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• HV31 - 10x linked-read sequencing

  10x linked-read sequencing data for individual HV31 generated using DNA from CD14+ monocytes, to a sequencing depth of ~40×. Sequencing was performed at Bart’s and the London Genome Centre on the Illumina HiSeq platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001007046

• Isala Cross sectional Flow Meta Data

  This meta data contains extensive meta data from the cross sectional flow of the Isala Citizen Science project. The meta data file contains ENA Accession numbers for 16S Microbiome data, and cleaned responses to questionnaires.

  Dataset EGAD00001009890

• Dataset for synovial_sarcoma-WHOLE_GENOME

  Rare cancer sequencing data of 6 runs in tumor/control pairs, which were uploaded to umbrella studies. The sequencing was always paired

  Dataset EGAD00001008899

• Sequencing data for the manuscript "Early on-treatment changes in circulating tumor DNA fraction and response to enzalutamide or abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer"

  This submission contains gzipped fastq files from paired-end targeted sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001010105

• 4C-seq data

  4C-seq data was generated for regions of interest to confirm enhancer-gene promoter interactions

  Dataset EGAD00001001847

• BRIDGE Bleeding and Platelet Disorders

  Whole exome sequencing BAM files for samples from the BRIDGE Consortium with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants on genes linked to bleeding or platelet disorders.

  Dataset EGAD00001001333

• RNA-seq dataset of CD34+ HSPCs from LRMDS patients

  To profile transcriptional alterations of HSPCs in LR-MDS patients, 7AAD−CD45+Lin-CD235a−CD34+ cells were isolated from healthy donors and LR-MDS patients for RNA sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001015771

• Genomic Landscape of Multiple Myeloma and of its Precursor Conditions, and its Clinical Implications

  Reliable strategies to capture patients at risk of progression from precursor stages of multiple myeloma (MM) to overt disease are still missing. In this study, we generated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from matched tumor and normal samples from 98 individuals from the PCROWD study (Precursor Crowd, NCT02269592). These individuals have either a precursor condition for MM, which can be a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), or an active multiple myeloma (MM). To do so, we enriched tumor plasma cells from the bone marrow by magnetic bead selection (CD138+), sequenced the DNA of these samples to a target depth of 60X (tumor), and analyzed them against normal white blood cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from the same individuals sequenced to a target depth of 30X (normal). In our first publication [Alberge, Dutta, Poletti, et al., 2025], we integrated and homogeneously analyzed these data together with data from mostly publicly available datasets (phs003084 and phs000748) to reach 1,030 total samples. We used these data to identify recurrent coding and non-coding candidate drivers, as well as significant hotspots of structural variation, and used those drivers to define and validate a simple “MM-like” score which we could use to place patients' tumors on a gradual axis of progression toward active disease. Our MM precursor genomic map provides new insights on the time of initiation and cell of origin of the disease, on the order of acquisition of genomic alterations, and on mutational processes found across stages of the transformation. Taken together, we highlight here the potential of genome sequencing to better inform risk assessment and monitoring of MM precursor conditions.

  Study phs003846

• XClone for analyzing somatic copy number alterations

  Somatic copy number alterations (CNAs) are major mutations that contribute to the development and progression of various cancers. Despite a few computational methods proposed to detect CNAs from single-cell transcriptomic data, the technical sparsity of such data makes it challenging to identify allele-specific CNAs, particularly in complex clonal structures. In this study, we present a statistical method, XClone, that strengthens the signals of read depth and allelic imbalance by effective smoothing on cell neighborhood and gene coordinate graphs to detect haplotype-aware CNAs from scRNA-seq data. By applying XClone to multiple datasets with challenging compositions, we demonstrated its ability to robustly detect different types of allele-specific CNAs and potentially indicate whole genome duplication, therefore enabling the discovery of corresponding subclones and the dissection of their phenotypic impacts.

  Study EGAS00001007854

• Functionally Active Copy Number Variants Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk

  Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in males throughout the world and has the largest estimated effect of heritability among the most common tumor types. Copy Number Variants (CNVs) are a recently recognized class of human germline polymorphisms (Iafrate AJ, et al. (2004) Nat Genet 36, 949-951; Sebat J, et al. (2004) Science 305, 525-528.) and are associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer. This study characterized 1,903 individuals from the Tyrol Early Prostate Cancer Detection Program (Bartsch G, et al. (2008) BJU Int 101, 809-816) using a computational framework (Banerjee S, et al. (2011) PLoS One 29;6(3)). The study results establish non-coding and coding germline CNVs as significant risk factors for prostate cancer susceptibility and implicate their role in disease development and progression. The study "Identification of functionally active, low frequency copy number variants at 15q21.3 and 12q21.31 associated with prostate cancer risk," Demichelis F, Setlur SR, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 24;109(17):6686-91.

  Study phs000487

• Distinct genomic profiles and clinical outcomes in constitutional mismatch repair deficiency-associated high-grade gliomas: insights into mutational signatures and clonal evolution

  Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is a rare cancer-predisposition syndrome, yet the mutational processes and clonal evolution of CMMRD-associated high-grade gliomas (HGGs) remain incompletely understood. In this study, mutational signatures and tumor evolution were analyzed in 25 CMMRD-associated HGGs. Germline biallelic mutations were most frequently identified in MSH6 (56.0%), followed by PMS2 (36.0%) and MLH1 (8.0%). Affected patients showed very early disease onset (mean 5.8 years) and poor clinical outcomes, with a mean progression-free survival of 16 months. Distinct genomic and clinical differences were observed between MSH6- and PMS2-associated tumors. MSH6-deficient HGGs were enriched for SBS6, whereas PMS2-deficient tumors showed predominance of SBS21, and these mutational signatures were correlated with prognosis. Clonal evolution analyses revealed early involvement of POLE/POLD1 mutations and persistence of the founding clone at recurrence. Overall, the study highlights the importance of mutational signatures and clonal evolution in shaping tumor behavior and clinical outcomes in CMMRD-associated HGGs.

  Study EGAS50000001506

• METABRIC: Data from Pereira et al (2016), The somatic mutation profiles of 2433 breast cancers refine their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes. Nat Comms 7.

  The genomic landscape of breast cancer is complex, and inter- and intra-tumour heterogeneity are important challenges in treating the disease. In this study, we sequence 173 genes in 2433 primary breast tumours that have copy number aberration (CNA), gene expression, and long-term clinical follow-up data. We identify 40 mutation-driver (Mut-driver) genes, and determine associations between mutations, driver CNA profiles, clinical-pathological parameters, and survival. We assess the clonal states of Mut-driver mutations, and estimate levels of intratumour heterogeneity using mutant allele fractions. Associations between PIK3CA mutations and reduced survival are identified in three subgroups of ER-positive cancer (defined by amplification of 17q23, 11q13-14 or 8q24). High levels of intratumour heterogeneity are in general associated with worse outcome, but highly aggressive tumours with 11q13-14 amplification have low levels of intratumour heterogeneity. These results emphasise the importance of genome-based stratification of breast cancer, and have important implications for designing therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS00001001753

• Kalirin-RAC controls nucleokinetic migration in ADRN-type neuroblastoma

  The migrational propensity of neuroblastoma is affected by cell identity, but the mechanisms behind the divergence remain unknown. Using RNAi and time-lapse imaging, we show that ADRN-type NB cells exhibit RAC1- and kalirin-dependent nucleokinetic (NUC) migration that relies on several integral components of neuronal migration. Inhibition of NUC migration by RAC1 and kalirin-GEF1 inhibitors occurs without hampering cell proliferation and ADRN identity. Using three clinically-relevant expression dichotomies, we reveal that most of up-regulated mRNAs in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type NB cells are associated with low-risk characteristics. The computational analysis shows that, in a context of overall gene set poverty, the upregulomes in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type cells are a batch of AU-rich elements (ARE)-containing mRNAs, which suggests a link between NUC migration and mRNA stability. GSEA-based search for vulnerabilities reveals prospective weak points in RAC1- and kalirin-GEF1-suppressed ADRN-type NB cells, including activities of H3K27- and DNA methyltransferases. Altogether, these data support the introduction of NUC inhibitors into cancer treatment research.

  Study EGAS00001005023

• ICARUS-LUNG01 dataset

  A total of 46 frozen tumor biopsies underwent WES analysis, while 41 blood samples were used as germline controls.Tumor samples qualified for whole exome sequencing (WES) if they contained ≥10% tumor cells. For bulk RNA-seq, 20 paired baseline and on-treatment frozen tumor biopsies were analyzed. Tumor samples qualified if they contained ≥30% tumor cells. For GeoMx spatial transcriptomic study we used 7 patients from the ICARUS LUNG01 trial focusing on tumour and immune cell compartments. We selected 7 paired baseline and on-treatment patient samples for analysis. We selected up to 4 regions of interest (ROI) per sample tissue. We identified tumour and immune cell areas of illumination (AOI) using CK and CD45 antibodies respectively

  Dataset EGAD50000001014

• A standardised framework for robust fragmentomic feature extraction from cell-free DNA sequencing data

  Fragmentomic features of cell-free DNA represent promising non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. However, a lack of systematic evaluation of biases in feature quantification has hindered the adoption of such applications. We compared features derived from whole-genome sequencing of ten healthy donors using nine library kits and ten data-processing routes, and validated them in 1,182 plasma samples from published studies. Our results clarify the variations resulting from library preparation and feature quantification methods. We designed the Trim Align Pipeline and the cfDNAPro R package as unified interfaces for data pre-processing, feature extraction, and visualisation, aiming to standardise multimodal feature engineering and integration for machine learning.

  Dataset EGAD00001015535

• EED inhibition of organoid development

  Transcriptomics and epigenomics after chemical inhibition of EED during early human brain organoid development. To investigate the role of H3K27me3 inhibition during neuroectoderm induction, we treated brain organoids with 3 concentrations of EED inhibitor (and control) during the transition of pluripotency to neuroepithelium. At the neuroepithelium stage, we profiled the organoids using scRNA-seq (transcriptome) and bulk Cut&Tag (H3K27me3, H3K27ac). Library preparation for scRNA-seq was carried out with the 10x genomics platform.

  Dataset EGAD50000000224

• Sex Differences in MAGEL2 Gene Promoter Methylation in High Functioning Autism - Trends from a Pilot Study Using Nanopore Cas9 Targeted Long Read Sequencing

  Using DNA extracted from peripheral blood, Cas9-targeted nanopore DNA sequencing was used to analyze MAGEL2 gene, including its entire regulatory construct (chr15:23639316-23651466), for sequence variation and 5-methyl-cytosine (5mC) modification in a cohort of adults with HFA compared to sex- and age-matched NC.

  Dataset EGAD50000000726

• RNAseq of pre- and post-5AZA-treated head and neck cancer patients refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy

  RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on baseline (before low-dose 5-aza treatment) and on-treatment (low-dose 5-aza treatment for 5 or 10 days) tumor samples from eight participants with head and neck cancer who were refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy. RNA library preparations, sequencing reactions, and initial bioinformatics analyses were conducted at GENEWIZ, LLC. In total, 16 150-bp pair-end RNAseq data were generated.

  Dataset EGAD50000001010

• Comprehensive survey for the construction of an integrated database of food, gut microbiome, and health information (the "Sukoyaka Health Survey")

  We conducted a cohort-based study to investigate the association between the genetic background and diet/lifestyle in 59 healthy Japanese. We analyzed some participants living in Nagasaki. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal microbiome were analyzed.

  Study JGAS000681

• PHRT longitudinal ovarian cancer dataset

  High-grade serous ovarian cancer presents significant challenges due to its poor prognosis and high heterogeneity, both of which complicate treatment responses. This project aims to understand intra-patient tumor evolution by investigating different sampling sites (primary and metastatic) at the time of diagnosis and during disease recurrence. A total of 183 biopsies from 50 patients were collected for this purpose, and bulk mRNA sequencing was performed. The majority of samples originated from following tissue types: omentum, ovary, and ascites.

  Dataset EGAD50000002064

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors (SI-NET)

  Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on cells isolated from intestinal mucosa and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) to compare their transcriptomic profiles. Tumor and adjacent normal tissues were collected from two SI-NET patients, enzymatically dissociated, and processed into single-cell suspensions. Single-cell libraries were generated using the Chromium Single Cell 3′ Reagent Kit v3 and sequenced on an Illumina platform to produce FASTQ files for downstream analysis.

  Dataset EGAD50000002265

• Whole exome sequencing of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma patient with RET germline mutation

  Whole exome sequencing of an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma patient with RET germline mutation and subsequent analysis of potential therapeutic mechanisms associated with the patient's rare germline mutation. Patient sampels were sequenced from an initial biopsy and from a relapse biopsy, in addition to normal blood as the matched normal DNA. RNA sequencing was performed on the relapse sample as initial sample was unable to produce usable RNA for analysis.

  Dataset EGAD00001006125

• The Xq22.3 contiguous gene deletion syndrome (ATS-ID): from genotype to further delineation of the phenotype

  Approximately 200 ng of high-quality of genomic DNA samples were used for library preparation. DNA libraries were prepared using the Human Core Exome Kit according to manufacturer’s recommendations (Twist Bioscience, San Francisco, CA, USA) and then sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina, Inc., san Diego, CA, USA). Detailed protocol of WES data processing and variant analysis are available in Supplementary data.

  Dataset EGAD00001007740

• Whole genome sequencing of multifocal ileal neuroendocrine tumors

  This dataset includes whole genome sequences of 75 synchronous primary tumors, 15 metastases, and corresponding normal samples from 13 patients with multifocal ileal neuroendocrine tumors. The whole genomes were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq X Ten to generate 151-bp paired-end reads, which were aligned to GRCh38/hg38 reference assembly using BWA–MEM and duplicate-marked with Picard tools. GATK was utilized for base score recalibration and local indel re-alignments. The whole genomes are provided as CRAM files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008831

• Exome Sequencing of Poor Prognosis Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (2019-08-19)

  We plan to sequence the exomes of 4 AML cases (tumour and germline) in an effort to discover new mutations in this disease that could improve our understanding of leukaemogenesis and guide the development of new targeted therapies. The Sanger Institute will sequence the exomes of 4 Acute Myeloid Leukaemia cases including tumour and germline DNA so that somatically-acquired, AML-specific mutations can be accurately designated. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-08-19.

  Dataset EGAD00001005265

• Single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing of BALF from 11 ICI-pneumonitis patients and 6 controls

  Dataset containing the FASTQ files of RNA (scr*) and TCR (vdj*) sequencing of 17 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from ICI pneumonitis (n=11) and control (n=6) patients. To comply with GDPR regulations, please note that individual sample identifiers used for this data deposit (alphabetical ID) are different from and cannot be traced back to the patient identifiers used throughout the manuscript (numerical ID).

  Dataset EGAD00001009723

• Circulating tumor DNA, pathological and immunologic responses to neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus relatlimab and chemoradiotherapy in resectable esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer

  The dataset for the study “Circulating tumor DNA, pathological and immunologic responses to neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus relatlimab and chemoradiotherapy in resectable esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer” includes 173 bam files from hybrid capture targeted error-correction next-generation sequencing (TEC-Seq) from plasma cell-free DNA and matched white blood cell DNA from 32 individuals with esophageal/gastroesophageal junction cancer, who received immunotherapy-containing regimens.

  Dataset EGAD00001011822

• Multi-region sequencing of 10 neuroblastoma cases

  To investigate intratumour heterogeneity and to better understand tumour evolution in neuroblastoma, we have performed a multi-region whole-exome sequencing on a total of 51 spatially separated tumor samples from 9 primary neuroblastomas (2 low-risk, 1 intermediate-risk and 6 high-risk) and 1 relapsed neuroblastoma. We also assessed the impact of chemotherapy on the clonal expansion by sequencing tumour regions from one medium risk and one high-risk tumour for which we had matched samples obtained at diagnosis and after chemotherapy.

  Dataset EGAD00001008020

• Clinical sequencing in multiple myeloma

  DNA (n=1281) and RNA (n=767) were extracted from bone marrow aspirates where CD138+ selection had been performed to enrich plasma cells from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), or multiple myeloma (MM). DNA and/or RNA were sent to Foundation Medicine where targeted sequencing was performed using their Foundation 1 Heme panel. Resulting BAM files were returned along with annotations for somatic events including single nucleotide mutations, indels and structural rearrangements.

  Dataset EGAD00001004113

• Comprehensive Deep Sequencing Atlas in HCC tumors

  The atlas aims to unravel the intricate genetic landscape of HCC, providing a detailed characterization of genomic alterations, transcriptomic profiles, and key mutations associated with liver tumors. The integration of WGS, RNAseq, and WES data offers a holistic perspective, facilitating a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving HCC pathogenesis. The resulting atlas serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and the broader scientific community, contributing to advancements in HCC diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutic interventions.

  Dataset EGAD00001015343

• RNAseq in pleural mesothelioma primary cell lines

  Pleural mesothelioma (PM) requires new treatments. Drug repurposing offers a potential approach to finding effective therapies. This study aimed to explore new therapeutic options for PM using RNA sequencing. RNA sequencing was performed on 58 patient-derived PM cell lines. Drug screening of over 1300 compounds was conducted on 11 lines, with further testing of selected drugs on 48 lines. Top candidates were validated in 3D culture and mouse models.

  Dataset EGAD00001015408

• Somatic copy number alterations profiling in non-small cell lung cancer and their correlation with clinical efficacy in first-line treatment

  Genomic data from FFPE tumor samples of 258 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), profiled by shallow whole-genome sequencing (sWGS) at 1x. The study aimed to characterize somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) and SCNA burden to assess their clinical relevance for patient stratification across different first-line treatments.

  Dataset EGAD50000002322

• Complex genotype-phenotype relationships shape the response to treatment of Down Syndrome Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

  Extensive genetic and epigenetic variegation has been demonstrated in many malignancies. Importantly, their interplay has the potential to contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance. To shed light on the complex relationships between these different sources of intra-tumour heterogeneity, we explored their relative contributions to the evolutionary dynamics of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) in children with Down syndrome, which has particularly poor prognosis. We quantified the tumour propagating potential of genetically distinct sub-clones using serial transplantation assays and SNP-arrays. While most leukaemias were characterized by a single dominant subclone, others were highly heterogeneous. Importantly, we provide clear and direct evidence that genotypes and phenotypes with functional relevance to leukemic progression and treatment resistance can co-segregate within the disease. Hence, individual genetic lesions can be restricted to well-defined cell immunophenotypes, corresponding to different stages of the leukemic differentiation hierarchy and varied proliferation potentials. As a result of this difference in fitness, which can be accurately quantified via competitive transplantation assays, matching diagnostic, post-treatment, and relapse leukaemias can be dominated by different genotypes, including pre-leukemic clones persisting throughout the disease progression and treatment. Intriguingly, plasticity also appears to be a temporally defined property that can segregate with genotype. These results suggest that Down Syndrome ALL should be viewed as a complex matrix of cells exhibiting genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity that foster extensive clonal evolution and competition. Therapeutic intervention reshapes this ‘eco-system’ and may provide the right conditions for the preferential expansion of selected compartments and subsequently relapse.

  Study EGAS50000001287

• Cas9-targeted-based long-read sequencing for genetic screening of RPE65 locus

  In order to compare sequencing performance of different technologies in a specific locus, we sequenced blood samples of five inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) patients harboring a monoallelic variant in RPE65 that remained uncharacterized with: 1) Clinical exome targeted sequencing (CES), 2) whole genome sequencing (WGS), and 3) Long-read sequencing on a MinION platform where CRISPR-Cas9 guide RNA probes were designed to target a 31 kb region including the entire RPE65 locus.

  Study EGAS50000000596

• Spatial omics analysis of non-small cell lung cancers for revealing molecular statuses of intratumor heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment

  In this study, we perform spatial transcriptome analysis Visium/Xenium and other omics analysis using surgical specimens of Japanese non-small cell lung cancer cases to understand omics statuses of cancer cells and their surrounding stromal and immune cells in local tumor regions. We aim to stratify lung cancer patients with considering intratumor heterogeneity and complicated microenvironent of lung cancer tissues by using spatial omics data and histopathological information.

  Study JGAS000613

• Integrative understanding of human immune system by functional genomics and development of intervention strategies for the prevention of autoimmune diseases

  To elucidate the feature of age-associated helper T (ThA) cells and its contribution to autoimmune diseases, CD4+ T cell subsets from 19 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 62 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 40 idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) and 64 healthy controls (HC) were collected (Naive_CD4, Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Fr._I_nTreg, Fr._II_eTreg, Fr._III_T, ThA). RNA-seq was performed with each CD4+ T cell subset samples.

  Study JGAS000626

• Comparative genomics research for Chinese colorectal cancer

  In order to clarify the mechanisms of genesis and development of colorectal carcinoma, in this study, we performed comparative genomics research in Chinese colorectal cancer at various clinical stage via whole exon sequencing or whole genome sequencing. Comparative bioinformatical analysis was perform to find the difference on somatic single-nucleotide variants, short insert/deletion variants, genomic structural variants, and copy number variants between cancer tissue and normal tissue, or among cancer tissues at various clinical stages.

  Study EGAS00001002576

• Comparative genomics research for Chinese colorectal cancer

  In order to clarify the mechanisms of genesis and development of colorectal carcinoma, in this study, we performed comparative genomics research in Chinese colorectal cancer at various clinical stage via whole exon sequencing or whole genome sequencing. Comparative bioinformatical analysis was perform to find the difference on somatic single-nucleotide variants, short insert/deletion variants, genomic structural variants, and copy number variants between cancer tissue and normal tissue, or among cancer tissues at various clinical stages.

  Study EGAS00001002607

• RNA-Sequencing of cervical cancers

  Question: Can we identify cervical cancer patients who are at risk for distant metastatic (DM) recurrence following treatment with radiotherapy, concurrent weekly cisplatin and brachytherapy (RTCT). Findings: An immune-based 55 gene risk score was developed using a cohort of 81 patients treated with RTCT that was strongly predictive of DM and cause-specific survival (CSS). The risk score was validated in two independent patient cohorts. A high immune metastatic risk score was associated with a high tumor mutational burden and a ‘cold’, immune-excluded tumor microenvironment at diagnosis. Meaning: The immune gene expression risk score may help to identify patients at risk of DM and potential targets for mitigating this risk.

  Study EGAS50000000087

• CADD/GADD centers on Antisocial Drug Dependence

  CADD (Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence): Funded through NIDA 011015 to study genetic influences on, and treatment of, antisocial drug dependence, studying both clinical probands and their families, and community samples of matched controls, twins, and participants in an ongoing longitudinal adoption study. A collaboration between three organizations at two campuses of the University of Colorado. Longitudinal with three waves of data collection completed. GADD (Genetics of Adolescent Antisocial Drug Dependence): Funded originally through NIDA 012845, s multisite collaboration including adolescent subjects at high-risk for antisocial drug dependence and their siblings, recruited in Denver, CO and San Diego, CA. Longitudinal with two waves of data collection completed, one in progress as of May, 2018.

  Study phs001841

• Precision Diagnosis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Middle Eastern Populations

  We constructed de novo genome assemblies for six family trios from diverse Middle Eastern ancestries (Sudan, Jordan, Syria, Qatar, and Afghanistan), involving probands with various unresolved neurodevelopmental conditions. We generated high-quality, nearly complete genome assemblies for trios, revealing extended novel sequence impacting known genes, novel HLA/KIR alleles, and strong signals of inbreeding, with runs of homozygosity covering large parts of individual chromosomes. We also identified potential disease variants underlying the unresolved symptoms. Also, the assemblies uncovered unique variation relative to existing references, showing enhanced mapping and variant calling of Middle Eastern genomes. The dataset available through dbGaP includes raw short (Illumina) and long (PacBio) sequencing reads and assembled haplotypes.

  Study phs003917

• CpG methylation changes associated with hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes occur at angiogenic glomerular and retinal gene loci.

  Retinal and glomerular microangiopathy, and cardiovascular disease, contribute to the morbidity and mortality observed in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). While the level and duration of hyperglycemia are primary factors influencing these complications, the underlying molecular mechanisms behind glucose-induced organ damage remain poorly understood. In this study, blood samples from young T1D patients at diagnosis and three years later in average were analyzed for DNA methylation using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Significant DNA methylation changes in critical angiogenic gene loci were associated with HbA1c, a direct hallmark of chronic hyperglycemia. This finding may offer novel epigenetic insights for a better understanding of T1D complications.

  Study EGAS50000000370

• Splicing signature analysis of RNU2-2 samples

  Dominant pathogenic variants in the snRNA RNU2-2 were recently reported as a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. In our study we identified additional individuals with dominant variants (n.4G>A and n.35A>G) and we also identified biallelic variants as a novel frequent cause of neurodevelopmental disorder. We obtained blood samples and performed short-term lymhocytes cultures for 19 cases (5 n.4; 5 n.35; 9 biallelic). We generated exome-capture RNA-Seq for these cases that we compared to 49 controls (probands affected from a neurodevelopmental disorder but without RNU2-2 variants). We observed that RNU2-2 variants mainly disturb alternative exon skipping, although affecting different exons.

  Study EGAS50000001410

• Genomic profiling of IBC

  We collected matched pretreatment blood and tumor samples from 19 patients with primary TN-IBC enrolled in a phase II clinical trial (NCT02876107). Patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) or the anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab (PmAb) plus NAC (PmAb/NAC). We conducted whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and CIBERSORT analyses for these TN-IBC samples and compare the genetic and molecular profiles with similarly analyzed stage III TN-non-IBC patient samples. We also compared the genetic and molecular characteristics of TN-IBC in patients who had a pathologic complete response (pCR) to NAC or PmAb/NAC treatment, a suitable surrogate endpoint for IBC, with those who did not have pCR (non-pCR).

  Study EGAS00001007520

• Whole Transcriptome Sequencing of Resectable Stage III/IV Melanoma Evaluated After Starting Hu14.18-IL2 Predicts Outcome

  Background: We analyzed whole transcriptome sequencing in tumors from 23 patients with stage III or IV melanoma from a pilot trial of the anti-GD2 immunocytokine, hu14.18-IL2, to identify predictive immune and/or tumor biomarkers in melanoma patients at high risk for recurrence. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive the first of 3 monthly-courses of hu14.18-IL2 immunotherapy either before (Group A) or after (Group B) complete surgical resection of all known disease. Tumors were evaluated by histology and whole transcriptome sequencing. Results: We report here that tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) levels directly associate with relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in resected tumors from Group A, where early responses to the immunotherapy agent could be assessed. TIL levels directly associated with a previously reported immune signature which associated with RFS and OS, particularly in Group A tumors. In Group A tumors there were decreased cell cycling gene RNA transcripts, but increased RNA transcripts for repair and growth genes. We found that outcome (RFS and OS) was directly associated with several immune signatures and immune-related RNA transcripts and inversely associated with several tumor growth-associated transcripts, particularly in Group A tumors. Most of these associations were not seen in Group B tumors. Conclusion: We interpret these data to signify that both immunologic and tumoral cell processes, as measured by RNAseq analyses detected shortly after initiation of hu14.18-IL2 therapy are associated with long term survival and could potentially be used as prognostic biomarkers in tumor resection specimens obtained after initiating neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Note: RNA sequences and expression data can be found at NCBI GEO GSE133713

  Study phs001947

• Asthma in the Lives of Families Today (ALOFT)

  Social interactions and the overall psychosocial environment have a demonstrated impact on health, particularly for people living in disadvantaged urban areas. Here we investigated the effect of psychosocial experiences on gene expression in peripheral blood immune cells of 251 children with asthma in Metro Detroit. Participants were included from an ongoing longitudinal study Asthma in the Lives of Families Today (ALOFT; recruited from November 2010-July 2018. The ALOFT project was established to identify the behavioral and biological pathways through which family social environments impact youth with asthma.In version 1 we used RNA-sequencing and a new machine learning approach to identify transcriptional signatures of 19 variables including psychosocial factors, blood cell composition and asthma symptoms. Using longitudinal data collected from a subset of the participants we showed that transcriptional signatures track the longitudinal changes in measured phenotypes. Importantly, we found 169 genes associated with asthma that are regulated by psychosocial factors, and 344 significant gene-environment interactions for gene expression levels. These results demonstrate that immune gene expression mediates the link between negative psychosocial experiences and asthma risk.In version 2, we focused on pubertal development. We identified substantial gene expression changes associated with age and pubertal development. We showed that genetic effects on gene expression change dynamically during pubertal development. Gene expression changes during puberty are correlated with gene expression changes associated with asthma and may explain sex differences in prevalence. Our results show that molecular data used to study the genetics of early onset diseases should consider pubertal development as an important factor that modifies the transcriptome.Version 3 uses single cell RNA-seq to study the dynamics of the transcriptional response to glucocorticoids in activated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from 96 African American children. We employed novel statistical approaches to calculate a mean-independent measure of gene expression variability and a measure of transcriptional response pseudotime. Using these approaches, we demonstrated that glucocorticoids reverse the effects of immune stimulation on both gene expression mean and variability. Our novel measure of gene expression response dynamics, based on the diagonal linear discriminant analysis, separated individual cells by response status on the basis of their transcriptional profiles and allowed us to identify different dynamic patterns of gene expression along the response pseudotime. We identified genetic variants regulating gene expression mean and variability, including treatment-specific effects, and demonstrated widespread genetic regulation of the transcriptional dynamics of the gene expression response.Version 4 adds scATAC-seq in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 16 children with asthma with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and treated with dexamethasone (DEX), an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid. We analyzed changes in chromatin accessibility, measured transcription factor motif activity, and identified treatment and cell-type specific transcription factors that drive changes in both gene expression mean and variability. We observed strong positive linear dependence between motif response and their target gene expression changes, but negative in variability changes. This result suggests that an increase of transcription factor binding tightens the variability of gene expression around the mean. We then annotated genetic variants in chromatin accessibility peaks and response motifs followed by computational fine-mapping of eQTL signals from a pediatric asthma cohort. We found that eQTLs were 5-fold enriched in peaks with response motifs and refined the credible set for 410 asthma risk genes, with 191 having the causal variant in response motifs. These results enhance the understanding of molecular mechanisms for asthma risk variants mediated by gene expression.

  Study phs002182

• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Parkinson's Disease

  This study utilized the well characterized collection of North American Caucasians with Parkinson's disease, and neurologically normal controls from the sample population which are banked in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS Repository) collection. Two sub-studies are included, in sub-study NINDS-Genome-Wide Genotyping in Parkinson's Disease, genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of these publicly available samples was originally done in 267 Parkinson's disease patients and 270 controls, and this has been extended to include genome wide genotyping in 939 Parkinson's disease cases and 802 controls; in sub-study NINDS-Exome Sequencing in Parkinson's Disease, genome wide exome DNA sequencing was done in 618 Parkinson's disease samples deposited in Coriell NINDS repository. The DNA comes from a mixture of blood, and from cell lines (lymphoblast cell lines) derived from blood. The GWAS data and exome sequencing data was generated and provided by the laboratory of Neurogenetics lead by Dr. Andrew Singleton, NIA, and Dr. John Hardy, a former chief at NIA, NIH. The NINDS Parkinson's Disease Cohort study is utilized in the following dbGaP individual studies. To view genotypes, whole exome sequencing, and derived variables collected in these individual studies, please click on the following individual studies below or in the "Sub-studies" box located on the right hand side of this top-level study page phs001172 NINDS Parkinson's Disease Cohort study. phs000089 PD GWAS phs001103 PD Exome

  Study phs001172

• Nasal MicroRNA during Bronchiolitis and Age 6y Asthma: MARC-35 Cohort

  We analyzed data from the 35th Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration (MARC-35) study to examine the relationship between nasal airway microRNAs (miRNAs) and the risk of developing childhood asthma. MARC-35 is a multicenter prospective cohort study which enrolled infants (age Structured interviews of the parents/guardians were performed by site investigators and clinical details were collected via emergency department and hospital inpatient chart reviews. Following the index hospitalization, trained study personnel conducted telephone interviews with parents/legal guardians at six-month intervals. Participants also underwent nasal swab sampling conducted by trained site personnel during the index bronchiolitis hospitalization and during an in-person follow-up examination at about age 6 years. Total RNA was extracted from nasal swab specimens using Trizol LS reagent (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and the Direct-zol RNA Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA). Small RNA-seq was performed using the PerkinElmer NEXTFLEX® small RNA-seq v3 kit with Unique Dual Indexes (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA) and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 sequencer using an S2 50bp PE Flowcell (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Through dbGaP, limited de-identified phenotypic data (e.g., demographics) and RNA-seq FASTQ files will be made available. Among a cohort of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we applied a small RNA sequencing approach and found miRNAs were associated with asthma risk factors, and highly expressed in lung tissue and immune cells (e.g., TH cells, neutrophils). They also played key roles in mechanisms relating to asthma, such as innate immunity, airway remodeling, and IgE regulation.

  Study phs003564

• WES analysis of a mixed cohort of pituitary tumors

  BACKGROUND: Sporadic pituitary adenomas are the second most common primary brain tumor, but their genetics remains incompletely understood. We performed deep DNA sequencing of 42 pituitary macroadenomas, including hormonally active and atypical adenomas. METHODS: Pituitary adenomas representative of a spectrum of histopathologic subtypes, primary and recurrent tumors, and MIB-1 proliferative indices were profiled. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on tumors and paired blood followed by analysis of somatic copy number alteration and mutation. RESULTS: On the whole, the tumors harbored a low rate of mutations, similar to other benign brain tumors. However, almost one-third (29%) exhibited somatic copy-number alterations across large fractions of the genome (up to 99%). Despite such widespread genomic disruption, these tumors had few focal events, which is atypical among highly-disrupted cancers. The other 71% of tumors formed a distinct molecular class, with somatic copy-number alterations involving less than 6% of the genome. Among the highly-disrupted group, 92% were functional or atypical null-cell adenomas, whereas 87% of the less-disrupted group were clinically non-functional adenomas. The only significantly recurrent events were arm-level losses of chromosomes 1, 2, 11, and 18. No significantly recurrent mutations or insertion/deletion events were identified, suggesting no genes are altered by exomic mutations in >15% of pituitary tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Genomic characterization of a large series of sporadic pituitary adenomas reveals two classes of tumor, based on genomic disruption from arm-level copy-number alterations, which associate with hormonal and histologic subtypes.

  Study EGAS00001001714

• Intra-tumor heterogeneity of localized lung adenocarcinomas defined by multi-region sequencing

  Background: Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) may have profound impacts on biopsy strategy, characterization of actionable targets, treatment planning, and drug resistance. ITH of lung cancers has not been well studied. Methods: We performed multi-region whole exome sequencing (average sequencing depth 277x) on 48 tumor regions from 11 resected lung adenocarcinomas (8 stage I, 2 stage II and one stage III tumors) followed by deep sequencing validation (average sequencing depth 863x). Results: All tumors showed clear evidence of spatial ITH. On average, 76% of all mutations and 20/21 known cancer gene mutations were present in all regions of individual tumors (trunk mutations). Copy number analysis did not show substantial difference in large-scale chromosome aberrations. A canonical KRAS p.G12C mutation was detected in only 1 of 4 tumor regions (branch mutations) at exome depth but detected in all four tumor regions (trunk mutations) at increased sequencing depth. In addition, many heterogeneous branch mutations defined by exome sequencing were detectable in all regions of individual tumors with increasing sequencing depth. Significant differences in mutational spectrum were observed in 6 tumors indicating that specific mutational processes were likely operative at different times during development of these tumors. With a median follow up of 21 months post surgery, 3 patients have relapsed and all 3 patients presented with significantly larger fractions of subclonal mutations in their primary tumors. Conclusions: Although multi-region sampling is still required to fully assess ITH complexity, single biopsy analysis at appropriate depth might be sufficient to identify the majority of known cancer gene mutations in localized lung adenocarcinomas. Larger subclonal mutation fractions may be associated with increased likelihood of postsurgical relapse in patients with localized lung adenocarcinomas. Studies on larger cohort, ideally with comprehensive clinical annotation and repeat biopsy at relapse are needed to fully understand the clinical impact of ITH.

  Study EGAS00001000930