4955 results for "*oma"

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• Independent development of lymphoid and histiocytic malignancies from a shared early precursor

  Recent reports have described lineage flexibility in patients with recurrent hematologic malignancies. We encountered a boy with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and histiocytic sarcoma. All tumors showed identical T-cell receptor rearrangements, but SNP arrays and whole exome sequencing revealed unique aberrations in each tumor. From the genetic data we conclude that the tumors were derived from a precursor cell with lineage plasticity for both lymphoid and myeloid development. From this precursor cell, the tumors evolved with independent genetic progression in a non-linear manner.

  Study EGAS00001001353

• Cell fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy pre- and post-treatment

  Human glioblastomas (GBMs) are thought to harbour a subpopulation of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that initiate tumour formation and regrowth following treatment. However, the origin of their proliferative heterogeneity during tumour growth pre- and post-treatment remains poorly understood. Here we study the clonal evolution of DNA barcoded GBMs following their serial propagation in xenograft mouse models to define the fate behaviour of individual GBM cells. Through quantitative analysis of clone sizes scored across multiple passages, we show that the growth of GBM clones in vivo are consistent with a remarkably neutral process resulting from a conserved proliferative hierarchy. In this model, slow-cycling stem-like cells give rise to a more rapidly cycling progenitor population with extensive self-maintenance capacity, that in turn generates short-lived cells that lack proliferative ability. We also identify rare "outlier" clones that deviate from these dynamics, and further show that chemotherapy reproducibly facilitates the selective expansion of pre-existing drug-resistant GBM lineages. Finally, we show that coexisting, functionally distinct GSCs may be targeted separately with epigenetic compounds. These findings show that, independent of an evolving mutational signature, the clonal dynamics of human GBM can be surprisingly robust, with intratumoural heterogeneity derived primarily from the defined stochastic fate behaviour of tumour cells within a conserved proliferative hierarchy.

  Study EGAS00001002424

• The evolutionary trajectory of a highly recurrent paediatric high grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1:BEND2 fusion

  Astroblastomas are rare brain tumours which predominate in children and young adults, and have a controversial claim as a distinct entity, with no established WHO grade. Reports suggest a better outcome than high grade gliomas, though they frequently recur. Recently, they have been described to overlap with a newly-discovered group of tumours described as ’high grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1 alteration’ (CNS HGNET-MN1), defined by global methylation patterns and strongly associated with gene fusions targeting MN1. We have studied a unique case of astroblastoma arising in a 6 year old girl, with multiple recurrences over a period of 10 years, with the pathognomonic MN1:BEND2 fusion. Exome sequencing allowed for a phylogenetic reconstruction of tumour evolution, which when integrated with clinical, pathological and radiological data provide for a thorough understanding of disease progression, with initial treatment driving tumour dissemination along four distinct trajectories. Infiltration of distant sites was associated with a later genome doubling, whilst there was evidence of convergent evolution of different lesions acquiring distinct alterations targeting NF-κB. These data represent an usual opportunity to understand the evolutionary history of a highly recurrent childhood brain tumour, and provide novel therapeutic targets for astroblastoma / CNS HGNET-MN1.

  Study EGAS00001002432

• Exome Sequencing to Define the Landscape of Plasma Cells in Systemic Light chain Amyloidosis

  Systemic light chain amyloidosis (AL) is characterized by the deposition of immunoglobulin light chains as amyloid fibrils in different organs, where they form toxic protein aggregates. The underlying disease is a plasma cell disorder, but limited whole exome data are available. We report the findings of an exome sequencing study in AL to define a plasma cell signature and compare this to monoclonal gammopathy of undefined significance (MGUS) and myeloma (MM). Twenty-four samples from unselected newly diagnosed untreated AL patients were analysed. CD138+ cells were isolated from bone marrow cells using MACSorting (Miltenyi Biotech, Bisley, UK). Cells were lysed in RLT+ buffer and DNA/RNA extracted using the AllPrep kit (Qiagen, Manchester, UK). Peripheral blood was isolated from patients, white blood cells purified by Ficoll-Pacque and DNA extracted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen). There were a median of 47 acquired nonsynonymous variants (range 4-253) per patient. Thirty percent of patients yielded a mutation in a myeloma driver gene. These mutations were either clonal or sub-clonal. There was evidence of MAPK activation with NRAS mutations, NF-κB activation and DNA repair pathway alterations. Exome data were used to determine the cytogenetic groups of AL samples and identified hyperdiploidy in 33% of cases and t(11;14) in 33% of cases. All translocations were generated via class switch recombination and breakpoints on chromosome 11 fell into the expected regions. A novel translocation, unlikely to be driving disease progression was identified involving RCC1. Finally, further analysis of the APCS gene encoding for the SAP protein did not show any biased genotype in the AL population in comparison to the general population. We conclude that exome sequencing identifies a genetic make-up of AL that is similar to other plasma cell disorders such as MM and MGUS. This not only includes copy number abnormalities and translocations but also nonsynonymous mutations.

  Study EGAS00001001418

• Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analysis of adult leiomyosarcoma (HIPO-028, HIPO-018, HIPO-021)

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is an aggressive mesenchmyal malignancy with few therapeutic options. The mechanisms underlying LMS development, including clinically actionable genetic vulnerabilities, are largely unknown. We performed genomic and transcriptomic profiling of a large cohort of LMS tumors and identified substantial mutational heterogeneity, near-universal inactivation of TP53 and RB1, widespread DNA copy number alterations, chromothripsis, and frequent whole-genome duplication. Furthermore, we discovered recurrent alterations in telomere maintenance genes such as ATRX, RBL2, and RPA1, resulting in alternative lengthening of telomeres in 78% of cases. Finally, most tumors displayed hallmarks of “BRCAness”, including alterations in various homologous recombination DNA repair genes, multiple structural rearrangements, and enrichment of specific mutational signatures, and cultured LMS cells were sensitive towards olaparib and cisplatin treatment. This first comprehensive study of genetic alterations in LMS has uncovered key biological features that may inform future experimental research and enable the design of novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.

  Study EGAS00001002437

• Successful immune checkpoint blockade in a patient with advanced stage microsatellite unstable biliary tract cancer (H021)

  Cancers acquire multiple somatic mutations that can lead to the generation of immunogenic mutation-induced neoantigens. These neoantigens can be recognized by the host’s immune system. However, continuous stimulation of immune cells against tumor antigens can lead to immune cell exhaustion, which allows uncontrolled outgrowth of tumor cells. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a novel approach to overcome immune cell exhaustion and re-activate anti-tumor immune responses. In particular, antibodies blocking the exhaustion-mediating programmed death receptor (PD-1)/PD-L1 pathway have shown clinical efficacy. The effects were particularly pronounced in tumors with DNA mismatch repair deficiency and a high mutational load, which typically occur in the colon and endometrium. Here, we report on a 24-year old woman diagnosed with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who showed strong and durable response to the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab, although treatment was initiated at an advanced stage of disease. The patient’s tumor displayed DNA mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability (MSI), but lacked other features commonly discussed as predictors of response towards checkpoint blockade, such as PD-L1 expression or dense infiltration with cytotoxic T cells. Notably, high levels of HLA class I and II antigen expression were detected in the tumor, suggesting a potential causal relation between functionality of the tumor’s antigen presentation machinery and the success of immune checkpoint blockade. We suggest determining MSI status in combination with HLA class I and II antigen expression in tumors potentially eligible for immune checkpoint blockade even in the absence of conventional markers predictive for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and in entities not commonly linked to MSI phenotype. Further studies are required to determine the value of these markers for predicting the success of immune checkpoint blockade. (H021)

  Study EGAS00001002441

• Whole genome sequencing of metastatic melanomas from a patient with primary resistance to BRAF inhibition

  Here, we investigated the underlying cause of treatment failure in a patient with BRAF mutant melanoma who presented primary resistance. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to characterise five metastatic tumours from a BRAF mutant melanoma patient who presented intrinsic resistance.

  Study EGAS00001000580

• RNAseq of preneoplasia lung adenocarcinoma

  RNA sequencing of 168 pulmonary samples including lung preneoplasia atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH, N=38), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS, N=22), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA, N=19) and invasive lung adenocarcinoma (ADC, N=38) and adjacent lung tissues (Normal, N=62).

  Study EGAS50000000271

• Clonal_expansion_of_mutated_cell_population_in_bladder_urothelium_

  1cm biospies of from patients undergoing bladder cystectomy will be collected. The underlying muscle and stroma will be removed and the remaining epithelia dissected into small sequential areas which will be sent for ultra-deep exome sequencing using a panel of known cancer and viral genes. Sequence analysis using similar methods to Martincorena I et al (Science 2015, 348:880) will provide an idea of the somatic mutational landscape in these patient samples. Individual patient muscle samples will also be sequenced as a reference.

  Study EGAS00001001687

• Successful BRAF/MEK-inhibition in a young patient with BRAF V600E-mutated extrapancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (HIPO-021)

  Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PAC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. Treatment options for metastatic PAC are limited and often follow chemotherapeutic regimens for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although recurrent genomic alterations, such as BRAF fusions and defects in genes involved in homologous recombination DNA repair, have been described in PAC, data on the clinical efficacy of molecularly guided, targeted treatment are scarce. Here we describe the case of a 27-yr-old patient with BRAF V600E-mutated PAC who was successfully treated with a combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors. The patient presented to our clinic with abdominal pain and weight loss. Imaging showed extensive retroperitoneal disease as well as mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Because of elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and inconclusive histologic findings, a germ cell tumor was suspected; however, PEI chemotherapy was unsuccessful. A repeat biopsy yielded the diagnosis of PAC and treatment with FOLFIRINOX was initiated. Comprehensive molecular profiling within the MASTER (Molecularly Aided Stratification for Tumor Eradication Research) precision oncology program revealed a somatic BRAF V600E mutation and a germline PALB2 stop-gain mutation. Therapy was therefore switched to BRAF/MEK inhibition, resulting in almost complete remission and disease control for 12 mo and a remarkable improvement in the patient's general condition. These results indicate that BRAF alterations are a valid therapeutic target in PAC that should be routinely assessed in this patient population.

  Study EGAS00001004282

• Melanoma_C32_ENU_Resistance_to_Single_Agent_Therapy

  This study involves mutagenizing C32, a melanoma cell line, with ENU to identify those mutations which engender resistance to a targeted treatment.

  Study EGAS00001001697

• Myeloma_Follow_up_Pilot

  Targeted capture of exonic and intronic regions of interest for the study of genomic alterations in multiple myeloma.

  Study EGAS00001000743

• Linking genes, genomic instability and molecular subgroups in medulloblastoma

  Brain tumors are the second most common pediatric cancer and carry the highest mortality rates in this age group. Medulloblastoma is the most frequent malignant brain tumor of childhood. Recent studies indicate that medulloblastoma comprises at least four sub-entities (SHH-signaling, WNT-signaling, Group-C, Group-D) that differ in molecular alterations, cell of origin, clinicopathological features and outcome. Further characterization of the entire spectrum of genomic alterations underlying the formation of these distinct groups is urgently needed to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for clinical management and uncover novel therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001000085

• Integrated Single-Nucleus and Spatial Transcriptomics Elucidate Heterogeneity and Hypoxia-Driven Organization of Supratentorial Ependymoma

  Supratentorial ependymomas are often life-threatening brain tumours that are characterised by significant molecular heterogeneity. In this study, single-nucleus (n = 63) and spatial transcriptomics (n = 30) was performed to delineate the cellular and spatial landscape of supratentorial ependymoma. This study characterises the transcriptional consensus programs of this entity and connects them to clinical outcome. Two previously undescribed programs – associated with the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and the ZFTA fusion identity – are shown to be related to highly unfavourable outcome and to be exclusive to ZFTA fusion-positive tumours. Also, Hypoxia is proposed as the potential driver of spatial organisation, which may affect treatment success.

  Study EGAS50000001318

• H3K27ac and RNA-seq data of neuroblastoma PDXs and/or primary tumors

  This study includes H3K27ac ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data of 6 neuroblastoma PDXs. It also contains RNA-seq data of 3 pairs of neuroblastoma tumors obtained at diagnosis and relapse. The MAP-GR-B25-NB-1 PDX was derived from the relapse of pair 1.

  Study EGAS00001002505

• Changes in AXL and/or MITF melanoma subpopulations in patients receiving immunotherapy

  Our data demonstrate large interpatient variability and variable therapy-induced changes independent of the type of therapy. We identify the presence of previously described AXL+ and MITF+ subpopulations in metastatic tissues both at the mRNA level and in situ at the protein level, and demonstrate that MITF+ melanoma cells are significantly decreased upon immunotherapy, while AXL+ melanoma cell numbers are stable. MITF+ tumor cells showed the most significant inverse correlation with CD8+ T cells. Our patient cohort also shows that immunotherapy-induced changes in the abundance of AXL+ or MITF+ tumor cells did not correlate with improved survival.

  Study EGAS50000001080

• ERBB2/HER2 alterations in ctDNA and metachronous tissues of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer - WGS

  Whole genome sequencing data related to the publication "ERBB2/HER2 alterations in ctDNA and metachronous tissues of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer." ERBB2 alterations, usually amplifications or activating mutations, are seen in up to 20% of urothelial carcinoma and can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and most recently, antibody-drug conjugates. Here, we perform targeted and whole-genome sequencing of cell-free DNA and archival FFPE of mUC with and without ERBB2 alterations to identify unique genomic and clinical features of ERBB2-altered cancers, accompanied by IHC, FISH, and detailed clinical outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000001082

• ERBB2/HER2 alterations in ctDNA and metachronous tissues of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer - Targeted

  Targeted sequencing data related to the publication titled "ERBB2/HER2 alterations in ctDNA and metachronous tissues of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer." ERBB2 alterations, usually amplifications or activating mutations, are seen in up to 20% of urothelial carcinoma and can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and most recently, antibody-drug conjugates. Here, we perform targeted and whole-genome sequencing of cell-free DNA and archival FFPE of mUC with and without ERBB2 alterations to identify unique genomic and clinical features of ERBB2-altered cancers, accompanied by IHC, FISH, and detailed clinical outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000001081

• Somatic_Variation_Angiosarcoma

  Through whole genome sequencing, this study will explore the mutational profiles and signatures within an angiosarcoma tumour from a patient with xeroderma pimentosum. Very little information is known about this tumour type and it has not previously been studied within the context of xerogerma pigmentosum.

  Study EGAS00001002610

• Genome-wide genetic and epigenetic dataset of pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas

  Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive exocrine tumor with largely unknown biology. To identify potential targets for personalized treatment, integrative genome- and epigenome-wide analyses were performed. The results show frequently aberrant DNA methylation, abundant chromosomal amplifications and deletions, and mutational signatures suggesting defective DNA repair. In contrast to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, no recurrent point mutations are known. The tumor suppressors ID3, ARID1A, APC, and CDKN2A are frequently impaired also on the protein level and thus potentially affect ACC tumorigenesis. Consequently, this work identifies potential novel therapeutic targets in ACC for drugs recently approved for precision cancer therapy.

  Study EGAS00001002533

• Capture Hi-C on MM

  In situ promoter capture Hi-C on multiple myeloma cell line KMS11 in experimental triplicates. Hi-C libraries were prepared as previously described (Rao et al., 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.021). Promoter capture was based on 32,313 biotinylated 120-mer RNA baits (Agilent). Hi-C libraries were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 technology. The files are in FASTQ format.

  Study EGAS00001002614

• Copy-number signatures and mutational processes in ovarian carcinoma

  This study contains the data underlying our approach for copy-number signature identification in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. The samples studied are part of the BriTROC-1 consortium, a national study into relapsed high-grade serous ovarian cancer. The dataset consists of shallow-whole genome sequencing of 300 samples from 143 patients with match tagged-amplicon sequencing of TP53. The study also contains deeper whole-genome sequencing of 48 cases.

  Study EGAS00001002557

• Exome-wide somatic mutation characterization of small bowel adenocarcinoma

  Small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer with limited treatment options. To further characterize the somatic mutation landscape of this tumor type, exome sequencing was conducted on a population-based set of SIA samples from all three parts of the small intestine. Archival tissue from 106 tumors with comprehensive clinical patient information entered exome sequencing from a patient series consisting of SIA cases diagnosed in Finland between the years 2003-2011. Paired-end exome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 4000, and OncodriveFML was used to identify significantly mutated genes from the exome data. Also mutational signature and pathway enrichment analyses were performed.

  Study EGAS00001002559

• Whole genome sequencing of preneoplasia lung adenocarcinoma

  Whole genome sequencing of 42 pulmonary samples including lung preneoplasia atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH, N=5), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS, N=7), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA, N=6) and invasive lung adenocarcinoma (ADC, N=8) and adjacent lung tissues (Normal, N=16).

  Study EGAS50000000272

• Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis of myxofibrosarcoma

  Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a common histological subtype of adult soft tissue sarcoma characterized by an infiltrative growth pattern and a high propensity for local recurrence. We underwent whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and methylation analysis of MFS.

  Study EGAS00001002889

• Gene expression analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

  To identify genes that are differentially expressed across different conditions (cancer vs normal, normoxic vs hypoxic), we performed RNA-seq in 3 ccRCC cell lines (786-O, A498, UMRC-2), and 1 normal kidney epithelium cell line (HK-2), cultured under normoxic (20% O2) and hypoxic (0.05% O2) conditions.

  Study EGAS50000001324

• 3D chromatin analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma using micro-C

  To investigate the 3D structure of chromatin in ccRCC, we performed micro-C on 3 ccRCC cell lines (786-O, A498, UMRC-2), and 1 normal kidney epithelium cell line (HK-2), cultured under normoxic (20% O2) and hypoxic (0.05% O2) conditions

  Study EGAS50000001323

• ChIP-seq analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

  In order to understand the epigenetic basis on ccRCC, we performed ChIP-seq on 3 ccRCC cell lines (786-O, A498, UMRC-2), and 1 normal kidney epithelium cell line (HK-2), cultured under normoxic (20% O2) and hypoxic (0.05% O2) conditions. This study analysed data from H3k4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3k27me3, H3k36me3, CTCF, and HIF1A

  Study EGAS50000001322

• Comparative genomics research for Chinese colorectal cancer

  In order to clarify the mechanisms of genesis and development of colorectal carcinoma, in this study, we performed comparative genomics research in Chinese colorectal cancer at various clinical stage via whole exon sequencing or whole genome sequencing. Comparative bioinformatical analysis was perform to find the difference on somatic single-nucleotide variants, short insert/deletion variants, genomic structural variants, and copy number variants between cancer tissue and normal tissue, or among cancer tissues at various clinical stages.

  Study EGAS00001002576

• Roma Sequencing Study

  Present day Roma genome were shaped by the extensive inbreeding and admixture during their Diaspora. Here, we shed light on the Roma demographic history by analyzing the whole genome sequence of 46 Roma individuals pertaining to four migrant groups in six European countries. The strong reduction in effective population size (~44%), that occurred around 2kya, was not masked by the subsequent high admixture in Middle Eastern and European countries.

  Study EGAS00001004287

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Study EGAS50000001327

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Study EGAS50000001328

• Inhibiton of the GABPB1L-containing GABP tetramer is sufficient to reverse replicative immortality in TERT promoter mutant glioblastoma cells.

  Over 50 types of cancer acquire TERT promoter mutations. These single point mutations reactivate telomerase, allowing for indefinite maintenance of telomere length and enabling cellular immortalization. The transcription factor binding site created by the point mutations specifically recruit the ETS factor GABP, a multimeric transcription factor composed of the GABPα and GABPβ subunits. GABP can form two functionally independent transcription factor species – a dimer or a tetramer – depending on which of the structurally distinct GABPβ isoforms is incorporated into the complex. In this study, we show that genetic disruption of GABPβ1L, a tetramer forming isoform of GABPβ that is dispensable in normal development, results in TERT silencing in a TERT promoter mutation dependent manner. Failure to activate TERT expression by GABPβ1L culminates in telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, and mitotic cell death exclusively in TERT promoter mutant cells. Furthermore, exogenous expression of TERT is sufficient to prevent telomere degradation and loss of cell viability in GABPβ1L-reduced lines bearing the mutant TERT promoter. Orthotopic injection of tetramer-deficient mutant TERT promoter GBM cells rendered lower tumor burden and prolonged the overall survival of the tumor-bearing mice. These results highlight the potentially widespread role of GABPB1L in enabling replicative immortality of TERT promoter cancers.

  Study EGAS00001002582

• Identification of New Therapeutic Targets for Renal Medullary Carcinoma via Integrated Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiling

  Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare, aggressive kidney cancer associated with sickle cell trait, characterized by SMARCB1 loss and resistance to conventional therapies used for other renal cell carcinomas (RCC). We conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) on RMC samples. This study provides a large molecular characterization of RMC, highlighting TROP2 and other cell surface markers as promising therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS50000001280

• Systematic kinase inhibitor profiling identifies CDK9 as a synthetic lethal target in NUT midline carcinoma

  Kinase inhibitors represent the backbone of targeted cancer therapy, yet only a limited number of oncogenic drivers are directly druggable. By interrogating the activity of 1,505 kinase inhibitors we found that BRD4-NUT-rearranged NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) cells are specifically killed by CDK9 inhibition (CDK9i) and exhibit a unique dependency on CDK9 and Cyclin-T1 expression. We show that CDK9i leads to robust induction of apoptosis and of markers of DNA damage response in NMC cells. While both CDK9i and bromodomain inhibition over time result in reduced Myc protein expression, only bromodomain inhibition induces cell differentiation and a p21-induced cell cycle arrest in these cells. Finally, RNA-Seq and ChIP-based analyses reveal a BRD4-NUT specific CDK9i-induced perturbation of transcriptional elongation. Thus, our data provide a mechanistic basis for the genotype-dependent vulnerability of NUT midline carcinoma cells to CDK9i that may be of relevance for the development of targeted therapies for NMC patients.

  Study EGAS00001002588

• The exomic landscape of t(14,18) negative diffuse follicular lymphoma with 1p36 deletion

  t(14,18) negative diffuse follicular lymphoma with 1p36 deletion is a well characterized variant of follicular lymphoma with typical clinical, morphological, immunophenotypical and genetic features. The genetic landscape of this variant is however largely unknown. We performed exome sequencing of six well characterised cases and detected 1642 single nucleotide variations and 641 insertions-deletions not reported in common databases (dbSNP and 1000G). We report several recurrent mutations, among which CREBBP, STAT6, KMT2D, HEATR6, LAMA5 and VPS13B are the most prevalent. Pathway annotation using GSEA showed an enrichment in mutated genes belonging to the MAPK pathway.

  Study EGAS00001002594

• Whole Genomes Define Concordance in Matched Primary, Xenograft, and Organoid Models of Pancreas Cancer

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the worst prognosis of any common solid epithelial tumour. Multiple failed clinical trials necessitate newer approaches to understand the molecular etiology of this disease. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO) may serve as pre-clinical disease models; however, characterization remains largely unaddressed at the whole genome level. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the genetic landscape of tumours and matched PDX and PDO from patients with PDAC. Our data show that PDX and PDO recapitulate PDAC tumourigenesis with respect to simple somatic mutations and copy number changes, and capture major structural variation events.

  Study EGAS00001002597

• OAC scRNASeq

  Please see our related publication, 'Molecular profiling to predict immunochemotherapy outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma'

  Study EGAS00001006469

• Genetic and Functional Drivers of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

  Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common hematologic malignancy and is characterized by a striking degree of heterogeneity. We enrolled a total of 1001 DLBCL patients and comprehensively defined the landscape of genetic mutations, copy number alterations and expression through whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing. We identified 150 genetic drivers of DLBCL including many novel, clinically relevant genes (e.g. SPEN, SETD1B and KLHL14). Genetic drivers were highly enriched among essential genes identified by CRISPR screening in DLBCL cell lines including those of immediate potential therapeutic relevance such as MTOR, SYK, SF3B1 and XPO1. RHOA emerged as a critical driver gene from our genetic analysis and CRISPR screen; we further delineated its functional role in vitro and in vivo models to define its role as an essential oncogene in DLBCL. Our work thus identifies the functional landscape of genetic drivers and their clinical and therapeutic relevance in DLBCL patients.

  Study EGAS00001002606

• The genomic landscape of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma from immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients reveals common drivers and a novel mutational signature associated with chronic azathioprine exposure

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has a high tumour mutational burden (50 mutations per megabase DNA pair). Combining whole exome analyses from 40 primary cSCC tumours, comprising 20 well differentiated and 20 moderately/poorly differentiated tumours, with accompanying clinical data from a longitudinal study of immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients, coupled with integration of independent gene expression studies has allowed the identification of commonly mutated genes and altered pathways and processes. Mutational signature analysis revealed the presence of a novel signature (signature 32), which was found exclusively in the tumours from immunosuppressed patients who had been exposed to azathioprine. Characterisation of a panel of 15 keratinocyte cancer cell lines derived from tumours from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients reveals that they accurately reflect the mutational signatures and genomic alterations of primary tumours and provide a resource for the validation of tumour drivers and therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001002612

• The_Transcriptome_of_PLX4032_resistance

  We have collected material from a patient who had BrafV600E mutant melanoma that wastreated with PLX4032. We have germline DNA from the patient and DNA and RNA fromdistinct lesions before and after treatment with PLX4032. We have transcriptome sequenced these samples to obtain a snap shot of the mechanisms of resistance that are operative.

  Study EGAS00001000413

• Primary_angiosarcoma_Whole_Genome_Sequencing

  Whole genome sequencing of primary angiosarcoma

  Study EGAS00001000851

• Identification of a Fumarate-Hydratase Deficient-like RCC Subtype with Convergent Pathway Alterations

  The development of molecularly targeted therapies builds upon the identification of tumor clades with shared molecular abnormalities. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is a familial syndrome resulting from germline mutation of the two-hit tumor suppressor gene, Fumarate Hydratase (FH). HLRCC renal tumors present often in young adults, exhibit unique histological features and are particularly aggressive. HLRCC is uncommon and poorly understood, and whether there are sporadic renal tumors with similar characteristics, is unclear. Notably, FH can also be inactivated somatically in RCC, and should be included among FH-deficient (FHD) kidney tumors. We identified a tumor clade without FH mutations but with similar morphological and molecular characteristics as well as aggressive clinical behavior, which we name FHDL (FHD-like). We show that FHD/FHDL tumors represent a unique subtype of CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype) with the highest levels of overall genome methylation and CDKN2A silencing. FHD/FHDL tumors are characterized by convergent activation of the Hippo pathway as determined by frequent and mutually exclusive mutations in NF2 and PTPN14. AKR1B10, an NRF2 target, was upregulated in FHD/FHDL tumors as well as GATA3, which suggests a shared origin in the renal medulla and is consistent with topological studies. There is loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in both FHD and FHDL tumors. These data define a group of particularly aggressive renal cancers with shared molecular features and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

  Study EGAS00001002646

• Detection of clinically relevant genetic and transcriptomic landscape in DLBCL uniformly treated by R-CHOP

  Recent studies using next-generation sequencing strategies have described the landscape of genetic alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, little is known about the clinical relevance of recurrent mutations and copy number alterations and their transcriptional footprints. This study examines the frequency, interaction and clinical impact of recurrent genetic aberrations in DLBCL using high-resolution technologies in a large population-based cohort.

  Study EGAS00001002657

• Discovery_of_resistance_mechanisms_to_the_BRAF_inhibitor_vemurafenib_in_metastatic_BRAF_mutant_melanoma

  We propose to biopsy 20 consented BRAF mutant melanoma patients at Addenbrooke's Hospital pre-treatment with vemurafenib and also upon the development of resistant disease, with the aim of using exome sequence and SNP6 data to identify novel sequence variants and copy number alterations that can be used to validate observed resistance mechanisms in our cell line models and also to use these models to inform as to likely candidate small molecule inhibitors to overcome resistance and that could be tested in the clinical trial setting.

  Study EGAS00001000812

• WGS of 32 paired SRCC samples

  Signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) has specific epidemiology and oncogenesis in gastric cancer, however with no systematical investigation for prognostic genomic features. We systematically investigated the clinical characteristics of 1,868 Chinese gastric cancer patients, and found that signet-ring cell content was significantly related to multiple clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Next, we performed whole genome sequencing for 32 SRCC patients with > 80% signet-ring cells in tumor, and identified frequent5 CLDN18-ARHGAP26/6 fusion (25%). With additional 797 patients for validation, we notice that prevalence of CLDN18-ARHGAP26/6 fusion is positively associated with signet-ring cell content (P = 4.1 x 10 -9 ), younger age at diagnosis (P = 4.2 x 10 -10 ), female/male ratio (P = 1.7 x 10 -9 ), and advanced TNM stage (P = 1.7 x 10 -5 ). Importantly, patients with CLDN18-ARHGAP26/6 fusion had a worse survival outcomes (P = 0.03), and got no benefit0 from platinum/fluoropyrimidines based chemotherapy (P = 0.92) compared to fusion-free patients (P = 0.001), which is consistent with the fact of oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine resistance acquired in CLDN18-ARHGAP26 introduced gastric cancer cell lines. Overall, this study provides new insights into the clinical and genomic features of SRCC, and highlights the importance of frequent CLDN18-ARHGAP26/6 fusions in chemotherapy response for SRCC.

  Study EGAS00001002668

• Identification_of_drug_resistance_genes_in_melanoma_by_mRNA_gene_expression

  We aim to sequence the mRNA transcriptome of 22 human melanoma cell lines in biological triplicate in order to define the gene expression profile of each cell line. The data will be correlated to the mutation status and the sensitivity to a panel of drugs in order to identify genes whose deregulation is associated to drug resistanceThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000815

• Identification_of_drug_resistance_genes_in_melanoma_by_small_RNAs_expression_analysis

  We aim to sequence the small RNAs of 22 human melanoma cell lines in biological triplicate in order to define the microRNAs expression profile of each cell line. The data will be correlated to the mutation status and the sensitivity to a panel of drugs in order to identify genes whose deregulation is associated to drug resistanceThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000816

• Therapeutic Targeting of Ependymoma as Informed by Oncogenic Enhancer Profiling

  Genomic sequencing has driven precision-based oncology therapy; however, genetic drivers remain unknown or non-targetable for many malignancies, demanding alternative approaches to identify therapeutic leads. Ependymomas are chemotherapy-resistant brain tumours, which, despite genomic sequencing, lack effective molecular targets. Here, we mapped active chromatin landscapes in 42 primary ependymomas in two non-overlapping primary ependymoma cohorts. Enhancer regions revealed novel oncogenes, molecular targets, and pathways, which when subjected to small molecule inhibitor or shRNA treatment, increased survival and slowed proliferation in mouse and neurosphere patient-derived models of ependymomas. This study represents one of the largest enhancer mapping study of any cancer type to date, and provides a framework for target and drug discovery for other cancers recalcitrant to therapeutic development because of their lack of known genetic drivers.

  Study EGAS00001002696

• Whole exome sequencing of cell-free DNA reveals temporo-spatial heterogeneity and identifies treatment-resistant clones in neuroblastoma

  Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) displays important clinical and genetic heterogeneity, with emergence of new mutations at tumor progression. Patients and Methods: To study clonal evolution during treatment and follow-up, an innovative method based on circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis by whole exome sequencing (WES) paired with target sequencing was realized in sequential liquid biopsy samples of 19 NB patients. Results: WES of the primary tumor and cfDNA at diagnosis showed overlap of Single Nucleotide Variants (SNVs) and Copy Number Alterations (CNAs), with 41% and 93% of all detected alterations common to the primary NB and cfDNA. CfDNA WES at a second time point indicated a mean of 22 new SNVs for patients with progressive disease. Relapse-specific alterations included genes of the MAPK pathway and targeted the protein kinase A signaling pathway. Deep coverage target sequencing of intermediate timepoints during treatment and follow-up identified distinct subclones. For 17 seemingly relapse-specific SNVs detected by sequencing detected these alterations in minor subclones, with relapse-emerging SNVs targeting genes of neuritogenesis and cell cycle. Furthermore a persisting, resistant clone with concomitant disappearance of other clones was identified by a mutation in the ubiquitin protein ligase HERC2. Conclusion: Modelisation of mutated allele fractions in cfDNA indicated distinct patterns of clonal evolution, with either a minor, treatment-resistant clone expanding to a major clone at relapse, or minor clones collaborating towards tumor progression. Identification of treatment-resistant clones will enable development of more efficient treatment strategies.cfDNA WES at relapse but not tumor or cfDNA WES at diagnosis, deep coverage target.

  Study EGAS00001002705

• Sequencing-based counting and size profiling of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA enhance population screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

  Circulating tumor-derived DNA testing for cancer screening has recently been demonstrated in a prospective study on identification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) among 20,174 asymptomatic individuals. Plasma EBV DNA, a marker for NPC, was detected using real-time PCR. While plasma EBV DNA was persistently detectable in 97.1% of the NPCs identified, ∼5% of the general population had transiently detectable plasma EBV DNA. We hypothesized that EBV DNA in plasma of subjects with or without NPC may have different molecular characteristics. We performed target-capture sequencing of plasma EBV DNA and identified differences in the abundance and size profiles of EBV DNA molecules within plasma of NPC and non-NPC subjects. NPC patients had significantly higher amounts of plasma EBV DNA, which showed longer fragment lengths. Cutoff values were established from an exploratory dataset and tested in a validation sample set. Adopting an algorithm that required a sample to concurrently pass cutoffs for EBV DNA counting and size measurements, NPCs were detected at a positive predictive value (PPV) of 19.6%. This represented superior performance compared with the PPV of 11.0% in the prospective screening study, which required participants with an initially detectable plasma EBV DNA result to be retested within 4 weeks. The observed differences in the molecular nature of EBV DNA molecules in plasma of subjects with or without NPC were successfully translated into a sequencing-based test that had a high PPV for NPC screening and achievable through single time-point testing.

  Study EGAS00001002707

• Comprehensive genomic profiling of matched glioblastoma tumours, cell-lines, and xenografts reveals genomic stability and adaptation to disparate growth environments

  The mandate of this project was to use drug screening to deliver new drugs for glioblastoma (GBM) to clinical trials, and perform genomic assessment of GBM to discover new therapeutic targets and predictors of response. The sequencing data in this set was derived from GBM patient tumor samples, matched brain tumor initiating cells lines (BTICs), and tumor tissue derived from orthotopic implants.

  Study EGAS00001002709

• Neuroblastoma Smart-Seq2 Single Nuclei Sequencing Data

  Heterogeneity of tumors, including the presence of resistant clones, represents a great challenge for high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Currently, there are no treatments that address cancer heterogeneity. Classification of bulk tumors and corresponding predictions are poor and too general. Understanding heterogeneity will provide critical insight for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. In this study, we collected 10 human neuroblastoma tumor samples and performed whole-transcriptome profiling at single-nucleus resolution using SMART-Seq2 technology. This approach enables comprehensive characterization of transcriptional diversity within individual tumors, allowing us to identify distinct cellular subpopulations.

  Study EGAS50000001103

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Oesophageal_squamous_cell_carcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Illumina HiSeqX, 40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001002725

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__pancreas

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Illumina HiSeqX, 40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001002726

• UK10K RARE COLOBOMA

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. Ocular coloboma is the most common significant developmental eye defect with an incidence of ~1 in 5,000 live births. It results from failure of optic fissure closure during embryogenesis. The position and extent of the fusion failure dictates the clinical appearance and functional effect. ~30% of coloboma cases are associated with other systemic malformations. These UK10K samples will mostly comprise isolated coloboma cases without systemic involvement (aka non-syndromal coloboma). There is strong evidence from family studies that coloboma has a major genetic component with autosomal dominance being the most common pattern of inheritance. However, many cases are isolated or show complex patterns of familial clustering. The genes responsible for isolated coloboma are largely unknown, but in a small number of families mutations in SHH, CHX10, and PAX6 have been identified indicating marked genetic heterogeneity. Thus in addition to the clinical benefits of achieving a molecular diagnosis there are also major scientific advantages to identifying coloboma genes, as these are likely to provide insights into the complex process of optic fissure closure, that is critical to normal eye development. In the longer term, understanding the molecular basis of the disease may provide clues to therapeutic strategies.For further information with regard to this cohort please contact David Fitzpatrick (david.fitzpatrick@ed.ac.uk).

  Study EGAS00001000127

• We describe a method to culture organoids from adult human kidney tissue and describe applications for the culture system.

  Adult Stem Cell (ASC)-derived organoids are 3D epithelial structures that recapitulate essential aspects of their organ of origin. We have developed conditions for the long-term growth of primary kidney epithelial organoids. Cultures can be established from mouse and human kidney tissue, as well as from urine and can be expanded for at least 20 passages (> 6 months). Chromosome numbers remain normal. Human organoids represent proximal as well as distal nephron segments, as evidenced by gene expression, immunofluorescence and tubular functional analyses. BK virus infection of organoids recapitulates in vivo phenomena. Organoids can be established from Wilms nephroblastoma. Kidney organoids from Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patient’s urine allowed ex vivo assessment of treatment efficacy. Finally, organoids cultured on microfluidic organ-on-a-chip plates adopt a tubular conformation and display active transport function. Adult kidney-derived organoids allow studies of hereditary, infectious and malignant kidney disease in a personalized fashion.

  Study EGAS00001002729

• Transcriptomic analysis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) patients treated on the ALL09 clinical trial

  This study provides comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients treated on the Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group (ALLG) ALL09 clinical trial (ACTRN12618001734257). The ALL09 clinical trial is a Phase II single arm study to assess whether substitution of blinatumomab for conventional multi-agent chemotherapy in phase 2 induction leads to improved minimal residual disease negativity rates when compared to the historical AYA ALL trial cohort. Patients treated on this trial were aged 15-40 years, demonstrated morphological diagnosis of CD19 positive B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), and were negative for Philadelphia chromosome-positive disease. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed as a correlative study to determine assess patients’ genomic subtypes and enable comparison of clinical outcome in blinatumomab treated patients.

  Study EGAS50000001109

• Targeted Gene Panel for 171 PTCLs

  Mature T-cell lymphomas, including peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL), represent a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with dismal outcomes and limited treatment options. To determine the extent of involvement of the JAK/STAT pathway in this malignancy, we performed targeted capture sequencing of 188 genes in this pathway in 171 PTCL and NKTL cases. A total of 272 nonsynonymous somatic mutations in 101 genes were identified in 73% of the samples, including 258 single-nucleotide variants and 14 insertions or deletions. Recurrent mutations were most frequently located in STAT3 and TP53 (15%), followed by JAK3 and JAK1 (6%) and SOCS1 (4%). A high prevalence of STAT3 mutation (21%) was observed specifically in NKTL. Novel STAT3 mutations (p.D427H, E616G, p.E616K, and p.E696K) were shown to increase STAT3 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of STAT3 in the absence of cytokine, in which p.E616K induced programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by robust binding of activated STAT3 to the PD-L1 gene promoter. Consistent with these findings, PD-L1 was overexpressed in NKTL cell lines harboring hotspot STAT3 mutations, and similar findings were observed by the overexpression of p.E616K and p.E616G in the STAT3 wild-type NKTL cell line. Conversely, STAT3 silencing and inhibition decreased PD-L1 expression in STAT3 mutant NKTL cell lines. In NKTL tumors, STAT3 activation correlated significantly with PD-L1 expression. We demonstrated that STAT3 activation confers high PD-L1 expression, which may promote tumor immune evasion. The combination of PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies and STAT3 inhibitors might be a promising therapeutic approach for NKTL, and possibly PTCL.

  Study EGAS00001002740

• Sequence data to study genomic CNVs that drive apoptotic resistance and relapses on immune checkpoint inhibitors

  This project investigates the genomic mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) across tumor types, addressing the critical clinical problem of treatment relapses where the molecular basis remains poorly understood. Through integrative genomic analyses of longitudinal clinical melanomas, functional CRISPR-Cas9 screens, and human and murine melanoma models, the study demonstrates that copy-number variant (CNV)-driven subclonal evolution is a primary driver of clinical relapses. The research identifies resistance-driver genes targeted by CNVs, including pro-apoptotic gene deletions and anti-apoptotic gene amplifications, which collectively downregulate apoptotic priming in resistant cells. The findings establish that modulating the apoptotic threshold can prevent or reverse ICI resistance, positioning CNV evolution as a key driver of acquired resistance and identifying apoptotic regulation as a therapeutic target to combat resistance evolution.

  Study EGAS50000001055

• 3' mRNA- sequencing bams

  This project stores bam files from 3'RNA-seq from oesophageal adenocarcinoma at different timepoints during neoadjuvant treatment (prior, during, post treatment), which were used to analyse evolutionary and phenotype dynamics in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Samples were collected within the clinical MEMORI trial.

  Study EGAS50000000242

• ICGC PedBrain: Deep-sequencing of childhood brain tumors.

  Brain tumors constitute the childhood tumors with the highest mortality rates and survival is often associated with severe long-term sequelae due to intensive multimodal treatment regimens. Thus, the PedBrainTumor network aims at the identification of robust biomarkers for clinical management and novel molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. Using massively parallel whole-genome sequencing, and transcriptome and methylome sequencing for subsets of cases, we aim to decipher the molecular causes of medulloblastoma as well as low-grade astrocytoma, and to identify markers to stratify patients for specialized treatment. As the PedBrain network is affiliated with clinical trials in medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma, validation cohorts for the translation of key findings into clinical settings are readily available.

  Study EGAS00001000215

• Defective T-cell expansion in RASGRP1 deficiency

  Inherited CTPS1- CD27- and CD70-deficiencies in humans have revealed key factors of T-lymphocyte expansion, that is a prerequisite for an efficient immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. RASGRP1 is a T-lymphocyte specific nucleotide exchange factor known to activate the MAP kinases pathway. A deleterious homozygous mutation in RASGRP1 leading to the loss RASGRP1 expression was identified in two siblings who both developed a persistent EBV infection leading to Hodgkin lymphoma. RASGRP1-deficient T cells exhibited defective MAPK activation and impaired proliferation that was restored by expression of wild-type RASGRP1. Similar defects were observed in T cells from healthy individuals when RASGRP1 was downregulated. RASGRP1-deficient T cells also exhibited decreased CD27-dependent proliferation toward CD70-expressing EBV-transformed B cells, a crucial pathway required for expansion of antigen-specific T cells in anti-EBV immunity. Furthermore, RASGRP1-deficient T cells failed to upregulate CTPS1, an important enzyme required for DNA synthesis. These results show that RASGRP1 deficiency leads to susceptibility to EBV infection, and demonstrate the key role of RASGRP1 at the crossroad of pathways required for the expansion of activated T lymphocytes.

  Study EGAS00001002753

• Splenic_Marginal_Zone_Lymphoma_with_villous_lymphocytes_exome_sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from ~3 Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma with villous lymphocytes samples and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Samples will be multiplexed in one lane of Illumina HiSeq. Sequencing to a coverage of at least 30x will be performed and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000139

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell RCC -- CA209-009

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001004290

• Comprehensive genetic analysis of uveal melanoma heterogeneity during metastatic progression

  Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Despite improvement of diagnosis and treatment of the primary tumor, there is no effective treatment of metastatic disease and approximately half of patients will die within one year or less following metastases detection. Tumor heterogeneity has been proposed as a key factor of drug resistance. However, it has been scarcely studied in UM. The present project aims searching for specific drivers of the metastatic progression, describing the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of metastatic UM, exploring tumor heterogeneity and investigating its role in drug resistance. Thus whole exome sequencing and transcriptomics have been performed on constitutional, primary tumor and metastatic samples from 28 UM patients.

  Study EGAS00001002761

• Colorectal adenomas and carcinomas NKI-AvL TGO series Gut2009

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from normal epithelium, through a benign precursor lesion called adenoma, by accumulation of genetic alterations affecting oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. These CRC-related genomic alterations often result in specific RNA-expression patterns. RNA isolated from fresh frozen specimen of 32 adenomas and 29 CRCs was obtained from the previously published study (Carvalho et al. 2009) and RNA-sequencing was performed with the aim to examine RNA expression changes in colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma progression.

  Study EGAS00001002758

• Mutational spectrum of highly differentiated, fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma (set 2).

  Pediatric PAX-FOXO1 fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma represents a diverse spectrum of tumors. In this study, the mutational spectrum of 22 fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcomas with high, rhabdomyoma-like levels of differentiation was evaluated using OncoPanel v.2 (OPv2), an Agilent SureSelect custom designed bait set consisting of the coding regions of 504 cancer-relevant genes. Corresponding normal tissue was not available. Discarded normal human skeletal muscle, obtained from 7 donors without tumor history, were also included in the sequencing run.

  Study EGAS00001002771

• Whole-exome sequencing reveals the origin and evolution of Hepato-Cholangiocarcinoma

  Hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (H-ChC) is a rare subtype of liver cancer with clinicopathological features of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). To date, molecular mechanisms underlying the co-existence of HCC and iCCA components in a single tumor remain elusive. Here we show that H-ChC samples contain substantial private mutations from WES analyses, ranging from 33.1% to 86.4%, indicative of substantive intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). However, on the other hand, numerous ubiquitous mutations shared by HCC and iCCA suggest the monoclonal origin of H-ChC. Mutated genes identify herein e.g. VCAN, ACVR2A and FCGBP are speculated to contribute to distinct differentiation of HCC and iCCA within H-ChC. Moreover, immunohistochemistry demonstrate that EpCAM is highly expressed in 80% of H-ChC implying the stemness of such liver cancer. In summary, our data highlight the monoclonal origin and stemness of H-ChC, as well as substantial intratumoral heterogeneity.

  Study EGAS00001002783

• Delineation of the heterogeneous molecular landscape of HRS cells and their biological contributions to forming comprehensive TME ecosystems.

  The tissue architecture of classic Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL) is unique among cancers and characterized by rare malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells that are co-evolving in a complex ecosystem of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The lack of a comprehensive systems-level interrogation has hindered the description of disease heterogeneity and clinically relevant molecular subtypes. Here, we employed an integrative, multimodal approach to characterize CHL tumors using malignant cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and imaging mass cytometry. We identified four molecular subtypes (CST, CN913, STB, and CN2P) each characterized by distinct clinical features, mutational patterns, malignant cell gene expression profiles, and spatial architecture of immune cell populations. Functional modeling of CSF2RB mutations, a characteristic feature of CST, revealed dysregulated oncogenic signaling and changes in tumor microenvironment crosstalk. These findings highlight the significance of multi-dimensional profiling in elucidating patterns of molecular alterations that drive immune ecosystems and underlie therapeutically exploitable vulnerabilities.

  Study EGAS00001008064

• An Empirical Approach Leveraging Tumorgrafts to Dissect the Tumor Microenvironment in Renal Cell Carcinoma Identifies Missing Link to Prognostic Inflammatory Factors

  We undertook an empirical approach to dissect the tumor microenvironment by developing a bulk tumor dissection algorithm, DisHet, and leveraging RNA-Seq data of tumorgrafts (patient-derived tumors implanted in mice), in which only the tumor cell component expands. We found that approximately 65% of previously defined immune signature genes are not abundantly expressed in the Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) microenvironment, and we identified more than two times as many novel immune/stromal transcripts. By using refined immune/stroma-specific genes and genomics, electronic medical record data and imaging data of 1084 RCC patients, we discovered a highly-inflamed pan-RCC subtype enriched for Treg cells, NK cells, Th1 cells, neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and CD8+ T cells. This inflamed subtype (IS) is enriched for aggressive RCCs, including BAP1-deficient clear-cell and type 2 papillary tumors. Interestingly, IS is correlated with systemic manifestations of inflammation in patients such as thrombocytosis and anemia, whose pathogenesis were poorly defined and have been predictors of poor prognosis in RCC. Indeed, we discovered that IS is a strong predictor of poor survival. Lastly, our analyses show that tumor cells may drive stromal immune response. Overall, these data provide a missing link between the tumor cells, the tumor microenvironment, and systemic factors.

  Study EGAS00001002786

• Whole genome study of Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma

  Oncocytic thyroid carcinoma, also known as Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma, accounts for only a small percentage of all thyroid cancers. However, this malignancy often presents at an advanced stage and poses unique challenges to patients and clinicians. Surgical resection of the tumor accompanied in some cases by radioactive iodine treatment, radiation and chemotherapy are the established modes of therapy. Knowledge of the perturbed oncogenic pathways can provide better understanding of the mechanism of disease and thus opportunities for more effective clinical management. Initially, two oncocytic thyroid carcinomas and their matched normal tissues were profiled using whole genome sequencing. Subsequently, 72 oncocytic thyroid carcinomas, one cell line and 5 Hürthle cell adenomas were examined by targeted sequencing for the presence of mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia I (MEN1) gene. We report the identification of MEN1 loss-of-function mutations in approximately 7% of patients diagnosed with oncocytic thyroid carcinoma. Whole genome sequence data also revealed large regions of copy number variation encompassing nearly the entire genomes of these tumours. Menin, a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein, is a well-characterized tumor suppressor whose loss is the cause of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome. Menin is involved in several major cellular pathways such as regulation of transcription, control of cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA damage repair pathways. Mutations of this gene in a subset of Hürthle cell tumors point to a potential role for this protein and its associated pathways in thyroid tumorigenesis.

  Study EGAS00001000940

• Whole exome sequencing of longitudinal samples from a melanoma patient receiving MEK plus CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy.

  Combined MEK and CDK4/6 inhibition (MEKi+CDK4i) has shown promising clinical outcomes in NRAS mutant melanoma patients. Here, we interrogated longitudinal biopsies from a patient who initially responded to MEKi+CDK4i therapy but subsequently developed resistance. Whole exome sequencing and functional validation identified an acquired PIK3CAE545K mutation as conferring drug resistance. We demonstrate that PIK3CAE545K pre-existed in a rare subpopulation that was missed by both clinical and research testing, but was revealed upon multi-region sampling due to PIK3CAE545K being non-uniformly distributed. This resistant population rapidly expanded after the initiation of MEKi+CDK4i therapy and persisted in all successive samples even after immune checkpoint therapy and distant metastasis. Functional studies identified activated S6K1 as both a key marker and specific therapeutic vulnerability downstream of PIK3CAE545K-induced resistance. These results demonstrate that comprehensive analysis of pre-treatment samples can reveal rare pre-existing resistant subpopulations and also posit S6K1 as a common downstream therapeutic nexus for the MAPK, CDK4/6, and PI3K pathways.

  Study EGAS00001002846

• Somatic IL4R Hotspot Mutations in Primary Mediastinal Large B-cell lymphoma lead to constitutive JAK-STAT activation

  Primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a distinct subtype of diffuse large B cell lymphoma thought to arise from thymic medullary B cells. Gene mutations underlying the molecular pathogenesis of the disease are incompletely characterized. Here, we describe novel somatic IL4R mutations in 15 out of 62 primary cases of PMBCL (24.2%) and in all PMBCL-derived cell lines tested. The majority of mutations (11/21; 52%) were hotspot single nucleotide variants in exon 8 leading to an I242N amino acid change in the transmembrane domain. Functional analyses establish this mutation as gain-of-function leading to constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and upregulation of downstream cytokine expression profiles and B cell specific antigens. Moreover, expression of I242N mutant IL4R in a mouse xenotransplantation model conferred growth advantage in vivo. The pattern of concurrent mutations within the JAK-STAT signaling pathway suggests additive/synergistic effects of these gene mutations contributing to lymphomagenesis. Our data establish IL4R mutations as novel driver alterations and provide a strong preclinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of JAK-STAT signaling in PMBCL.

  Study EGAS00001002796

• Genome Landscape of Primary Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  The purpose of the Australian ICGC Pancreatic Cancer Genome Sequencing Initiativestudy is to identify the common driving mutations underlying the initiation anddevelopment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in a large cohort of pancreatic cancerpatients (n=350). Matched genome sequences will be generated from normal tissue(duodenum) and resected primary tumour tissue in each patient using exome andwhole genome sequencing. The complete repertoire of somatic mutations will bedetermined (substitutions, indels, copy number changes and structural changes).Where possible, matched transcriptome sequencing will also be carried out todetermine locus activity, which mutations are actively expressed and whichrearrangements give rise to gene-fusion transcripts.

  Study EGAS00001000154

• Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of tumor-stage mycosis fungoides

  Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a group of malignancies derived from skin-homing malignant T cells. We subjected tumor biopsies from MF patients to whole-genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing to investigate genomic alterations and deregulated gene expression in the disease.

  Study EGAS00001002860

• Predictor_ChemoNEAR_TNBC

  In this study a collection of core biopsies from breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy as part of the ChemoNEAR trial will be investigated. The study is intended to detect early acquired resistance in women with diagnosed breast carcinoma. Samples will undergo whole genome sequencing and analysis, including use of HR Predict.

  Study EGAS00001002806

• Whole-Exome Sequencing of Salivary Gland Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

  Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common salivary gland malignancy. To explore the genetic origins of MEC, we performed systematic genomic analyses of these tumors.Experimental DesignWhole-exome sequencing and gene copy number analyses were performed for 18 primary cancers with matched normal tissue. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine the presence or absence of the MECT1-MAML2 translocation in 17 tumors.ResultsTP53 was the most commonly mutated gene in MEC (28%), and mutations were found only in intermediate- and high-grade tumors. Tumors with TP53 mutations had more mutations overall than tumors without TP53 mutations (p=0.006). POU6F2 was the second most frequently mutated gene, found in three low-grade MECs with the same in-frame deletion. Somatic alterations in IRAK1, MAP3K9, ITGAL, ERBB4, OTOGL, KMT2C, and OBSCN were identified in at least two of the 18 tumors sequenced. FISH analysis confirmed the presence of the MECT1-MAML2 translocation in 15 of 17 tumors (88%).ConclusionsThrough these integrated genomic analyses, MECT1-MAML2 translocation and somatic TP53 and POU6F2 mutations appear to be the main drivers of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

  Study EGAS00001002811

• Genomic profiling of matched well differentiated and de-differentiated liposarcoma.

  Well-differentiated (WD) and de-differentiated (DD) liposarcoma, subtypes of adipocytic sarcomas, are pathologically and clinically dissimilar, but are poorly distinguishable at the molecular level. These tumors harbor neochromosomes formed from amplifications and rearrangements of chr12q. Nineteen selected patients with matched WD and DD tumors underwent extensive exomic and transcriptomic profiling to distinguish genomic features between the two subtypes. Shared point mutations suggest a common tumor origin and de-differentiated tumors have higher burdens of deletions.

  Study EGAS00001002807

• Molecular subtypes of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

  Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma (PeM) is a rare but frequently fatal cancer that originates from the peritoneal lining of the abdomen. Standard treatment of PeM is limited to cytoreductive surgery and/or chemotherapy, and no targeted therapies for PeM yet exist. This study performs comprehensive integrative analysis of genome, transcriptome, and proteome of treatment-naive PeM tumors with the aim of identifying mesothelioma-related molecular alterations and potentially identifying novel treatment strategies.

  Study EGAS00001002820

• Osteosarcoma_Exome_Sequencing

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from 50 osteosarcoma cancers and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Three lanes of Illumina GA sequencing will be performed on the resulting 100 exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000163

• BRAF_and_MEK_resistant_cell_line_clones

  The Sanger Institute has the largest collection of genetically-characterised cancer cell lines world-wide (we have collected >1000 human cancer cell lines which are being screened against >400 cancer therapeutics (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/translation). These lines have been characterized to the level of gene copy number, gene expression and cancer gene mutation sequence data. This has enabled us to select melanoma lines with varying BRAF mutational status and that show sensitivity to a range of BRAF inhibitors. Sensitive lines are being used to generate resistant clones by serial exposure to increasing concentrations of BRAF and MEK inhibitors and these are being characterised by genome-wide copy number analysis as well as by whole exome sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001000172

• Evolutionary trajectories of IDH-mutant astrocytoma identify molecular grading markers related to cell cycling

  To study the evolutionary processes that drive malignant transformation in IDH-mutant astrocytomas, we performed multi-omics on a large cohort of matched initial and recurrent tumor samples. We find that genome-wide DNA-methylation levels decreased over time, mainly in patients with high-grade recurrences. DNA-demethylation was lifted from specific loci associated with DNA replication, and was associated with upregulation of cell cycling associated genes. Upregulation of cell cycling genes occurred predominantly in proliferating tumor cells, and was associated with tumor grade. Temporal DNA-demethylation and upregulation of cell cycling were hardly affected by chemo- and/or radiotherapy, indicating treatment does not affect the course of disease. Further, we defined a DNA-methylation based signature associated with tumor grade and poor prognostic genetic events, with a prognostic power stronger than CDKN2A/B deletion. We validated its prognostic power on primary tumor samples of patients included in the CATNON randomized phase 3 clinical trial. Therefore this model can serve as a molecular grading marker for IDH-mutant astrocytomas.

  Study EGAS00001007527

• H3.3G34R/V-transformed interneuron progenitors co-opt PDGFRA for gliomagenesis

  Histone H3.3 glycine 34 to arginine/valine (H3.3G34R/V) mutations occur in deadly hemispheric high-grade gliomas. These tumors show exquisite regional and temporal specificity, suggesting a developmental context permissive to the effects of G34R/V mutations. Here we present the molecular landscape of G34R/V gliomas (n=85) and show that 50% bear activating mutations in PDGFRA, with strong selection pressure for PDGFRAMUT clones at recurrence. We show that G34R/V tumors arise in interneuron progenitors of the foetal ventral forebrain expressing GSX2 and the DLX family of homeobox transcription factors, where terminal neuronal differentiation is impaired through aberrant G34R/V-mediated H3K27me3. Frequent co-occurrence of G34R/V & PDGFRAMUT is facilitated in this interneuron lineage-of-origin as PDGFRA forms an aberrant chromatin loop with the adjacent GSX2, hijacking its active chromatin conformation. At the single-cell level, G34R/V tumours entirely lack oligodendroglial transcriptional programs prominent in other glioma entities, and instead harbour dual neuronal and astroglial compartments. CRISPR-removal of H3.3G34R/V does not impact tumorigenicity suggesting this mutation becomes dispensable, while PDGFRAMUT are potently oncogenic regardless of G34 mutation. Collectively, our results suggest that G34R/V gliomas arise in foetal interneuron progenitors unable to undergo terminal differentiation, enabling co-option of PDGFRA through inappropriate expression and activating mutations to promote gliogenesis and oncogenicity. Reliance on PDGFRA for oncogenesis may be of therapeutic opportunity in G34R/V glioma.

  Study EGAS00001004301

• GOSH_Paediatric_Tumour_23P108_WSSS_WGS_Managed_Access

  We have a case of two siblings (twins) who were born with nodular blue rashes over their body. The first twin had a large periorbital subcutaneous mass which was diagnosed as infantile undifferentiated sarcoma. This baby was too systematically unwell for chemotherapy and died at 12 days of age. The second sibling received two cycles of emergency chemotherapy however died due to disease progression and secondary haemorrhage at 2 months of age. Post-mortem normal and tumour samples have been taken. In addition to placental tissue and parental germline DNA, the goal will be to investigate intra-uterine transfer of sarcoma and the phylogenetic relationship of tumours in both twins.

  Study EGAS00001007536

• Meningioma_Exome

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from Meningioma tumour samples and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Three lanes of Illumina GA sequencing will be performed on the resulting exome libraries and mapped build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00001000177

• A genomic approach towards an understanding of clonal evolution and disease progression in multiple myeloma

  Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a largely incurable haematological malignancy defined by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. Clonal heterogeneity has recently been established as a feature in MM, however, the subclonal evolution associated with disease progression has not been described. We used whole exome sequencing to analyse 10 paired patient samples, providing new insights into the progression from Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) and Smouldering MM (SMM), to symptomatic MM. We confirm that clonal heterogeneity is a common feature at diagnosis and that the driving events involved in disease progression are more complex than previously reported. While we observe some previously identified known “drivers” of MM, we find that the driving events involved in progression are complex and not limited to the known SNVs or CNVs. The RAS/MAPK pathway was found to be the most frequently deregulated pathway, with recurrent mutations in KRAS and NRAS observed in patients at both MGUS/SMM and MM stages. We reveal that MM evolution is mainly characterised by the phenomenon of clonal stability, where the subclonal plasma cell populations identified at MM progression are already present in the asymptomatic MGUS/SMM stages. These subclonal populations could be amenable to therapeutic intervention to arrest transformation to MM.

  Study EGAS00001002850

• Chondrosarcoma_Validation_Study

  Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture was performed on genomic DNA derived from Chondrosarcoma cancer and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Next Generation sequencing performed on the resulting exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes. Now we aim to re find and validate the findings of those exome libraries using bespoke pulldown methods and sequencing the products.

  Study EGAS00001000181

• Whole exome sequencing of preneoplasia lung adenocarcinoma

  Multi-region exome sequencing of 271 pulmonary nodules and matched adjacent lung tissue including lung preneoplasia atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH, N=49), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS, N=42), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA, N=37), invasive lung adenocarcinoma (ADC, N=57) and adjacent lung tissues (Normal, N=88).

  Study EGAS50000000270

• ChIP_sequencing_in_Cancer_Cell_Lines

  The project is to evaluate the genomic binding sites of the histone demethylase JARID1C. This gene was recently identified in CGP as a novel recessive cancer gene in human renal cell carcinoma.

  Study EGAS00001000203

• Targeted exome sequencing of pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma (PILC).

  Pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma (PILC) is an aggressive variant of invasive lobular breast cancer that is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Limited molecular data are available to explain the mechanistic basis for PILC behavior. To address this issue, we performed targeted sequencing using the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) TumorCare™ gene panel that includes 1053 genes that were selected based upon their association with cancer. This sequencing analysis identified genes that distinguish PILC from classic ILC (CILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) by the incidence of their genomic changes.

  Study EGAS00001002871

• Luminal breast epithelial cells from wildtype and BRCA mutation carriers harbor copy number alterations commonly associated with breast cancer

  Cancer-associated mutations have been documented in normal tissues, but the prevalence and nature of somatic copy number alterations and their role in tumor initiation and evolution is not well understood. Here, using single cell DNA sequencing, we describe the landscape of CNA variants in >48,000 breast epithelial cells from women with normal or high risk of developing breast cancer. Individual cells with one or two of a specific subset of CNAs (e.g. 1q gain and 16q, 22q, 7q, and 10q loss) are detectable in almost all breast tissues and, in those from BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations carriers, occurs prior to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wildtype alleles. These CNAs, which are among the most common associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and malignant breast tumors, are enriched almost exclusively in luminal cells and are generally absent from basal myoepithelial cells. Allele-specific analysis of the enriched CNAs reveals that each allele was independently altered, demonstrating convergent evolution of these CNAs in an individual breast. Tissues from BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers contained a small percentage of cells with extreme aneuploidy, featuring loss of TP53, LOH of BRCA1 or BRCA2, and multiple breast cancer-associated CNAs in addition to one or more of the common CNAs in 1q, 10q or 16q. Notably, cells with intermediate levels of CNAs were not detected, arguing against a stepwise gradual accumulation of CNAs. Overall, our findings demonstrate that chromosomal alterations in normal breast epithelium including from high risk women, link early stage CNAs to clonally expanded tumor genomes .

  Study EGAS00001007716

• Radiotherapy_induced_sarcoma

  Whole genome library making will be performed on genomic DNA derived from radiotherapy induced sarcoma samples and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Next Generation sequencing will be performed on the resulting libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of mutations

  Study EGAS00001000138

• Genomic Heterogeneity and the Small Renal Mass

  Tumor heterogeneity is believed to represent a barrier to pre-operative genomic characterization in kidney cancer. Previous studies of heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) evaluated only large and metastatic tumors. In small renal tumors in which multiple biopsies are not feasible, the extent of heterogeneity remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated how the extent of genomic heterogeneity in small and large ccRCC. A total of 23 small (<4cm ) and 24 large (>7cm ) ccRCC had 3 regions sampled for evaluation of copy number, clear-cell A/clear-cell B (ccA/ccB) classification, and cell cycle progression (CCP) score. Small tumors have less genomic complexity and significantly fewer subclonal events. Pre-treatment genomic characterization based on a single biopsy in small ccRCC can provide insight into biologic potential to make clinical decisions.

  Study EGAS00001002919

• Genomic landscape of IG-MYC positive Burkitt lymphoma with precursor B-cell immunophenotype.

  As part of the ICGC, the ICGC MMML-Seq project performed whole genome sequencing of a rare Burkitt lymphoma subtype with precursor B-cell immunophenotype. Analysis were performed in concordance with the guidelines of the ICGC.

  Study EGAS00001002968

• Association of Age at Diagnosis and Genetic Mutations in Patients with Neuroblastoma

  Neuroblastoma is diagnosed over a wide age range from birth through young adulthood, and older age at diagnosis is associated with a decline in survivability. We performed whole genome sequencing of DNA from diagnostic tumors and their matched germlines from 40 patients with metastatic neuroblastoma obtained between 1987 and 2009. To identify genetic lesions that are associated with age at diagnosis in patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. Age groups at diagnosis included infants (0-18 months), children (18 months-12 years), and adolescents and young adults (>12 years). To confirm the findings from this discovery cohort, validation testing using tumors from an additional 64 patients obtained between 1985 and 2009 was also performed. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue was used for immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Telomere lengths were analyzed using the whole genome sequencing data, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization

  Study EGAS00001000213

• Whole exome sequencing of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma PDX models

  Childhood cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in pediatric patients in Europe. Pediatric sarcomas, comprising soft tissue sarcomas and malignant bone tumors, are a heterogenous group of malignancies, with more than 50 subtypes (WHO classification). Due to low case numbers, studying pediatric sarcomas requires accurate and reliable preclinical models. Here, we established 18 soft tissues sarcoma PDX models, including Ewing Sarcoma, Rhabdmyosarcoma and Osteosarcoma. We characterized these models by Whole Exome Sequencing and assessd the response to a wide range of drugs.

  Study EGAS50000000048

• Exome-sequencing identifies new oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes recurrently altered in hepatocellular carcinoma

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy. High-resolution copy number analysis of 125 tumors of which 24 were subjected to whole-exome sequencing identified 135 homozygous deletions and 994 somatic gene mutations with predicted functional consequences. We identified new recurrent alterations in 4 genes (ARID1A, RPS6KA3, NFE2L2 and IRF2) not previously described in HCC. Functional analyses demonstrated tumor suppressor properties for IRF2 whose inactivation, exclusively found in hepatitis B virus related tumors, leads to impaired TP53 function. Alternatively, inactivation of proteins involved in chromatin remodeling was frequent and predominant in alcohol related tumors. Moreover, activation of the oxidative stress metabolism and inactivation of RPS6KA3 were new pathways associated with WNT/beta-catenin activation, thereby suggesting a cooperative effect in tumorigenesis. This study shows the dramatic somatic genetic diversity in HCC, it reveals interactions between oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations markedly related to specific risk factors.

  Study EGAS00001000217

• The whole genome landscape of Burkitt lymphoma subtypes

  Study EGAS00001003778

• Integrative_Oncogenomics_of_multiple_myeloma

  We used targeted capture and massively parallel sequencing of exomes of CD138 purified plasma cells and matched somatic DNA from 17 patients with Multiple Myeloma. For each patient, an early tumor sample (at diagnosis) and a late one (at relapse) were available. For few of them, an additional late sample (2nd progression) was present. In total, the study has 52 samples. 1044 variants were validated by 454 sequencing. The present study will validate an additional 4630 variants by targeted pull-down and sequencing. All 52 samples will be indexed and then will be pre-pooled in groups of 5 or 6. The sequence capture will use 10 reactions. All samples will then be pooled and go thorugh one lane of HiSeq.

  Study EGAS00001000244