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• Genome-wide prediction of human embryos

  BACKGROUND: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) enables profiling of embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. The majority of PGD testing is restricted in the scope of variants assayed or by the availability of extended family members. While recent advances in single cell sequencing show promise, they remain limited by bias in DNA amplification and the rapid turnaround time (<36 h) required for fresh embryo transfer. Here, we describe and validate a method for inferring the inherited whole genome sequence of an embryo for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). METHODS: We combine haplotype-resolved, parental genome sequencing with rapid embryo genotyping to predict the whole genome sequence of a day-5 human embryo in a couple at risk of transmitting alpha-thalassemia. RESULTS: Inheritance was predicted at approximately 3 million paternally and/or maternally heterozygous sites with greater than 99% accuracy. Furthermore, we successfully phase and predict the transmission of an HBA1/HBA2 deletion from each parent. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that preimplantation whole genome prediction may facilitate the comprehensive diagnosis of diseases with a known genetic basis in embryos.

  Study EGAS00001001020

• Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION-BioLINCC)

  Accessing Data Please refer to “Authorized Access” below regarding accessing data through the BioData Catalyst ecosystem. The data from this accession is not available for download through dbGaP.ObjectivesThe HF-ACTION study examined whether exercise training reduces a composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure symptoms. Background Heart failure (HF) is a major and growing cardiovascular syndrome that is the end result of many cardiovascular disorders. Although evidence-based drug and device therapies decrease mortality, hospitalizations, and HF symptoms and improve quality of life, many patients treated with these regimens often remain burdened by dyspnea and fatigue, diminished exercise tolerance, reduced quality of life, recurrent hospitalizations, and early mortality. Whereas rest was traditionally recommended for HF patients, there has been evidence that physical deconditioning may play a key role in the progression of symptoms and poor outcomes. Previous studies have shown positive effects of exercise training on exercise capacity, quality of life, and biomarkers and suggest that exercise training might improve survival and decrease HF hospitalizations. Nonetheless, there remains a safety concern regarding exercise training in HF and a large scale, multicenter, controlled clinical trial was needed to provide definitive clinical outcome data. Participants A total of 2,331 participants were randomized. 2,130 consented to share data with non-commercial entities, and 1,753 consented to share for commercial purposes. Design All participants underwent baseline cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Test results were reviewed by investigators to identify significant arrhythmias or ischemia that would prevent safe exercise training, to determine appropriate levels of exercise training, and to establish training heart rate ranges. Demographics, socioeconomic status, past medical history, current medications, physical exam, and the most recent laboratory tests were obtained prior to randomization. All participants received detailed self-management educational materials which included information on medications, fluid management, symptom exacerbation, sodium intake, and physical activity. Participants randomized to the exercise training arm first participated in a structured, group-based, supervised exercise program, with a goal of 3 sessions per week for a total of 36 sessions in 3 months. The primary exercises were walking, treadmill, or stationary cycling. Exercise was initiated at 15 to 30 minutes per session at a heart rate corresponding to 60% of heart rate reserve, and was increased after 6 sessions to 30 to 35 minutes duration and 70% of heart rate reserve. Participants began home-based exercise after completing 18 supervised sessions and were to fully transition to home exercise after 36 supervised sessions. The target training regimen for home exercise was 5 times per week for 40 minutes at a heart rate of 60% to 70% of heart rate reserve. Participants randomized to the usual care group were not provided with a formal exercise prescription. To provide comparable levels of attention from study personnel, all participants were called every 2 weeks for the first 9 months, monthly until 24 months of follow-up, and quarterly thereafter. Participants returned for clinic visits every 3 months for the first 2 years of participation and yearly thereafter for up to 4 years. Follow-up assessments included cardiopulmonary exercise testing, a 6-minute walk test, and a physical activity questionnaire. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization. Secondary end points included all-cause mortality, the composite of cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization, and the composite of cardiovascular mortality or HF hospitalization. Conclusions After adjustment for highly prognostic predictors of the primary end point, exercise training was associated with modestly significant reductions for both all-cause mortality or hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality or heart failure hospitalization.

  Study phs003599

• Genetic Variants Influence on the Placenta Regulatory Landscape

  This study of the regulatory landscape of the placenta relies on the identification of associations between genetic variant and gene expression changes (eQTLs); genetic variant and DNA methylation changes (mQTLs); and, gene expression change and DNA methylation change (eQTMs). It involves the analysis of DNA sequence variation (n=303), DNA methylation (n=303) and mRNA expression data (n=80) from placentas from healthy women. Such studies are crucial to fully apprehend the complexity of the regulatory landscape and to support further analysis focusing and disease driven phenotype.

  Study phs001717

• Alterations in the gut microbiome in inflammatory arthritis implicate key taxa and metabolic pathways across arthritis phenotypes

  The gut microbiome has been implicated in several inflammatory conditions, but large-scale metagenomic evaluations have not yet traced the routes by which immunity in the gut affects systemic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory arthritis. To characterize the community structure and associated functional processes driving gut microbial involvement in arthritis, we investigated a total of 440 stool shotgun metagenomes comprising 275 adults diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic arthritis, along with 165 healthy control individuals and individuals with joint pain without an underlying inflammatory cause.

  Study EGAS00001005525

• RNA-sequencing of gluten-reactive and non-reactive T-cells from blood samples of treated CeD patients during a gluten-challenge

  Gluten-specific CD4+ T cells are drivers of celiac disease (CeD). Here we aimed to characterize such cells in blood of treated CeD patients during gluten challenge with comparison to similar cells of untreated disease. Treated CeD patients underwent a 3-day gluten-challenge with blood sampling at baseline and day 6 (d6). Blood cells were stained with HLA-DQ:gluten tetramers (Tetramer). CD4+, gut-homing Tetramer+ and Tetramer- effector-memory T (TEM) cells at d6 were subjected to bulk RNA-seq (n=7).

  Study EGAS00001004988

• RNA-Seq Data From Early Stage Triple Negative Breast Cancer Tumors Treated With TVEC and Chemotherapy (MCC18621)

  This study is a phase 1/phase 2 trial testing the combination of talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of stage II-III triple negative breast cancer. The trial demonstrated that the addition of TVEC to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was feasible, and resulted in a pathological complete response (pCR) rate of 45.9%, residual cancer burden (RCB) 0-1 rate of 65%, and event free survival of 89%. The macrodissected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were from 50 patients treated across two phases at different timepoints (pre-treatment, 6th week of treatment, and surgical resection). RNA-Seq data is provided along with clinical classifiers.

  Study phs003199

• Preclinical Modeling of Leiomyosarcoma Identifies Susceptibility to Transcriptional CDK Inhibitors through Antagonism of E2F-Driven Oncogenic Gene Expression

  Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a smooth muscle-derived mesenchymal cancer commonly found to have recurrent loss of tumor suppressor genes and a poorly defined oncogenic program. Empiric cytotoxic chemotherapy is the standard systemic treatment for LMS, and while more targeted and effective therapies are urgently needed, insights into therapeutic vulnerabilities in LMS have been limited by available preclinical models. We generated a panel of LMS patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and evaluated fidelity to their tumors of origin using RNA sequencing and ultra-low passage whole-genome sequencing (ULP-WGS). Data available at dbGaP include RNA sequencing and ULP-WGS of primary tumors and early and late passages of PDX. 

  Study phs002587

• Grady Trauma Project (GTP)

  Not everyone exposed to traumatic experience develops Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Genetic background is one of the predisposing risk factors causing differential outcomes of trauma exposure. A primary goal of the Grady Trauma Project (GTP) is to pinpoint and understand genetic polymorphisms that contribute to development of PTSD. Both PTSD diagnosis binary labels and PTSD severity scores are studied as target phenotypes. Also, both candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies are performed. Besides genetic variants, other measurements that are studied as risk factors for PTSD include lifetime history of trauma and peri-traumatic response. Study participants are primarily African American, trauma-exposed populations of low socioeconomic status recruited from Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta.

  Study phs002046

• Genetic contributions of lupus nephritis in a multi-ethnic cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

  Lupus nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and it occurs at a much higher rate in patients that are not of European descent. The purpose of this study is to identify genetic variants contributing to the risk of LN in a multi-ethnic cohort of SLE patients. We used a comprehensive genome-wide screen and 1244 SLE patients from 5 different ethnic groups. In genome-wide gene-based and candidate SNP analyses, we found distinct genes and pathways, and established risk SNPs associated with lupus nephritis for each ethnic group. This study represents progress in elucidating the genetic underpinnings driving LN among SLE patients of different ethnic groups.

  Study phs001609

• Transcriptomic profiling of granulosa cells from IVF patients at different ages

  Two major factors contributing to reduced fertility is use of exogenous hormones and old age. Here, we sequenced RNA from granulosa cell samples from human patients undergoing in vitro fertilization to test how hormonally stimulated cells' transcriptional profiles change with age. All patients were normal responders referred for male infertility and were grouped into two age groups. The gene expression differences in aging were compared to mouse data (previous experiments, see ArrayExpress E-MTAB-13479) and the results are published in the article "Granulosa cell transcription is similarly impacted by superovulation and aging and predicts early embryonic trajectories". Corresponding count tables are available in ArrayExpress (E-MTAB-13496).

  Study EGAS50000000824

• Transcriptomic profiling of proximal and distal regions of human long head biceps tendon

  Tendinopathy is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder marked by extracellular matrix disorganization, collagen remodeling, vascular ingrowth, and pain, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms remain insufficiently defined. The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) is particularly prone to mechanical overload and early degenerative changes, making it a relevant model for studying tendon pathology. In this study, we aimed to characterize region-specific gene expression changes along the LHBT to better understand the molecular basis of degeneration. We collected paired proximal and distal LHBT tissue from patients undergoing rotator cuff repair surgery and performed bulk RNA sequencing. This approach enables the identification of degeneration-associated transcriptional signatures while minimizing inter-patient variability.

  Study EGAS50000001454

• The role of gut microbiota in metabolic diseases

  Diabetes is a major disease in the elderly and is responsible for increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Recently, the relationship between microbiota and diabetes has been reported in animals and humans. In this study, blood, stool, and saliva samples were collected from examinees at the University of Tokyo Health Screening Center, and 16S rRNA and metagenomic analyses were performed to determine the variation of microbiota. Furthermore, metabolome analysis and transcriptome analysis (CAGE analysis) using blood were performed to reveal changes in host metabolites and gene expression. By comparing the host- and bacteria- derived information with the metabolic parameters, we analyzed whether microbiota can be a predictor of metabolic diseases.

  Study JGAS000569

• Autoimmunity_and_immunodeficiency_COVID19

  Cell Atlas of COVID-19 patients with Pre-existing Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency conditions COVID-19 disease is characterized by hyperinflammation of the lungs and poor immune response against the virus, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients with pre-existing medical conditions strongly correlated with poorer clinical outcomes upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aims to characterize the cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in controls and in patients with primary immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001004489

• Reliable assessment of telomere maintenance mechanisms in neuroblastoma

  Telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) are a hallmark of high-risk neuroblastoma, and are conferred by activation of telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). However, detection of TMM is not yet part of the clinical routine, and consensus on TMM detection, especially on ALT assessment, remains to be achieved. We here propose a workflow to reliably detect TMM in neuroblastoma. We show that unambiguous classification is feasible following a stepwise approach that determines both, activation of telomerase and ALT. The workflow proposed in this study can be used in clinical routine and provides a framework to systematically and reliably determine telomere maintenance mechanisms for risk stratification and treatment allocation of neuroblastoma patients.

  Study EGAS00001006510

• Chip_seq_oesophageal_adenocarcinoma_

  There is complex interplay between underlying genetic sequence and epigenetic factors, however this interplay is still illusive. Massively reconstructed cancer genomes can be used in order to better understand this relationship. Six oesophageal adenocarcinoma organoids will be sequenced using long read sequencing technologies and will be profiled for a range of epigenetic marks. Combination of genetic and epigenetic data will allow the thorough characterisation of reference cancer genomes and will provide novel insights into mechanisms of gene regulation. Description: Chip-seq Sequencing of 5 patient derived organoid cell models. Each model was derived from a piece of patient tumour taken following surgical rescetion of the tumour. All model derivations took place with the CGaP facility in Sanger.

  Study EGAS00001007180

• National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) The MedSeq Project: Integration of Whole Genome Sequencing into Clinical Medicine (HG006500)

  Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) services are currently available to and being utilized by physicians and their patients in both research and clinical settings, and recently to anyone in the general public via direct-to-consumer companies. But the widespread availability and use of WGS and WES in the practice of clinical medicine is imminent. In the very near future, sequencing of individual genomes will be inexpensive and ubiquitous, and patients will be looking to the medical establishment for interpretations, insight and advice to improve their health. Developing standards and procedures for the use of WGS information in clinical medicine is an urgent need, but there are numerous obstacles related to integrity and storage of WGS data, interpretation and responsible clinical integration. The MedSeq Project is an exploratory trial of WGS in clinical medicine. At the conclusion of this study, we will have helped create innovative protocols and novel outcome measures that can be applied safely in future large-scale multi-site randomized clinical trials with larger numbers of physicians from broad specialties and with more economically and ethnically diverse patients. Together with our colleagues from across the nation through the U01 consortium formed as a result of this funding from the NIH, we will have invented a process of implementation and evaluation whereby the fruits of the Human Genome Project can be applied for the first time to the daily practice of medicine for the betterment of human health. The objectives of the MedSeq Project are to: Recruit, consent and enroll 2 study groups: 10 primary care physicians and 100 of their healthy middle-aged patients 10 cardiologists and 100 of their patients with cardiomyopathy. Randomize each study group to receive standard of care versus standard of care plus WGS. Monitor the entire protocol for subject safety. Only half the enrolled patients were selected for sequencing. Fifty subjects were selected from the primary care cohort and fifty were selected from the cardiomyopathy cohort. Whole genome sequencing was performed at 30x coverage in Illumina's CLIA-certified laboratory on these 100 individuals. Generate and optimize an algorithm for interpreting WGS data covering the spectrum of human genetic variation, in terms of both previously reported and novel variants likely to influence the health of patients. Create patient reports and provide an interface for communicating clinically relevant genomic information to practicing physicians. Describe physicians' and patients' attitudes toward, and preferences for, the disclosure of WGS results at the start of the study. Evaluate physicians' experiences with receiving and interpreting patients' genetic test results and how they communicate these results to their patients. Explore how patients respond to and use WGS results by administering validated scales of psychological impact, personal utility, and behavioral responses, as well as economic and health outcomes. Although we do not have a large enough sample size for statistical comparisons of outcomes, we will conduct exploratory comparisons: Exploratory Hypotheses: Patients who receive WGS results will show equivalent levels of distress compared to patients who receive family history only. Patients with higher genetic literacy and better understanding will report greater satisfaction and less decisional regret. Patients who receive WGS will (a) be more likely to change health behaviors and (b) utilize more health care resources than those who do not receive WGS.

  Study phs000958

• INCLUDE Data Hub: NDA GUIDs for Down Syndrome Research

  The INCLUDE (INvestigation of Co-occurring conditions across the Lifespan to Understand Down syndromE) Project is an NIH-wide collaboration that seeks to improve health and quality of life for people with Down syndrome. The INCLUDE Project Data Coordinating Center (DCC) and partners created the INCLUDE Data Hub, a centralized data resource that allows access to large-scale clinical and multi-omics datasets specific to Down syndrome and supports collaborative, cloud-based analysis to accelerate scientific discoveries related to Down syndrome and its co-occurring conditions. The INCLUDE Data Hub includes an innovative researcher data repository, a portal, and a cloud-based platform for data analysis. The portal provides access to de-identified demographics and clinical metadata, as well as multi-omics datasets, including whole genome sequences, transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes. The INCLUDE Data Hub uses a 'registered access' model, whereby users can access the portal and associated data after agreeing to terms of use. From the Data Hub, users can also reach 'controlled access' data (e.g., whole genome sequences) only for those studies for which they have obtained approval by an NIH Data Access Committee through the corresponding dbGaP study. A thoughtful linkage strategy to identify duplicate participants across studies enables researchers to merge multiple datasets and data types to create richer datasets and reduce costly redundancies in large-scale data generation (e.g., -omics) while mitigating potential risks introduced by linkage.Based on recommendations from the NICHD Office of Data Science and Sharing, which completed a comprehensive assessment of existing Privacy Protecting Record Linkage (PPRL) and associated data governance solutions, the INCLUDE DCC and the associated NIH Steering Committee have implemented NIMH Data Archive Global Unique Identifiers (NDA GUIDs) in the INCLUDE Data Hub. The NDA GUID Tool is a government-owned and operated PPRL technology that enables researchers to link data from multiple sources to the same individual without revealing personally identifiable information (PII). With the NDA GUID Tool, the same participant information will return the same GUID whenever or wherever it is entered. The GUID itself is not personally identifiable information or protected health information. Sharing data with NDA GUIDs allows approved researchers to link together data on a single participant, even if the data were collected at different locations or through different studies or are distributed from different data repositories. This dbGaP study enables researchers to access an INCLUDE GUID Mapping File that includes all available NDA GUIDs and their associations to study-specific Participant IDs across studies in the INCLUDE Data Hub. This dbGaP study only distributes NDA GUIDs associated with the INCLUDE Data Hub datasets. To access the associated controlled-access datasets, add the corresponding dbGaP studies to your Data Access Request. A list of these studies is available on the INCLUDE Data Hub Portal: https://portal.includedcc.org/studies.

  Study phs003678

• Regulatory Changes in Glioblastoma Brain Tumors and Xenografts Wave 1

  Non-coding elements in our genomes that play critical roles in complex disease are frequently marked by highly unstable RNA species. Sequencing nascent RNAs attached to an actively transcribing RNA polymerase complex can identify unstable RNAs, including those templated from gene-distal enhancers (eRNAs). However, nascent RNA sequencing techniques remain challenging to apply in some cell lines and especially to intact tissues, limiting broad applications in fields such as cancer genomics and personalized medicine. Here we report the development of chromatin run-on and sequencing (ChRO-seq), a novel run-on technology that maps the location of RNA polymerase using virtually any frozen tissue sample, including samples with degraded RNA that are intractable to conventional RNA-seq. We used ChRO-seq to develop the first maps of nascent transcription in 23 human glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumors and patient derived xenografts. Remarkably, >90,000 distal enhancers discovered using the signature of eRNA biogenesis within primary GBMs closely resemble those found in the normal human brain, and diverge substantially from GBM cell models. Despite extensive overall similarity, 12% of enhancers in each GBM distinguish normal and malignant brain tissue. These enhancers drive regulatory programs similar to the developing nervous system and are enriched for transcription factor binding sites that specify a stem-like cell fate. These results demonstrate that GBMs largely retain the enhancer landscape associated with their tissue of origin, but selectively adopt regulatory programs that are responsible for driving stem-like cell properties. We also identified enhancers and their associated transcription factors that regulate genes characteristic of each known GBM subtype, and discovered a core group of transcription factors that control the expression of genes associated with clinical outcomes. This study uncovers new insights into the molecular etiology of GBM and introduces ChRO-seq which can now be used to map regulatory programs contributing to a variety of complex diseases.

  Study phs001646

• NHLBI and NIDDK Sponsored GWAS in Benign Ethnic Neutropenia/Leukopenia (BEN) in African-Americans (age >45 yrs old) from the REGARDS

  Benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN) is a clinical condition more commonly observed in African-Americans. It is characterized by a relative reduction in neutrophil count by about 1000 cells per microliter, leading to a decrease in total leukocyte count by similar decrement. Previous reports of this condition showed that there was neither higher frequency nor increased severity of infections in affected individuals. Bone marrow examinations showed normal white cell maturation; and ex vivo culture of marrow cells showed low normal or slightly reduced number of myeloid colonies. Under physiologic stress, the increases in neutrophil and leukocyte counts of BEN individuals are slightly lower, compared to normal African-Americans or Caucasians. These clinical observations suggest that BEN results from a lower 'set point' for cell number in the marrow. Additionally, case reports of familial BEN, the persistence of BEN over many decades in the US, UK, and Africa, and the recent report of Duffy antigen and chemokine receptor (DARC) being associated with neutropenia, all suggest a strong genetic association to neutropenia/leukopenia. Our initial look into microarray analyses in a pilot trial of subjects showed that there were no significant differences in mRNA signals between BEN and normal subjects. Therefore, we are now proposing a larger study, utilizing Illumina Omni Express chips, to look for genetic associations. We have partnered with the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (REGARDS), where nearly half of the cohort are African-Americans. This will be one of the few GWAS being performed in only African-Americans, and will provide valuable genetic information to link with neutropenia and possibly other conditions/diseases. Genotyping was performed by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Quality control of the genotypic and phenotypic data was performed through a collaboration between CIDR and the Genetics Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics at the University of Washington, which is funded by a federal contract supported by 14 NIH Institutes (HHSN268200782096C).

  Study phs000507

• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Duke Cognition Cohort

  The overall goal is to identify genetic variants influencing normal variation between humans, with a focus on cognitive and neurosensory traits. Because of the focus of funding agencies on disease, very few studies of the genetics of non-disease traits have been performed. The genetic variation underlying the vast majority of differences between humans therefore remains not only undiscovered, but also unexplored. We have assessed >1,200 healthy volunteers for >70 diverse, non-disease phenotypes, with a focus on cognitive and neurosensory traits that are understudied and seem to have a strong biological basis. Our study includes measurements of face recognition, night vision, cognitive performance, auditory pitch discrimination, contagious yawn susceptibility, time perception, sense of direction, taste preferences, personality, sexual behaviors, sleep habits, acne, headache locations, synesthesia, and teeth sensitivity. This method is very different from the focus of most studies on collecting cohorts of patients with disease and controls with minimal phenotypic information. Because we phenotype the same healthy volunteers for multiple highly variable yet heritable traits, we can perform genetic analyses on a large number of phenotypes by just investing once in sequencing the DNA of these participants. An additional >2,000 participants in our cohort have been measured just for cognitive performance instead of for the more extensive phenotyping. Most of the genetic studies in this cohort have been about cognitive perfromance. The number of participants with genetic data generated who have undergone the more extensive phenotyping is limited. Our studies of the more novel traits like contagious yawning have therefore focused more on correlations between different phenotypes until we have a sufficient sample size to truly attempt to make genetic discoveries. . The dataset also includes two small challenge studies. In one study, the cognitive performance of 150 healthy volunteers was measured before and after an acute dose of the antiepileptic drug topiramate. In the other study, the cognitive performance of 13 healthy volunteers was measured before and after 24 hours of sleep deprivation.

  Study phs001406

• UK10K NEURO IOP COLLIER

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. The Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) set consists of samples from subjects with schizophrenia, ascertained as a new-onset sample. This set is of UK origin, with data on cognition, brain imaging and other endophenotypes. The Maudsley twin series consists of probands ascertained from the Maudsley Twin Register, defined as patients of multiple birth who had suffered psychotic symptoms. This set is of UK origin, with data on cognition, brain imaging and other endophenotypes, with DNA available from an MZ or DZ affected or unaffected co-twin. The Maudsley family study (MFS) consists of over 250 families who have a history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder Within the Maudsley Family Study, biological markers of psychosis include neuropsychological tests, Evoked Response Potentials Tests (ERPs), MRI scans, dermatoglyphics and eye tracking. Early risk factors for psychosis and clinical symptoms are also investigated. This set is of UK origin, with DNA available from both affected and unaffected relatives in many of the probands. For further information on this study please contact David Collier (david.collier@kcl.ac.uk).

  Study EGAS00001000121

• Transcriptomic profiles studies CAREs group - IDIBGI

  The purpose of this DAC document is to outline the principles and procedures governing access to the transcriptomic data generated from endothelial progenitor cells, or any biological origin from patients. Data Access Policy: 1) Access to this dataset is restricted and subject to approval by the DAC to ensure ethical and legal compliance. 2) The DAC reserves the right to evaluate all applications for access based on: 2.1) The scientific validity and merit of the proposed research. 2.2) The ethical considerations and adherence to data protection regulations, including GDPR. 2.3) The qualifications and affiliations of the applicants. 3) Applicants must submit a detailed research proposal, including objectives, methods, and anticipated outcomes. 4) Data usage is limited to the specified research project approved by the DAC. Any secondary use of the data requires additional approval. Confidentiality: All applicants must agree to maintain the confidentiality of the dataset. Personal identifiers have been pseudonymized to protect patient privacy. Application Process: 1) Researchers must complete the application form provided by the DAC. 2) Submit proof of ethical approval and relevant certifications for their research project. 3) Provide a signed agreement affirming adherence to the DAC's terms and conditions.

  Dac EGAC50000000607

• Arcagen – thoracic malignancies

  Arcagen is an EORTC/SPECTA pan-European project that aims to recruit 1000 rare cancer patients from different tumour domains of EURACAN. This study collected samples from advanced or metastatic rare cancer from patients older than 12, and analysed them using Foundation Medicine next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels (FoundationOne CDx for FFPE samples or FoundationOne Liquid CDx for blood samples). Here we are submitting the dataset that contain NGS files from rare thoracic malignancies (n=102)

  Dataset EGAD50000000168

• H3Africa AWI-Gen Phase 1 Pilot Microbiome Phenotype

  This is human phenotype data for participants in a gut microbiome study. This data was collected at the same time as the stool samples used for the microbiome component. Participants were also part of the AWI-Gen Phase 1 main study. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB40733

  Dataset EGAD00001006581

• TTV018 RORC IBD-associated genotype effects on RORgT expression and function in ex vivo T cells (2019-02-15)

  RNA sequencing of peripheral immune cells from patients +/- an IBD risk variant. Peripheral immune cells +/- in vitro test compound treatment. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-02-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001004777

• Bottleneck Sequencing Of Human Tissue (Wgs) (2020-10-20)

  Bottleneck sequencing of human tissue including neurons, cord blood, sperm. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-10-20.

  Dataset EGAD00001006459

• Gene Characterization in Carbohydrate metabolic alterations (neonatel diabetes & congenital hyperinsulinemic) in early childhood (2018-03-14)

  Whole Exome Sequencing of trios (proband + parents) or probands only with Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus (NDM) or Congenital Hyperinsulinism of Infancy (CHI) of unknown genetic origin. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-03-14.

  Dataset EGAD00001004040

• Investigating the impact of MBD4 on the mutability of the germline (2020-01-15)

  We will be testing the hypothesis that MBD4 PTV germline carriers also show an increased number of C toT germline mutations in their offspring. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-01-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001005788

• Mtb infected and uninfected neutrophils after 1 and 6 hrs

  Fastq.gz files for mRNA sequenced from Mtb infected and uninfected neutrophils after 1 and 6 hrs. Samples were sequenced in 2 batched as indicated per experiment. Batch 1 was SE unstranded, 100bp on an Illumina HiSeq4000 sequencer and batch 2 unstranded, 150bp paired-end on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 sequencer. Phenotypic data for the samples is also included.

  Dataset EGAD00001010893

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Gene Discovery in Autosomal Dominant Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

  Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease. The pathogenesis of FSGS has not been precisely defined and there are no consistently effective treatments. Recent studies identifying causal genes in rare, inherited FSGS, including our own study, have associated mutations in at least six genes with familial FSGS, and each discovery has clarified molecular mechanisms of glomerular injury. To build on this productive line of inquiry, we have ascertained and carefully characterized 118 families with familial FSGS. We have screened the remainder of our families for mutations in genes known to cause FSGS and identified the causal mutations in an additional 6 kindreds; the genetic basis of disease in the remaining 111 families is unknown. The objective of this proposal is to use this valuable and unique family resource to systematically identify causal genes for familial FSGS. Limitations of current conventional linkage and positional cloning approaches include their requirement for large, multiplex families. In addition, narrowing candidate areas in traditional linkage analysis can be difficult due to large regions that lack recombination events and hence these regions have required cumbersome and lengthy screening for causative mutations. Powerful new genetic tools can facilitate this screening process and improve variant discovery in smaller families. In particular, efficient whole-exome sequencing, the targeted capture of protein-coding gene sequences, should be particularly useful in our studies since most Mendelian disorders are caused by mutations affecting exomes of the target gene. Thus, by combining genome-wide linkage analysis (GWLS) and whole-exome sequencing, we can maximize impact of our family data and accelerate identification of novel mutations in FSGS. In preliminary studies, we have used this combination to identify a novel variant in the WT1 (Wilms' Tumor-1) gene in one FSGS family, and we have evidence suggesting it is the causal mutation. This success provides proof-of-concept and provides a roadmap of how genes will be identified and evaluated in the proposed studies. Our hypothesis is that causes of inherited FSGS in our cohort of families will be sequence variants in the coding region of genes not previously associated with familial FSGS. We aim to: 1) Use GWLS and whole-exome sequencing to identify genetic variants associated with familial FSGS. 2) Characterize functional consequences of candidate causative mutations and 3) Determine the prevalence in the Duke FSGS dataset of these new causative mutations identified in Aim 2. Any genes found to have causative mutations will be sequenced in the remaining families and take full advantage of our family resource. By combining genome-wide linkage analysis (GWLS), whole-exome sequencing, and characterization of variants' functional consequences, we will significantly improve understanding of normal glomerular biology and of the pathogenesis of FSGS and related glomerular diseases. Moreover, our discoveries are likely to reveal new opportunities to improve therapy for a disease that currently has few effective treatments.

  Study phs000777

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Genetics

  PCOS is a complex genetic disease reflecting the interplay of susceptibility genes and environmental factors. The cardinal reproductive feature of the syndrome, hyperandrogenemia, appears to play a direct role in the pathogenesis of the associated metabolic abnormalities. Male as well as female first-degree relatives have reproductive and metabolic phenotypes including increased prevalence rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome (MBS) and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Northwestern University (NU) investigators lead a team that has extensive experience in phenotyping PCOS and in the genetic analysis of complex diseases including genome-wide association study (GWAS). Together with an expert group of collaborators from the Hershey Medical Center, and The University of Chicago, we have conducted a GWAS to identify PCOS susceptibility alleles using a large cohort of extensively and consistently phenotyped PCOS cases. Population controls for this study come from the NUgene project described below. NUgene project: In 2002, Northwestern committed to the development of a DNA repository to serve as a platform for the identification and validation of genotype-phenotype associations that will impact healthcare. The NUgene Project is a repository with longitudinal medical information from participating patients at affiliated hospitals and outpatient clinics from the Northwestern University Medical Center. Participants' DNA samples are coupled with data from a questionnaire (2 versions were used, 1 before and 1 after February 2006, both are included) and continuously updated data from our Electronic Medical Record (EMR) representing actual clinical care events. Northwestern has a state-of-the art, comprehensive inpatient and outpatient EMR system of over 2 million patients. NUgene has broad access to participant data for all outpatient visits as well as inpatient data via a consolidated data warehouse. NUgene participants consent to distribution and use of their coded DNA samples and data for a broad range of genetic research by third-party investigators.

  Study phs000368

• Gene expression signatures associated with chronic endometritis revealed by RNA sequencing

  Chronic endometritis (CE) is a persistent inflammatory condition of the endometrium characterized by the infiltration of plasma cells. CD138 immunohistochemistry is considered to improve the CE diagnosis rate. Using the number of CD138-positive cells equal or greater than five as a diagnostic criterion for CE, we identified 24 CE and 33 non-CE cases among women with infertility. We conducted RNA-sequencing analysis for these 57 cases in total as an attempt to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of CE and to search for new biomarkers for CE. By comparing CE and non-CE groups, we identified 20 genes upregulated in the endometria of CE patients, including 12 immunoglobulin-related genes and eight non-immunoglobulin genes as differentially expressed genes. The eight genes were MUC5AC, LTF, CAPN9, MESP1, ACSM1, TVP23A, ALOX15, and MZB1. By analyzing samples in the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle separately, we also identified four additional non-immunoglobulin genes upregulated in CE endometria: CCDC13 by comparing the samples in the proliferative phase, and OVGP1, MTUS2, and CLIC6 by comparing the samples in the secretory phase. Although the genes upregulated in CE may serve as novel diagnostic markers of CE, many of them were upregulated only in a limited number of CE cases showing an extremely high number of CD138-positive cells near or over one hundred. Exceptionally, TVP23A was upregulated in the majority of CE cases regardless of the number of CD138-positive cells. The upregulation of TVP23A in the endometria of CE cases may reflect the pathophysiology of a cell-type or cell-types intrinsic to the endometrium rather than the accumulation of plasma cells. Our data, consisting of clinical and transcriptomic information for CE and non-CE cases, helped us identify gene expression signatures associated with CE.

  Study JGAS000621

• Childhood arthritis DNA (2020-01-15)

  The aim of this study is to describe the transcriptome of single arthritic cells. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-01-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001005785

• CIDR, NCI, NIDA Sequencing of Targeted Genomic Regions Associated with Smoking

  This study includes samples from two projects: Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (COGEND; PI: Laura Bierut) and Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence in African Americans (AAND; PI: Laura Bierut and Eric Johnson). The majority of the COGEND subjects included in the current study overlap with the two datasets already available on dbGaP. GWAS data are available for COGEND subjects through the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE), dbGaP study accession phs000092. It should be noted that the case definition in the SAGE study is DSM-IV alcohol dependence. GWAS data are available for additional COGEND subjects through The Genetic Architecture of Smoking and Smoking Cessation, dbGaP study accession phs000404. The overall goal of this project is to apply deep sequencing to key genomic regions associated with nicotine dependence in order to accelerate the discovery of variation in molecular pathways that govern the development of nicotine dependence. The sample includes unrelated cases and controls of European American and African American descent. Cases are defined by a commonly used definition of nicotine dependence, a current score of 4 or more (maximum score of 10) on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Control status is defined as an individual who smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime, yet never became dependent (lifetime FTND<2). By selecting controls who smoked cigarettes, we focus on those genetic effects that are specific to the development of nicotine dependence. COGEND: COGEND was initiated in 2001 as a three-part program project grant funded through the National Cancer Institute (NCI; PI: Laura Bierut). The three projects included a study of the familial transmission of nicotine dependence, a genetic study of nicotine dependence, and a study of the relationship of nicotine dependence with nicotine metabolism. The primary goal was to detect, localize, and characterize genes that predispose or protect an individual with respect to heavy tobacco consumption, nicotine dependence, and related phenotypes and to integrate these findings with the family transmission and nicotine metabolism findings. The primary design was a community based case-control study. Nicotine dependent cases and non-dependent, smoking controls were identified and recruited from Detroit and St. Louis. More than 54,000 subjects aged 25-44 years were screened by telephone; more than 3,100 subjects were personally interviewed; and more than 2,900 subjects donated blood samples for genetic studies. AAND: AAND was initiated in 2009 to identify and characterize genetic determinants of nicotine dependence in a large African American population. Community-based recruitment of approximately 100,000 people was conducted to ascertain 1,000 African American nicotine dependent cases and 1,000 African American non-dependent, smoking controls. All subjects were between the ages of 25-44. Subjects were screened by telephone; if they qualified as a case or control, they completed the same interview that was used in COGEND and donated a blood sample. Both studies (COGEND and AAND) included measures of basic socio-demographic variables, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, and educational attainment using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Nicotine Dependence. Information on nicotine dependence, as assessed by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is available for all subjects. In addition, participants also completed the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS; Shiffman et al., 2004) and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68; Piper et al, 2004). All subjects were assessed in person by trained research assistants.

  Study phs000813

• Single-cell RNA-Seq of human lymphoma reveals malignant B cell diversity and patterns of T cell immune checkpoint co-expression

  Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a generally incurable B-cell malignancy which has the potential to transform into highly aggressive lymphomas. Genomic studies indicate it is often a small subpopulation rather than the dominant population in the FL that gives rise to the more aggressive subtype. To resolve the underlying transcriptional networks of follicular B-cell lymphomas at single molecule and cell resolution, we leveraged droplet-based barcoding technology for highly parallel single cell RNA-Seq. We analyzed the transcriptomes from tens of thousands of cells derived from five primary FL tumors. Simultaneously, we conducted multi-dimensional flow cell sorting to validate our characterizing of cellular lineages and critical expressed proteins. For each tumor, we identified multiple cellular subpopulations, matching known hematopoietic lineages. Comparison of gene expression by matched malignant and normal B cells from the same patient revealed tumor-specific features. Malignant B cells exhibited restricted immunoglobulin light chain expression (either Ig Kappa or Ig Lambda), as well the expected upregulation of the BCL2 gene, but also down-regulation of the FCER2, CD52 and MHC class II genes. By leveraging the single-cell resolution on large numbers of cells per patient, we were able to examine tumor-resident T cells. We identified pairs of immune checkpoint molecules that were co-expressed, providing a potentially useful strategy for selection of patient-tailored combination immunotherapies. In summary, massively parallel measurement of single-cell expression in thousands of tumor cells and tumor-resident lymphocytes can be used to obtain a systems-level view of the tumor microenvironment and identify new avenues for therapeutic development.

  Study phs001378

• Genotyping NIGMS CEPH Samples from the United States, Venezuela, and France

  The Human Genetic Cell Repository (HGCR) is sponsored by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) with the mission of supplying scientists with the materials for accelerating disease gene discovery and functional studies. The resources available include highly-characterized, contaminant-free fibroblast cell lines, transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), and DNA samples derived from these cultures. While the Repository has a major emphasis on inherited diseases, it also contains large collections of cell lines gathered from populations around the world that are intended for use in facilitating the understanding of human variation. Prominent among these resources is the CEPH Reference Family collection contributed by the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Foundation Jean Dausset, Paris, France. The CEPH collection includes families collected by R. White (Utah), J. Dausset (French), J. Gusella (Venezuelan), and J. Egeland (Amish). There are a total of 809 individuals accounting for 832 pedigree positions in the reference families. Family relationships for the 61 reference families were verified at Coriell and approved by CEPH. In an effort to enhance the value of this cell culture resource available from the Repository, the Coriell Genotyping and Microarray Center used the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 platform to genotype 181 samples from the NIGMS HGCR CEPH collection. Included are thirteen families from the United States (Amish Pedigree 884 and Utah Pedigrees 1331, 1356, 1400, 1416, 1424, 1427, 1477, and 1582), France (Pedigrees 35 and 66), and Venezuela (Pedigrees 102 and 104). Twelve of the families consist of 3 generations and one family consists of 2 generations. Pedigree charts and sample descriptions are available on the Repository catalog website (see below).

  Study phs000268

• Targeting the DNA Repair Pathway in Ewing Sarcoma

  Ewing’s Sarcoma is a bone and soft tissue tumor that primarily affects adolescents and young adults. With current therapies, 70% of patients with localized disease survive but survival for metastatic and recurrent disease is poor. Whole genome sequencing of 19 Ewing’s Sarcoma tumors showed that STAG2 was mutated in 10% (2/19) of the tumors and STAG2 protein was absent in 14% (13/106) tumors by immunohistochemical staining. Previous studies have shown that glioblastoma cells lacking STAG2 are more sensitive to poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. We found that Ewing’s Sarcoma cell lines are sensitive to PARP inhibitors irrespective of STAG2 protein expression. Ewing Sarcoma cell lines are defective in double strand DNA break repair. PARP inhibitor cytotoxicity in Ewing’s Sarcoma cells was potentiated 10-1,000 fold by DNA damaging agents (irinotecan and temozolomide). To extend these studies in vivo, we developed an orthotopic Ewing’s Sarcoma mouse model and performed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with three different PARP inhibitors (BMN-673, olaparib and veliparib) in clinical development for pediatric cancer. Those data were used to design preclinical phase I studies to identify tolerable drug combinations for pilot efficacy testing (preclinical phase II). Based on the results of the preclinical phase I/II data, we performed a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled preclinical phase III trial with 274 mice in 15 treatment groups. Irinotecan administered in a low-dose protracted schedule optimized for pediatric patients was an effective DNA damaging agent to combine with olaparib and BMN-673 and was better tolerated than combinations with temozolomide. Combining olaparib or BMN-673 with irinotecan and temozolomide gave complete and durable responses in over 80% of the mice.

  Study EGAS00001000839

• Genome wide association study on coronary heart disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

  Mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a disorder characterized by coronary heart disease (CHD) at young age. We aimed to apply an extreme sampling method to enhance the statistical power to identify novel genetic risk variants for CHD in individuals with FH. We selected cases and controls with an extreme contrast in CHD risk from 17 000 FH patients from the Netherlands, whose functional LDLR mutation was unequivocally established. The genome-wide association (GWA) study was performed on 249 very young FH cases with CHD and 217 old FH controls without CHD (above 65 years for males and 70 years of age for females) using the Illumina HumanHap 550K chip. In the next stage, two independent samples (one from the Netherlands and one from Italy, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom) of FH patients were used as replication samples. In the initial GWA analysis we identified 29 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with suggestive associations with premature CHD (p<1×10-4). We examined the association of these SNPs with CHD risk in the replication samples. After Bonferroni correction, none of the SNPs either replicated or reached genome-wide significance after combining the discovery and replication samples. Therefore, we conclude that the genetics of CHD risk in FH is complex and even applying an ‘extreme genetics’ approach we did not identify new genetic risk variants. Most likely, this method is not as effective in leveraging effect size as anticipated, and may therefore not lead to significant gains in statistical power. (NB submitten and conditionally accepted at European Journal of Human Genetics-please use abstract only for internal review until submission complete)

  Study EGAS00001000734

• Data upcycling, powered by EGA

  In 2012 a collaborative effort headed by the teams of Carlos Caldas in Cambridge, UK and Samuel Aparicio, Canada, produced a pivotal study aimed at defining the mutational landscape of breast cancer. They gathered a collection of over 2000 breast cancer samples (METABRIC) associated with long-term clinical follow-up. They delineated an array of inherited and somatically acquired genetic variants and associated them to gene expression. This led to the identification of putative cancer-driving events and improved stratification of breast cancer patients. The study elicited huge attention and was tackled as herculean effort by fellow researchers. Cristina Curtis and her colleagues deposited the data in the EGA archive (EGAS00000000083). What they probably could not foresee is that their data would be reused more than 100 times, becoming one of the most downloaded datasets at EGA. In 2015, Frederik S. Varn and colleagues accessed the above-mentioned data from the New Hampshire, USA, to correlate it to transcriptional programs of hematopoietic cells infiltrated in breast tumours and found that those can influence patients' prognosis. Their findings, published in Nature Communications, improved the understanding of the interplay between immune system and cancer. Again, in 2017 the dataset was downloaded by an Italian/Polish collaboration and used to corroborate their mechanistic study that demonstrate how a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is aberrantly localized into the chromatin, where it modulates oncogenic isoforms expression, thus contributing to breast cancer. To date, the METABRIC dataset has been reused to contribute to 147 publications. Its impact on breast cancer research is incalculable, and it even spread beyond that, with recent contributions to the understanding of pan-cancer mechanisms and features. Some of the publications are translating into improvements in diagnosis and treatment of different types of breast cancer. This is just an example of how data upcycling can amplify the potential of any dataset, well past the scope of its creation, the imagination of its owners and any geographical border. At EGA, we are proud to empower such fruitful worldwide cycles of knowledge, providing a platform that enables safe sharing of sensitive genetic data.

  Blog data-upcycling-powered-by-ega

• Upcycling and merging data to challenge the dogma and identify new therapeutic targets for Glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma is the most common brain tumour. Characterised by a poor prognosis and its recurrence after multimodal treatments, the search for preventable risk factors has been mainly inconclusive up to date. Recently, the data merge from datasetsdeposited at the EGA allowed Aaron Diaz’s team to discover that the glioblastoma cells shift toward a mesenchymal phenotype when the tumour is recurring. Challenges in glioblastoma research As for virtually all cancer types, many efforts have been made to unveil the molecular features responsible of the disease, and several cellular pathways have indeed been identified as being frequently mutated in glioblastoma. Nonetheless, targeted therapies based on identified genes have so far failed to improve outcome, thus survival mostly relies on a standard treatment unchanged since 2005. This is a frustrating situation for both the scientific and medical communities, and above all for the patients, still facing a dreadful path. Some researchers hypothesised that this may be due to the inability to efficiently target cancer stem cells, the originators of the other cell types, thus inducing cancer relapse. In 2019 Charles P. Couturier and colleagues sequenced RNA from single cells of freshly excised glioblastomas of 16 patients, and demonstrated that glioblastoma cells replicate normal brain cell development with a conserved neural cancer cell hierarchy centered around glial progenitor-like cells. In this way, they helped identify the possible target cells to improve efficacy and durability of treatment. Data upcycling at the EGA: the glioblastoma case study Single cell RNA sequencing is generated with a laborious and expensive protocol. The quality of the starting material is crucial (cells sample freshly extracted from the patients) and often several attempts are needed before producing reliable quality sequencing results. Collecting big numbers of patients is also challenging. The sequencing data produced by Kevin Petrecca’s group in Montreal, Canada and deposited at the EGA (EGAS00001004422) was recently upcycled by Lin Wang in San Francisco, California and pooled with their freshly produced ones, and then deposited at the EGA as Dataset EGAS00001004909 The data merge allowed Aaron Diaz’s team to discover that the glioblastoma cells shift toward a mesenchymal phenotype when the tumour is recurring. They profiled 86 primary-recurrent patient-matched paired glioblastoma samples with single-nucleus RNA, among other techniques. These very comprehensive results lead the team to challenge the findings from several other cancer fields where chemotherapy standard chemo-radiation therapy selection pressure at the level of genomic alterations; this is indeed not the case for glioblastoma, where the pressure results in phenotypic transition between cellular states. Several technical controls were made to ensure that the merge of the data was not introducing a bias in the results, and an Inter-table analysis demonstrated nearly equal contribution to overall variance from each of the studies included, indicating that the findings were not due to inter-laboratory technical effect. A novel principal-component analysis showed that the largest contribution to variation in primary glioblastoma neoplastic cells was an axis between MES (mesenchymal) and proneural expression programs. In summary, treating glioblastoma often makes a MES, as commented by Lucy Stead about this remarkable work. Check Aaron Diaz’s team Nature Cancer paper, with strong technical tools, state of the art analysis and data from different sources converging to the same outcomes that made possible a significant step toward a better handling of a frightful cancer. References Couturier, C.P., Ayyadhury, S., Le, P.U. et al. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals that glioblastoma recapitulates a normal neurodevelopmental hierarchy. Nat Commun 11, 3406 (2020). Stead, L.F. Treating glioblastoma often makes a MES. Nat Cancer 3, 1446–1448 (2022). Wang, L., Jung, J., Babikir, H. et al. A single-cell atlas of glioblastoma evolution under therapy reveals cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic therapeutic targets. Nat Cancer 3, 1534–1552 (2022). Related links: Kevin Petrecca’s group dataset deposited at the EGA: EGAS00001004422 Lin Wang dataset deposited at the EGA: EGAS00001004909

  Blog upcycling-and-merging-data-to-challenge-glioblastoma

• Cergentis FFPE-TLC sequencing of colorectal carcinoma

  In this study, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded targeted locus capture (FFPE-TLC) sequencing is used as a novel technology for targeted detection of tumor-specific genomic structural variants (SVs) in the primary tumor of 29 colorectal cancer patients with metastatic disease. The tumor region was macrodissected and sequenced for 29 patients, and the "normal" region of the same slide was macrodissected and sequenced for 8 of these patients. SVs were found in the common fragile site (CFS)-associated genes MACROD2, PRKN, FHIT and WWOX as well as SVs caused by three LINE transposable elements. Tumor-specificity of selected SVs was independently verified by droplet digital PCR of tumor tissue DNA and their applicability as plasma circulating tumor DNA biomarkers was demonstrated. This dataset contains the hg19 reference alignment of the FFPE-TLC sequences for all 29 colorectal cancers and 8 adjacent normals.

  Dataset EGAD50000000618

• Resequencing candidate genes for male spermatogenic impairment

  This study aims to identify novel candidate variants from human Y-chromosomal genes DAZ, BPY2 and CDY1/2 by resequencing the coding regions of these genes from male patients with spermatogenic impairment. The coding regions of the genes plus a selection of phylogenetically informative Y-chromosomal markers have been amplified by standard PCR, amplicon lengths range from 178 to 486 bp. Amplicons were quantified by gel electrophoresis and pooled in approx. equimolar concentrations per patient. For each of the 480 submitted samples, approx. 1 microgram of amplified DNA pool was provided in a total volume of 120 microlitres. The samples were indexed and libraries prepared for PE250bp Illumina MiSeq runs. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ .

  Dataset EGAD00001006784

• Raw scRNA-seq data from B-lineage cells in the blood of celiac disease patients

  Raw scRNA-seq data from 355 IgA+ peripheral blood B-lineage cells of two untreated celiac disease patients. The data was generated with the Smart-seq2 protocol and sequenced on a NextSeq500 instrument (Illumina) with 75 bp paired-end reads in high-output mode. The dataset contains R1 and R2 reads for each single cell (fastq.gz files) for cells passing quality control based on number of detected genes, reads, mitochondrial genes, reads mapping to the reference transcriptome and a productively rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain IgA isotype reconstructed by the computational tool BraCeR. Metadata for the cells is provided in a csv file.

  Dataset EGAD50000000340

• Genetic Heterogeneity of the familial gastric neuroendocrine tumors (2018-06-06)

  Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) occur with an estimated frequency of 2 per 100,000 in the general population. Type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) represent the 75% of gNTEs and arise from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. They have late age of onset and usually benigh course. Classically, hypergastrinemia in patients who have autoimmune atrophic gastritis, causes hyperplasia of gastric ECL cells that progresses into type I gastric NETs and parietal cell (PC) destruction. The genetic bases in families with this disease are unknown. We performed an exome sequencing study of an atypical aggressive familial gNETs case (with early age onset, nodal infiltrations and gastric adenocarcinomas) that followed a recessive model. We identified a deleterious mutation in homozygosis in the ATP4A gene, which encodes the proton pump responsible for acid secretion by gastric parietal cells. This mutation lead to achlorhydria first, and hypergastrinemia and gNET developing as consequence (Calvete et al. 2014). Recently, two more families with gNETs, classical clinical traits and recessive model have been studies by WES but we didn't find any mutation in the ATP4a gene. However, putative mutations affecting genes that contribute to the development and the integrity of PC have been found suggesting that genetic alterations associated to this disorder target to a unique cell type (parietal cells). In order to cinfirm this hypothesis, it is necessary the search for new genes implicated in the gNETs, more familial cases are needed to be studied. We have identified four more new familial gNETs cases. Here, we propose their study by WES. The first family is formed by thress siblings with gNETs. The other families include two siblings with gNETs. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-06-06.

  Dataset EGAD00001004153

• Changes in Oral and Gut Microbiota and Incidence and Severity of Patient-Reported Symptoms in Pre- and Post-Kidney Transplant Patients

  This novel prospective cohort explores the relationships between oral and fecal microbiome features (alpha and beta diversity, differential relative abundances of bacterial taxa, and functional genes) and the incidence and severity of psychoneurological symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance) before and after patients receive a kidney transplant from a live donor. Thirty-five subjects provided fecal and saliva specimens for shotgun metagenomic sequencing of gut and oral microbiomes at 3 timepoints: 1) within 4 weeks prior to the transplant surgery (at end-stage kidney disease), 2) 1-3 weeks after the transplant surgery, and 3) at 3 months after the transplant (after restoration of kidney function). Subjects were enrolled between October, 2018, to November, 2021, and all study visits were completed by March, 2022. Data collected includes: Demographic (age, biological sex at birth, race/ethnicity, marital status); clinical data (body mass index, dialysis status, type of dialysis, high vs. low risk immune-suppression protocol, antibiotics during study period); laboratory data (serum creatinine; estimated glomerular filtration rate; serum blood urea nitrogen; immunosuppression trough levels), and outcome data (symptoms such as pain interference, pain intensity, fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, acute rejection, delayed graft failure, graft loss, post-transplant infections, and health-related quality of life). Incidence and severity of symptoms, including pain interference, pain intensity, fatigue, sleep dysfunction, and anxiety/depression-like symptoms, were measured using the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Systems (PROMIS) 57 v2.1. Health related quality of life was assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF v1.3). The objective of this longitudinal study is to characterize changes in microbial features at baseline, before restoration of kidney function, and over time, after restoration of kidney function via kidney transplantation, and to identify relationships between microbiome features and transplant outcomes (rejection, infection, delayed graft function, graft failure), symptom burden, and health-related quality of life. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of the oral and gut microbiomes will allow a higher-resolution examination of the gut microbiome compared to 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and will provide direct evidence of metabolic capabilities of the microbiota. This approach will allow us to explore the dynamic nature of symptom burden, and the effects of demographic and clinical variables on the oral and gut microbiomes before and after restoration of kidney function.

  Study phs002199

• Chromatin immunoprecipitation linked to next-generation whole genome sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for H3K36me3 in paediatric high grade glioma cell lines KKNS4 and SF188 with and without a G34V mutation in H3F3A

  Glioblastomas of children and young adults have a median survival of only 12-15months and are clinically and biologically distinct from histologically similar cancers in older adults1. They are defined by highly specific mutations in the gene encoding the histone H3.3 variant H3F3A2, occurring either at or close to key residues marked by methylation for regulation of transcription – K27 and G34. We performed chromatin immunoprecipitation linked to next-generation whole genome sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for H3K36me3 in order to test the hypothesis that, rather than total H3K36me3, the G34V mutation may instead result in differential binding of the trimethyl mark throughout the genome. Compared with H3F3A wild-type SF188 paediatric GBM cells, H3K36me3 was found to be significantly differentially bound in KNS42 cells at 5130 distinct regions of the genome corresponding to 156 genes. Concurrent whole genome DNA sequencing demonstrated that this was not confounded by copy number alterations. The cerebral hemispheric-specific G34 mutation drives a distinct expression signature through differential genomic binding of the K36 trimethylation mark (H3K36me3). The transcriptional program induced recapitulates that of the developing forebrain, and involves numerous markers of stem cell maintenance, cell fate decisions and self-renewal. Critically, H3F3A G34 mutations cause profound upregulation of MYCN, a potent oncogene which is causative of glioblastomas when expressed in the correct developmental context. This driving aberration is selectively targetable in this patient population by inhibiting kinases responsible for stabilisation of the protein.

  Study EGAS00001001437

• Research of factors related to diagnosis, progression, prognosis and treatment of hepato-biliary-pancreatic malignancies

  Advanced cancers with metastasis and/or recurrence are usually resistant and refractory to treatment. In our studies, whole exome sequencing analysis, comprehensive epigenetic analysis and genome-wide expression analysis were performed using cancerous and non-cancerous tissues derived from multicentric cohort study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the studies is identification of the refractoriness-related deriver genes for application to novel molecular targeted therapy and preventive medicine. The studies are intended for refractory HCC. High frequency of the tumor recurrence even after curative resection is one of the major difficulties in the treatment of HCC. According to our previous studies, not the recurrence itself, but the recurrence pattern has critical effects on prognosis of the patient with HCC. Then, we analyzed the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of primary HCC on the point of the recurrence patterns in accordance with or without Milan criteria. The materials were obtained from thirty three patients underwent curative hepatectomy for HCC at Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital. Written informed consent from these patients, as well as the institutional review board approved was obtained. The determination of the refractory HCC group (16 cases) was based on the point of the recurrence patterns in accordance with Milan criteria for the recurrent tumor (solitary <5cm, or up to 3 nodules <3 cm, without major vascular invasion or distant metastasis) that has been proposed as the useful criteria of the liver transplantation for HCC. The cellular DNA was extracted from the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of primary HCC by the phenol-chloroform method. After SNP certification using Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix), whole exome sequencing was performed at the Cancer Institute of JFCR, as the support infrastructure. Exome sequencing was performed using HiSeq 2000 (Illumina), and the obtained reads were mapped to the human reference genome (hg19) using BWA software. GATK software was used for local realignment base call recalibration. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels were analyzed by MuTect and SomaticIndelDetector, as well as visual confirmation by IGV software.

  Study JGAS000052

• Center for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG) - Cardiovascular: Cleveland Clinic Cohort

  The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has funded the Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG), a collaborative large-scale genome sequencing effort to comprehensively identify rare risk and protective variants contributing to common disease phenotypes and to better understand the general principles of genomic architecture underlying common, complex inherited diseases. This study contains variant calls derived from the whole genome sequence data of an early-onset coronary artery disease case-control cohort collected by the Cleveland Clinic. Case status was assigned based on the presence of myocardial infarction, coronary artery stenosis greater than 70% in at least one coronary artery, and/or revascularization (coronary angioplasty with or without stent placement or coronary artery bypass grafting) at an early age. For these samples, &#34;early age&#34; is defined as men 60 years of age or younger and women 70 years of age or younger.

  Study phs001871

• A Human Lymphoma Organoid Model for Evaluating and Targeting the Follicular Lymphoma Tumor Immune Microenvironment

  Heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of follicular lymphoma (FL) can affect clinical outcomes. We developed a new organoid culture method for cultivating patient-derived lymphoma organoids (PDLOs), which include cells from the native FL TME. We generated organoids from 12 FL patients at diagnosis, clinical progression, or relapse. These organoids were profiled with targeted DNA sequencing and mRNA sequencing. We evaluated the stability of organoids in culture at serial weekly timepoints (D0, D7, D14, D21). We treated organoids with CD19:CD3 or CD20:CD3 bispecific antibodies or unconjugated anti-CD20, anti-CD19, and anti-CD3 as a control, and profiled DNA/RNA at D11 to evaluate treatment response. This system is intended as a platform for advancing precision medicine efforts in FL through patient-specific modeling, high-throughput screening, TME signature identification, and treatment response evaluation.

  Study phs003410

• A Unifying Paradigm for Transcriptional Heterogeneity and Squamous Features in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  Pancreatic cancer expression profiles largely reflect a classical or basal-like phenotype. The extent to which these profiles vary within a patient is unknown. We integrated evolutionary analysis and expression profiling in multiregion sampled metastatic pancreatic cancers, finding that squamous features are the histologic correlate of an RNA-seq defined basal-like subtype. In patients with coexisting basal/squamous and classical/glandular morphology, phylogenetic studies revealed that squamous morphology represented a subclonal population in an otherwise classical/glandular tumor. Cancers with squamous features were significantly more likely to have clonal mutations in chromatin modifiers, intercellular heterogeneity for MYC amplification, and entosis. These data provide a unifying paradigm for integrating basal-type expression profiles, squamous histology, and somatic mutations in chromatin modifier genes in the context of clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer.  

  Study EGAS00001003974