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• Next Generation Sequencing in an IBD Pedigree Whole Genome Data

  In 2009 we identified a four-generation family with over 700 members and 41 affected with Crohn's disease (CD). At the time we sequenced the exome of 6 affected individuals but did not identify any coding variants which appear to explain the high prevalence of disease. Since then we have collected DNA from a large number of additional family members, genotyped linkage arrays on the entire family to refine genomic regions shared by identity by descent and genotyped affected and unaffected members at known CD risk loci identified by Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). These analyses have confirmed that a significant unexplained excess of disease remains after accounting for all known genetic factors, and that several regions of the genome are shared by a large fraction of affected individuals. We therefore perform whole genomes sequencing from 8 individuals which will allow us to impute the complete sequence of nearly all the members of the two largest and most severely affected branches of the family.

  Dataset EGAD00001000399

• Cancer-independent, second somatic NF1 mutation of normal tissues in neurofibromatosis type 1

  Cancer predisposition syndromes mediated by recessive cancer genes generate tumours via somatic variants (second hits) in the unaffected allele. Second hits may or may not be sufficient for neoplastic transformation. Here, we performed whole genome and exome sequencing on 479 tissue biopsies from a child with neurofibromatosis type 1, a multi-system cancer-predisposing syndrome mediated by constitutive monoallelic NF1 inactivation. We identified multiple independent NF1 driver variants in histologically normal tissues, but not in 610 biopsies from two non-predisposed children. We corroborated this finding using targeted duplex sequencing, including a further nine adults with the same syndrome. Overall, truncating NF1 mutations were under positive selection in normal tissues from individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1. We demonstrate that normal tissues in neurofibromatosis type 1 commonly harbour second hits in NF1, the extent and pattern of which may underpin the syndrome's cancer phenotype.

  Dataset EGAD00001015398

• Transcriptomic predictors of survival for palbociclib + endocrine therapy vs. capecitabine in aromatase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer from GEICAM/2013-02 PEARL

  We examined transcriptomic tumor features associated with survival from GEICAM/2013-02 PEARL, a phase III trial of palbociclib + ET vs. capecitabine in aromatase inhibitor-resistant HR+/HER2- MBC. PAM50 intrinsic subtype predicted PFS differences between palbociclib + ET and capecitabine, and lower B-cell-associated gene expression predicted longer OS with palbociclib + ET vs. capecitabine. These features may help identify HR+/HER2- tumors resistant to further ET-based treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors.

  Study EGAS00001008177

• Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) Lipidomics Study

  The GOLDN study was initiated to assess how genetic factors interact with environmental (diet and drug) interventions to influence blood levels of triglycerides and other atherogenic lipid species and inflammation markers (registered at clinicaltrails.gov, number NCT00083369). The study recruited Caucasian participants primarily from three-generational pedigrees from two NHLBI Family Heart Study (FHS) field centers (Minneapolis, MN and Salt Lake City, UT). Only families with at least two siblings were recruited and only participants who did not take lipid-lowering agents (pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals) for at least 4 weeks prior to the initial visit were included. A total of 1048 GOLDN participants were included in the diet intervention. The diet intervention followed the protocol of Patsch et al. (1992). The whipping cream (83% fat) meal had 700 Calories/m2 body surface area (2.93 MJ/m2 body surface area): 3% of calories were derived from protein (instant nonfat dry milk) and 14% from carbohydrate (sugar). The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat was 0.06 and the cholesterol content of the average meal was 240 mg. The mixture was blended with ice and flavorings. Blood samples were drawn immediately before (fasting) and at 3.5 and 6 hours after consuming the high-fat meal. For the GOLDN lipidomics study, sterols and fatty acids were measured from stored plasma (-80 degrees Celsius) collected at fasting and 3.5 hours after the diet intervention using TrueMass Panels from Lipomics (West Sacramento, CA). A total of 11 sterols were quantified in nmols/gram of sample including total cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lanosterol, lathasterol, cholestanol, coprostanol, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. A total of 35 fatty acids were quantified in nmols/gram of sample inlcuding myristic acid (14:0); pentadecanoic acid (15:0); palmitic acid (16:0); stearic acid (18:0); arachidic acid (20:0); behenic acid (22:0); lignoceric acid (24:0); myristoleic acid (14:1n5); palmitoleic acid (16:1n7); palmitelaidic acid (t16:1n7); oleic acid (18:1n9); elaidic acid (t18:1n9); vaccenic acid (18:1n7); linoleic acid (18:2n6); gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n6); alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n3); stearidonic acid (18:4n3); eicosenoic acid (20:1n9); eicosadienoic acid (20:2n6); mead acid (20:3n9); di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n6); arachidonic acid (20:4n6); eicsoatetraenoic acid (20:4n3); eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3); erucic acid (22:1n9); docosadienoic acid (22:2n6); adrenic acid (22:4n6); docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n6); docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n3); docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3); nervonic acid (24:1n9); and plasmalogen derivatives of 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n9, and 18:1n7.

  Study phs000741

• Sanger sequencing of catalytic-domain encoding exons of tyrosine kinase genes from human endometrial tumor DNAs

  The purpose of the original study was to search for somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinome of serous and clear cell endometrial carcinomas (human). The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1: A mutation discovery screen, in which ~577 exons encoding the catalytic domains of 86 tyrosine kinases were PCR-amplified and bidirectionally Sanger sequenced from 24 serous, 11 clear cell, and 5 mixed histology endometrial tumors. This was followed by alignment of sequence reads to the human reference sequence and subsequent nucleotide variant calling to identify potential somatic (tumor-specific) mutations. Potential somatic mutations were confirmed by re-amplification and sequencing of the relevant tumor DNA as well as matched non-tumor ("normal") DNA from the same case. Phase 2: A mutation prevalence screen, in which the non-catalytic regions two tyrosine kinase genes, TNK2 and DDR1, were PCR-amplified and sequenced from the 40 discovery screen tumors, and all coding exons of TNK2 and DDR1 were PCR-amplified and sequenced from another 10 clear cell, 21 serous, and 41 endometrioid endometrial tumors, in an effort to identify additional somatic mutations in each gene. Exons encoding the exonuclease domain of POLE were also sequenced to document somatic mutations.

  Study phs000841

• Identification of Targetable FGFR Gene Fusions in Diverse Cancers

  In this study, patients with advanced cancer across all histologies were enrolled in our IRB approved clinical sequencing program, called MI-ONCOSEQ, to go through an integrative sequencing which includes whole exome sequencing of the tumor and matched normal, and transcriptome sequencing. Four index cases were identified which harbor gene rearrangements of FGFR2 including two cholangiocarcinoma cases, a metastatic breast cancer case, and a metastatic prostate cancer case. After extending our assessment of FGFR rearrangements across multiple tumor cohorts, including TCGA, we identified FGFR gene fusions with intact kinase domains of FGFR1, FGFR2, or FGFR3 in cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung squamous cell cancer, bladder cancer, thyroid cancer, oral cancer, glioblastoma, and head and neck squamous cell cancer. All FGFR fusion partners tested exhibit oligomerization capability, suggesting a shared mode of kinase activation. Overexpression of FGFR fusion proteins in vitro induced cell proliferation, and bladder cancer cell lines that harbors FGFR3 fusion proteins exhibited enhanced susceptibility to pharmacologic inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Due to the combinatorial possibilities of FGFR family fusion to a variety of oligomerization partners, clinical sequencing efforts which incorporate transcriptome analysis for gene fusions are poised to identify rare, targetable FGFR fusions across diverse cancer types.

  Study phs000602

• Experimental and Clinical Studies of Presbycusis

  This study aimed to investigate genes and variants associated with adult-onset progressive hearing loss, a common and complex disease with a strong genetic component.Participants enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study of age-related hearing loss at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), dating from 1987. Pure tone thresholds at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz were obtained for each ear of each person, along with questionnaire responses concerning noise exposure history. Based on the audiometry, participants were classified into 5 groups as "Older-Normal", "Metabolic", "Sensory", "Unclassified" and "Unselected" by their hearing loss.Exome sequencing was carried out using the Agilent SureSelect X2 Target Enrichment System (version 5) and the Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V5 kit, which included 5' and 3' UTRs. DNA was sheared using the Covaris S220 focused ultrasonicator. Libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Variant loads per gene were calculated and compared between groups. Individual variants affecting hearing thresholds were also identified. Analyses were followed up in a second cohort. Several genes and variants were identified as novel candidates associated with both better and worse hearing. Data available through dbGaP include whole exome sequencing (WES) files and audiometric phenotyping.

  Study phs003327

• Early Detection of Malignant and Pre-Malignant Peripheral Nerve Tumors Using Cell-Free DNA Fragmentomics

  Early detection of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) associated peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) informs clinical decision-making, potentially averting deadly outcomes. Here, we describe a cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentomic approach which distinguishes non-malignant, pre-malignant and malignant forms of NF1 PNST. Using plasma samples from a novel cohort of 101 NF1 patients and 21 healthy controls, we validated that our previous cfDNA copy number alteration (CNA)-based approach identifies malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) but cannot distinguish among benign and premalignant states. We therefore investigated the ability of fragment-based cfDNA features to differentiate NF1-associated tumors including binned genome-wide fragment length ratios, end motif analysis, and non-negative matrix factorization deconvolution of fragment lengths. Fragmentomic methods were able to differentiate pre-malignant states including atypical neurofibromas (AN). Fragmentomics also adjudicated AN cases suspicious for MPNST, correctly diagnosing samples noninvasively, which could have informed clinical management. Overall, this study pioneers the early detection of malignant and premalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors in NF1 patients using plasma cfDNA fragmentomics. In addition to screening applications, this novel approach distinguishes atypical neurofibromas from benign plexiform neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, enabling more precise clinical diagnosis and management.

  Study phs003712

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell RCC -- CA209-009

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001004290

• Molecular determinants of response to PD-L1 blockade across tumor types

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis lead to durable clinical responses in subsets of cancer patients across multiple indications, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), urothelial carcinoma (UC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Herein, we complement PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tumor mutation burden (TMB) with RNA-seq in 366 patients to identify unifying and indication-specific molecular profiles that can predict response to checkpoint blockade across these tumor types. Multiple machine learning approaches failed to identify a baseline transcriptional signature highly predictive of response across these indications. Signatures described previously for immune checkpoint inhibitors also failed to validate. At the pathway level, significant heterogeneity was observed between indications, in particular within the PD-L1+ tumors. mUC and NSCLC were molecularly aligned, with cell cycle and DNA damage repair genes associated with response in PD-L1- tumors. At the gene level, the CDK4/6 inhibitor CDKN2A was identified as a significant transcriptional correlate of response, highlighting the association of non-immune pathways to the outcome of checkpoint blockade. This cross-indication analysis revealed molecular heterogeneity between mUC, NSCLC and RCC tumors, suggesting that indication-specific molecular approaches should be prioritized to formulate treatment strategies.

  Study EGAS00001004343

• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 causes impaired anti-microbial immunity through a pathogenic lipid metabolism-mTOR circuit

  Mendelian diseases that present with immune-mediated disorders can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive inflammation. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) types 1 and 4 are caused by defective vesicle trafficking involving the BLOC-3 complex. The presence of inflammatory complications such as Crohn’s disease-like inflammation and lung fibrosis in these patients remains enigmatic. Using mass cytometry we observe an augmented inflammatory monocyte compartment in HPS1 patient peripheral blood that may be associated with a TNF - and IL-1α-dominated cytokine dysregulation. HPS1 patient monocyte-derived macrophages express an inflammatory TNF-OSM mRNA gene signature and changes in lipid metabolism. Using stimulation experiments and lysosomal proteomics we show that defective lipid metabolism drives RAB32-dependent mTOR signaling, facilitated by the accumulation of mTOR on lysosomes. This pathogenic circuit translates into aberrant bacterial clearance, which can be rescued with mTORC1 inhibition. We reveal that a pathogenic lipid-mTOR signaling circuit acts as a metabolic checkpoint for defective anti-microbial activity. This mechanism may be relevant to the complex pathology of HPS1 patients featuring macrophage lipid accumulation, granuloma formation, defective anti-microbial activity and tissue inflammation. Lastly, this circuit may be present in a wider group of disorders with defective lipid metabolism and cholesterol accumulation.

  Study EGAS00001005053

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell RCC -- CA209-010

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001004291

• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 causes impaired anti-microbial immunity through a pathogenic lipid metabolism-mTOR circuit - 10x Genomics scRNAseq

  Mendelian diseases that present with immune-mediated disorders can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive inflammation. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) types 1 and 4 are caused by defective vesicle trafficking involving the BLOC-3 complex. The presence of inflammatory complications such as Crohn’s disease-like inflammation and lung fibrosis in these patients remains enigmatic. Using mass cytometry we observe an augmented inflammatory monocyte compartment in HPS1 patient peripheral blood that may be associated with a TNF - and IL-1α-dominated cytokine dysregulation. HPS1 patient monocyte-derived macrophages express an inflammatory TNF-OSM mRNA gene signature and changes in lipid metabolism. Using stimulation experiments and lysosomal proteomics we show that defective lipid metabolism drives RAB32-dependent mTOR signaling, facilitated by the accumulation of mTOR on lysosomes. This pathogenic circuit translates into aberrant bacterial clearance, which can be rescued with mTORC1 inhibition. We reveal that a pathogenic lipid-mTOR signaling circuit acts as a metabolic checkpoint for defective anti-microbial activity. This mechanism may be relevant to the complex pathology of HPS1 patients featuring macrophage lipid accumulation, granuloma formation, defective anti-microbial activity and tissue inflammation. Lastly, this circuit may be present in a wider group of disorders with defective lipid metabolism and cholesterol accumulation.

  Study EGAS00001005098

• CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of Schistosoma mansoni acetylcholinesterase

  Here we report successful gene knock-in (KI) in the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni by combining CRISPR/Cas9 with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs). We targeted the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene of S. mansoni using two synthetic guide RNAs (gRNAs), X5 and X7, respectively. Liver eggs of S. mansoni were exposed to CRISPR-vector containing X5 or X7 by electroporation. Simultaneously, eggs were transfected with a ssODN donor encoding a stop codon in all six frames. Next generation sequencing analysis revealed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing in S. mansoni eggs resulted in Homology-Directed Repair (HDR) when template DNA ssODN provided. Furthermore, soluble egg antigen (SEA) from AChE-modified eggs exhibited markedly reduced AChE activity compared with controls, indicative that programmed Cas9 cleavage mutated the AChE gene. Following injection of modified schistosome eggs into the tail veins of mice, a significant decrease in granuloma size in the lungs of these animals. Notably, an enhanced Th2 response induced by eggs in lung, and splenocytes small intestine-draining mesenteric lymph node cells was also generated in mice injected with X5-KI eggs in different methods. These findings further demonstrate the power and utility of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing for undertaking functional genomics studies in schistosomes.

  Study EGAS00001004455

• Interplay of somatic alterations and immune infiltration modulates response to PD-1 blockade in advanced clear cell RCC-- CA209-025

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1 pathway have transformed the management of many advanced malignancies, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but the drivers and resistors of PD-1 response remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we analyzed 592 tumors collected from advanced ccRCC patients enrolled in prospective clinical trials of treatment with PD-1 blockade (or mTOR inhibition as control arm) by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing, integrated with immunofluorescence analysis, to define the somatic alteration landscape of late-stage ccRCC and to uncover the immunogenomic determinants of therapeutic response. While conventional genomic markers (tumor mutation burden, neoantigen load) and degree of CD8+ T cell infiltration were not associated with clinical response, we discovered numerous chromosomal alterations in advanced ccRCC associated with response or resistance to PD-1 blockade. These advanced tumors were highly CD8+ T cell infiltrated, with only 22% and 5% with an immune desert and immune excluded phenotype, respectively. Our analysis revealed that CD8+ infiltrated tumors are depleted of favorable PBRM1 mutations and are enriched for unfavorable chromosomal losses of 9p21.3 when compared to non-infiltrated tumors. These data demonstrate how the interplay of somatic alterations and immunophenotypes impacts therapeutic efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001004292

• Pooled scRNA-seq of iPSC-derived neural stem cells from ADHD and control individuals

  This dataset comprises paired-end FASTQ files from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The iPSCs were reprogrammed from somatic cells (keratinocytes, PBMCs, or lymphoblastoid cell lines) collected from individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and age-matched healthy controls (ages 6–18 years). Reprogramming was carried out using the non-integrative Sendai virus system (CytoTune-iPS 2.0, Thermo Fisher Scientific), introducing OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC. iPSCs were cultured in Essential 8 medium on vitronectin and underwent rigorous quality control including immunocytochemistry, qRT-PCR, mycoplasma testing, and SNP genotyping (Illumina Global Screening Array). NSCs were generated using a standardized neural induction protocol and validated via qRT-PCR and immunostaining for markers including PAX6, SOX2, NESTIN, TUJ1, and FOXG1. Two independent scRNA-seq multiplexed experiments were performed: Experiment 1 (ADHD: n = 7; Control: n = 6) and Experiment 2 (ADHD: n = 9; Control: n = 7). Samples were pooled and demultiplexed using the Ensemblex algorithm, incorporating prior genotype data. After quality control filtering (>500 unique RNA molecules per cell), 30,433 single-cell transcriptomes were retained. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted to identify transcriptional signatures associated with ADHD compared to controls.

  Study EGAS00001008169

• Multi-organ landscape of therapy-resistant melanoma

  Metastasis and failure of present-day therapies represent the most common causes of mortality in patients with cutaneous melanoma. To identify the underlying genetic and transcriptomic landscapes, here we analyzed multi-organ metastases and tumor-adjacent tissues from eleven rapid autopsies after treatment with MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) and/or immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and death due to acquired resistance. Either treatment elicits shared genetic alterations that suggest immune-evasive, cross-therapy resistance mechanisms. Large, non-clustered deletions, inversions, and inter-chromosomal translocations dominate rearrangements. Using 345 therapy-naïve TCGA melanoma and 131 patient-matched melanoma pre-and-post acquired resistance to only either treatment, we performed cross-cohort analyses to identify MAPKi and ICB as respective contributors to gene amplifications and deletions enriched in autopsy versus therapy-naïve tumors. Private/late mutations and structural variants display shifted mutational and rearrangement signatures, with MAPKi specifically selecting for signatures of defective homologous-recombination, mismatch, and base-excision repair. Transcriptomic signatures and cross-talks with tumor-adjacent macroenvironments nominate organ-specific adaptive pathways. An immune-desert, CD8+-macrophage-biased archetype, T-cell exhaustion, and type-2 immunity characterize the immune contexture. This multi-organ analysis of lethal, therapy-resistant melanoma presents preliminary insights with potential to improve therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS00001006644

• Avelumab or M7824 for People with Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

  This submission includes genomic data derived from the study of clinical samples from two different phase II trials. These trials evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of avelumab or M7824 in the treatment of adults with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Subjects with aggressive RRP were treated with three to six doses of avelumab or M7824. Pre-treatment or post-treatment snap frozen papilloma and normal mucosa samples were subjected to whole exome sequencing and bulk RNA-seq. A total of twenty subjects were enrolled and treated. 

  Study phs002373

• A Genome-Wide Association Study for Post-bronchodilator Lung Function in Children with Asthma

  In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of post-bronchodilator (BD) FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) in Puerto Rican children with asthma. From September 2003 to June 2010, we recruited 618 Puerto Rican children with asthma, which was defined as physician diagnosed asthma and at least one episode of wheezing in the previous year. The recruited children include 267 from public schools in Hartford, Connecticut and 351 from randomly selected households in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

  Study phs001216

• Subclonal diversification of primary breast cancer

  Cancers are ecosystems of genetically related clones, competing across space and time for limited resources. To understand the clonal structure of primary breast cancer, we applied genome and targeted sequencing to 295 samples from 49 patients’ tumors. The extent of subclonal diversification varied considerably among patients and encompassed many spatial patterns, including local growth, intraductal dissemination and clonal intermixture. Landmarks of disease progression, such as acquiring invasive or metastatic potential, arose within detectable subclones of antecedent lesions, suggesting that subclonal mutations could be relevant if actionable. No defined temporal order of mutation was evident, with the commonest genes, including PIK3CA, TP53, BRCA2, PTEN and MYC, mutated early in some, late in others, often exhibiting parallel evolution across subclones. Signatures of homologous recombination deficiency correlated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, the interplay of mutation, growth and competition drives clonal structures of breast cancer that are complex, variable across patients and clinically relevant.

  Dataset EGAD00001000898

• DAC Admixture histories of São Tomé e Príncipe

  Contacts: Paul Verdu +33144057317 paul.verdu@mnhn.fr CNRS-MNHN-Université de Paris UMR7206 Eco-anthropology Jorge M. Rocha jrocha@cibio.up.pt CIBIO Short description The Data Access Committee for acess to genotype and sample information used in the article "Nested admixture during and after the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in the island of Sao Tome" by Ciccarella M et al.2025 ensures that data-access requests comply with the Informed Consent provided by donors, and with ethical and deontological guidelines with respect to privacy. Research sampling protocols followed the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and written informed consent was obtained from all volunteer participants involved in the sampling in São Tomé e Príncipe. The study of the São Tomé e Príncipe sample was undertaken with the support and permission of the Provincial Government of the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé e Príncipe, and the Provincial Government of Príncipe. Research sampling protocols also followed the French laws of scientific research deontology (Loi n° 2016-483 du 20 avril 2016) and were approved by the French ethics committees and CNIL (Declaration n°1972648).

  Dac EGAC50000000437

• Establishment of an integrated database for clinical and genomic data in cancer

  In this study, to clarify the genomic varieties of MM in Asian population, we planned to investigate the genomic features in Japanese population, represented as an Asian cohort, and preformed the comprehensive genomic analysis of MM cells with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) by means of targeted capture sequencing (TCS) method. In our TCS assay, MM cells are subjected to the detection of following genomic abnormalities; IG rearrangements, IG associated translocations, CNAs, and somatic mutations from 340 genes related to the pathogenesis and therapeutic agent of MM.

  Study JGAS000206

• The DIRECT study: A roadmap for ctDNA-based risk prediction, molecular profiling and MRD detection in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

  DIRECT was a prospective, multisite study assessing the feasibility and utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in 188 patients with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma using capture panel sequencing and an open-source computational pipeline. The aims of the study were 1)baseline risk stratification, 2)genetic profiling and 3)ultrasensitive minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment. This study highlighted the considerable potential, but also the caveats and limitations, of ctDNA technology when applied to aggressive B-cell lymphoma.

  Study EGAS50000000968

• Genome-wide search for higher order epistasis as modifiers of treatment effects on bone mineral density in childhood cancer survivors

  Survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) exposed to curative treatments that adversely affect BMD (age- and sex-adjusted BMD Z-scores, measured via QCT). Specifically, after SNP QC and annotation, we considered 75523 autosomal SNPs mapped to putative promoter or enhancer regions to restrict our search to 3-way SNP interactions that potentially reflect gene regulation events that influence BMD. We replicated 3-SNP interactions as modifiers of treatment effects in a cohort of adult survivors of non-ALL pediatric cancers (N=1428).

  Study EGAS00001002645

• UCSF Pediatric Bithalamic Glioma Genome Project

  Targeted next-generation sequencing of 13 pediatric bithalamic diffuse gliomas. BAM files of targeted next-generation DNA sequencing data of 13 pediatric gliomas, with multi-region sequencing data from 2 of these cases (17 total tumor samples). Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of tumor tissue from using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen). Capture-based next-generation DNA sequencing was performed at the University of California, San Francisco Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, using an assay that targets all coding exons of 480 cancer-related genes, select introns of 47 genes, and TERT promoter with a total sequencing footprint of 2.8 Mb (UCSF500 Cancer Panel). Sequencing libraries were prepared from genomic DNA, and target enrichment was performed by hybrid capture using a custom oligonucleotide library (Nimblegen SeqCap EZ Choice). Captured libraries were sequenced as paired-end 100 bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument. Duplicate sequencing reads were removed computationally to allow for accurate allele frequency determination and copy number calling.

  Dataset EGAD00001005499

• Precise reconstruction of the tumor microenvironment using bulk RNA-seq and a unique machine learning-based algorithm trained on artificial transcriptomes

  Cellular deconvolution algorithms virtually reconstruct tissue composition by analyzing the gene expression of complex tissues. Here, we present the decision tree machine learning algorithm, Kassandra, trained on a broad collection of > 9,400 tissue and blood sorted cell RNA profiles to accurately reconstruct the tumor microenvironment (TME). Bioinformatic correction for technical and biological variability, aberrant cancer cell expression inclusion, and the accurate quantification and normalization of transcript expression increased the stability and robustness of Kassandra. Performance was validated on over 4,000 H&E tissue slides and more than 1,000 normal and tumor tissues by comparison with cytometric, immunohistochemical or single-cell RNA-seq measurements. Kassandra accurately deconvolved stromal and immune elements of blood and tumors, revealing the role of the TME in tumor pathogenesis. Digital TME reconstruction revealed that the presence of PD1-positive CD8+ T cells strongly correlated with immunotherapy response and increased the predictive potential of established biomarkers, indicating that Kassandra could potentially be utilized in future clinical applications.

  Dataset EGAD00001008776

• MARS-seq dataset of five obese human subjects and a lean human subject

  Biopsies from visceral adipose tissue from the omental depot (OAT) were obtained from five obese individuals and one lean donor with participant informed consent obtained after the nature and possible consequences of the studies were explained under protocols approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, or the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. The obese donors underwent bariatric surgery, the lean donor underwent cholecystectomy. OAT samples were placed in 1 mL of DMEM, and finely minced under sterile conditions before digestion in 50 mL of DMEM with 3 mg/1 mL collagenase IV (Gibco). Samples were incubated at 37°C in a rotating oven for 20-60 min. Adipocyte and stromal vascular fractions (SVF) were separated by centrifugation, and red blood cells (RBCs) were removed from the SVF by histopaque gradient (Sigma). Single-cell RNA-sequencing libraries were prepared using the MARS-seq pipeline, and sequenced on the MiSeq 500 or HiSeq 2500 Sequencing System (Illumina).

  Dataset EGAD00001005100

• RNA sequencing on colonic biopsies from inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with vehicle control, MEK inhibitor, or infliximab

  This dataset consists of RNA sequencing data (FASTQs) from intestinal mucosal biopsies from 9 IBD patients. All patients endoscopically active disease and were not receiving immunosuppressive or biologic therapies. All biopsies (6 per donor) were collected from a single inflamed site. Biopsies were cultured for 18 hours at an air-liquid interface in media containing either DMSO (vehicle control), PD-0325901 (0.5uM) or infliximab (10ug/ml; MSD) - two biopsies per condition. Sequencing was performed on a NovaSeq 6000 (100bp, PE reads). After 18 hours, biopsies were harvested and snap frozen. After lysis, RNA was extracted using an AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). Sequencing libraries were prepared from 10ng RNA using the SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit v2 - Pico Input Mammalian (Takara) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and molarity of all libraries was assessed using a BioAnalyzer 2100 and the libraries were sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 (100bp, PE reads).

  Dataset EGAD00001011333

• 20210708_EGA_Melanoma_mk2 WGS 570 donors

  Illumina platform whole genome sequencing data for matched tumour-normal DNA samples from 570 melanoma patients

  Dataset EGAD00001008798

• Extensive three-dimensional intratumor proteomic heterogeneity revealed by multiregion sampling in high-grade serous ovarian tumor specimens

  Enriched tumor epithelium, tumor-associated stroma, and whole tissue were collected by laser microdissection from thin sections across spatially separated levels of ten high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs) and analyzed by mass spectrometry, reverse phase protein arrays, and RNA sequencing. Unsupervised analyses of protein abundance data revealed independent clustering of an enriched stroma and enriched tumor epithelium, with whole tumor tissue clustering driven by overall tumor “purity.” Comparing these data to previously defined prognostic HGSOC molecular subtypes revealed protein and transcript expression from tumor epithelium correlated with the differentiated subtype, whereas stromal proteins (and transcripts) correlated with the mesenchymal subtype. Protein and transcript abundance in the tumor epithelium and stroma exhibited decreased correlation in samples collected just hundreds of microns apart. These data reveal substantial tumor microenvironment protein heterogeneity that directly bears on prognostic signatures, biomarker discovery, and cancer pathophysiology and underscore the need to enrich cellular subpopulations for expression profiling.

  Dataset EGAD00001008344

• The polarity and specificity of antiviral T lymphocyte responses determine susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients and healthy individuals

  We monitored patient's anti SARS-CoV-2 immune responses using an in vitro cross presentation assay. The goal of this study was to identify immune correlates of clinical protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patient were divided into a monocyte and lymphocyte. Monocyte were differentiated into monocyte derived dendritic (mo-DC)cells using GM-CSF and Interferon alpha. Mo-DC were then loaded with SARS-CoV-2 culture lysates , or VeroE86 lysates. SARS-CoV-2 loaded mo-DC were then used to stimulates their autologous lymphocytes and T cell cytokine secretion was monitored in the supernatant. We discriminated patients producing IL-2 and patients producing IL-5. RNA sequencing was performed for 18 patients, to identify gene profile associated with IL-2 or IL-5 production.

  Dataset EGAD00001008538

• Haplotype-specific assembly of shattered chromosomes in oesophageal adenocarciomas

  Genomic and epigenomic sequencing of 5 oesphageal adenocarciomas with evidence of chromothripsis. Genomic sequencing includes: Pacbio circular consensus sequencing, Pacbio continuous long read sequencing, 10X linked read and Illumia HiSeq X Ten sequencing. Epigenomic sequencing includes: Hi-C chromosome capture, ATAC-seq, ChIP seq (for H3K27ac, H3K4me3, H3K27me3 and CTCF) and long read RNA sequencing. All data types have the bam files which have not undergone haplotype resolution (demarcated as unresolved) and some data types also have haplotype resolved reads (demarcated as resolved).

  Dataset EGAD00001010871

• Dataset for urologic_cancer-RNA

  Rare cancer sequencing data of 75 runs in tumor/control pairs, which were uploaded to umbrella studies. The sequencing was always paired

  Dataset EGAD00001008851

• Dataset for soft_tissue_tumor-EXON

  Rare cancer sequencing data of 246 runs in tumor/control pairs, which were uploaded to umbrella studies. The sequencing was always paired

  Dataset EGAD00001008897

• The ALT pathway generates telomere fusions that can be detected in the blood of cancer patients

  Telomere fusions (TFs) can trigger the accumulation of oncogenic alterations leading to malignant transformation and drug resistance. Despite their relevance in tumour evolution, our understanding of the patterns and consequences of TFs in human cancers remains limited. Here, we characterize the rates and spectrum of somatic TFs across >30 cancer types using whole-genome sequencing data. TFs are pervasive in human tumours with rates varying markedly across and within cancer types. In addition to end-to-end fusions, we find novel patterns of TFs that we mechanistically link to the activity of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. We show that TFs can be detected in the blood of cancer patients, which enables cancer detection with high specificity and sensitivity even for early-stage tumours and cancers of high unmet clinical need. Overall, we report a novel genomic footprint that enables characterization of the telomere maintenance mechanism of tumours and liquid biopsy analysis.

  Dataset EGAD00001012101

• RNA sequencing in primary inflammatory (TPP) macrophages following deletion of a disease-associated gene desert at chr21q22, disruption of ETS2, or treatment of ETS2-edited macrophages with a HIF1α stabiliser.

  This dataset comprises raw RNA sequencing data (FASTQs) from primary inflammatory (TPP) macrophages that were unedited (non-targeting control, NTC), edited to delete the disease-associated chr21q22 enhancer region (n=5), or edited to disrupt ETS2 with 1 of 2 independent gRNAs (n=9). We also performed RNA-sequencing in NTC or ETS2-edited TPP macrophages that were treated for 12 hours with vehicle (DMSO) or roxadustat (30 uM, n=3). Macrophages were detached using Accutase and lysed. RNA was extracted from cell lysates using an AllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). Sequencing libraries were prepared from 10ng RNA using the SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit v2 - Pico Input Mammalian (Takara) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The quality and molarity of all libraries was assessed using a BioAnalyzer 2100 and the libraries were sequenced on a NextSeq500. Raw data are provided as 50 bp paired-end Illumina reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001011338

• 10x dataset of an obese human subject

  Biopsies from visceral adipose tissue from the omental depot (OAT) were obtained from an obese individual with participant informed consent obtained after the nature and possible consequences of the studies were explained under protocols approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, or the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. The obese donor underwent bariatric surgery, the lean donor underwent cholecystectomy. OAT samples were placed in 1 mL of DMEM, and finely minced under sterile conditions before digestion in 50 mL of DMEM with 3 mg/1 mL collagenase IV (Gibco). Samples were incubated at 37°C in a rotating oven for 20-60 min. Adipocyte and stromal vascular fractions (SVF) were separated by centrifugation, and red blood cells (RBCs) were removed from the SVF by histopaque gradient (Sigma). Single-cell RNA-sequencing libraries were prepared using the Chromium platform (10x genomics), and sequenced on the MiSeq 500 or HiSeq 2500 Sequencing System (Illumina).

  Dataset EGAD00001005101

• Integrative single-cell and cell-free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics

  10 single-cell placental RNA libraries were generated using the Chromium Single Cell 3′ Reagent Kit (10X Genomics). All single-cell libraries were sequenced with a customized paired end with dual indexing (98/14/8/10-bp) format according to the recommendation by 10X Genomics. The data were aligned using the Cell Ranger Single-Cell Software Suite (version 1.0). Moreover, plasma RNA from 22 samples were extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). cDNA reverse transcription, second-strand synthesis, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) library construction were performed using the Ovation RNA-seq System V2 (NuGEN) kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For alignment of the plasma RNA library, adaptor sequences and low-quality bases on the fragment ends (i.e., quality score < 5) were trimmed, and reads were aligned to the human reference genome (hg19) using the TopHat (v2.0.4) software. All aligned reads were deposited in bam file format.

  Dataset EGAD00001003705

• Melanoma PEACE Dataset

  Dataset for the initial melanoma PEACE paper in Cancer Discovery, March 2023.

  Dataset EGAD00001010877

• Defining T cell States Associated with Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Melanoma

  Checkpoint blockade therapy using antibodies targeting CTLA4, PD1 or PDL1 have changed the way cancer patients with advanced disease are being treated, as evident by their FDA approval in a wide variety of malignancies, and their ability to induce high response rates when compared to conventional therapies (e.g. chemotherapy). However, even in melanoma, despite the high response rate, most patients are refractory to therapy or acquire resistance in 10-12 months. To identify key immunological elements coupled with response or resistance to checkpoint immunotherapy, we performed an unbiased analysis on 16,291 CD45+ immune cells from 32 patients (48 samples) treated with checkpoint therapy (anti-PD1=37; anti-PD1/CTLA4=11), using single cell transcriptomics. Initial unsupervised clustering of all CD45+ cells identified 11 clusters. When examining the association of these clusters with clinical outcome, we found that two clusters (B-cells, p=0.005; memory T-cells, p=0.03) were significantly enriched in responder lesions while 4 clusters (monocytes/macrophages, p=0.003; dendritic cells, p=0.015; exhausted CD8+ T-cells, p=0.005; and exhausted/cell-cycle lymphocytes, 1.3x10-5) are enriched in non-responder lesions. Next, by leveraging our unbiased single cell approach, we identified not only clusters but also specific markers associated with either responder lesions (PLAC8, LTB, LY9, SELL, TCF7, IGKC and CCR7) or non-responder ones (CCL3, CD38, HAVCR2, ENTPD1 and WARS), many of which were not previously reported to be associated with clinical outcome to checkpoint therapy. Due to the importance of CD8+ T-cells in controlling tumors, the significant association of T-cell states with clinical outcome, and their high abundance in melanoma tumors, we next focused our analysis on CD8+ T-cells and identified 2 main clusters CD8_G (with increased expression of genes linked to memory) and CD8_B (enriched for genes linked to cell dysfunction), that were significantly enriched in responder (CD8_G, p=1.4x10-6) and non-responder (CD8_B, p=0.005) lesions, respectively. Since cells with both states coexist in each of the responder and non-responder lesions, we decided to calculate the ratio between the number of cells in these 2 clusters and observed a significant separation between responders (CD8_G/CD8_B>1) and non-responders (CD8_G/CD8_B<1) when looking at all samples, baseline or post samples separately. Similar results were detected when looking at the expression of a single transcription factor, TCF7, in CD8 T-cells in an independent cohort (n=43) using a simple immunofluorescence assay. Additionally, we validated the identity and function of some of the newly identified cell states as well as their epigenetic landscape, and found that cells expressing the inhibitory molecules CD39 and TIM3, on top of being enriched in non-responder lesions, are likely to play a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion in melanoma. Collectively, our study provides extensive unbiased data in human tumors for discovery of predictors and therapeutic targets to checkpoint immunotherapy.

  Study phs001680

• Blood Somatic Mutations in TCGA Donors Suffering from Solid Tumors

  Blood somatic mutations identified across 8,530 solid tumor patients in TCGA cohort. We reasoned that low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of blood samples routinely carried out in cancer genomics projects may be repurposed to detect clonal hematopoiesis (CH). Thus, inspired by a previous approach to identify early mutations in the development of the hematopoietic system, we implemented a pipeline to systematically carry out this "reverse" somatic mutation calling on the paired blood/tumor samples. Blood somatic mutations were called using a 'reverse' approach, in which the tumor sample taken from each patient was used as control of their germline genome. Blood somatic mutations are thus detected as variants in the blood (with respect to the human reference genome) that are absent in the tumor sample. The variant calling was carried out in our in house cluster on downloaded blood/tumor BAM files. The matched blood and tumoral BAM files -- masked and deduplicated using GATK -- of 8,530 whole-exome patients were obtained as described above. The variant calling was carried out using Strelka2 (employing default parameters) with the blood sample as the tumoral input and the tumor sample as control (reverse calling). All variants with two or more supporting reads matching the caller PASS filter and with VAF<0.5 were kept. Mutations in lowly mappable regions as defined by the DUST algorithm (k=30) and UMAP68 (36-kmers) were excluded. Contiguous variants were merged into double-base substitutions. Variants with greater frequency across the cohorts than the DNMT3A R882H or JAK2 V617F hotspot in a cohort-specific Panel of Normals and in gnomAD v2.1 were removed. This was equivalent to discarding variants present in these datasets with an allele frequency greater than 0.008 in PoN TCGA and 0.0003 in gnomAD v2.1. Additionally, common SNPs as defined by the dbSNP 151 Common UCSC track and dbSNP were excluded. Mutations within segmental duplications, simple repeats and masked regions as defined in UCSC tracks were also removed. Finally, samples with the mutation count above the 97.5 percentile of the mutation burden across the cohort were deemed unreliable and excluded for further analyses. We call the set of variants obtained after the application of these filters the full set. A more conservative subset of somatic mutations was generated from the full set of blood somatic mutations. To this end, we applied MosaicForecast, a software designed to phase mutations to polymorphisms with the aim of identifying somatic mutations in a small number of cells and also predict mosaicism for the unphased ones with a random forest classifier. As a result, we obtained a subset of mosaic-phased mutations, and a subset of mutations likely to be somatic (mosaic set).In order to obtain access to this study, please first obtain access to TCGA study (phs000178).

  Study phs002867

• Genomic Analysis of Extra-Nodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma (ENKTCL)

  In this study, we performed extensive genetic profiling on 209 extra-nodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) nasal-type cases, including 174 Chinese from four hospitals in China, and 31 Hispanic and 4 Caucasian patients from City of Hope and Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. All of the cases were reviewed by experienced hematopathologists to confirm diagnosis. Written informed consents from patients were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of each institution. We deposited targeted exon sequencing data of a selected 333-gene panel on the ENKTCL cases in dbGaP. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with an AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit. A custom platform (Agilent SureSelect) was used to capture target exons from genomic DNA of ENKTCL tumors. DNA was fragmented to 200bp using a Covaris S220 Focused-ultrasonicator and was end-repaired and ligated to Illumina adaptors with a KAPA Hyper Prep Kit. Ligated products were purified and amplified with a 7-cycle PCR. Exome capture from the PCR products was performed using a SureSelect Target Enrichment Kit. The captured exomes were further amplified with an 8-cycle PCR and purified for cluster generation using the cBot cluster generation system with a HiSeq PE Cluster Kit V4. 100bp paired-end reads were generated from an Illumina HiSeq 2500 system with a HiSeq SBS Kit V4.

  Study phs002925

• Integrated Metabolic Profiling and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Therapeutic Modalities in Breast Cancer

  In this study, we performed metabolite profiling and RNA-sequencing on human breast cancer tumors and normal breast tissue samples, including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (ER+) and paired normal samples, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) samples. Here, we report two distinctive groups defined by metabolites; a TNBC-HIGH group that shows high levels of pyrimidine pathway metabolites and biosynthetic enzymes, and an ER-HIGH group that shows high levels of fatty acid and arginine biosynthesis intermediates. We identify different metabolic enrichment profiles between cell lines grown in vitro vs. in vivo; cell lines grown in vivo recapitulate patient tumors metabolic profiles. Further, we identify a subset of genes that strongly correlates with the TNBC-HIGH metabolic profile using integrated metabolic and gene expression profiling, which strongly predicts patient prognosis when tested on larger human datasets. As a proof-of-principle, when we target TNBC-HIGH metabolic dysregulation with a pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitor (Brequinar), and/or a glutaminase inhibitor (CB-839), we observe therapeutic efficacy and decreased tumor growth in representative TNBC cell lines, murine p53-null mammary tumors, and in vivo patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) upon multi-agent drug treatment. This study highlights potential new therapeutic opportunities in breast cancers guided by a genomic biomarker, which could prove impactful for breast cancers that rapidly proliferate.

  Study phs002396

• OncoArray: Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI)

  The Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI) was one of five projects funded in 2010 as part of the NCI's Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) initiative (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/gameon/). FOCI represents a collective effort that builds upon the strengths and history of collaboration inherent in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC), a multidisciplinary group comprised of epidemiologists, genetic epidemiologists, statistical geneticists, molecular and cell biologists and clinicians that was formed in 2005. The other four funded GAME-ON projects were: the ColoRectal TransdisciplinaryStudy (CORECT), Elucidating Loci Involved in Prostate Cancer Susceptibility (ELLIPSE), Discovery, Biology, and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE), and Transdisciplinary Research in Cancer of the Lung (TRICL). As part of our aim to discover, expand, and replicate ovarian cancer susceptibility loci, the GAME-ON projects and other consortia formed the OncoArray network (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/oncoarray/) to develop and genotype a new custom genotyping array in large numbers of cancer cases and controls (over 400,000 samples) across multiple cancer types. The FOCI data includes over 50,000 ovarian cancer cases and controls genotyped with the Oncoarray at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Genotype calling and quality control procedures were performed under a standardized protocol across the Oncoarray consortium, and over 490,000 SNPs passed QC and are included under this dbGaP submission.

  Study phs001882

• Mid-pass Whole-genome Sequencing in a Malagasy Cohort Uncovers Body Composition Associations

  The majority of human genomic research studies have been conducted in European-ancestry cohorts, reducing the likelihood of detecting potentially novel and globally impactful findings. Here, we present mid-pass whole-genome sequencing data and a genome-wide association study in a cohort of 264 self-reported Malagasy individuals from three locations on the island of Madagascar. We describe genetic variation in this Malagasy cohort, providing insight into the shared and unique patterns of genetic variation across the island. We observe phenotypic variation by location, and find high rates of hypertension particularly in the Southern Highlands sampling site as well as elevated self-reported malaria prevalence in the West Coast site relative to other sites. After filtering to a subset of 214 minimally-related individuals, we find a number of genetic associations with body composition traits, including many variants that are only observed in African populations or populations with admixed African ancestry from the 1000 Genomes Project. This study highlights the importance of including diverse populations in genomic research for the potential to gain novel insights, even with small cohort sizes. This project was conducted in partnership and consultation with local stakeholders in Madagascar and serves as an example of genomic research that prioritizes community engagement and that has potential impacts on our understanding of human health and disease.

  Study EGAS50000000496

• Germline Genetics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are part of a heterogeneous and overlapping group of clonal diseases that arise in the hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells and also include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and the hybrid MDS/MPN entities. Individuals with MDS have a high risk of progressing to leukemia, with approximately 30% expected to develop AML. This study evaluates genetic susceptibility to myeloid malignancy using data from population-based case control studies of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia in adults (ages 18-85 years) and pediatric MDS cases with banked samples at the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). Adult cases were identified through the Minnesota Cancer Reporting System and controls were recruited from the State Driver's License/Identification Card list. DNA samples were collected via mouthwash collection kits (AML cases and controls) or Oragene saliva collection kits (adult MDS cases and controls). Pediatric MDS samples were banked at CIBMTR prior to receipt of a transplant and DNA was extracted from isolated T cells or whole blood samples. Genotyping data were generated using the Illumina Global Diversity array and quality control and genotype calling was conducted using established best practices. Our primary analyses investigated the contribution of genetic variation to MDS risk and evaluated the role of the killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) on incidence and survival.

  Study phs002962

• NHLBI TOPMed: Pulmonary Hypertension and the Hypoxic Response in SCD (PUSH)

  During Visit One, the PUSH Study will perform echocardiography on 600 children and adolescent with patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and 100 control children and adolescents at three Field Centers, namely Howard University, Children's National Medical Center and University of Michigan. Patients or their parents will be approached and asked to give informed consent. If they appear to have a difficult reading, reading of the consent will be offered. Patients or their parents not appearing to comprehend the consent will not be eligible. As a part of this visit, each participant or parent will sign informed consent, complete a Participant Contact Information Form, complete a Medical History Form, undergo physical examination with completion of a Physical Examination Form and have blood drawn. Each participant must have echocardiography performed with measurement of Tricuspid Regurgitant Jet Velocity (TRV). In addition, attempts will be made 1) to perform a six-minute walk test, 2) to collect information from a recent (within six months) Transcranial Doppler Study (TCD) or to perform TCD, and 3) to perform pulmonary function tests. Study personnel will review all forms for completeness and conduct phlebotomy. Blood will be shipped to the Central Lab. Results of all procedures and tests will be transmitted to the Data Manager at Howard University. Sequencing was only done on sickle cell participants.

  Study phs001682

• Genetic and Hormonal Contributions to Gene Expression in Immune Cells

  The origins of sex differences in human disease are elusive, in part because of difficulties in separating the effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes. To isolate the effects of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosome complement (XX or XY) in humans, we implemented a four-state, cross-sectional study design of trans- and cisgender individuals, the former receiving exogenous testosterone or estradiol for at least a year as part of their gender-affirming medical care. This study design allowed us to compare four combinations of sex hormones and sex chromosomes in humans: XX individuals treated with exogenous testosterone (n=21), XY individuals treated with exogenous estradiol (n=13), untreated XX individuals (n=20), and untreated XY individuals (n=15). We chose to focus on the human immune system because it displays an impressively broad range of sex-differential biology. We collected blood samples from each individual and isolated PBMCs the same day. We performed 10X Genomics 3' single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on PBMCs from the 69 individuals. We generated 150-bp paired end reads from a total of 358,426 cells (with an average of 48,007 reads/cell) and identified 18 distinct immune cell types. We found that testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosome complement have unique, non-overlapping effects on PBMC cell abundances and gene expression.

  Study phs003860

• Somatic rearrangements causing oncogenic ectodomain deletions of FGFR1 in squamous cell lung cancer

  The discovery of frequent 8p11-p12 amplifications in squamous cell lung cancer (SQLC) has fueled hopes that FGFR1, located inside this amplicon, might be a therapeutic target. In a clinical trial, only 11% of patients with 8p11 amplification (detected by FISH) responded to FGFR kinase inhibitor treatment. To understand the mechanism of FGFR1 dependency, we performed deep genomic characterization of 52 SQLCs with 8p11-p12 amplification, including 10 tumors obtained from patients who had been treated with FGFR inhibitors. We discovered somatically altered variants of FGFR1 with deletion of exons 1-8 that resulted from intragenic tail-to-tail rearrangements. These ectodomain-deficient FGFR1 variants (ΔEC-FGFR1) were expressed in the affected tumors and were tumorigenic in both in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. Mechanistically, breakage-fusion-bridges were the source of 8p11-p12 amplification, resulting from frequent head-to-head and tail-to-tail rearrangements. Generally, tail-to-tail rearrangements within or in close proximity upstream of FGFR1 were associated with FGFR1 dependency. Thus, the genomic events shaping the architecture of the 8p11-p12 amplicon provide a mechanistic explanation for the emergence of FGFR1-driven SQLC. Specifically, we believe that FGFR1 ectodomain-deficient and FGFR1-centered amplifications caused by tail-to-tail rearrangements are a novel somatic genomic event that might be predictive of therapeutically relevant FGFR1 dependency.

  Study EGAS50000001368

• RBMX functional retrocopy safeguards brain development

  Retrotransposition has generated thousands of intronless gene copies in mammalian genomes, yet their contribution to brain development and evolution remains largely unexplored. We investigated the role for RBMX retrocopy in shaping neurodevelopment and modulating disease. First, we reported 8 distinct pathogenic variants in RBMX, an X-linked splicing regulator, in 11 males presenting with intellectual disability, microcephaly, and cortical malformations. Then, we combined transcriptomic profiling, protein–protein and protein–RNA interaction studies both in human cellular models and mouse embryonic cortices to assess the functional redundancy between RBMX and its retrocopy RBMXL1. Finally, we use mouse genetics to dissect RBMX function and its compensation by RBMXL1 in corticogenesis. We show that RBMX pathogenic variants disrupt cortical development through both loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms. Surprisingly, despite severe phenotypes in humans, Rbmx-deficient mice display only mild cortical abnormalities, a discrepancy likely due to compensation by Rbmxl1, a retrocopy that arose independently in mice and humans. We demonstrate that RBMX and RBMXL1 share protein and RNA partners and act redundantly in brain development, with RBMXL1 buffering the impact of RBMX deficiency. Together, these findings establish that RBMXL1 functions as a functional paralog of RBMX safeguarding neurodevelopment by buffering deleterious variation. More broadly, these results identify retrocopies as active contributors to neurodevelopmental robustness and suggest that functional retrocopies may have facilitated the evolutionary diversification of the mammalian brain.

  Study EGAS50000001650