progression. This study highlights the broader applicability of ultrasensitive ctDNA as a biomarker across cancer types and immunotherapy modalities.

  Study EGAS50000001333

• RNA sequencing of PTCL-NOS

  Study EGAS00001005015

• Genomic landscape of DS-ALL

  Study EGAS00001006600

• Genetic landscape of ENKTCL

  Study EGAS00001006906

• Breast cancer sequencing data

  Study EGAS00001007336

• National Cancer Institute Genome-Wide Association Study of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  The National Cancer Institute (NCI) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was conducted to investigate common genetic variants associated with RCC risk. The GWAS includes 1,453 RCC cases and 3,531 controls of European background from 4 studies (3 cohort, 1 case-control), scanned using the Illumina InfiniumHumanHap 550, 610 and 660W chips. This project was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health and NCI. Data from this GWAS were pooled with those from another GWAS of RCC (2,639 cases and 5,392 controls) conducted in Europe by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Centre National de Gènotypage. Findings from this collaboration are described in an upcoming report (Purdue et al. Nature Genetics 2011;43(1):60-65; PMID: 21131975). Only data from the NCI scan are included in this dbGaP submission.

  Study phs000351

• SU2C-MARK Lung Cancer Consortium - Checkpoint Blockade Response Project

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a critical part of the armamentarium against advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). While early studies have identified Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) and PD-L1 staining as important biomarkers of response, they remain imperfect predictors. Here we describe a multi-institutional effort as part of the SU2C-MARK Lung Cancer Consortium in which Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) - and in select cases, RNA sequencing – was performed on a large collection of NSCLC samples prior to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, along with matched clinical response data following therapy. (Profiling of a small number of on- or post-treatment samples was also performed.) We anticipate this dataset to be of high value for the development of a deep understanding of the molecular determinants of immune checkpoint blockade response as well as the discovery of novel biomarkers.

  Study phs002822

• A Pilot Study of Neoadjuvant Nivolumab, Ipilimumab and Intralesional Oncolytic Virotherapy for HER2-Negative Breast Cancer

  This study was a single arm phase 1 trial that assessed the regimen safety and feasibility as well as tumor response in patients with localized HER2-negative breast cancer treated with talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in combination with nivolumab and ipilimumab. The primary objective was to evaluate the safety and adverse event profile of this treatment combination. Six patients were enrolled, four having relapses after prior neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and two who were previously untreated. One patient had a pathological complete response, three patients had pathological partial responses, one showed no significant response, and one had disease progression. Biopsies demonstrated increased immune cell infiltration in samples from patients who responded to therapy. In this study, the checkpoint blockade immunotherapy combined with T-VEC provided responses in patients with advanced or relapsed HER2-negative breast cancer at the expense of long-term toxicities.

  Study phs003316