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• Melanoma PEACE Dataset

  Dataset for the initial melanoma PEACE paper in Cancer Discovery, March 2023.

  Dataset EGAD00001010877

• Integrative single-cell and cell-free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics

  10 single-cell placental RNA libraries were generated using the Chromium Single Cell 3′ Reagent Kit (10X Genomics). All single-cell libraries were sequenced with a customized paired end with dual indexing (98/14/8/10-bp) format according to the recommendation by 10X Genomics. The data were aligned using the Cell Ranger Single-Cell Software Suite (version 1.0). Moreover, plasma RNA from 22 samples were extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). cDNA reverse transcription, second-strand synthesis, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) library construction were performed using the Ovation RNA-seq System V2 (NuGEN) kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For alignment of the plasma RNA library, adaptor sequences and low-quality bases on the fragment ends (i.e., quality score < 5) were trimmed, and reads were aligned to the human reference genome (hg19) using the TopHat (v2.0.4) software. All aligned reads were deposited in bam file format.

  Dataset EGAD00001003705

• Defining T cell States Associated with Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Melanoma

  Checkpoint blockade therapy using antibodies targeting CTLA4, PD1 or PDL1 have changed the way cancer patients with advanced disease are being treated, as evident by their FDA approval in a wide variety of malignancies, and their ability to induce high response rates when compared to conventional therapies (e.g. chemotherapy). However, even in melanoma, despite the high response rate, most patients are refractory to therapy or acquire resistance in 10-12 months. To identify key immunological elements coupled with response or resistance to checkpoint immunotherapy, we performed an unbiased analysis on 16,291 CD45+ immune cells from 32 patients (48 samples) treated with checkpoint therapy (anti-PD1=37; anti-PD1/CTLA4=11), using single cell transcriptomics. Initial unsupervised clustering of all CD45+ cells identified 11 clusters. When examining the association of these clusters with clinical outcome, we found that two clusters (B-cells, p=0.005; memory T-cells, p=0.03) were significantly enriched in responder lesions while 4 clusters (monocytes/macrophages, p=0.003; dendritic cells, p=0.015; exhausted CD8+ T-cells, p=0.005; and exhausted/cell-cycle lymphocytes, 1.3x10-5) are enriched in non-responder lesions. Next, by leveraging our unbiased single cell approach, we identified not only clusters but also specific markers associated with either responder lesions (PLAC8, LTB, LY9, SELL, TCF7, IGKC and CCR7) or non-responder ones (CCL3, CD38, HAVCR2, ENTPD1 and WARS), many of which were not previously reported to be associated with clinical outcome to checkpoint therapy. Due to the importance of CD8+ T-cells in controlling tumors, the significant association of T-cell states with clinical outcome, and their high abundance in melanoma tumors, we next focused our analysis on CD8+ T-cells and identified 2 main clusters CD8_G (with increased expression of genes linked to memory) and CD8_B (enriched for genes linked to cell dysfunction), that were significantly enriched in responder (CD8_G, p=1.4x10-6) and non-responder (CD8_B, p=0.005) lesions, respectively. Since cells with both states coexist in each of the responder and non-responder lesions, we decided to calculate the ratio between the number of cells in these 2 clusters and observed a significant separation between responders (CD8_G/CD8_B>1) and non-responders (CD8_G/CD8_B<1) when looking at all samples, baseline or post samples separately. Similar results were detected when looking at the expression of a single transcription factor, TCF7, in CD8 T-cells in an independent cohort (n=43) using a simple immunofluorescence assay. Additionally, we validated the identity and function of some of the newly identified cell states as well as their epigenetic landscape, and found that cells expressing the inhibitory molecules CD39 and TIM3, on top of being enriched in non-responder lesions, are likely to play a crucial role in T-cell exhaustion in melanoma. Collectively, our study provides extensive unbiased data in human tumors for discovery of predictors and therapeutic targets to checkpoint immunotherapy.

  Study phs001680

• Blood Somatic Mutations in TCGA Donors Suffering from Solid Tumors

  Blood somatic mutations identified across 8,530 solid tumor patients in TCGA cohort. We reasoned that low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of blood samples routinely carried out in cancer genomics projects may be repurposed to detect clonal hematopoiesis (CH). Thus, inspired by a previous approach to identify early mutations in the development of the hematopoietic system, we implemented a pipeline to systematically carry out this "reverse" somatic mutation calling on the paired blood/tumor samples. Blood somatic mutations were called using a 'reverse' approach, in which the tumor sample taken from each patient was used as control of their germline genome. Blood somatic mutations are thus detected as variants in the blood (with respect to the human reference genome) that are absent in the tumor sample. The variant calling was carried out in our in house cluster on downloaded blood/tumor BAM files. The matched blood and tumoral BAM files -- masked and deduplicated using GATK -- of 8,530 whole-exome patients were obtained as described above. The variant calling was carried out using Strelka2 (employing default parameters) with the blood sample as the tumoral input and the tumor sample as control (reverse calling). All variants with two or more supporting reads matching the caller PASS filter and with VAF<0.5 were kept. Mutations in lowly mappable regions as defined by the DUST algorithm (k=30) and UMAP68 (36-kmers) were excluded. Contiguous variants were merged into double-base substitutions. Variants with greater frequency across the cohorts than the DNMT3A R882H or JAK2 V617F hotspot in a cohort-specific Panel of Normals and in gnomAD v2.1 were removed. This was equivalent to discarding variants present in these datasets with an allele frequency greater than 0.008 in PoN TCGA and 0.0003 in gnomAD v2.1. Additionally, common SNPs as defined by the dbSNP 151 Common UCSC track and dbSNP were excluded. Mutations within segmental duplications, simple repeats and masked regions as defined in UCSC tracks were also removed. Finally, samples with the mutation count above the 97.5 percentile of the mutation burden across the cohort were deemed unreliable and excluded for further analyses. We call the set of variants obtained after the application of these filters the full set. A more conservative subset of somatic mutations was generated from the full set of blood somatic mutations. To this end, we applied MosaicForecast, a software designed to phase mutations to polymorphisms with the aim of identifying somatic mutations in a small number of cells and also predict mosaicism for the unphased ones with a random forest classifier. As a result, we obtained a subset of mosaic-phased mutations, and a subset of mutations likely to be somatic (mosaic set).In order to obtain access to this study, please first obtain access to TCGA study (phs000178).

  Study phs002867

• Genomic Analysis of Extra-Nodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma (ENKTCL)

  In this study, we performed extensive genetic profiling on 209 extra-nodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) nasal-type cases, including 174 Chinese from four hospitals in China, and 31 Hispanic and 4 Caucasian patients from City of Hope and Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. All of the cases were reviewed by experienced hematopathologists to confirm diagnosis. Written informed consents from patients were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of each institution. We deposited targeted exon sequencing data of a selected 333-gene panel on the ENKTCL cases in dbGaP. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with an AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit. A custom platform (Agilent SureSelect) was used to capture target exons from genomic DNA of ENKTCL tumors. DNA was fragmented to 200bp using a Covaris S220 Focused-ultrasonicator and was end-repaired and ligated to Illumina adaptors with a KAPA Hyper Prep Kit. Ligated products were purified and amplified with a 7-cycle PCR. Exome capture from the PCR products was performed using a SureSelect Target Enrichment Kit. The captured exomes were further amplified with an 8-cycle PCR and purified for cluster generation using the cBot cluster generation system with a HiSeq PE Cluster Kit V4. 100bp paired-end reads were generated from an Illumina HiSeq 2500 system with a HiSeq SBS Kit V4.

  Study phs002925

• Integrated Metabolic Profiling and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Therapeutic Modalities in Breast Cancer

  In this study, we performed metabolite profiling and RNA-sequencing on human breast cancer tumors and normal breast tissue samples, including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), estrogen receptor positive breast cancer (ER+) and paired normal samples, and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) samples. Here, we report two distinctive groups defined by metabolites; a TNBC-HIGH group that shows high levels of pyrimidine pathway metabolites and biosynthetic enzymes, and an ER-HIGH group that shows high levels of fatty acid and arginine biosynthesis intermediates. We identify different metabolic enrichment profiles between cell lines grown in vitro vs. in vivo; cell lines grown in vivo recapitulate patient tumors metabolic profiles. Further, we identify a subset of genes that strongly correlates with the TNBC-HIGH metabolic profile using integrated metabolic and gene expression profiling, which strongly predicts patient prognosis when tested on larger human datasets. As a proof-of-principle, when we target TNBC-HIGH metabolic dysregulation with a pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitor (Brequinar), and/or a glutaminase inhibitor (CB-839), we observe therapeutic efficacy and decreased tumor growth in representative TNBC cell lines, murine p53-null mammary tumors, and in vivo patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) upon multi-agent drug treatment. This study highlights potential new therapeutic opportunities in breast cancers guided by a genomic biomarker, which could prove impactful for breast cancers that rapidly proliferate.

  Study phs002396

• OncoArray: Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI)

  The Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI) was one of five projects funded in 2010 as part of the NCI's Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology (GAME-ON) initiative (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/gameon/). FOCI represents a collective effort that builds upon the strengths and history of collaboration inherent in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC), a multidisciplinary group comprised of epidemiologists, genetic epidemiologists, statistical geneticists, molecular and cell biologists and clinicians that was formed in 2005. The other four funded GAME-ON projects were: the ColoRectal TransdisciplinaryStudy (CORECT), Elucidating Loci Involved in Prostate Cancer Susceptibility (ELLIPSE), Discovery, Biology, and Risk of Inherited Variants in Breast Cancer (DRIVE), and Transdisciplinary Research in Cancer of the Lung (TRICL). As part of our aim to discover, expand, and replicate ovarian cancer susceptibility loci, the GAME-ON projects and other consortia formed the OncoArray network (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/oncoarray/) to develop and genotype a new custom genotyping array in large numbers of cancer cases and controls (over 400,000 samples) across multiple cancer types. The FOCI data includes over 50,000 ovarian cancer cases and controls genotyped with the Oncoarray at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Genotype calling and quality control procedures were performed under a standardized protocol across the Oncoarray consortium, and over 490,000 SNPs passed QC and are included under this dbGaP submission.

  Study phs001882

• Mid-pass Whole-genome Sequencing in a Malagasy Cohort Uncovers Body Composition Associations

  The majority of human genomic research studies have been conducted in European-ancestry cohorts, reducing the likelihood of detecting potentially novel and globally impactful findings. Here, we present mid-pass whole-genome sequencing data and a genome-wide association study in a cohort of 264 self-reported Malagasy individuals from three locations on the island of Madagascar. We describe genetic variation in this Malagasy cohort, providing insight into the shared and unique patterns of genetic variation across the island. We observe phenotypic variation by location, and find high rates of hypertension particularly in the Southern Highlands sampling site as well as elevated self-reported malaria prevalence in the West Coast site relative to other sites. After filtering to a subset of 214 minimally-related individuals, we find a number of genetic associations with body composition traits, including many variants that are only observed in African populations or populations with admixed African ancestry from the 1000 Genomes Project. This study highlights the importance of including diverse populations in genomic research for the potential to gain novel insights, even with small cohort sizes. This project was conducted in partnership and consultation with local stakeholders in Madagascar and serves as an example of genomic research that prioritizes community engagement and that has potential impacts on our understanding of human health and disease.

  Study EGAS50000000496

• Germline Genetics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are part of a heterogeneous and overlapping group of clonal diseases that arise in the hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells and also include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and the hybrid MDS/MPN entities. Individuals with MDS have a high risk of progressing to leukemia, with approximately 30% expected to develop AML. This study evaluates genetic susceptibility to myeloid malignancy using data from population-based case control studies of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia in adults (ages 18-85 years) and pediatric MDS cases with banked samples at the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). Adult cases were identified through the Minnesota Cancer Reporting System and controls were recruited from the State Driver's License/Identification Card list. DNA samples were collected via mouthwash collection kits (AML cases and controls) or Oragene saliva collection kits (adult MDS cases and controls). Pediatric MDS samples were banked at CIBMTR prior to receipt of a transplant and DNA was extracted from isolated T cells or whole blood samples. Genotyping data were generated using the Illumina Global Diversity array and quality control and genotype calling was conducted using established best practices. Our primary analyses investigated the contribution of genetic variation to MDS risk and evaluated the role of the killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) on incidence and survival.

  Study phs002962

• NHLBI TOPMed: Pulmonary Hypertension and the Hypoxic Response in SCD (PUSH)

  During Visit One, the PUSH Study will perform echocardiography on 600 children and adolescent with patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and 100 control children and adolescents at three Field Centers, namely Howard University, Children's National Medical Center and University of Michigan. Patients or their parents will be approached and asked to give informed consent. If they appear to have a difficult reading, reading of the consent will be offered. Patients or their parents not appearing to comprehend the consent will not be eligible. As a part of this visit, each participant or parent will sign informed consent, complete a Participant Contact Information Form, complete a Medical History Form, undergo physical examination with completion of a Physical Examination Form and have blood drawn. Each participant must have echocardiography performed with measurement of Tricuspid Regurgitant Jet Velocity (TRV). In addition, attempts will be made 1) to perform a six-minute walk test, 2) to collect information from a recent (within six months) Transcranial Doppler Study (TCD) or to perform TCD, and 3) to perform pulmonary function tests. Study personnel will review all forms for completeness and conduct phlebotomy. Blood will be shipped to the Central Lab. Results of all procedures and tests will be transmitted to the Data Manager at Howard University. Sequencing was only done on sickle cell participants.

  Study phs001682

• Genetic and Hormonal Contributions to Gene Expression in Immune Cells

  The origins of sex differences in human disease are elusive, in part because of difficulties in separating the effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes. To isolate the effects of testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosome complement (XX or XY) in humans, we implemented a four-state, cross-sectional study design of trans- and cisgender individuals, the former receiving exogenous testosterone or estradiol for at least a year as part of their gender-affirming medical care. This study design allowed us to compare four combinations of sex hormones and sex chromosomes in humans: XX individuals treated with exogenous testosterone (n=21), XY individuals treated with exogenous estradiol (n=13), untreated XX individuals (n=20), and untreated XY individuals (n=15). We chose to focus on the human immune system because it displays an impressively broad range of sex-differential biology. We collected blood samples from each individual and isolated PBMCs the same day. We performed 10X Genomics 3' single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) on PBMCs from the 69 individuals. We generated 150-bp paired end reads from a total of 358,426 cells (with an average of 48,007 reads/cell) and identified 18 distinct immune cell types. We found that testosterone, estradiol, and sex chromosome complement have unique, non-overlapping effects on PBMC cell abundances and gene expression.

  Study phs003860

• Somatic rearrangements causing oncogenic ectodomain deletions of FGFR1 in squamous cell lung cancer

  The discovery of frequent 8p11-p12 amplifications in squamous cell lung cancer (SQLC) has fueled hopes that FGFR1, located inside this amplicon, might be a therapeutic target. In a clinical trial, only 11% of patients with 8p11 amplification (detected by FISH) responded to FGFR kinase inhibitor treatment. To understand the mechanism of FGFR1 dependency, we performed deep genomic characterization of 52 SQLCs with 8p11-p12 amplification, including 10 tumors obtained from patients who had been treated with FGFR inhibitors. We discovered somatically altered variants of FGFR1 with deletion of exons 1-8 that resulted from intragenic tail-to-tail rearrangements. These ectodomain-deficient FGFR1 variants (ΔEC-FGFR1) were expressed in the affected tumors and were tumorigenic in both in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. Mechanistically, breakage-fusion-bridges were the source of 8p11-p12 amplification, resulting from frequent head-to-head and tail-to-tail rearrangements. Generally, tail-to-tail rearrangements within or in close proximity upstream of FGFR1 were associated with FGFR1 dependency. Thus, the genomic events shaping the architecture of the 8p11-p12 amplicon provide a mechanistic explanation for the emergence of FGFR1-driven SQLC. Specifically, we believe that FGFR1 ectodomain-deficient and FGFR1-centered amplifications caused by tail-to-tail rearrangements are a novel somatic genomic event that might be predictive of therapeutically relevant FGFR1 dependency.

  Study EGAS50000001368

• RBMX functional retrocopy safeguards brain development

  Retrotransposition has generated thousands of intronless gene copies in mammalian genomes, yet their contribution to brain development and evolution remains largely unexplored. We investigated the role for RBMX retrocopy in shaping neurodevelopment and modulating disease. First, we reported 8 distinct pathogenic variants in RBMX, an X-linked splicing regulator, in 11 males presenting with intellectual disability, microcephaly, and cortical malformations. Then, we combined transcriptomic profiling, protein–protein and protein–RNA interaction studies both in human cellular models and mouse embryonic cortices to assess the functional redundancy between RBMX and its retrocopy RBMXL1. Finally, we use mouse genetics to dissect RBMX function and its compensation by RBMXL1 in corticogenesis. We show that RBMX pathogenic variants disrupt cortical development through both loss- and gain-of-function mechanisms. Surprisingly, despite severe phenotypes in humans, Rbmx-deficient mice display only mild cortical abnormalities, a discrepancy likely due to compensation by Rbmxl1, a retrocopy that arose independently in mice and humans. We demonstrate that RBMX and RBMXL1 share protein and RNA partners and act redundantly in brain development, with RBMXL1 buffering the impact of RBMX deficiency. Together, these findings establish that RBMXL1 functions as a functional paralog of RBMX safeguarding neurodevelopment by buffering deleterious variation. More broadly, these results identify retrocopies as active contributors to neurodevelopmental robustness and suggest that functional retrocopies may have facilitated the evolutionary diversification of the mammalian brain.

  Study EGAS50000001650

• Targeted_replication_of_LVOTO_genes

  Non-syndromic cases of congenital heart defects (CHD) exhibit variable modes of inheritance (Mendelian and non-Mendelian). Several studies have identified strong candidates in humans by taking a candidate gene approach as well as by using whole exome next generation sequencing (NGS). So far these studies could only explain a minor fraction of the observed phenotype in humans, most of them in syndromic cases and no single study has focused on the subset of cases with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). To discover novel disease-causing genes a large cohort of patients with LVOTO, approximately 100 cases, 25 families and 100 trios have been exome sequenced. This study based on NGS sequencing data yielded several known and novel compelling candidate genes, such as MYH6, NR2F2 and MYH11, but also novel ones, such as ITGB4. To evaluate the significance of our findings in a replication cohort we assembled another 1614 cases with an LVOTO phenotype from our collaborators in Toronto, Berlin and Amsterdam. Targeted resequencing in this additional cohort will help to find additional cases with mutations in the identified candidate genes to strengthen genotype-phenotype association. We will use control data from the INTERVAL project for case/control analyses The pulldowns will be performed as 24-plex ISC with 192 or greater indexes, and the sequencing will be performed with 192 samples per lane, requiring 9 lanes of sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001001238

• Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Gene Therapy-Induced T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (H007)

  Six out of ten patients in a hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (GT) trial for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) developed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) associated with gamma-retroviral vector integration at the LMO2 locus. We hypothesized that detailed molecular analysis of T-ALL driven by temporally defined first deregulation of LMO2 might offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis of GT-associated and sporadic T-ALL (HIPO project 007). In all six patients whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing demonstrated that in addition to oncogenic chromosomal translocations involving the T-cell receptor loci, retrovirally induced leukemias faithfully recapitulated secondary genomic events observed in sporadic T-ALL. Multiple genetic events culminated in the development of a rapidly proliferating leukemic clone and onset of clinical manifestation at 1.3 to 5 years after infusion of the gene corrected transplant. These genetic alterations affected NOTCH1 and PI3K signaling, cell cycle regulation as wells as T-cell transcription factors LEF1 and TCF1. Two of the six cases displayed a phenotype reminiscent of early immature T-ALLs, and lacked additional T-ALL typical alterations. Our analysis shows that insertional mutagenesis involving the LMO2 locus triggers T-ALL development due to diverse genetic alterations in large parts, but not exclusively, in known T-ALL driver genes, demonstrating the molecular diversity of GT-associated T-ALL.

  Study EGAS00001003870

• Target gene sequencing for human normal endometrial glands

  The raw fastq files target sequencing of 112 genes for 1,298 endometrial glands and matched blood samples. The paired-end sequencing data sets (R1 and R2) are deposited. ABCC1, ACRC, ANK3, ARHGAP35, ARID1A, ARID5B, ATCAY, ATM, ATR, BARD1, BCOR, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRD4, BRIP1, CAMTA1, CDC23, CDYL, CFAP54, CHD4, CHEK1, CHEK2, CTCF, CTNNB1, CUX1, DGKA, DISP2, DYNC2H1, EMSY, FAAP24, FAM135B, FAM175A, FAM65C, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM, FAT1, FAT3, FBN2, FBXW7, FGFR2, FRG1, GPR50, HEATR1, HIST1H4B, HNRNPCL1, HOOK3, KIAA1109, KIF26A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KRAS, LAMA2, LRP1B, MLH1, MON2, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MTOR, NBN, PALB2, PHEX, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PLXNB2, PLXND1, PMS2, POLE, POLR3B, PPP2R1A, PTEN, PTPN13, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD52, RAD54B, RAD54L, RICTOR, SACS, SIGLEC9, SLC19A1, SLX4, SPEG, STT3A, TAF1, TAF2, TAS2R31, TFAP2C, TNC, TONSL, TP53, TTC6, UBA7, VNN1, WT1, XIRP2, ZBED6, ZC3H13, ZFHX3, ZFHX4, ZMYM4.

  Dataset EGAD00001008465

• PAX5 biallelic genomic alterations define a novel subgroup of B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Chromosomal rearrangements and specific aneuploidy patterns are initiating events and define subgroups in B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Here we analyzed 250 BCP-ALL cases and identified a novel subgroup (‘PAX5-plus’, n=19) by distinct DNA methylation and gene expression profiles. All patients in this subgroup harbored mutations in the B-lineage transcription factor PAX5, with p.P80R as hotspot. Mutations either affected two independent codons, consistent with compound heterozygosity, or suffered LOH predominantly through chromosome 9p aberrations. These biallelic events resulted in disruption of PAX5 transcriptional programs regulating B cell differentiation and tumor suppressor functions. Homozygous CDKN2A/B deletions and RAS activating hotspot mutations were highly enriched as cooperating events in the genomic profile of PAX5-plus ALL. Together this defined a specific pattern of triple alterations, exclusive to the novel subgroup. PAX5-plus ALL was observed in pediatric and adult patients. Although restricted by the limited sample size, a tendency for more favorable clinical outcome was observed with 10 of 12 adult PAX5-plus patients achieving long-term survival. PAX5-plus represents the first BCP-ALL subgroup defined by sequence alterations in contrast to gross chromosomal events and exemplifies how deregulated differentiation (PAX5), impaired cell cycle control (CDKN2A/B) together with sustained proliferative signaling (RAS) cooperatively drives leukemogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001003209

• DKFZ-HIPO Data Access Committee of Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology

  Dac EGAC00001000452

• Genomic Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models to Improve Targeted Therapy for HER2+ Breast Cancer Brain Metastases Treatments

  We have developed orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models of HER2 positive breast cancer metastasized into the brain of patients to test novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we identified a novel combinatorial therapeutic strategy that has resulted in a durable remission and markedly increased overall survival in majority of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models tested. We performed whole exome sequencing analysis of these PDX tumors and their matched blood and patient samples to investigate drug sensitive and resistance mechanisms. Our sequencing data revealed an interesting association of genotyping and phenotyping with tumors responses to drug treatment.

  Study phs001063

• A whole-genome sequencing study for evolutionary history of Tibetans and their genetic adaptations to high altitude

  Due to a unique adaptation to high altitude, the Tibetan Plateau population has been the subject of much research interest. In this study, we conducted whole genome sequencing of 27 Tibetan individuals. Through our analysis, we inferred a detailed history of demography and revealed the natural selection of Tibetan population. We provided evidence of genetic separation between the two subpopulations of Han and Tibetans as early as 44 to 58 thousand years ago, replicated previously reported high altitude adaptation genes, including EPAS1 and EGLN1, and reported three new candidate genes, including PTGIS, VDR, and KCTD12.

  Study phs001338

• M116 scRNA-seq

  scRNA-seq was performed using Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3’ Kit v3.1 (10X Genomics) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, M116's PBMCs were thawed and quantified in order to calculate the number of cells to be loaded. Then, barcoded Single Cell 3ʹ Gel Beads, a master mix containing PBMCs, and Partitioning Oil were combined onto the Chromium Next GEM Chip G to generate Gel Beads-In-Emulsion (GEMs), where polyadenylated mRNAs were reverse transcribed. This way, all generated cDNAs from the same cell shared a common 10X Barcode. Following the reverse transcription, GEMs were broken and cDNAs were amplified and cleaned up with SPRIselect beads (Beckman Coulter®). Next, a portion of these cDNAs were enzymatically fragmented and subjected to adaptor ligation before using them as a PCR template for the incorporation of i5/i7 indexes. Finally, libraries were purified with SPRIselect beads, quantified and quality checked by using the 2200 TapeStation (Agilent®), and subjected to paired-end 150-bp sequencing (Novaseq systems, Illumina®) following standard practices at external facilities (Novogene®). Files types included in this dataset are raw Fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD50000001289

• High Sensitivity ctDNA Analysis Using a Novel Panel and NOIR-SS Technology for Monitoring Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma

  This dataset contains sequencing data generated by targeted amplicon analysis using the NOIR-SS method in 15 patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues (15 samples) and plasma cfDNA (50 samples) were analyzed. Tumor tissues were subjected to targeted panel sequencing to identify mutations in TP53, FGFR3, TERT, and KRAS/HRAS. Plasma cfDNA was analyzed using a tumor-informed approach focusing on the mutations identified in matched tumor tissues. Sequencing was performed on the Ion PGM or Ion S5 XL platform. Raw sequencing data are provided in FASTQ format under controlled access.

  Study JGAS000836

• Integrative understanding of human immune system by functional genomics and development of intervention strategies for the prevention of autoimmune diseases

  To elucidate the regulation of B cell recptor repertoire in B cell subsets and its contribution to autoimmune diseases, B cell subsets from 36 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE), 90 Systemic Sclerosis(SSc), 85 Myositis(IIM), 21 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease(MCTD), 18 Sjogren's syndrome(SjS), 27 Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), 23 Behcet's disease(BD), 18 Adult Onset Still���s Disease(AOSD), 24 ANCA-associated Vasculitis(AAV), 16 Takayasu���s Arteritis(TAK) and 137 healthy controls(HC) were collected (Naive_B, USM_B, SM_B, DN_B, Plasmablast. RNA-seq and BCR-mapping was performed with each B cell subset samples.

  Study JGAS000485

• Multiomic characterization of clonotypic B cells

  DNA was purified using AMPure XP magnetic beads (Beckman Coulter [BC] Life Sciences, Indianapolis, IN) and its quality was evaluated in an Agilent 4200 Tapestation using the Genomic DNA ScreenTape system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). DNA was quantified using the Qubit System (Invitrogen). Extracted DNA from AL patients was fragmented to 200bp by a Covaris S220 ultrasonicator (Covaris, Woburn, MA) and used to generate and capture libraries following the manufacturer’s indications from Twist Bioscience’s Human Core Exome Enrichment Kit (Twist Bioscience). Extracted DNA from MM patients and HA was fragmented to an average size of 225 bp using a Covaris S220 ultrasonicator (Covaris, Woburn, MA) and subjected to DNA library construction using Chromium Genome Reagent Kit V2 for Exome Assays (10X Genomics). Target enrichment was performed with SureSelectXT Human All Exon V6 Capture Library (Agilent) or SureSelectXT2 Human All Exon V5+UTRs (Agilent), and sequence targets were captured and amplified in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. Final libraries were combined with standard Illumina sequencing primers and paired-end sequenced (150bp) on a HiSeq X platform (Illumina, CA) or in a NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina).

  Dataset EGAD50000002162

• Spatial and temporal intra-tumoural heterogeneity in advanced High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: implications for surgical and clinical outcomes

  Limited evidence exists on the extent and impact of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) on tumour evolution and patients surgical and clinical outcome. We investigated this through systematic mapping of multi-site tumours at initial presentation and matched relapse from 49 chemo-naïve HGSOC patients with high tumour load, operated upfront. Our data provides a unique insight into the tumour evolution and metastatic pathways of HGSOC across time and space, how this complexity relates to surgical and clinical outcome and its consequences on clinical decision-making.

  Study EGAS00001007164

• WES and RNA-seq of triple-negative breast cancers from the MyBrCa cohort

  The dataset contains a genomics characterization of 35 triple-negative Asian breast tumours from the Malaysian Breast Cancer cohort. This includes whole-exome sequencing of tumour tissue at 80X, whole-exome sequencing of matched normal (blood) tissue at 40X, and RNA-seq of tumour tissue at 40X coverage (>15 million reads). Whole-exome libraries were prepared using the Nextera Rapid Capture Exome Kit; exome capture was performed in pools of 3 and subjected to paired end 75 sequencing on a NovaSeq 6000 platform. RNA libraries were prepared using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA HT kit with Ribo-Zero Gold as per manufacturer’s instructions and also subjected to paired end 75 sequencing on a NovaSeq 6000 platform. Uploaded bam files have been mapped to the hs37d5 human genome and processed using the standard GATK pipelines. Paired clinical, demographic, genotyping, and overall survival data for these patients are available from the associated publications or by request.

  Dataset EGAD00001009311

• Hypertension delays viral clearance and exacerbates airway hyperinflammation in patients with COVID-19

  In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), hypertension and cardiovascular diseases are major risk factors for critical disease progression. However, the underlying reasons and the effect of the main anti-hypertensive therapies—angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)—remain unclear. Combining clinical data (n = 144) and single-cell sequencing data of airway samples (n = 48) with in vitro experiments, we observed a distinct inflammatory predisposition of immune cells in patients with hypertension that correlated with critical disease progression. ACEI treatment associated with dampened COVID-19-related hyperinflammation and with increased cell intrinsic anti-viral responses, whereas ARB treatment related to enhanced epithelial–immune cell interactions. Macrophages and neutrophils of patients with hypertension, in particular under ARB treatment, exhibited higher expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines CCL3 and CCL4 and the chemokine receptor CCR1. Although the limited size of our cohort does not allow us to establish clinical efficacy, our data suggest that the clinical benefits of ACEI treatment in patients with COVID-19 who have hypertension warrant further investigation.

  Dataset EGAD00001006828

• Alloreactive T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in kidney transplantation

  We analyzed the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires from twelve kidney transplant recipients. Six out of the twelve kidney transplant recipients experienced a cellular rejection after kidney transplantation. TCR repertoires of CD4+ and CD8+ positive T-cells were assessed prior to transplantation and after transplantation at time of allograft biopsy using RNA based T-cell receptor beta next generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, the pre-formed alloreactive TCR repertoire for each kidney transplant recipient was identified using mixed lymphocyte reaction and donor reactive T-cells were subjected to TCR beta sequencing. In two out of the six patients with cellular rejection the TCR repertoire of graft infiltrating T-cells was additionally captured. This dataset comprises a total of 98 samples. NGS TCR beta libraries of all samples were sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 500 and raw sequencing data (in the form of fastq files) as well assembled clonotypes and their counts (in the form of clonotype tables) are provided.

  Dataset EGAD00001007695

• Whole blood RNA-sequencing of covid-19 patients and healthy controls

  This dataset contains whole blood transcriptome data generated from 93 patients with COVID-19 across a range of severities and 23 healthy controls. All patients were PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 and disease severity ranged from asymptomatic to severe disease requiring ventilation. Individuals without symptoms, or with mild symptoms, were recruited from routine screening of healthcare workers, while COVID-19 patients were recruited at or soon after admission to Addenbrooke’s or Royal Papworth hospitals. Blood samples were taken at recruitment and then again four weeks later. Further details of the cohort and the generation of the RNA-Sequencing data can be obtained from Bergamaschi, L. et al. Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease. Immunity 54, 1257-1275 e8 (2021).

  Dataset EGAD00001007776

• Transcriptome analysis for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCs) are characterized by their rarity, difficulty in diagnosis, and overall poor prognosis. We performed comprehensive transcriptomic characterization of treatment-naive iCC. Whole transcriptome analyses identified two prognostic subtypes, concordant with previous reports.The findings could assist in patient stratification with iCCs and in developing rational therapeutic strategies.

  Dataset EGAD00001008544

• Organoid Derivation Project: WGS (2023-06-22)

  Sequencing of tissue samples and their derived organoids from oesophageal, pancreatic and colorectal cancer patients. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2023-06-22.

  Dataset EGAD00001011090

• Dataset for other_cancer-RNA

  Rare cancer sequencing data of 95 runs in tumor/control pairs, which were uploaded to umbrella studies. The sequencing was always paired

  Dataset EGAD00001008847

• Southern African Prostate Cancer Study (SAPCS) Ethnic Disparity

  The cohort (n=130) consists of prostate cancer patients from South Africa (n=123) and Brazil (n=7). For each patient, a pair of blood and tumour samples were collected. The sequencing data was mapped to hg38 reference. Blood BAMs are named with “-B” as suffix and tumour BAMs are named with “-T” as suffix.

  Dataset EGAD00001009067

• CBD-RAW-SC-GEX: 10X Single-Cell Gene Expression

  Raw Illumina sequencing data and CellRanger BAM output files. For further information regarding this dataset, please contact Stephen Sansom at contact@combat.ox.ac.uk.

  Dataset EGAD00001008007

• Cryopreservation of human cancers conserves tumour heterogeneity for single-cell multi-omics analysis

  Single-cell RNA-Sequencing of three primary breast cancers, two primary prostate cancers, and a metastatic melanoma sample from Wu et al. (2021) Genome Medicine study. Each tumour was sequenced across different cryopreservation conditions including Fresh Tissue (FT), cryopreserved single-cell suspensions (CCS), cryopreserved solid tissue fragments (CT) and a cryopreserved after overnight cold storage (CO). Data was generated using the Chromium controller (10X Genomics) and sequenced on the NextSeq platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001007030

• GCAT| WGS BAM V1

  This dataset include BAM files of 808 samples from GCAT cohort. Technology used HiSeq 4000, read length 150 bp, inner mate distance 300 bp. For each sample the paired -ends are generated in separated files. Each FASTQ is splitted in multiple LANEs and grouped by the Multiplex index.

  Dataset EGAD00001008202

• Whole Genome Sequencing and Variant Calling for Autism Families

  We extracted DNA from whole blood or lymphoblast-derived cell lines and assessed the DNA quality with PicoGreenTM and gel electrophoresis. Whole genome sequencing was performed (Illumina HiSeq2000 and Illumina HiSeq X). WGS reads were mapped to the human reference genome assembly hg19 (GRCh37) using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner v.0.7.12 (TCAG) or Isaac v.2.0.13 (Macrogen). For each genome, we performed local realignment and quality recalibration and detected SNVs and small indels using GATK Haplotype Caller v.3.4.6 without genotype refinement. We detected CNVs using ERDS (estimation by read depth with single nucleotide variants) and CNVnator. We detected structural variants using Manta v.0.29.6. When available by the variant caller (i.e. GATK and Manta), trio-based joint variant calling was conducted for each family.

  Dataset EGAD00001008452

• Genomic Analysis of Pediatric Low Grade Gliomas

  Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) are among the most common solid tumors in children but, apart from mutations or duplications in the BRAF kinase in specific subclasses, few genetic driver events are known. Diffuse PLGGs compose a set of uncommon subtypes that exhibit invasive growth and are therefore especially challenging clinically. These tumors are particularly poorly understood. We performed high-resolution copy-number analysis of 44 diffuse PLGGs to identify recurrent alterations. Diffuse PLGGs exhibited fewer such alterations than adult low-grade gliomas, but we identified several significantly recurrent events. The most significant event, 8q13.1 gains, was observed in 28% of diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II (DA2) and resulted in partial duplication of the transcription factor MYBL1 with truncation of its C-terminal negative-regulatory domain. A similar recurrent deletion-truncation breakpoint was identified in two angiocentric gliomas in the related gene MYB on 6q23.3. Whole genome sequencing of a MYBL1-rearranged diffuse astrocytoma grade II demonstrated MYBL1 tandem duplication and few other events. Two truncated MYBL1 transcripts identified in this tumor induced anchorage-independent growth when expressed in 3T3 cells and tumor formation in nude mice. Truncated transcripts were also expressed in two additional tumors with MYBL1 partial duplication. Our results define clinically relevant molecular subclasses of diffuse PLGGs and highlight a potential role for the MYB family in the biology of low-grade gliomas. "Reprinted from www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1300252110 with permission from PNAS."

  Study phs000614

• Space Associated Stem Cell Hallmarks of Aging in Astronauts

  This study examined the effects of the stress of space, specifically low earth orbit, on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that maintain lifelong hematopoiesis and immune responses. Enriched CD34+ HSPCs were derived from 7 astronauts before, during and after 10 and 21-day ISS missions on the International Space Station. The samples were used as input to whole transcriptome sequencing by bulk RNA-Seq performed at The Scripps Research Institute Next Generation Sequencing Core on Illumina NextSeq 2000 sequencer and single cell RNA-Seq performed at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies on Illumina NovaSeq X Plus sequencer. Subsequent expression, RNA editing, and retrotransposon analyses were performed to assess HSPC and immune subpopulation survival dynamics. Overall, these analyses revealed space-associated stem cell hallmarks of aging (SASHA), including spaceflight dependent alterations in HSPC survival and self-renewal, ADAR1, telomere maintenance, mobilization and cell cycle gene expression, combined with space-induced clonal hematopoietic mutations, APOBEC3C activation and retrotransposon deregulation to warrant countermeasure development to enable long-duration spaceflight. Post-spaceflight analysis revealed increased C-to-T and clonal hematopoiesis-associated mutations, repetitive element and base deaminase deregulation, decreased telomere maintenance gene expression, and decreased self-renewal capacity compared to ground controls. These results demonstrate the space-associated aging effects in HSPCs after month-long exposure to LEO, providing insights into utilizing the LEO environment to model space-accelerated aging and other age-related malignancies.

  Study phs004267

• Genomic landscapes of endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cancers and morphologically similar tumor types

  While endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cancers represent nearly a quarter of ovarian cancers, their molecular characteristics and pathologic origins are poorly understood. To characterize the genomic and epigenomic alterations of these ovarian cancer subtypes and evaluate links to morphologically similar tumors from other sites, we performed sequence, copy number, mutation signature, rearrangement, and methylation analyses from tumor samples and matched normal tissues of 133 patients. These analyses included patients with ovarian endometrioid (n=44), ovarian mucinous (n=43), uterine endometrial (n=15), and gastrointestinal mucinous cancers (n=31). In addition to identifying genes previously known to be involved in these tumors, we identified alterations in RAD51C, NOTCH4, SMARCA1/4 and JAK1 in ovarian endometrioid, ESR1 in uterine endometrioid, and SMARCA4 in ovarian mucinous cancers. Whole genome sequencing revealed rearrangements involving PTEN, NF1, and NF2 in ovarian endometrioid tumors, and NF1 and MED1 in ovarian mucinous cancers. The number of alterations and affected genes in ovarian and uterine endometrioid cancers were similar as were genome-wide methylation profiles, suggesting that these tumors may have a similar tissue of origin. By contrast, methylation patterns in ovarian mucinous cancers were more similar to other gastrointestinal mucinous cancers, including mucinous cancers of the stomach, colon, and pancreas. These analyses provide insights into the genomic landscapes and origins of mucinous and endometrioid ovarian carcinomas, providing new avenues for early clinical intervention and management of patients with these cancers.

  Study EGAS50000000523

• Tumor-reactive heterotypic CD8 T cell clusters from clinical samples

  Emerging evidence suggests a correlation between CD8+ T cell-tumor cell proximity and anti-tumor immune response. However, it remains unknown whether these cells exist as functional clusters that can be isolated from clinical samples. By conventional and imaging flow cytometry, we show here that from 21/21 human melanoma metastases, we could isolate heterotypic clusters, comprising CD8+ T cells interacting with one or more tumor cells and/or antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that T cells from clusters were enriched for gene signatures associated with tumor reactivity and exhaustion. Clustered T cells exhibited increased TCR clonality indicative of expansion, while TCR-matched T cells showed more exhaustion and co-modulation when conjugated to APCs than to tumor cells. T cells that were expanded from clusters ex vivo exerted on average 9-fold increased killing activity towards autologous melanomas, which was accompanied by enhanced cytokine production. Upon adoptive cell transfer into mice, T cells from clusters showed improved patient-derived melanoma control, which was associated with increased T cell infiltration and activation. Together, these results demonstrate that tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells are enriched in functional clusters with tumor cells and/or APCs and that they can be isolated and expanded from clinical samples. Typically excluded by single cell gating in flow cytometry, these distinct heterotypic T cell clusters serve as a valuable source to decipher functional tumor-immune cell interactions, while they may also be therapeutically explored.

  Study EGAS50000000785

• Targets of MEK inhibition in DIPG

  The survival of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) remains dismal, with new treatments desperately needed. In the era of precision medicine, targeted therapies represent an exciting treatment opportunity, yet resistance can rapidly emerge, playing an important role in treatment failure. In a prospective biopsy-stratified clinical trial, we combined detailed molecular profiling (methylation BeadArray, exome, RNAseq, phospho-proteomics) linked to drug screening in newly-established patient-derived models of DIPG in vitro and in vivo. We identified a high degree of in vitro sensitivity to the MEK inhibitor trametinib in samples which harboured genetic alterations targeting the MAPK pathway, including the non-canonical BRAF_G469V mutation, and those affecting PIK3R1 and NF1. However, treatment of PDX models and of a patient with trametinib at relapse failed to elicit a significant response. We generated trametinib-resistant clones in the BRAF_G469V model through continuous drug exposure, and identified acquired mutations in MEK1/2 (MEK1_K57N, MEK1_I141S and MEK2_I115N) with sustained pathway up-regulation. These cells showed the hallmarks of mesenchymal transition, and expression signatures overlapping with inherently trametinib-insensitive primary patient-derived cells that predicted an observed sensitivity to dasatinib. Combinations of trametinib with dasatinib and the downstream ERK inhibitor ulixertinib showed highly synergistic effects in vitro. These data highlight the MAPK pathway as a therapeutic target in DIPG, and show the importance of parallel resistance modelling and rational combinatorial treatments likely to be required for meaningful clinical translation.

  Study EGAS00001004495

• Assessing mitochondrial bioenergetics in coronary artery disease: A translational left ventricular tissue study in humans (The AMBITION study).

  Severe or recurrent myocardial ischemia can lead to long-term left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and heart failure in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we assessed for chronic metabolomic and transcriptomic adaptations within LV myocardium of patients with evidence of preoperative inducible ischemia undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). During surgery, paired transmural LV biopsies were acquired on the beating heart from a region of inducible ischemia (determined by stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance), and a remote LV segment. From 33 patients, 63 LV biopsies were acquired on the beating heart during CABG, comparing to analysis of LV samples from 11 donor hearts. The global myocardial ATP/ADP ratio was reduced in CAD patients as compared to donor LV tissue with increased expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes encoding the electron transport chain complexes across multiple cell types. Paired analyses of biopsies obtained during CABG from LV segments with or without inducible ischemia revealed no significant difference in the ATP/ADP ratio, broader metabolic profile or expression of ventricular cardiomyocyte genes implicated in OXPHOS. Finally, differential metabolite analysis suggested dysregulation of several intermediates in patients with impaired LVEF; this notably included the tricyclic acid cycle metabolite, succinate. Overall, our results suggest that viable human myocardium in patients with stable CAD has global alterations in bioenergetic and transcriptional profile without large regional differences between areas with or without inducible ischemia.

  Study EGAS00001007351

• Whole Tumor spatial heterogeneity in metastatic melanoma

  Heterogeneous inter-tumoral responses, sustained periods of apparent clinical benefit despite lack of objective response to various therapies, and even spontaneous remission are well known within a subpopulation of advanced melanoma patients. The molecular and cellular dynamics facilitating long-term survival remain poorly defined, particularly in the current era ofexposure to multiple potentially active therapies. We studied an exceptional case of long-term survival in a patient with non-responding metastatic melanoma in order to characterize the clonal and microenvironmental factors.We performed immunogenomic analysis of 3 metachronous tumors, and of 67 intratumor sub-regions of one metastatic lesion, usingwhole exome sequencing, RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and T cell receptor sequencing. Longitudinal analysesidentified mutations in severalknownresistance genes affecting distinctmetastases. Intra-tumoral immune signatures revealed spatially-distinct pockets of immune activation and suppression throughout the metastasis. A specific T cell VBeta CDR3 rearrangement was identified as both dominant and recurrent not only across multiple spatial points within a single tumor mass, but also across metachronous tumors spanning the patient’s disease course. Immunophenotyping of this T cell population with single-cell sequencingsuggestedrepeatedT-cell priming events leading to the persistence of both activated and exhausted T cells bearing this same TCR-Beta at any given time.Our findings highlight genomic and immune heterogeneityin metastatic disease, extending to the intra-tumoral leveland provide a rationale for integrative spatiotemporal analysis of metastatic lesions in the context of immune checkpoint blockade.

  Study EGAS00001003292

• Renal_habitat_WXS

  This project aims at correlating genetic diversity (as well as transcriptomic, metabolic and immune diversity) observed in multiple targeted tumour biopsies and circulating tumour DNA with heterogeneity on multiparametric MRI. To this end, 20 patients with RCC (15 patients with localised/locally advanced disease and 5 with mRCC) will undergo multiparametric MRI including metabolic assessment by 13C-MRSI as well as measurements of tumour perfusion, oxygenation and water diffusion. Based on unique combinations of these imaging parameters, tumour habitats will be defined through cluster mapping. Intra-operative biopsy and immediate freezing of tumour cores from different imaging habitats will be performed. Multiregional ex-vivo tumour biopsies will be spatially registered to the MR data by using 3D printed tumour moulds generated from high-resolution volumetric sequences. These moulds allow slicing tumour specimens in identical planes to the MR acquisition and increase the accuracy of tissue sampling. The biopsies will then undergo molecular profiling such as metabolomic and RNA sequencing (including mRNA immune profiling), as well as DNA sequencing to assess driver and clonal mutations in different tumour habitats and guide design of appropriate cfDNA probes. The targeted cfDNA capture panel will be employed to determine the ability of cfDNA to capture the full genetic diversity observed in the primary tumour and to relate cfDNA to various imaging habitats in both renal and pancreatic cancer. Data integration will be undertaken between imaging habitats and molecular profiles for each region.

  Study EGAS00001003703

• Osteosarcoma 3D patient derived cultures to test genome-informed personalized treatment options; a feasibility study

  Background: Improving osteosarcoma treatment beyond conventional (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy and resection remains challenging. An urgent need for novel therapeutic options, particularly personalized and targeted approaches, has emerged due to high inter-patient molecular heterogeneity. A lack of representative in vitro and in vivo models impedes therapeutic development, therefore we aimed to create 3D in vitro long term culture models directly from patient material. Methods: Tumour cells from seven osteosarcoma patients were propagated in monolayer or collagen hydrogels, while whole-exome sequencing of corresponding primary tumour tissue was performed to identify potential drug targets. Established cultures were subsequently used to assess efficacy of the identified personalized treatment options. Results: Three out of seven hydrogel cultures harboured the same genetic alterations as the corresponding primary tumours. Among these, the L6565 patient line exhibited homozygous CDKN2A loss with retained Rb expression, rendering tumour cells sensitive to CDK4/CDK6 inhibition via palbociclib. This patient line was used to evaluate genome-informed therapy and to compare cell culture models of increasing complexity. Our findings demonstrate feasibility of establishing long-term patient-derived osteosarcoma cultures with a success rate of 14%. Tumour heterogeneity was reflected in advanced culture methods producing more variability in treatment response. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential of genome-informed therapies in osteosarcoma and the importance of refining culture techniques to enhance translational research and therapeutic outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000001583

• NIHR BioResource Common Disease Patients 2016

  NIHR BioResource Common Disease Patients 2016. The dataset includes 13489 samples from blood donors, they were not screened for any particular disease, and therefore they are representative of the general population. Genomic data includes 845487 snps collected using the UK BioBank V1 Affymetrix array. Phenotypic data includes gender, age, ethnicity and disease. According to our internal quality check there are 81 duplicates in this dataset.

  Dataset EGAD00010002059

• RNA sequencing data from glioblastoma primary cell lines treated with indisulam data access committee

  Four glioblastoma primary cell lines (BT592/pt1, BT1007/pt2, BT1009/pt3; BT1012/pt4) were derived from glioblastoma Cavitron Ultrasonic Aspirator (CUSA) material and cultured as neurospheres (GB-NS) in DMEM/F12+Glutamax medium containing B27 supplement (Thermofisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and the mitogenic factors epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor b (bFGF) (Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). GB-NS were confirmed mycoplasma-free by PCR Test. Cells were seeded in triplicate in 6-well plates, treated with 5 μM indisulam (Sigma Aldrich, Merk), or vehicle control, and collected after 6 and 16 hours for RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol Reagent (Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher, cat n. 15596026), RNeasy Mini Kit, and RNase-Free DNase Set (Qiagen, cat n. 74104 and 79254). Sample QC, RNA library preparations, and sequencing reactions were conducted at GENEWIZ (Germany GmbH). The concentration of RNA was quantified using a Qubit Fluorometer (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) and RNA integrity was assayed using a TapeStation. Sequencing libraries were prepared with RNA with PolyA selection and ERCC spike-in with standard ERCC kit (ERCC RNA Spike-In Mix,Thermo Fisher 4456740). Final libraries (Illumina, RNA with PolyA selection) were sequenced on a NovaSeq platform, producing 2×150 base paired-end reads.

  Dac EGAC50000000407

• Combination Therapies for Personalised Cancer Medicine in drug resistant EGFR mutant lung cancer

  This study involves mutagenizing a range of different cell lines with ENU to identify those mutations which engender resistance to targeted treatment. In the last decade we have begun to move towards the use of targeted therapeutics in the clinic, often resulting in dramatic response rates in cancer patients. However, clinical experience has demonstrated time and time again that such responses are invariably followed by the development of drug resistance. Identification of the underlying mechanisms may enable us to reverse such resistance. Traditional methods of modelling this resistance in vitro can lead to a plethora of potential resistance mechanisms that can be difficult to decipher.

  Study EGAS00001002509

• Combination Therapies for Personalised Cancer Medicine in 11-18

  This study involves mutagenizing 11-18 with ENU to identify those mutations which engender resistance to targeted treatment. In the last decade we have begun to move towards the use of targeted therapeutics in the clinic, often resulting in dramatic response rates in cancer patients. However, clinical experience has demonstrated time and time again that such responses are invariably followed by the development of drug resistance. Identification of the underlying mechanisms may enable us to reverse such resistance. Traditional methods of modelling this resistance in vitro can lead to a plethora of potential resistance mechanisms that can be difficult to decipher.

  Study EGAS00001002579