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• The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect, but the cause for the majority of cardiac birth defects remains unknown. Numerous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated evidence that genetic factors likely play a contributory, if not causative, role in CHD. A few genes have been identified by us and other investigators using traditional genetic approaches, but these genes only account for a small portion of the non-syndromic CHDs. Therefore, we are now utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), with the addition of more traditional genetic techniques such as chromosomal microarray or traditional linkage analysis, to identify genetic causes of familial and isolated CHD. With WES/WGS, we are able to sequence all of the genes of an individual and apply different data analysis techniques based on whether we are analyzing a multiplex family or a cohort of trios (mother, father and child with CHD) with a specific isolated CHD. Therefore, WES/WGS is a robust method for identification of novel genetic causes of CHD, which will have important diagnostic and therapeutic consequences for these children. Subjects provided blood samples, skin biopsy, or saliva samples for DNA extraction and creation of cell lines. Tissue remaining after surgical procedures was also collected. Medical records were searched for detailed phenotype data and subjects were followed longitudinally for outcome.

  Study phs002010

• Genomics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

  Despite the growing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to increased hepatitis C virus infection and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in Western populations, the genetic determinants of this cancer have yet to be established. A minority (15-20%) of HCC occurs in livers without cirrhosis or other chronic disease. Because the liver is functionally preserved in these patients and surgical resection of the tumor may be performed safely, and because of the scarcity of livers available for transplantation, non-cirrhotic patients undergo surgical resection for HCC treatment. These resected tumors present investigatory opportunities in two ways: First, they provide tumor specimen which have not been treated with chemotherapy and embolization. Second, the absence of cirrhosis may provide an unconfounded background from which to investigate the genetic tumorigenesis of HCC. In livers with cirrhosis, genetic instability is prevalent as assessed by assays for microsatellite instability, loss of heterozygosity and aberrant DNA methylation. In contrast, in livers without cirrhosis, the non-tumor tissue surrounding HCC have been found to have fewer genetic aberrations. It has been postulated that the pathologic process of cirrhosis may result in the accumulation of many "passenger"; as well as "driver" mutations, and that the examination of the HCC cancer genome may be facilitated in non-cirrhotic livers because of the absence of an accumulated background noise of mutations.

  Study phs001106

• Genetic Epidemiology of Refractive Error in the KORA (Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg) Study

  KORA ("Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg" which translates as "Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg") is a population based study of adults randomly selected from 430,000 inhabitants living in Augsburg and 16 surrounding counties in Germany. The collection was done in 4 separate groups from 1984-2001 (S1-S4). One of the KORA groups, S3/F3, will be utilized for our GWAS because it is the only group with refractive error (RE) measurements. Consequent to informed consent, each of the surveys sampled subjects from ten strata according to age (range 25-74 years) and sex (equal ratio) with a minimum stratum size of > 400 subjects. In the KORA S3 study 4,856 subjects were studied between 1994 and 1995, and 3,006 individuals from S3 returned for follow up between 2003 and 2005 (S3/F3). For this refractive error study, we are including 1,981 subjects from S3/F3 (mean age 55.7, range 35-84). For each subject, eyeglass prescriptions were measured in addition to an evaluation by the Nikon Retinomax. Subjects with predisposing medical conditions, i.e., connective tissue disorders, and ocular conditions i.e., cataract and corneal opacities, that might predispose them to refractive error will not be included for genotyping. Whole genome association genotyping will be performed to determine common alleles that contribute to the variation of the quantitative trait of refractive error.

  Study phs000303

• PGRN-RIKEN: Genetic Determinants of Clinical Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Statins

  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an important public health problem in developed countries. Statins are effective in the prevention and treatment of CHD; nevertheless, many patients receiving statins still suffer cardiovascular events (CV) such as heart attack. Identifying genetic variants responsible for differential clinical responses to statins will not only allow individual patients at high residual risk to be targeted for additional therapies, but also will define new biologic pathways contributing to statin response, and thus new targets for future therapies. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to identify genetic variants associated with clinical CV in patients receiving statins. Subjects identified for study are of European descent and include 1718 subjects with CV while on statins (cases) and 4172 subjects without CV while on statins (controls). Key research resources utilized in this effort include VanderbiltD's BioVU DNA databank and associated Synthetic Derivative database of clinical information, and software tools developed to identify drugs and clinical events using Electronic Health Record-derived structured and unstructured ("free text") data. Most cases and controls identified include three data types: ICD-9 codes, medication regimens, and medical test results. Genotyping, using IlluminaD's Infinium HumanOmniExpressExome BeadChip (OmniExpressExome), was performed by the RIKEN Integrative Medical Sciences Center (IMS) and supported by the Pharmacogenomics Research Network (PGRN)-RIKEN IMS Global Alliance.

  Study phs000963

• Large Scale Genotyping of Psychiatric Disorders

  Psychiatric disorders cause enormous human suffering and cost to society. The goal of this project is to elucidate the genetics of psychiatric disorders through a large consortium effort and genome-wide genotyping. The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) (https://www.med.unc.edu/pgc) is an international consortium to pursue genome-wide analyses of common psychiatric disease. The PGC was founded in 2007 to unite investigators from around the world to conduct mega-analyses of individual genome-wide genotype data for schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BIP), autism (AUT), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). Subsequently, the PGC has expanded to include Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders (ED), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse (SUD). The PGC partnered with Illumina to develop the PsychChip, a custom GWAS array aimed at capturing common variation genome-wide for imputation, rare coding variation drawn from the exome chip and dense genotypes for loci with suggestive evidence for association across the initial PGC analyses of SCZ, MDD, BPD, ASD and ADHD. Samples (cases, controls, and families) were collected from Institutional Review Board-approved protocols that aim to study the genetics of psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute (Cambridge, MA, USA) and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Friedman Brain Institute (New York, NY, USA) using the PsychChip or Exome Chip.

  Study phs001413

• Assessment of Neurological Deterioration in Subjects with Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis

  Late infantile ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a rare, rapidly progressing lysosomal storage disease resulting from mutations in the CLN2 gene that lead to deficiency in the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl peptidase I (TPP-I). The symptoms are largely neurological with onset at 2-4 years age with progression to death at age 8-12 yrs. The rareness of the disease and the likelihood of non-uniform progression depending on genotype together limit the data available regarding the natural history of disease progression. Current neurological rating scales are used to give an overall quantitative description of the disease but the categories are generally broad and imprecise. With that background, the primary focus of this study is to use clinical rating scales and magnetic resonance imaging methods to define the natural history of LINCL and to provide objective and sensitive surrogates for neurological status and the impact of experimental treatments in children with LINCL. Together these parameters will be applicable to future clinical studies of novel therapies for LINCL and should be transferrable to other neurological lysosomal storage diseases. Subjects will be assessed at 2 visits separated by ≥1 yr. Brain morphometry, water self-diffusion coefficients and spectroscopic data will be obtained via magnetic resonance. Resulting MRI biomarkers will be compared with neurological assessment of disease severity using the Weill-Cornell LINCL rating scale.

  Study phs001575

• An Advanced Molecular Medicine Case Report of a Rare Human Tumor Using Genomics, Pathomics, and Radiomics

  The associated data of this study is derived from a single female patient with pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP). The aim of this study is to provide the most comprehensive, multi-modality sequencing study of a single case of PSP to-date. To this end, the following sequencing experiments were performed: i) RNA-Seq of the primary tumor and adjacent normal tissues (6 replicates for each tissue type), which was intended to analyze RNA-Seq fusions, gene expression, expression mutations, ii) low-pass DNA whole genome sequencing (WGS) from primary tumor tissue and germline, which was intended to analyze copy number aberrations, and iii) DNA targeted panel sequencing of lung cancer associated genes, using primary tumor tissue and germline from white blood cells, which was intended to analyze somatic mutations. Principal findings: i) the PSP hallmark mutation AKT1 (p.E17K) was detected within both the DNA and RNA, and ii) the TP53 signaling pathway was found to be statistically significant by three different pathway analysis tools of analyzing gene expression and pathway ramifications. Among proteins within the TP53 signaling pathway, the p53 inhibitor encoded by MDM2 was found to be overexpressed (by differential gene expression analysis). The original sequencing data (i.e., FastQ files) from each of the aforementioned samples will be accessible through dbGaP.

  Study phs003154

• NHLBI TOPMed: Genome-Wide Association Study of Adiposity in Samoans

  The individuals sequenced here represent a small subset of the parent study (described below) and were carefully selected for the purpose of creating a Samoan-specific reference panel for imputation back into the parent study. The INFOSTIP algorithm of Gusev et. al. (2012) (PMID: 22135348) was used to optimally choose the individuals for sequencing. The research goal of the parent study (dbGaP ID phs000914) is to identify genetic variation that increases susceptibility to obesity and cardiometabolic phenotypes among adult Samoans using genome-wide association (GWAS) methods. DNA from peripheral blood and phenotypic information were collected from 3,119 adult Samoans, 23 to 70 years of age. The participants reside throughout the independent nation of Samoa, which is experiencing economic development and the nutrition transition. Genotyping was performed with the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP 6.0 Array using a panel of approximately 900,000 SNPs. Anthropometric, fasting blood biomarkers and detailed dietary, physical activity, health and socio-demographic variables were collected. We are replicating the GWAS findings in an independent sample of 2,500 Samoans from earlier studies. After replication of genomic regions and informative SNPs in those regions, we will determine sequences of the important genes, and determine the specific genetic variants in the sequenced genes that are associated with adiposity and related cardiometabolic conditions. We will also identify gene by environment interactions, focusing on dietary intake patterns and nutrients.

  Study phs000972

• Identification and characterisation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic FGF14 repeat expansions

  Repeat expansions in FGF14 cause autosomal dominant late-onset cerebellar ataxia (SCA27B) with estimated pathogenic thresholds of 250 (incomplete penetrance) and 300 AAG repeats (full penetrance), but the sequence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic expansions remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that STRling and ExpansionHunter accurately detect FGF14 expansions from short-read genomic data using outlier approaches. By combining long-range PCR and nanopore sequencing in 169 patients with cerebellar ataxia and 802 controls, we compare FGF14 expansion alleles, including interruptions and flanking regions. Uninterrupted AAG expansions are significantly enriched in patients with ataxia from a lower threshold (180-200 repeats) than previously reported based on expansion size alone. Conversely, AAGGAG hexameric expansions are equally frequent in patients and controls. Distinct 5' flanking regions, interruptions and pre-repeat sequences correlate with repeat size. Furthermore, pure AAG (pathogenic) and AAGGAG (non-pathogenic) repeats form different secondary structures. Regardless of expansion size, SCA27B is a recognizable clinical entity characterized by frequent episodic ataxia and downbeat nystagmus, similar to the presentation observed in a family with a previously unreported nonsense variant (SCA27A). Overall, this study suggests that SCA27B is a major overlooked cause of adult-onset ataxia, accounting for 23-31% of unsolved patients. We strongly recommend re-evaluating pathogenic thresholds and integrating expansion sequencing into the molecular diagnostic process.

  Study EGAS50000000481

• INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) Cohort

  This is a study of the biological risk factors for children enrolled in the INSIGHT (Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories) study. INSIGHT is a randomized, controlled trial testing a responsive parenting intervention designed for the primary prevention of childhood obesity against a safety control. These first-born children were deeply studied in this time period with data collected on a wide variety of variables including mode of delivery, gender, weight and height (collected at 7 time points), medication usage, diet information, and maternal health information (gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, smoking during pregnancy). This study includes a survey of the oral and gut microbiota from 226 mother-child dyads. It was designed to investigate the relationship between a cross-sectional view of the child's microbiome (at two years of age) and the patterns of growth between birth and 2 years. Microbiome samples from children (buccal swab and stool sample) and their mothers (buccal swab) are collected at the children's 2-year clinical research visit. Stool metabolites have also been assayed for a subset of the 226 children using 1H-NMR. Additionally, we genotyped the same individuals for SNPs across the genome. For a subset of 48 individuals we have added second-born siblings. For these additional 48 children, we characterized the methylation pattern across the genome using cord blood and placenta samples.

  Study phs001498

• Collection: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

  The Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multi-center epidemiologic study in Hispanic/Latino populations to determine the role of acculturation in the prevalence and development of disease, and to identify risk factors playing a protective or harmful role in Hispanics/Latinos. The study is sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and six other institutes, centers, and offices of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The goals of the HCHS/SOL include studying the prevalence and development of disease in Hispanics/Latinos, including the role of acculturation, and identifying disease risk factors that play protective or harmful roles in Hispanics/Latinos. A total of 16,415 persons of Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American backgrounds were recruited through four Field Centers affiliated with San Diego State University, Northwestern University in Chicago, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx area of New York, and the University of Miami. Seven additional academic centers serve as scientific and logistical support centers. Study participants aged 18-74 years took part in an extensive clinic exam and assessments to ascertain socio-demographic, cultural, environmental and biomedical characteristics. Annual follow-up interviews are conducted to determine a range of health outcomes.To request access to this collection, select phs003650 in the dbGaP when submitting a data access request.

  Study phs003650

• Localised colon cancer WES study contaning WBCs, tissue and plasma samples at different time points

  Decision-making based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) status following curative-intent surgery in stage II-III colon cancer (CC) is where the strongest clinical evidence lies. Commercial or academic assays are predominantly used to detect ctDNA, aiming to reveal minimal residual disease (MRD) and identify patients at high risk of recurrence. However, while current tests demonstrate exceptional specificity in detecting MRD among patients who later experience recurrence, their sensitivity is notably limited, particularly immediately after surgery when decisions regarding ACT are crucial. Additionally, up to 70% of patients with stage II-III colon cancer fail to clear ctDNA after standard adjuvant treatment (ACT) and subsequently experience recurrence. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of ctDNA at different timepoints in relapsed CC patients using two independent cohorts, alongside transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of metastases to gain a deeper understanding of progression mechanisms. An assay based on a tumor-agnostic approach from WES could enhance sensitivity in detecting MRD disease compared to current assays. Immune evasion appears to be the primary driver of progression in the localized CC setting, facilitated by a functional mutational burden at relapse. This suggests that immunotherapy could extend its efficacy to patients with microsatellite stability, broadening treatment options. Moreover, organoid modeling affirms the promising potential of targeted therapy to surpass conventional treatments in eradicating MRD.

  Study EGAS50000000204

• The Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (BEED) Study

  Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a sub-acute inflammatory condition of the small intestinal mucosa of unclear etiology, has been associated with a variety of environmental exposures and host factors and is implicated in growth faltering. Linear growth faltering usually occurs within the first two years of life and in most of the cases is irreversible demanding early diagnosis for treatment to be successful. The objectives of 'The Bangladesh Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Study (BEED)' are to investigate role of EED in malnutrition, examine the biology of EED to identify common biological pathways for potential interventions, to validate a system for histological scoring for EED and test the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in improving the growth parameters in children with stunting and or EED. In Bangladesh, participants are recruited from two age groups; a child cohort and a malnourished an adult cohort. In addition, two control groups are recruited for comparison consisting of a) children that are undergoing endoscopy as a part of their clinical care at the University of Virginia Health system (UVAHS) and b) an adult well-nourished control group recruited from the Gastroenterology Outpatient Department of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital in Bangladesh. The description of the study design and procedures of the study can be obtained from Mahfuz M, Das S, Mazumder RN, et al., 2017, PMID: 28801442.

  Study phs001891

• The Haplotype-Resolved Genome and Epigenome of the Aneuploid HeLa Cancer Cell Line

  The genomic architecture of HeLa remains largely unexplored beyond its karyotype, partly because like many cancers, its extensive aneuploidy renders such analyses challenging. We carried out haplotype-resolved whole-genome sequencing of the HeLa CCL-2 strain, examined point- and indel-mutation variations, mapped copy-number variations and loss of heterozygosity regions, and phased variants across full chromosome arms. We also investigated variation and copy-number profiles for HeLa S3 and eight additional strains. We find that HeLa is relatively stable in terms of point variation, with few new mutations accumulating after early passaging. Haplotype resolution facilitated reconstruction of an amplified, highly rearranged region of chromosome 8q24.21 at which integration of the human papilloma virus type 18 (HPV-18) genome occurred and that is likely to be the event that initiated tumorigenesis. We combined these maps with RNA-seq and ENCODE Project data sets to phase the HeLa epigenome. This revealed strong, haplotype specific activation of the proto-oncogene MYC by the integrated HPV-18 genome approximately 500 kilobases upstream, and enabled global analyses of the relationship between gene dosage and expression. These data provide an extensively phased, high-quality reference genome for past and future experiments relying on HeLa, and demonstrate the value of haplotype resolution for characterizing cancer genomes and epigenomes. Reprinted from Adey et. al. 2013, Nature, with permission from Nature Publishing Group.

  Study phs000642

• Immune heterogeneity in small cell lung cancer and vulnerability to immune checkpoint blockade

  Following the pivotal Phase III IMpower133 study, atezolizumab (anti–PD-L1), combined with carboplatin and etoposide (CE), was the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for first-line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) and is now a standard of care. A clearer understanding of therapeutically relevant SCLC subsets is needed to improve outcomes and to identify rational combination strategies. Transcriptomic analyses and nonnegative matrix factorization were conducted on 271 pre-treatment patient tumor samples from IMpower133 and four subsets with general concordance to previously reported SCLC subtypes were identified. Deeper investigation into the immune heterogeneity relevant to clinical outcomes uncover two subsets with differing neuroendocrine (NE) versus non-neuroendocrine (non-NE) phenotypes that demonstrated hallmarks of immune cell infiltration. The balance of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) to T-effector signals distinguished these inflamed subsets. Tumors with low TAM but high T-effector signals had a NE phenotype and demonstrated longer overall survival with PD-L1 blockade and CE versus CE alone than did tumors with high TAM and high T-effector signal, which had a non-NE phenotype. The delineation of SCLC immune heterogeneity offers a clinically relevant approach to discriminate SCLC patients likely to benefit most from immunotherapeutic approaches and highlights the complex mechanisms underlying response and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. 

  Study EGAS50000000138

• A Cancer Cell-Line Titration Series for Evaluating Somatic Classification

  Accurate detection of somatic single nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions from DNA sequencing experiments of tumour-normal pairs is a challenging task. Tumour samples are often contaminated with normal cells confounding the available evidence for the somatic variants. Furthermore, tumours are heterogeneous so sub-clonal variants are observed at reduced allele frequencies. We present here a cell-line titration series dataset that can be used to evaluate somatic variant calling pipelines with the goal of reliably calling true somatic mutations at low allele frequencies. Cell-line DNA was mixed with matched normal DNA at 8 different ratios to generate samples with known tumour cellularities, and exome sequenced on Illumina HiSeq to depths of >300x. The data was processed with several different variant calling pipelines and verification experiments were performed to assay >1,500 somatic variant candidates using Ion Torrent PGM as an orthogonal technology. By examining the variants called at varying cellularities and depths of coverage, we show that the best performing pipelines are able to maintain a high level of precision at any cellularity. In addition, we estimate the number of true somatic variants undetected as cellularity and coverage decrease. Our cell-line titration series dataset, along with the associated verification results, is effective for this evaluation and will serve as a valuable dataset for future somatic calling algorithm development.

  Study EGAS00001001016

• Antisense long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of patients with systemic sclerosis

  Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of skin and multiple organs of which the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we studied differentially expressed coding and non-coding genes in relation to SSc pathogenesis with a specific focus on antisense non-coding RNAs. Skin biopsy-derived RNAs from fourteen early SSc patients and six healthy individuals were sequenced with ion-torrent and analysed using DEseq2. Overall, 4901 genes with a fold change >1.5 and a false discovery rate < 5% were detected in patients versus controls. Upregulated genes clustered in immunological, cell adhesion and keratin-related processes. Interestingly, 676 deregulated non-coding genes were detected, 257 of which were classified as antisense genes. Sense genes expressed opposite of these antisense genes were also deregulated in 42% of the observed sense-antisense gene pairs. The majority of the antisense genes had a similar effect sizes in an independent North American dataset with three genes (CTBP1-AS2, OTUD6B-AS1 and AGAP2-AS1) exceeding the study-wide Bonferroni-corrected ρ-value (PBonf<0.0023, Pcombined = 1.1x10-9, 1.4x10-8, 1.7x10-6, respectively). In this study, we highlight that together with coding genes, (antisense) long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of SSc patients suggesting a novel class of genes involved in pathogenesis of SSc.

  Study EGAS00001002751

• RNA-sequencing of six Pilocytic astrocytoma tumors

  Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common pediatric brain tumor. A recurrent feature of PA is deregulation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway most often through KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, but also by other BRAF- or RAF1-gene fusions and point mutations (e.g. BRAFV600E). These features may serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and also facilitate development of targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic alterations underlying the development of PA tumor in six cases, and evaluate methods for fusion oncogene detection. Using a combined analysis of RNA sequencing and copy number variation data we identified a new BRAF fusion involving the 5’ gene fusion partner GTF2I (7q11.23), not previously described in PA. The novel GTF2I-BRAF 19-10 fusion was found in one case, while the other five cases harbored the frequent KIAA1549-BRAF 16-9 fusion gene. Comparing fusion detection methods, Fluorescence in situ hybridization with BRAF break apart probe was the most sensitive method for detection of the two different BRAF rearrangements (GTF2I-BRAF and KIAA1549-BRAF). Our finding of a novel BRAF fusion in PA further emphasis the important role of B-Raf in tumorigenesis of these tumor types. Also, the growing list of BRAF/RAF gene fusions suggests these to be informative tumor markers in molecular diagnostics, which could guide future treatment strategies.

  Study EGAS00001002149

• GoT2D: Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes, a study of the the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes using low pass whole genome sequencing and high density SNP genotyping in 2,657 individuals.

  The Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes Consortium (GoT2D) is a collaboration between the University of Michigan, the Broad Institute and the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics. The overall aim is to extend upon recent efforts, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and large scale meta-analyses. While they have proved successful at mapping genomic loci that influence human diseases, like type 2 diabetes, much of the heritability remains unexplained. In this study, we use next generation sequencing and genotyping technologies to query for lower frequency variants in the human genome. Thereby, allowing a deeper characterization of the spectrum of alleles associated with type 2 diabetes risk, and a better assessment of the genes that play a role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes development. We studied 1,326 T2D cases and 1,331 normoglycemic controls from Northern and Central Europe (Sweden, Finland, UK, and Germany). To efficiently characterize the entire genome sequence of each individual, we performed low-coverage (~5x) whole-genome sequencing, augmented by deep coverage (~100x) sequencing of the exome, and dense (2.5M) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping using the HumanOmni2.5 array. The data deposited in EGA will include all the Swedish, Finnish, UK, and German samples.

  Study EGAS00001001459

• Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota

  ObjectiveContrary to the long-standing prerequisite of inducing selective (i.e. bifidogenic) effects, recent findings suggest that prebiotic interventions lead to ecosystem-wide microbiota shifts. Yet, a comprehensive characterization of this process is still lacking. Here, we apply 16S rDNA microbiota profiling and matching (GC-MS) metabolomics to assess the consequences of inulin fermentation both on the composition of the colon bacterial ecosystem and fecal metabolites profiles.DesignFecal samples collected during a double blind, randomized, cross-over intervention study (NCT02548247) set up to assess the effect of inulin consumption on stool frequency in healthy adults with mild constipation were analyzed. Fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles were linked to the study’s clinical outcome as well as to quality-of-life measurements recorded.ResultsWhile fecal metabolite profiles were not significantly altered by inulin consumption, our analyses did detect a modest effect on global microbiota composition. At the same time, specific inulin-induced changes in relative abundances of Anaerostipes, Bilophila, and Bifidobacterium were identified. The observed decrease in Bilophila abundances following inulin consumption was associated with both softer stools and a favorable change in constipation-specific quality of life measures.ConclusionsEcosystem-wide analysis of the effect of a dietary intervention with prebiotic inulin-type fructans on the colon microbiota revealed that this effect is specifically associated to three genera, one of which (Bilophila) representing a promising novel target for mechanistic research.

  Study EGAS00001002173

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Oesophageal_squamous_cell_carcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Illumina HiSeqX, 40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001002725

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__pancreas

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (Illumina HiSeqX, 40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001002726

• Single cell sequencing reveals the origin and the order of mutation acquisition in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

  Next-generation sequencing has provided a detailed overview of the various genomic lesions implicated in the pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Typically, 10 to 20 genomic lesions are found in T-ALL cells at diagnosis. However, it is currently unclear in which order these mutations are acquired and in which progenitor cells this is initiated. To address these questions, we used targeted single-cell sequencing of total bone marrow cells and CD34+CD38- multipotent progenitor cells for 4 T-ALL cases. Hierarchical clustering detected a dominant leukemia clone at diagnosis, accompanied by a few subclones harboring only a fraction of the mutations. We developed a graph-based algorithm to determine the order of mutation acquisition. Two of the four patients had an early event in a known oncogene (MED12, STAT5B) amongst various pre-leukemic events. Intermediate events included loss of 9p21 (CDKN2A/B) and acquisition of fusion genes, while NOTCH1 mutations were typically late events. Analysis of CD34+CD38- cells and myeloid progenitors revealed that in half of the cases somatic mutations were detectable in multipotent progenitor cells. We demonstrate that targeted single cell sequencing can elucidate the order of mutation acquisition in T-ALL and that T-ALL development can start in a multipotent progenitor cell.

  Study EGAS00001002830

• Resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer

  Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have evolved to important therapeutic options in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, almost all patients with clinical response to anti-EGFR therapies show disease progression within a few months and little is known about mechanism and timing of resistance evolution. Here we performed whole genome sequencing of plasma DNA (plasma-Seq) from patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy. We demonstrate that development of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies is frequently associated with focal amplifications of KRAS, MET, and ERBB2. However, we also show that focal KRAS amplifications can be acquired in tumor genomes of patients under cytotoxic chemotherapy. Furthermore, we provide evidence that specific chromosomal polysomies, such as overrepresentations of 12p and 7p, harboring KRAS and EGFR, respectively, determine responsiveness to anti-EGFR therapy. In contrast, employing ultra-sensitive deep sequencing of genes associated with anti-EGFR resistance, such as KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR, we did not observe the occurrence of novel, acquired mutations. Overall, whole-genome plasma DNA sequencing represents a non-invasive blood-based surrogate measure of changes in tumors. As such, plasma-Seq enables the identification of novel mutant clones and may therefore facilitate early adjustments of therapies that may delay or prevent disease progression.

  Study EGAS00001000582

• Detection of mutational patterns in cell free DNA (cfDNA) of colorectal cancer by custom amplicon sequencing

  Monitoring the mutational patterns of solid tumors during cancer therapy is a major challenge in oncology. Analysis of mutations in cell free (cf) DNA offers a non-invasive approach to detect mutations that may be prognostic for disease survival or predictive for primary or secondary drug resistance. A main challenge for the application of cfDNA as a diagnostic tool is the diverse mutational landscape of cancer. Here, we developed a flexible end-to-end experimental and bioinformatics workflow to analyze mutations in cfDNA using custom amplicon sequencing. Our approach relies on open software tools to select primers suitable for multiplex PCR using minimal cfDNA as input. In addition, we developed a robust linear model to identify specific genetic alterations from sequencing data of cfDNA. We used our method to design a custom amplicon panel suitable for detection of hotspot mutations relevant for colorectal cancer and analyzed mutations in serial cfDNA samples from 34 patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Our data demonstrates that recurrent and patient-specific mutational patterns can be reliably detected for the majority of patients. Furthermore, we show that the allele frequency of mutations in cfDNA correlates well with disease progression. Finally, we demonstrate that monitoring of cfDNA can outperform the predictive power of currently used tumor markers and reveal mechanisms of resistance to anti-EGFR antibody treatment.

  Study EGAS00001003382

• Epigenetic profiling of human CD4+ memory T cells reveals their proliferative history and argues in favor of a progressive differentiation model driven by epigenetically controlled master regulators.

  A key element of adaptive immunity is the development of long-lived memory cells, which protect against recurring infection by providing a highly enriched pool of antigen-specific cells ready to react to the pathogen. Different classes of memory T cells occur upon primary activation of naive T cells, however, their detailed differentiation pathway is not entirely clear. As part of the IHEC consortium, we generated genome-wide epigenetic maps of a number of CD4+ T cell memory (Tmem) stages including rare subsets such as terminally differentiated (TEMRA) and bone marrow-resident Tmem. We found that CD4+ T cells show progressive global DNA demethylation with differentiation into memory stages, which reflects their proliferative history and likely indicates their decline in differentiation and proliferation potential. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling combined with co-regulation network analyses arranged different Tmem subsets into a successive differentiation pathway. In addition, we identified a number of epigenetically controlled candidate master regulators for Tmem formation, of which we functionally validated a new methylation-sensitive promoter for the known 'naive-keeper' transcription factor Foxp1. Our study highlights the power of epigenomic datasets in the elucidation of the cellular history but also of the functional potential of T cell populations including the identification of epigenetically controlled master regulators.

  Study EGAS00001001624

• Measurable residual disease in elderly acute myeloid leukemia: results from the PETHEMA-FLUGAZA phase III clinical trial

  The value of measurable residual disease (MRD) in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is inconsistent between those treated with intensive vs hypomethylating drugs, and unknown after semi-intensive therapy. We investigated the role of MRD in refining complete remission (CR) and treatment duration in the phase III PETHEMA-FLUGAZA clinical trial, that randomized 283 elderly AML patients to induction and consolidation with fludarabine plus cytarabine or induction and consolidation with 5-azacitidine. After consolidation, patients continued treatment if MRD≥0.01% or stopped if MRD<0.01%, assessed by multidimensional flow cytometry (MFC). On multivariate analysis including genetic risk and treatment arm, MRD status in patients achieving CR (N=72) was the only independent prognostic factor for cumulative-incidence of relapse (HR:2.95;P=.002) and relapse-free survival (HR:3.45;P=.002). A trend for longer overall survival was observed in patients with undetectable MRD (N=13/72). Although leukemic cells from most elderly AML patients display phenotypic aberrancies vs their normal counterpart (N=258/265), CD34 progenitors from cases with undetectable MRD by MFC displayed extensive genetic abnormalities identified by whole-exome sequencing. This study supports MRD assessment to refine CR after semi-intensive therapy or hypomethylating agents, but unveils that improved sensitivity is warranted to individualize treatment and prolong survival of elderly AML patients achieving undetectable MRD.

  Study EGAS00001004574

• Cerebral organoid model reveals excessive proliferation of human caudal late interneuron progenitors in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

  Although the intricate and prolonged development of the human brain critically distinguishes it from other mammals, our current understanding of neurodevelopmental diseases is largely based on work using animal models. Recent studies revealed that neural progenitors in the human brain are profoundly different from those found in rodent animal models. Moreover, post-mortem studies revealed extensive migration of interneurons into the late-gestational and post-natal human prefrontal cortex that does not occur in rodents. Here, we use cerebral organoids to show that overproduction of mid-gestational human interneurons causes Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), a severe neuro-developmental disorder associated with mutations in TSC1 and TSC2. We identify a previously uncharacterized population of caudal late interneuron progenitors, the CLIP-cells. In organoids derived from patients carrying heterozygous TSC2 mutations, dysregulation of mTOR signaling leads to CLIP-cell over-proliferation and formation of cortical tubers and subependymal tumors. Surprisingly, second-hit events resulting from copy-neutral loss-of-heterozygosity (cnLOH) are not causative for but occur during the progression of tumor lesions. Instead, EGFR signaling is required for tumor proliferation, opening up a promising approach to treat TSC lesions. Our study demonstrates that the analysis of developmental disorders in organoid models can lead to fundamental insights into human brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders.

  Study EGAS00001004586

• Exon4-mutations in KRAS Affect MEK-ERK and Pi3K-AKT Signaling in Multiple Myeloma

  Approximately 40% of MM cases harbor a point mutation in either KRAS or NRAS. However, it is still unclear whether RAS-mutations are associated with disease outcome. Specifically, no information exists whether KRAS-mutations have an impact on survival in MM patients at diagnosis that were treated with novel agents (e.g. bortezomib, lenalidomide). Targeting KRAS directly for therapeutic purposes is still impossible, but recently the first covalent mutant-specific inhibitor targeting KRASG12C made it into clinical trials. However, other KRAS-hotspot-mutations exist in MM patients, including the less common exon4-mutations. Within the current study, the coding regions of KRAS in 80 MM patients at diagnosis, uniformly treated with bortezomib and high-dose chemotherapy, were deep-sequenced. Moreover, the functional impact of KRASG12A as well as the two exon4-mutations A146T (AMO1) and A146V (MM patient) on different survival pathways was investigated. Specifically, an siRNA-mediated knockdown in AMO1 was performed and KRASWT, KRASG12A, KRAS146T and KRAS146V were overexpressed in the KRASWT cell lines JJN3 and OPM2 using lentiviral transduction and the transposase based Sleeping Beauty system. KRAS-mutations were not associated with survival. Yet, the expression of all KRAS-mutants had an impact on MEK/ERK-signaling in two independent MM cell lines and on AKT/PI3K-signaling in one MM cell line.

  Study EGAS00001004110

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Oesophageal_adenocarcinoma

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (40X and 20X depth respectively). Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001003702

• Genomics to select patients with metastatic breast cancer for targeted therapy (microarray_cytoscan)

  Cancer progression is driven in part by genomic alterations located in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The genomic characterization of cancers has shown a large interpatient heterogeneity regarding the driver alterations, leading to the concept that generating a genomic profiling by multigene sequencing in patients with cancer could allow selecting effective targeted therapies. While this concept has been broadly implemented in daily practice, there is no evidence that such approach improves patient outcome, and how to optimally select the therapy to administer. A genomic profiling using next generation sequencing and copy number analyses was performed 1462 patients with Her2-non overexpressing metastatic breast cancer included in SAFIR02 Breast trial. 238 of these patients were randomized in two trials between a targeted therapy matched to genomic alteration and a maintenance chemotherapy. The trial shows that targeted therapies matched to genomics improves progression free survival (PFS) when genomic alterations are classified level I/II according to ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of Molecular Targets (ESCAT) (adjusted HR: 0.41, 90% CI: 0.27-0.61, p<0.001), but not when alterations are classified beyond level II (unadjusted HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.76-1.75). This trial provides evidence that the treatment decision led by genomics should be driven by a framework of target actionability in patients with mBC.

  Study EGAS00001005584

• Coding and non-coding drivers of mantle cell lymphoma identified through exome and genome sequencing

  Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an uncommon B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is incurable with standard therapies. The genetic drivers of this cancer have not been firmly established and the features that contribute to differences in clinical course remain limited. To extend our understanding of the biological pathways involved in this malignancy, we performed a large-scale genomic analysis of MCL using data from 51 exomes and 34 genomes alongside previously published exome cohorts. To confirm our findings, we re-sequenced the genes identified in the exome cohort in 191 MCL tumors, each having clinical follow-up data. We confirmed the prognostic association of TP53 and NOTCH1 mutations. Our sequencing revealed novel recurrent non-coding mutations surrounding a single exon of the HNRNPH1 gene. In RNA-seq data from 103 of these cases, MCL tumors with these mutations had a distinct imbalance of HNRNPH1 isoforms. This altered splicing of HNRNPH1 was associated with inferior outcomes in MCL and showed a significant increase in protein expression by immunohistochemistry. We describe a functional role for these recurrent non-coding mutations in disrupting an auto-regulatory feedback mechanism, thereby deregulating HNRNPH1 protein expression. Taken together, these data strongly implicate a role for aberrant regulation of mRNA processing in MCL pathobiology.

  Study EGAS00001004289

• Genomics to select patients with metastatic breast cancer for targeted therapy (microarray_oncoscan)

  Cancer progression is driven in part by genomic alterations located in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The genomic characterization of cancers has shown a large interpatient heterogeneity regarding the driver alterations, leading to the concept that generating a genomic profiling by multigene sequencing in patients with cancer could allow selecting effective targeted therapies. While this concept has been broadly implemented in daily practice, there is no evidence that such approach improves patient outcome, and how to optimally select the therapy to administer. A genomic profiling using next generation sequencing and copy number analyses was performed 1462 patients with Her2-non overexpressing metastatic breast cancer included in SAFIR02 Breast trial. 238 of these patients were randomized in two trials between a targeted therapy matched to genomic alteration and a maintenance chemotherapy. The trial shows that targeted therapies matched to genomics improves progression free survival (PFS) when genomic alterations are classified level I/II according to ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of Molecular Targets (ESCAT) (adjusted HR: 0.41, 90% CI: 0.27-0.61, p<0.001), but not when alterations are classified beyond level II (unadjusted HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.76-1.75). This trial provides evidence that the treatment decision led by genomics should be driven by a framework of target actionability in patients with mBC.

  Study EGAS00001005586

• Genomics to select patients with metastatic breast cancer for targeted therapy (microarray_agilent)

  Cancer progression is driven in part by genomic alterations located in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. The genomic characterization of cancers has shown a large interpatient heterogeneity regarding the driver alterations, leading to the concept that generating a genomic profiling by multigene sequencing in patients with cancer could allow selecting effective targeted therapies. While this concept has been broadly implemented in daily practice, there is no evidence that such approach improves patient outcome, and how to optimally select the therapy to administer. A genomic profiling using next generation sequencing and copy number analyses was performed 1462 patients with Her2-non overexpressing metastatic breast cancer included in SAFIR02 Breast trial. 238 of these patients were randomized in two trials between a targeted therapy matched to genomic alteration and a maintenance chemotherapy. The trial shows that targeted therapies matched to genomics improves progression free survival (PFS) when genomic alterations are classified level I/II according to ESMO Scale for Clinical Actionability of Molecular Targets (ESCAT) (adjusted HR: 0.41, 90% CI: 0.27-0.61, p<0.001), but not when alterations are classified beyond level II (unadjusted HR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.76-1.75). This trial provides evidence that the treatment decision led by genomics should be driven by a framework of target actionability in patients with mBC.

  Study EGAS00001005587

• Real-time analysis of the cancer genome and fragmentome from plasma and urine short and long cell-free DNA using Nanopore sequencing

  Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can be isolated from blood and/or urine of cancer patients and analyzed with sequencing. Unfortunately, most conventional short-read sequencing methods are technically challenging, labor intensive and time consuming, requiring several days but more typically weeks to obtain interpretable data which are limited by a bias for short cfDNA fragments. Here, we demonstrate that with Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing  we can achieve economical and ultra-fast delivery of clinical data from liquid biopsies.   Our ‘ITSFASTR’ approach is able to deliver copy number aberrations, and cfDNA fragmentation profiles in less than 24 hours from sample collection. The tumor-derived cfDNA fraction calculated from lung cancer patient plasma and urine from bladder cancer patients was highly correlated (R=0.98) to the tumor fraction calculated from conventional short-read sequencing of the same samples. cfDNA size profile and fragmentation patterns in plasma and urine exhibited the typical cfDNA features yet with a significantly higher proportion of informative fragments that exceed 300bp, exhibiting similar tumor fraction than shorter size fragments. Notably, comprehensive fragment-end composition and nucleosome profiling near transcription start sites can be determined from the same data.  We propose that ITSFASTR is the first point-of-care solution for obtaining genomic and fragmentomic results from liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001006591

• BMP4 and temozolomide synergize in the majority of patient derived glioblastoma cultures

  The poor prognosis of patients with glioblastoma is partly due to resistance to standard treatment, which combines chemoradiation using temozolomide (TMZ). The concept of cancer stem cells provided new insight into tumor resistance and management, and isolated Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) which contribute to this therapy resistance. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a differentiation factor that stimulates astroglial differentiation of such GSCs, thereby reducing their self-renewal. Exposing GSCs to BMP4 could therefore sensitize them to chemotherapy with TMZ, but previous studies with various treatment paradigms have produced contradictory results in this matter. Therefore, we re-defined the optimal treatment paradigm for the combination of TMZ and BMP4 and subsequently re-assessed the inter-tumoral variability in response to co-treatment with TMZ+BMP4 in vitro. First, the simultaneous treatment was found more effective than sequential therapy. Second, after application of our optimized treatment protocol, 70% of a total of 20 patient-derived glioblastoma cultures showed synergy when the treatments were combined. The synergistic effect was a result of increased cellular apoptosis and not of decreased proliferation. Comparative RNA-sequencing suggested that combination treatment results in decreased MAPK signaling. We conclude that addition of BMP4 to standard therapy with TMZ could enlarge the group of patients with good therapeutic response.

  Study EGAS00001007095

• This study generated Oxford Nanopore long read sequencing data of cancer cell line mixtures for validating long-read variant calls in cancer genomics

  Long-read sequencing (LRS) improves genome alignment and facilitates resolving variants in complex genomic regions, making it a promising approach for cancer variant detection and biomarker discovery. Here, we evaluate the performance of LRS to detect somatic variants across different tumour purities and sequencing depths by comparing to somatic variants from short-read sequencing. We generated experimental mixtures of cancer cell lines and matched normal cell lines to simulate 10 tumour purities (ranging from 0 to 100% tumour content). This resulted in 22 samples which were sequenced using whole genome LRS to a targeted depth of 60x and somatic variants were identified. We downsampled sequencing data to explore the optimal read depth for somatic variant detection. Our results show that long-read variant calling tools achieve recall rates comparable to short-read gold standards. While a tumour sequencing depth of 30x to 60× is generally sufficient for detecting common variants, particularly structural variants (SVs), sequencing the matched normal sample at adequate depth is crucial for accuracy. Notably, we found variants unique to LRS that may represent real and previously undetected events. This study highlights key factors for optimising cancer genome sequencing with LRS and provides a comprehensive dataset of cell line mixtures for future research and tool development.

  Study EGAS00001008107

• Primary Prostate Tumor Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles

  The study cohort includes 525 Caucasian and African American prostate cancer (PCa) patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) as primary therapy for clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. These patients were previously enrolled in one of two population-based studies: 1) men 40-64 years of age, diagnosed between January 1993 and December 1996; and, 2) men 35-74 years of age, diagnosed between January 2002 and December 2005. Gleason grade and sum, diagnostic PSA, and pathological tumor stage were obtained from the SEER cancer registry. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tumor tissue blocks were obtained from RP specimens and used to make hematoxalin and eosin stained slides, which were reviewed by pathologists to confirm the presence/location of adenocarcinoma. For each patient two 1-mm tumor tissue cores from the dominant lesion that were enriched with >=75% tumor cells were taken for DNA purification. The RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit (Ambion/Applied Biosciences, Austin, TX) was used to extract DNA, which was then quantified (PicoGreen), aliquoted onto 96-well plates and shipped to Illumina for DNA methylation profiling using the Infinium® HumanMethylation450 BeadChip.

  Study phs001921

• NCI Expanded Genome-Wide Association Study of Renal Cell Carcinoma

  The National Cancer Institute (NCI) expanded genome-wide association study (GWAS) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was a 2nd GWAS of this cancer performed by NCI to further investigate common genetic variants associated with RCC risk. The GWAS includes 2,781 cases and 2,940 controls of European background from 13 studies conducted in the US and Finland (10 cohorts, 2 case series, 1 hospital biorepository), scanned using the Illumina OmniExpress and Omni2.5 SNP arrays. SNP-level results from this GWAS were combined by meta-analysis with results from the earlier NCI RCC GWAS (phs000351.v1.p1; 1,311 cases and 3,424 controls) and others conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (scan 1: 2,438 cases and 5,071 controls; scan 2: 2,781 cases and 2,940 controls), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (893 cases and 556 controls) and the Institute for Cancer Research, UK (944 cases and 4,024 controls). Only data from the second NCI scan are included in this dbGaP submission. Data from 239 cases and 229 controls from this scan will be deposited in dbGaP separately under the Women's Health Initiative (phs000200).

  Study phs001736

• Genomic Analysis of Follicular Lymphoma

  We included tumors from newly diagnosed or untreated follicular lymphoma in this study. Samples consented to the University of Iowa and Mayo Clinic Lymphoma Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) were included for data sharing. RNA was extracted from 1) CD19 sorted B cells from tumor cell suspension frozen in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; RNA Tumor B Cell, n=77), 2) tumor cell suspensions frozen in DMSO (RNA Tumor DMSO, n=78), and 3) tumor tissue sections frozen in optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT; RNA Tumor OCT, n=53). For RNA sequencing, library preparation was done using the Illumina TruSeq RNA Exome Kit and sequenced with 100 nucleotide paired-end reads using the HiSeq 4000. DNA was extracted from 1) tumor cell suspensions frozen in DMSO (DNA Tumor DMSO, n=78), 2) tumor tissue sections frozen in OCT (DNA Tumor OCT, n=33), and 3) germline DNA from peripheral blood (n=102) and from normal tissue adjacent tumor (n=9). For whole exome sequencing (WES), library preparation was done using the Agilent SureSelect XT kit and sequenced with 100 nucleotide paired-end reads using the Illumina HiSeq 4000.

  Study phs002989

• M116 Proteome Extracellular Vesicle Profiling

  For extracellular vesicles (ECV) extraction from plasma, 1M ammonium acetate was added to precipitate ECVs on ice for 45 min. Then, 100 mM ammonium acetate was added to the mixture, and ECVs were precipitated by centrifugation at 20,000g for 30 min. ECVs were washed with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. 1066-33-7). Then, 600 µl of 1% ammonium deoxycholate (Sigma Aldrich, Cat. K2755-1MG) were added. The concentration of protein in each sample was measured using a bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay). Ammonium bicarbonate was used to dilute 500 µg of protein into a final volume of 500 µl. Next, dithiothreitol (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. D9779) was added to obtain a final concentration of 20 mM, followed by iodoacetamide (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. I6125) to a final concentration of 40 mM. Next, trypsin (Roche, Cat. RTRYP-RO) was added to the sample in a 1:25 protein ratio and incubated at 37°C overnight. Next day, formic acid (ThermoFisher Scientific, Cat. 28905) in a final concentration of 0.1% was added and extraction of proteins was done using Empore™ Solid Phase Extraction Cartridges (3M), following manufacturer’s instructions. The eluted samples were then centrifuged for 90 min. using a speed vacuum centrifuge (Thermo, RC1010), followed by snap freezing in liquid nitrogen. Then, the samples were kept in a freeze dryer (LyoDry Compact Benchtop, MechaTech) overnight. Next, the samples were reconstituted in 30 µl of 0.1% formic acid (FA) and an o-Phthaladehyde (Oparil) assay was performed to determine the concentration of each sample. After that, the sample was prepared in a concentration of 0.5 µg/µl using 0.1% FA and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The samples were prepared in glass mass spectrometry vials for proteomic analysis using a Waters Synapt G2Si High-Definition Mass Spectrometry (Waters Corporation) operated by the MassLynx 4.1., 110 min. running time with 2 µl of an injection containing 1 µg of peptide. Quality controls were also run along with samples to guarantee consistency. Pooled quality controls were made from all samples, in which the samples were run at the beginning, middle and end of the mass spectrometry run. Samples were randomized before running the experiment. The proteomic data was then imported into Progenesis software 4.2 (Nonlinear Dynamic, UK) to identify and quantify peptides and proteins.

  Dataset EGAD50000001679

• The Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL) Collection of Patient-Derived Models of Prostate Cancer

  1. Low-Dose Carboplatin Modifies the Tumor Microenvironment to Augment CAR T Cell Efficacy in Human Prostate Cancer Models.Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to analyze the transcriptional modifications in the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer patient-derived xenografts (PDX). The analyzed PDX tumor was PDX-287R from the MURAL collection of PDXs (PMID: 34413304). Mice harboring PDX tumors were treated with the carboplatin chemotherapy, and tumors were harvested 3 weeks later. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to define immune and non-immune cell populations and anti-tumor innate immune signaling within the tumor microenvironment.To investigate the response of tumor cells to carboplatin treatment in more detail, RNA-Seq was performed on FACs-isolated tumor cells from PDX-287R at one week post-treatment. Gene set enrichment analysis showed an enrichment for apoptotic pathways, with significantly increased expression of the pro-apoptotic genes FAS, BAX, BBC3, IFI6, and JUN. Previously, carboplatin has been shown to activate the cGAS/STING pathway, and here we also found an increase in STING signaling, with an enrichment for the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and increased expression of STING1, STAT1 and STAT2. There was also a significant increase in the expression of genes involved in T cell chemotaxis, including CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL20. Collectively, carboplatin-induced cell death in tumor cells likely initiated a pro-inflammatory phenotype in prostate cancer PDXs.2. Co-Targeting BET, CREBBP, and EP300 Inhibits Neuroendocrine Signaling in Androgen Receptor-Null Prostate Cancer.The landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by a multitude of phenotypes, among which neuroendocrine disease holds a prominent position, each displaying unique responses to therapeutic interventions. The efficacy of inhibitors targeting BET and CREBBP/EP300 in prostate cancer treatment is widely acknowledged, primarily due to their ability to attenuate androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, the effectiveness of these inhibitors in prostate cancers devoid of AR remains uncertain.This investigation sought to elucidate the role of BRD4, CREBBP, and EP300, which are co-expressed in both AR-positive and AR-null prostate cancer. Our study revealed that a compound targeting all three proteins, NEO2734, exhibited efficacy in suppressing the growth of organoids from both AR-positive and AR-null tumors, as evidenced by alterations in viability, size, and cellular composition. Furthermore, NEO2734 treatment consistently led to transcriptional downregulation of cell cycle pathways across various models. In the context of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), NEO2734 demonstrated notable efficacy. Treatment with NEO2734 resulted in decreased expression of ASCL1 and other neuroendocrine markers (including SYP) , accompanied by a reduction in tumor growth in vivo. These findings collectively underscore the potential of epigenome-targeted inhibitors in impeding the growth of neuroendocrine prostate cancer, by disrupting lineage regulators in a phenotype-dependent manner. Consistent with the NEPC organoids and explants, NKX3-1 was upregulated in NEO2734-treated PDXs.In this study, we examined the impact of NEO2734 treatment on 6 organoids (treated for 24 hrs), 3 explants treated with JQ1 (for 48 hrs) and 2 PDXs (at two time points) using bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). These results are available through this dbGaP submission. The implications of these results warrant further exploration and development of compounds possessing similar activities for clinical applications. The ability of NEO2734 to mitigate the growth of both AR-positive and AR-null prostate cancer underscores its potential as a versatile therapeutic agent. Moreover, its efficacy in targeting neuroendocrine phenotypes offers promising avenues for addressing a subtype of CRPC that poses significant clinical challenges. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intricate interplay between epigenetic regulators and prostate cancer phenotypes. The observed effects of NEO2734 on growth inhibition and phenotype-specific disruption highlight the importance of continued research into compounds with similar epigenome-targeting mechanisms for advancing precision medicine approaches in the treatment of prostate cancer.3. Defining Focal Neuroendocrine Differentiation as a Transcriptionally Distinct Form of Prostate Cancer Pathology Characterized by the Expression of Androgen ReceptorsThe study aimed to understand the transcriptional differences among different neuroendocrine pathologies of prostate cancer. The study hypothesized that the diverse neuroendocrine pathology observed in prostate might be attributable to differences in transcriptional level that remain hidden in bulk RNA-Seq data. To investigate, we employed scRNA-seq to generate gene expression profiles of 18,632 individual tumor cells from 9 PDX models representing five distinct neuroendocrine pathologies of prostate cancer. Our analysis identified 3-8 transcriptionally distinct sub-populations per PDX. The expression of key oncogenic signaling pathways and master regulator activity varied across in neuroendocrine pathologies, with each type of pathology displaying a unique set of transcriptional sub-populations. We discovered that, like the amphicrine pathology, focal neuroendocrine differentiation (focal NED) cells maintain androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, the expression profiles of focal NED cells differed from the other pathologies, indicating it should be considered as a distinct type of neuroendocrine pathology in prostate cancer. Analysis of copy number alterations suggested little clonal divergence between focal NED cells and neighboring adenocarcinoma cells, emphasizing the transcriptional distinctiveness of focal NED.Overall, the findings suggest potential differences in treatment approaches for tumors from prostate cancer patients showing neuroendocrine pathology, especially focal NED.4. Reprogramming of Androgen Receptor Activity in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer is Shaped by Truncated Variants.Under the influence of treatments that target the androgen receptor (AR) axis, prostate cancer cells undergo various changes to the AR gene. This includes the production of truncated AR variants that lack the ligand binding domain and are constitutively active. However, the exact role of these truncated variants in shaping the AR signaling axis and their importance in therapy resistance is not yet fully understood. By examining the AR cistrome in a group of patient-derived prostate cancer models with different mechanisms of castration resistance, we observed diverse changes in AR activity in metastatic prostate cancer, including castration-resistant models. Specifically, we identified a unique subset of tumors characterized by the expression of ARv567es, a variant resulting from structural rearrangements of the AR gene. Tumors positive for ARv567es showed a distinct AR binding profile and epigenome compared to those without ARv567es, which was linked to an altered transcriptional profile. The presence of ARv567es is associated with poor responses to treatments, such as castration and bipolar androgen therapy (BAT), regardless of the presence of full-length AR. This involves disruption of the autoregulatory loop that controls AR gene transcription and reduced transcriptional responses to treatment. Overall, this study demonstrates that ARv567es can lead to transcriptional reprogramming in advanced prostate cancer and drive therapy resistance. 5. The MURAL Collection of Prostate Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts Enables Discovery Through Preclinical Models of Uro-Oncology.We created a comprehensive PDX resource for prostate cancer to facilitate the rapid and systematic evaluation of new therapies. This collection includes 59 tumors from 30 patients, gathered between 2012 and 2020, aligning with the availability of abiraterone and enzalutamide in the clinic. The PDXs cover the clinical, pathological, and genomic spectrum of prostate cancer, ranging from treatment-naïve primary tumors to castration-resistant metastases. We characterized heterogeneity in adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine phenotypes using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing. Additionally, organoids were cultured from PDXs, enhancing our preclinical study capabilities. Employing a 1x1x1 design, we quickly identified tumors with responses to combination therapies. To manage the distribution of PDXs, we established the Melbourne Urological Research Alliance (MURAL). This PDX collection significantly enhances our ability to test and prioritize effective treatments for future clinical trials in prostate cancer.6. Prostate Cancer Associated Fibroblasts Have Distinct Morpho-Mechanical Features That Are Associated With Patient Outcome.The tumor stroma, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), has a crucial role in tumor progression. This study focused on the morphological and mechanical properties of CAFs and normal prostatic fibroblasts. The findings revealed that CAFs had distinct morphological and mechanical characteristics compared to normal fibroblasts, such as differences in nuclear size, shape, F-actin arrangement, cellular volumes, and elasticity. Additionally, the study correlated these biophysical properties with transcriptomic data, identifying pathways and cellular components linked to the observed changes. Overall, high-throughput assessments of biophysical properties in prostate cancer cells and stromal components may serve as predictive tools for patient outcomes and help identify new therapeutic approaches targeting the tumor stroma.

  Study phs003369

• Somatic mutation and selection at epidemiological scale - TwinsUK_RENanoSeq_Buccal

  Utilising restriction enzyme NanoSeq, we hope to explore the somatic mutation burden and mutational signatures in buccal cells from TwinsUK donors. Some donors have paired blood samples and data from this will help contextualise that work. All donors have paired Targeted NanoSeq data from buccal swabs. As we age, many tissues become colonised by microscopic clones carrying somatic driver mutations. Some of these clones represent a first step towards cancer whereas others may contribute to ageing and other diseases. However, our understanding of the clonal landscapes of human tissues, and their impact on cancer risk, ageing and disease, remains limited due to the challenge of detecting somatic mutations present in small numbers of cells. Here, we introduce a new version of nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing method with error rates of less than 5 per billion base pairs, which is compatible with whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing. Deep sequencing of polyclonal samples with single-molecule sensitivity enables the simultaneous detection of mutations in large numbers of clones, yielding accurate somatic mutation rates, mutational signatures and driver mutation frequencies in any tissue. Applying targeted NanoSeq to 1,042 non-invasive samples of oral epithelium and 371 samples of blood from a twin cohort, we found an unprecedentedly rich landscape of selection, with 46 genes under positive selection driving clonal expansions in the oral epithelium, over 62,000 driver mutations, and evidence of negative selection in some genes. The high number of positively selected mutations in multiple genes provides high-resolution maps of selection across coding and non-coding sites, a form of in vivo saturation mutagenesis. Multivariate regression models enable mutational epidemiology studies on how carcinogenic exposures and cancer risk factors, such as age, tobacco or alcohol, alter the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations. Accurate single-molecule sequencing has the potential to unveil the polyclonal landscape of any tissue, providing a powerful tool to study early carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the role of somatic mutations in ageing and disease.

  Dataset EGAD00001015621

• Gene Expression and Regulatory Networks in Human Leukocytes - Immunological Variation Consortium

  Profiling of gene expression with microarrays holds great potential for human health, for illuminating disease pathways or providing biomarkers to monitor disease or its resolution. Using high-throughput approaches for genotyping, immunophenotyping and gene expression analysis, the project will examine the basis for the control of gene expression in human immune cells, and how it is influenced by natural genetic variation or aging. In practice, the project will combine several cross-informative approaches: 1) Building on the established sample/data pipelines and robust protocols of the Immunological Genome (ImmGen) project, and on established cohorts of ethnically diverse healthy volunteers at hand, microarray techniques will be used to generate whole-genome expression profiles from purified naive CD4+ lymphocytes and monocytes from 600 healthy volunteers. A dense genetic map will be established for all donors. The results will elucidate how variation in the human genome affects the expression of immune genes, of key importance in understanding gene variants that bring susceptibility to immune or inflammatory disease. Computational analysis of these rich data will allow the reconstruction of regulatory connections between genes, helping to establish general modules and those specific of a given immune cell type. These data will be complemented by an orthogonal data group, generated from a restricted subset of 10 individuals, in which we will profile a larger set of 28 carefully delineated cell populations that exist in human blood. This work will also benefit from powerful interspecies comparison with similar experiments being performed in mice by ImmGen. 2) In addition, RNA from the same set of 28 defined cell populations will be probed with microarrays that explore other aspects of the transcriptome: i) microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs; ii) exon or splice junction arrays that will establish a map of differential splicing in human blood leukocyte. 3) The composition and reactivity of blood cells from the same donors will be established at the time of sample collection using high-throughput flow cytometry, correlating immune phenotypes with gene expression and genetic variation. 4) Genetic variability conditions the baseline levels of gene expression, but also the responsiveness to activating challenges. With samples from the same donors, NanoString technology for transcript counting will be used to analyze the transcriptional response of defined gene sets, representing response signatures of T or dendritic cells, for a fine-grained dissection of responses to different triggers (different bacterial ligands for dendritic cells, different cytokine environment for T cells). In keeping with the resource aspect of this project, all data and interpretations will be made publicly available rapidly upon curation, allowing public querying and browsing of the data, by using and evolving the existing web architectures of the ImmGen project, of the Broad Institute, and of international repositories. RELEVANCE: Exploration with DNA chips of the genome's expression microarrays holds great potential for human health, to better understand disease and to serve as diagnostic tools. Using a combination of high-throughput genomic techniques and computational biology, we will perform a broad exploration of gene expression in human blood cells across groups of African-American, Asian and European ancestry, asking how these profiles are affected by genetic variation or by age. These results will provide an invaluable reference benchmark for the interpretation of genetic and immunological studies. Additionally, over 90% of genetic variants associated with complex human traits map to non-coding regions, but little is understood about how they modulate gene regulation in health and disease. One possible mechanism is that genetic variants affect the activity of one or more cis-regulatory elements leading to gene expression variation in specific cell types. To identify such cases, in a second study we analyzed ATAC-seq and RNA-seq profiles from stimulated primary CD4+ T cells in up to 105 healthy donors. We found regions of accessible chromatin (ATAC-peaks) are co-accessible at kilobase and megabase resolution. 15% of genetic variants located within ATAC-peaks affected the accessibility of the corresponding peak (ATAC-QTLs). ATAC-QTLs have the largest effects on co-accessible peaks, are associated with gene expression, and are enriched for autoimmune disease variants. Our results provide insights into how natural genetic variants modulate cis-regulatory elements, in isolation or in concert, to influence gene expression. In another study we analyzed RNA-seq profiles from primary CD4+ T cells of two healthy donors at six time points from 0 to 72 hours after stimulation with bead-bound antibodies against CD3 and CD28.

  Study phs000815

• Whole Genome Scan for Pancreatic Cancer Risk in the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium and Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanScan)

  Within the framework of the NCI-sponsored Cohort Consortium, investigators from 12 prospective epidemiologic cohorts formed the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium in 2006. This study, also known as "PanScan", is funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and involves conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of common genetic variants to identify markers of susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. In 2007, the study was expanded to include 8 case-control studies. The study team includes scientists from the cohorts comprising the Consortium, the NCI and the Pancreatic Cancer Case Control Consortium (PanC4). PanScan I and II were conducted in 12 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies, leading to the discovery of four novel regions in the genome associated with risk for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The third phase of PanScan (PanScan III) was conducted using recently identified incident pancreatic cancer cases drawn from fourteen cohorts from the cohort consortium, including nine prospective cohorts who participated in PanScan I, and five newly joined cohorts. The nine cohort studies that participated in PanScan I and had new genotyping of cases in PanScan III include ATBC, CPS-II, EPIC, HPFS, NHS, PHS, PLCO, SMWHS, and WHI; the five newly joined cohort studies include the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), the Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC), the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS), the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL), and Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). In addition to the cases from cohorts, we also included cases from the Gastrointestinal Cancer Clinic of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Study (DFCI-GCC); from the University Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany, which is part of a larger European clinical case-control study (PANDoRA); and from clinic-based cases from eastern Spain (PANKRAS-II). The dbGaP datasets available include all subjects previously made available from PanScan I and II, plus 1,582 new incident pancreatic cancer cases of European descent from prospective cohorts, case-control studies or case series (genotyped as part of PanScan III). Also included are 61 pancreatic cancer cases and 67 control subjects from PanScan I as well as 173 pancreatic cancer cases from PanScan III of Asian ancestry from the Shanghai Men's and Women's Health Study (Supplemental Table 10, Wolpin et al. (Nat Genet, 2014)). The control population used in the analysis for the Wolpin et al. manuscript included cancer-free individuals from the prospective cohorts that contributed pancreatic cancer cases to PanScan III and controls from the Spanish Bladder Cancer SBC/EPICURO study that were previously genotyped using the OmniExpress, Omni 1M or Omni 2.5M SNP arrays. The data from these control subjects were posted to dbGaP under the GWAS in which they were initially genotyped and will not be made available in duplicate under this dbGaP study.The summary statistics for PanScan I-III were generated as detailed in Wolpin BM. et al., Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer, Nature Genetics 2014; 46(9):994-1000 (https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3052), and Klein, A. et al., Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies five new susceptibility loci for pancreatic cancer, Nature Communications, 2018;9(1):556 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-02942-5). The dataset includes results from an association study of 5,117 individuals diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and 8,845 control individuals, or a total of 13,962 subjects of European ancestry (as compared to the genotype and phenotype information under this project that includes 9,437 individuals (PanScan I and II PDAC case and control individuals and PanScan III PDAC cases only). This is due to the fact that PanScan III “borrowed” GWAS data from control individuals genotyped separately from the PanScan GWAS project and are therefore not included as raw genotypes in phs000206.v5.p3. Association analysis was performed separately for PanScan I-II and PanScan III, followed by a meta-analysis of the two datasets. Results were filtered based on a minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.01, an imputation INFO score < 0.3 and a heterogeneity P-value < 1x10-10 leaving a total of 9,758,390 variants. Columns in the summary statistics dataset are as follows: ID: variant rsIDChr: chromosome numberPosition: position in the chromosome, genome build GRCh37/hg19MarkerName: variant identifierAllele1: reference alleleAllele2: alternative alleleFreq1: allele frequency for allele2FreqSE: standard error of the allele frequencyMinFreq: the minimal allele frequency across studiesMaxFreq: the max allele frequency across studiesEffect: effect size for allele2StdErr: standard errorP-value: meta-analysis p-valueDirection: summary of effect direction for each studyHetISq: I^2 statistic which measures heterogeneity on scale of 0-100%HetChiSq: chi-squared statistic in simple test of heterogeneityHetDf: degrees of freedom for heterogeneity statisticHetPVal: P-value for heterogeneity statistic

  Study phs000206

• Whole_Exome_Sequencing_for_Characterization_of_Disease_Causing_Mutations_in_two_Pakistani_Families_Suffering_from_Autosomal_Recessive_Ocular_Disorders_

  We propose to use whole exome Agilent solutionprobes and paired end Illumina sequencing to sequence 4 individualsfrom two families suffering from novel autosomal recessive disease[microphthalmia, MOP (OMIM %251600) and non-syndromic persistenthyperplastic primary vitreous, PHPV (OMIM %611311)]. Selectedcandidate variants will subsequently be genotyped in the remainingfamily members in Pakistan with the aim of identifying the rarehomozygous recessive mutations responsible for the disease phenotype. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000026

• Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) samples were sequenced using the Nimblegen MedExome hybridization capture to detect translocations, copy number changes, and mutations in 20 pPCL samples and patient matched controls.

  Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a rare malignancy related to multiple myeloma. Here we have assembled 20 patient samples and performed whole exome sequencing to determine the differences between multiple myeloma and pPCL. CD138+ cells were purified from bone marrow aspirates from patients with pPCL. Control cells were obtained from CD34+ stem cell harvests or CD3+ T cells. DNA was extracted and processed using the HyperPlus library prep kit (KAPA Biosystems) and sequenced using 75 bp paired end reads on an Illumina NextSeq500.

  Study EGAS00001003104

• Gene Expression and Epigenetic Analyses of Human Myocytes From Different Muscles

  The study contains expression and DNA methylation data of in vitro cultured myoblasts derived from biopsies of control, FSHD1 and FSHD2 patients from the tibialis anterior, quadricep, bicep and deltoid. Expression data is from bulk RNA-seq using the SmartSeq2 protocol for days 0 and 5 of in vitro differentiation of primary myocytes from the bicep and deltoid of FSHD1 patients. DNA methylation data was produced using the TruSeq Methyl Capture EPIC kit (Illumina) for days 0, 3 and 12 of in vitro differentiation of primary myocytes from the tibialis anterior and quadricep of healthy individuals and FSHD2 patients.

  Study phs002554

• Subtyping Sub-Saharan Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Comprehensive Molecular Analysis

  Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) occurs as much as 20x more frequently in sub-Saharan Africa than Western countries. Through the UNC-Malawi project collaboration we obtained whole-exome matched tumor/normal and RNA sequencing of 59 ESCC from Malawi between 2011-2012. DNA analysis revealed similar mutations as other cohorts, while RNA analysis revealed three distinct subtypes. Mutational signature analysis revealed a pattern of mutation not previously reported in other cohorts or more broadly. Taken together this suggests the high prevalence of ESCC in the region is secondary to an as yet identified mutagen.

  Study phs001448

• Biesecker Lab (NHGRI) Whole Genome Medical Sequencing for Gene Discovery

  We aim to use whole-genome medical sequencing (WGMS) to discover causative molecular lesions for a set of rare, severe phenotypes hypothesized to be caused by either somatic mutations, germline de nova heterozygous mutations, germline inherited recessive, or germline inherited dominant mutations in currently unknown or uncharacterized genes. The goal of this research is threefold: to identify causative sequence variants for disorders whose molecular etiology was previously unknown, to apply this insight to both the rare disorders under study and more common phenotypes, and to enhance the study of mutation on a genome-wide level.

  Study phs001348

• High-Throughput RNA Isoform Sequencing using Programmable cDNA Concatenation

  MAS-ISO-seq is a novel technique for programmably concatenating cDNAs into single molecules for optimal long-read sequencing. In practice, this boosts throughput >15 fold to nearly 40 million cDNA reads per run on the PacBio Sequel IIe sequencer. We have validated this method via application to synthetic RNA isoforms and single-cell sequencing of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Results demonstrated a >30 fold boosted discovery of differentially spliced genes and robust cell clustering, as well as canonical PTPRC splicing patterns across T cell subpopulations and the concerted expression of the associated hnRNPLL splicing factor.

  Study phs003200

• Whole Exome Sequencing of Uveal Melanoma

  Uveal melanoma is a rare form of melanoma that occurs in the eye and has no effective treatment once metastatic. To further characterize the genomic events driving uveal melanoma, whole exome sequencing was performed on 61 primary tumors derived from enucleations, 3 liver metasases, and paired normal DNA. Recurrent somatic genetic alterations including point mutations, small insertions and deletions, as well as copy number variations were identified. In addition, RNA sequencing of uveal melanoma cell lines expressing shRNAs was performed from total RNA as well as polysome-associated mRNA in order to identify transcripts regulated by EIF1AX at the level of translation.

  Study phs001370

• Maternal Plasma Folate and DNA Methylation in Epigenome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Newborns

  Folic acid is routinely recommended for women trying to conceive to ensure proper fetal development. Mechanisms whereby periconceptional folate influences normal development and disease are poorly understood: epigenetics may be involved. This data represents meta-analysis results from a large epigenomics study to examine the association between maternal plasma folate during pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation using Illumina's HumanMethyl450 (450K) Beadchip in 1,996 newborns from two European cohorts. Results for all CpGs analyzed (419,905) are provided. These data may be downloaded through the dbGaP Authorized Access portal under phg000701.v1.

  Study phs001059

• Targeted Long-Read Sequencing of the Ewing Sarcoma 6p25.1 Susceptibility Locus

  Ewing Sarcoma (EwS) is rare but the second most common cancer in children, adolescents and young adults. Recent studies suggest germline variation in or around GGAA microsatellites may interact with fusion oncoprotein binding causing changes in binding affinity and potentially impacting enhancer activity on nearby target genes. This study aims to better understand germline variation around EwS susceptibility regions by performing long-range haplotype sequencing of these regions using PacBio sequencing. Our analysis focused on characterizing variation in GGAA microsatellite length as well as germline variants in or around the microsatellite and their association with EwS risk.

  Study phs003159

• TCR Repertoire Sequencing to Evaluate the Diversity of Follicular Helper T Cells in HIV Infected Lymph Nodes

  The TCR repertoire of CD4+ T cells in human lymph nodes is a case-based analysis of the TCR repertoire of CD4+ T cells in human lymph nodes. The study aims to determine how HIV infection alters the repertoire complexity of follicular helper T cells (TFH) in relationship to other T cell subsets in the lymphoid compartment. This study performs TCR repertoire sequencing using Molecular Identifier Clustering-based Immune Repertoire Sequencing (MIDCIRS). We found TFH cells become clonally expanded and convergently selected in LNs from patients with chronic HIV infection.

  Study phs001548

• NHLBI TOPMed: Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) African American Coronary Artery Calcification (AA CAC)

  The Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) is a family-based study enriched for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The cohort included 1443 European American and African American participants from 564 families with multiple cases of type 2 diabetes (Bowden et al., 2010. Review of Diabetic Studies 7:188-201. PMID: 21409311). The cohort was recruited between 1998 and 2006. Participants were extensively phenotyped for measures of subclinical CVD and other known CVD risk factors. Primary outcomes were quantified burden of vascular calcified plaque in the coronary artery, carotid artery, and abdominal aorta all determined from non-contrast computed tomography scans.

  Study phs001412

• NSD2 E1099K Drives Relapse in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Disrupting 3D Chromatin Organization

  NSD2 p.E1099K (EK) is a mutation shown to be enriched in patients that relapse with pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). This work aims to uncover 3D chromatin architecture-related mechanisms responsible for drug resistance or therapy failure in these patients. We investigated this by performing Hi-C, ATAC-Seq, and RNA-Seq on three B-ALL cell lines heterozygous for EK either expressing a NSD2 targeting small RNA (sRNA) or a non-targeting small hairpin RNAs (shRNA). We also performed RNA-Seq on three matched diagnosis/relapse B-ALL samples with the relapse enriched EK mutation.

  Study phs003195

• Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies

  Combined Immunodeficiency with Multiple Intestinal Atresias (CID-MIA) is a rare genetic disorder with the cause previously unknown. Symptoms of CID-MIA include atresias in the small and/or large intestine, as well as immunodeficiency. In this study, we sequenced the whole exome of 5 unrelated CID-MIA patients as well as their healthy family members, and identified deleterious homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the gene TTC7A in all the 5 patients, as well as in 3 additional patients with Sanger sequencing. Our findings strongly indicate TTC7A dysfunction to be the cause for CID-MIA.

  Study phs000641

• Single Cell Analysis of Sporadic Human Basal Cell Carcinomas

  To explore tumor heterogeneity in sporadic human basal cell carcinoma tumors, we profiled three individual patient tumors by scRNA-Seq and scATAC-Seq. Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are driven by hedgehog signaling with GLI1 representing the key downstream transcription factor that drives tumor growth. GLI1 as such is a readout of active hedgehog signaling. We identified that LY6D can mark squamous populations such as in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) that are negative for GIL1 and hedgehog signaling. As such, both GLI1 and LY6D can be used as biomarkers of BCCs and SCCs and their related states.

  Study phs003103

• Population Genetics Analysis Program: Immunity to Vaccines/Infections - Smallpox Vaccination (NIAID/NIH)

  The study examines the role of candidate human immune response gene polymorphisms (and their receptors, expression and function) and variations in immune response, among 1,000 active duty members of the military who were recently vaccinated with ACAM2000 or Dryvax Smallpox vaccine. In addition to the phenotype and genotype data available through dbGaP, extensive clinical data are available through NIAID's ImmPort data portal; information to map the the data available in dbGaP to the data available in ImmPort is provided in the dataset pht005302.v1.p1 of the current study, dbGaP phs001057.v1.p1.

  Study phs001057

• Combined Targeting of CDK4/6 and HER2 Signaling in Orthotopic Patient-Derived Xenografts of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Brain Metastases

  Patients with metastatic HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer will frequently develop brain metastases (BCBMs). Here, we report that p16INK4A, a tumor suppressor, is deficient in the majority of HER2+ BCBMs. Furthermore, p16INK4A deficiency, as measured by protein immunohistochemistry, can be a predictive marker associated with response to combined treatment with tucatinib and abemaciclib in our orthotopic patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) models of HER2+ BCBMs. Our findings provide the rationale for a biomarker-driven clinical trial of combined treatment with CDK4/6- and HER2-targeted agents for patients with HER2+ BCBM.  

  Study phs002482

• NHLBI TOPMed - NHGRI CCDG: The Vanderbilt AF Ablation Registry

  The Vanderbilt Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Registry (VAFAR) was founded in 2011. Patients with AF referred for AF ablation are prospectively enrolled. A detailed clinical history is recorded, along with imaging data (cardiac MRI or CT). Blood samples are obtained for DNA extraction at the time of ablation. Details of the ablation procedure are recorded. Patients are longitudinally followed to monitor for AF recurrence. VAFAR contributed 171 samples submitted to dbGaP for WGS: 115 were from male subjects, of which 113 were white/non-Hispanic and 2 were Hispanic; 56 were from females, of which all 56 were white/non-Hispanic.

  Study phs000997

• Analysis of the Genetic Basis of Height in Large Jewish Nuclear Families

  This is a family based study of the genetic basis of height, which focused on very large nuclear families (10 siblings or more, average of 12), all from a founder (Jewish) population. All participants have completed their growth. This study design increases the frequency of some genetic variants that are rare in a cosmopolitan population but segregate in our cohort. Participants were genotyped with a ~630,000 SNP array (Affymetrix Axiom Biobank), and their standing height, sitting height and arm span were measured with high accuracy (±0.1 cm, with 4 technical repeats). All genomic coordinates refer to genome build hg19.

  Study phs001852

• Merkel Cell Carcinoma Tissue and Data Repository

  Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer with increasing incidence in the United States. In this study we performed the first whole genome sequencing of three Merkel cell carcinomas with their matched normal tissues for somatic variant calling. From these data we describe the likely mechanism of Merkel cell polyomavirus integration and focal host genomic amplifications in two tumors and the dominance of UV-mediated mutagenesis in a virus-negative tumor. We also performed poly-A RNA sequencing on a total of six Merkel cell carcinomas to address expression differences between virus-positive and virus-negative MCC.

  Study phs002189

• RNA-Seq of Whole Blood from Pediatric Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) Patients

  The aim of this study is to define the immune cell transcriptome by next generation RNA sequencing in blood from individuals with SCA, in comparison to healthy African American controls. This study has a cross-sectional case-control design. We will compare the transcriptome profiles of blood mononuclear cells from healthy age-matched African American children without cardiovascular disease or risk factors (“Controls”) to those of children with SCA, age 5 -21 years, who are not receiving chronic red blood cell transfusions or hydroxyurea therapy to identify genes that are differentially expressed in SCA. 

  Study phs002687

• Type I Interferon and Cycling Lymphocytes in Macrophage Activation Syndrome

  We performed immune profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Still's disease and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) using bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing. Three groups were included in the study: healthy controls, patients with Still's disease without macrophage activation syndrome, and patients with Still's disease and macrophage activation syndrome. We found that macrophage activation syndrome is associated with transcriptomic signatures of interferon upregulation and cell cycling. We identified cycling lymphocytes within T cell and NK cell populations that are correlated with MAS disease activity. All sequencing data are available through dbGaP.

  Study phs003310

• Circulating RNAs in Acute Heart Failure (CRUCIAL)

  The purpose of this American Heart Association-funded and NIH-funded study is to examine circulating RNAs in the acute congestive heart failure (CHF) setting, and how they change with decongestive therapy, and their function in vitro and in vivo. The investigators are testing the hypothesis that ex-RNA levels change significantly during decongestion therapy and can be used as a marker of those individuals who respond to CHF therapy (in terms of cardiac structure or outcome). Additionally, the translational research design allows the investigators to assay the effects of these RNAs on tissue phenotypes in vitro.

  Study phs003403

• Joint Addiction, Aging, and Mental Health Data Access Committee General Research Use Datasets (GSR Restricted) Collection

  This collection contains the Joint Addiction, Aging, and Mental Health Data Access Committee's authorized individual-level genomic datasets currently in dbGaP that are approved for General Research Use (GRU) and have no further limitations beyond those outlined in the model Data Use Certification Agreement. The public posting of Genomic Summary Results are not allowed. Access to this study collection will include additional authorized individual-level GRU datasets that become available. Renewal of this study collection is required annually. To request access to this study collection, select phs003421 in the dbGaP Authorized Access System.

  Study phs003421

• "BaTwa" populations from Zambia retain ancestry of past hunter-gatherer groups

  We genotyped and analyzed over two million genome-wide SNPs from two BaTwa populations (40 individuals by population), and from three comparative farming populations (10 to 21 individuals by population) in order to: (i) determine if the Zambian BaTwa carry any genetic material linking them to past hunter-gatherer-groups, and (ii) characterize the genetic affinities of past Zambian hunter-gatherer-groups. We found that both BaTwa populations harbor a hunter-gatherer- like genetic component, representing ∼19% (Bangweulu) and ∼31% (Kafue) of their genetic ancestry, while the rest of their ancestry is similar to western Africans.

  Study EGAS50000000378

• Spatiotemporal single-cell roadmap of human skin wound healing

  Wound healing is vital for human health, yet the details of cellular dynamics and coordination in human wound repair remain largely unexplored. To address this, we conducted single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analyses on human skin and acute wound tissues through inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases of wound repair from the same individuals, monitoring the cellular and molecular dynamics of human skin wound healing at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Comparison with single-cell data from venous and diabetic foot ulcers uncovers a link between failed keratinocyte migration and impaired inflammatory response in chronic wounds.

  Study EGAS50000000571

• Distinct immune cell infiltration patterns in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibit divergent immune cell selection and immunosuppressive mechanisms

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a dismal prognosis. A comprehensive analysis of single-cell multi-omic data from matched tumour-infiltrated CD45+ cells and peripheral blood in 12 patients, and two published datasets, reveals a complex immune infiltrate. Patients have either a myeloid-enriched or adaptive-enriched tumour microenvironment. Lymphocyte enrichment is intrinsically linked with highly distinct B and T cell clonal selection, diversification, and differentiation. Using TCR data, we see the largest clonal expansions in CD8 effector memory, senescent cells, and highly activated regulatory T cells which are induced within the tumour from naïve cells. We identify pathways that potentially lead to a suppressive microenvironement, including targets of immunotherapy and checkpoints including TIGIT/PVR and SIRPA/CD47. PDAC patient tumors from the APACT clinical trial revealed that patients with myeloid enrichment had the shorter overall survival compared to those adaptive cell enrichment. We identify multiple therapeutic targets that should form the basis for rational design including boosting of B cell responses, targeting immunosuppressive macrophages, and specific Treg depletion approaches. The dataset is scRNA-seq data from PDAC patients.

  Dac EGAC50000000319

• Single-cell Analysis of Neoplastic Plasma Cells Identifies Novel Myeloma Pathobiology Mediators and Potential Targets

  Newly diagnosed symptomatic and relapsed/refractory myeloma is a clonal plasma cell (PC) dyscrasia that arises from precursors which have been studied utilizing bulk or single-cell (sc) techniques. By combining scRNA-sequencing with scB-cell receptor (BCR)-sequencing, we found more dysregulated genes in monoclonal PCs compared with analyses of the entire CD138+ population, which includes non-neoplastic/polyclonal PCs. Paired tumor and non-tumor WGS was performed to evaluate the presence of IgH-associated translocations and hyperdiploidy events, initially detected by FISH, in a subset of samples included in this study.

  Study EGAS50000000801

• Addiction of Primary Cutaneous Gamma-Delta T-cell Lymphomas to JAK-STAT Signaling

  Primary cutaneous γδ T-cell lymphoma (PCGDTL) is a mature T-cell lymphoma (TCL) of the skin with a median survival of 31 months and no effective therapies. PCGDTLs frequently possess mutations in the JAK/STAT pathway, including in JAK1, JAK3, STAT3, STAT5B, and SOCS1. We hypothesized that single-agent JAK inhibition may be effective in PCGDTLs, particularly those with targetable JAK/STAT pathway mutations. Herein, we demonstrate the near-complete response of two PCGDTL cases to single-agent JAK inhibitors, ruxolitinib or cerdulatinib. However, both patients eventually relapsed with acquired mutations in JAK1, JAK3, or STAT5B.

  Study phs003837

• Integrated Transcriptomic and Regulatory RNA Profiling Reflects Complex Pathophysiology and Uncovers a Conserved Gene Signature in End Stage Heart Failure RNA-Seq data

  Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome. Despite availability of multiple treatment options, the mortality remains high and the quality of life poor. Better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes can lead to development of novel therapies. Multiple comparative transcriptomics studies, which revealed gene level changes in the key pathophysiological pathways in failing hearts, point towards heterogeneity from interplay of disease stage, etiologies and ethnicity. Transcriptomic characterization of HF in patients from different ethnicities can potentially help in understanding the heterogeneity imparted by various factors and the core elements in heart failure.

  Study EGAS50000000810

• Comparison of transcriptomics profile of stem cell-derived beta cells from HUES8 and RC9

  Stem cell-derived islet cells have a potential to be used to restore endogenous insulin production in people with diabetes. The goal of this experiment is to compare the transcriptomics profile of stem-cell derived beta cells from two different cell lines: HUES8 (non-clinical grade) and RC9 (clinical grade) in terms of beta cell identity and maturity. Stem cell-derived islets were produced using differentiation protocol detailed in Rajaei et al. 2025 (manuscript approved in Science Translational Medicine, pending pubmed ID). Single cell transcriptomics data were generated using 10x Genomics 3' Single Cell Gene Expression kit.

  Study EGAS50000000905

• RNA-seq data of bone marrow CD34-positive cells from 57 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and 5 healthy individuals (62 participants in total)

  Genetic mutations in hematopoietic neoplasms, seen in disease-specific and non-specific ways, are key drivers in pathogenesis. Typically, these mutations alone don't cause neoplasms; rather, multiple mutations or breakdowns in regulatory mechanisms occur, progressing the disease through stages. Genetic mutation patterns vary even within subtypes, suggesting shared gene expression abnormalities from different mutations may drive neoplasm development. Identifying these "common factors" is vital for effective molecular-targeted therapy development. Our study aims to elucidate neoplasm pathogenesis by analyzing patient genetic abnormalities, pinpointing "common factors" in each subtype for novel targeted therapy development.

  Study JGAS000724

• Targeted capture, whole genome sequencing, and RNAseq to identify rearrangements in B-cell lymphomas

  This study contains whole genome and custom targeted capture sequencing of mature B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL, FL, BL, HGBCL-DH-BCL2, HGBCL-DH-BCL6) to identify translocation breakpoints of common oncogene rearrangements (MYC, BCL2, BCL6). It is complemented by RNAseq data where available. Complete details are available in the publication Hilton et al, 2024, Blood. Capture sequencing: 357 samples; 364 unique libraries; cram file format aligned to hg38 Whole genome sequencing: 12 samples; 12 unique libraries; cram file format aligned to grch37 RNAseq: 257 samples; 257 unique libraries; fastq file format

  Study EGAS50000000328

• A non-canonical lymphoblast in refractory childhood T-cell leukaemia

  Refractory cancers may arise either through the acquisition of resistance mechanisms by cancer cells or represent distinct diseases. The origin of childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) that does not respond to initial treatment, i.e. refractory disease, is unknown. Refractory T-ALL carries a poor prognosis and cannot be predicted at diagnosis. Here, we performed single cell mRNA sequencing of T-ALL from children who did or did not respond to initial treatment. We identified a transcriptionally distinctive blast population, exhibiting features of innate-like lymphocytes, as the major source of refractory disease.

  Study EGAS50000000767

• Single B cell analysis in pemphigus patients

  pemphigus is caused by autoantibodies that target cell-cell adhesion molecules, desmoglein(Dsg). Clinical effect of anti-CD20 antibody therapy suggtests that Dsg-specific memory B cell, the precursor of autoantigen secreting plasmablast, may play an important role of disease activity. This study aimed to isolate Dsg-specific memory B cell using recombinant labeled Dsg proteins and performed single cell RNA-sequence to detect autoimmune B cell specific gene expression. For control, we also isolate non-Dsg specific memory B cells from same patients, or forein antigen (Flu HA) specific memory B cells from vaccinated healthy volunteers.

  Study JGAS000281

• Comprehensive genetic landscape, immune checkpoint profiling, and establishment of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of metachronous brain tumors from constitutive mismatch repair deficiency with a biallelic variant on MSH6

  Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in mismatch repair genes (PMS2, MSH6, MLH1, or MSH2) resulting in the development of a variety of different tumors, including brain neoplasms. This study molecularly characterized a Brazilian child with CMMRD, harboring two metachronous brain tumors (medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma), and established a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of the CMMRD-associated brain tumor. Keywords: Brazil, Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, exome, MSH6, medulloblastoma, high-grade glioma.

  Study EGAS50000000351

• Transcriptomic profiling of skin biopsies from psoriasis patients following treatment with Zasocitinib

  The objective of this study is the exploratory analysis and characterization of psoriasis using RNA-seq-based profiling. Specifically, the cutaneous and serum biomarker profiles associated with the molecular, histological and clinical effects of Zasocitinib treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis were characterized. To evaluate differences between the transcriptomic profiles of Zasocitinib- and placebo-treated patients, exploratory biomarker endpoints included quantification of skin biomarkers, such as immune cell infiltration and mRNA expression levels in lesional and non-lesional skin, as well as quantification of circulating cytokines and other inflammatory biomarkers.

  Study EGAS50000001548

• Discordant_Monozygotic_Twins_ALS(Transcriptomics)

  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron degeneration. Despite known genetic contributions to both familial and sporadic ALS cases, much of ALS heritability remains unexplained, suggesting the involvement of other genetic and epigenetic factors. To address this gap, we used a comprehensive multi-omics approach, in a pair of Italian monozygotic twins discordant for ALS, integrating DNA methylation, transcriptomics, and whole exome sequencing (WES). Here we share transcriptomic data derived from bulk RNA-seq on RNA extracted from PBMCs of the twin pair. This analysis revealed distinct transcriptomic profiles underlying the discordant disease phenotypes.

  Study EGAS50000000909

• Transcriptional characterization of human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and natural killer (NK) cells from fresh umbilical cord blood

  The heterogenicity of cord blood ILCs (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3) and NK cells in humans has so far not been assessed. In this study, we sorted from fresh cord blood the respective cell types from 3 donors and performed single-cell transcriptome analysis. To achieve high resoluation, each sorted population was labelled individually via multiplexing antibodies and subsequent Abseq staining before pooling. To determine single-cell transcriptomes the BD Rhapsody pipeline was performed. This is the first data set to characterize human ILCs and NK cells at such depth.

  Study EGAS50000001204

• Bleomycin Induced Pneumonitis cohort of the Exceptional Responders Program of the Garvan Institute of Medical Research

  Bleomycin is a cytotoxic antibiotic and forms a key component of the curative-intent chemotherapy regimens for germ cell tumours (GCT) and lymphoma. However, the drug can be associated with a range of lung toxicity, including idiosyncratic inflammation termed bleomycin induced pneumonitis (BIP), which can lead to irreversible interstitial fibrosis and death. This study aims to identify germline genomic changes associated with BIP in patients receiving bleomycin as treatment for GCT or lymphoma, who develop clinically significant BIP despite low predicted risk based on absence of traditional risk factors.

  Study EGAS50000001545

• Single-cell transcriptomic data from tumor samples

  Extramedullary multiple myeloma is an aggressive form of multiple myeloma where the myeloma cells escape BM microenvironment and infiltrate distant tissues.We analyse using single cell techniques, the composition and functional state of major immune cells in EMM tumor microenvironment, T and NK cells. This dataset contains the singlecell RNAseq data used in the publication. It includes scRNAseq data from tumor samples across extramedullary multiple myeloma soft tissue (EMM) (n=5; 3 additional samples in the study are under accession numbers mentioned in the publication), EMM bone marrow (EMM_BM) (n=5), and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM_BM) BM (n=6).

  Study EGAS50000001038

• RNA sequencing data of 142 samples from 142 patients with HER2+ breast cancer treated with letrozole or tamoxifen (SOLTI PAMELA trial)

  PAMELA (NCT01973660) is a non-randomized, open-label, multicentric, prospective translational research study in stage I-IIIA HER2+ breast cancer designed to evaluate the ability of the PAM50 intrinsic subtypes to predict pCR in the breast (pCRB) following 18 weeks of neoadjuvant lapatinib and trastuzumab (+/- hormonal therapy if hormone receptor [HR] positive). Patients with HR+ disease received letrozole (if postmenopausal) or tamoxifen (if pre-menopausal). The primary objective was to compare the pCRB rates of the HER2-E versus the non-HER2-E subtypes in the intent-to-treat population.

  Study EGAS00001006410

• Breast Cancer - Very young women

  This project will focus on sequencing of breast cancer from young age cancer patients characterized by age at diagnosis under 35. Based on the incidence rate by Korean National Cancer Incidence Database, breast cancer is the most common solid tumors among young adults aged 15-34 excepting thyroid cancer (Cancer statistics in Korea (2012)). This project just started from the mid of 2015. National cancer center in Korea are collecting more than 100 tumor specimens from breast cancer patients aged 20-34. Genetic features of young patients will be investigated with somatic mutation pattern, structural variations, and canonical pathways.

  Study EGAS00001001908

• 503 genotypes from Inner Asia used in 'Close inbreeding and low genetic diversity in Inner Asian human populations despite geographical exogamy' publication

  Inner Asia is particularly interesting to understand human history and evolution, as two groups presenting contrasting cultural traits (notably their language, their social organisation and matrimonial system) cohabit. We sampled 503 individuals from these two groups, belonging to 17 populations from 11 distinct ethnic groups (AltaiKizhi, Kazakh, Khakas, Kyrgyz, Mongolian, Shore, Tajik, Telengit, Tubalar, Turkmen and Uzbek). The samples were then genotyped with 5 different DNA-arrays and, after quality-control, the 253,532 autosomal SNPs present in all the arrays were merged together in the present dataset.

  Study EGAS00001002951

• Identification_of_drug_resistance_genes_in_cancer_cell_lines_by_insertional_mutagenesis

  Our aim is to identify genes involved in resistance to anti-cancer therapies. In order to do this we have taken advantage of a lentiviral vector (LV)-based insertional mutagen to mutagenize cancer cell lines. LV-transduced cell lines were then treated with anti-cancer therapies and the emergence of resistant clones scored. DNA from pools of resistant clones was collected, subjected to custom capture by baits designed against the LV sequence, and then sequenced to identify the LV-genomic junction. We hope that the identification of recurrently targeted genes in resistant cell population will allow us to identify genes that mediate drug resistance.

  Study EGAS00001001035

• HipSci___RNAseq___Rare_BBS

  The HipSci project brings together diverse constituents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. In this sub-study we perform RNAseq on iPS cells generated from skin biopsies or blood samples from rare disease patients diagnosed with Bardet-Biedl syndrome This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001318

• Single cell transcriptomic and genomic profiling of carcinogenesis in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

  Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is characterized by hundreds to thousands of adenocarcinomas at different evolutional stages in the colon and rectum. Much effort has been made to illuminate the key genomic alterations that facilitate the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. However, the strong heterogeneity of the tumors may hamper these efforts. Here, by sequencing matched adjacent normal tissues, adenomas at different stages and carcinomas from the same patient, we precisely traced the process of colorectal carcinogenesis. Our study offers an accurate genomic landscape during the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis, especially for the transition between adenomas and carcinomas.

  Study EGAS00001003598

• COMPARE study: participants typed during UK Biobank version 2 array development phase

  The COMPARE study enrolled 29,066 British blood between donors between February 2016 and March 2017, the study aim is to find the optimum technology for haemoglobin screening (ISRCTN 90871183). All participants were at the time of recruitment active blood donors. The 4,796 participants in this dataset have consented to join the NIHR BioResource. Genotyping data was produced using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Axiom Genotyping platform. The UK Biobank version 2 array design was used, content on this array has been added to allow for accurate DNA based identification of human blood group antigens.

  Study EGAS00001003748

• Methylation_changes_in_OA_patients_with_chronic_exposure_to_cobalt_and_chromium

  We have whole blood from a population of 70 patients, half exposed chronically to an excessof metals cobalt and chromium. The 2 groups are age, sex, and OA diagnosis matched. The2 groups have systemic differences in bone mass and turnover, and other systemicdifferences.We will type the cohort of 70 individuals on the Illumina 450k methylation array and willcompare between the two groups.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001180

• Preferential infiltration of distinct Vγ9δ2 T cells into Glioblastoma multiforme

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most fatal CNS cancer, is highly infiltrative as a result of phenotypic alteration of cancer cells mainly driven by a mutual interaction among cancer cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and other stromal cells. This work aims at characterizing GBM-infiltrating γδ T cells that may regulate the GBM tumor microenvironment and cancer cell gene expression. V(D)J repertoires of tumor-infiltrating and blood circulating γδ T cells from 4 patients were analyzed by NGS-based TCR sequencing. RNA gene expression profiling and immunostaining of cancer tissues were performed as well.

  Study EGAS00001002790

• Ibrutinib induces a global chromatin reorganisation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

  Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common haematological malignancy in developed countries. Ibrutinib (PCI-32765), a specific and irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) represents a major step forward in the treatment of CLL. We have undertaken a detailed analysis of the changes happening to the chromatin structure in CLL cells from patients continuously receiving oral doses of ibrutinib. ChIP-seq has been performed for H3K4me3, H3K27ac, H3K27me3 and EZH2 . We observed that Ibrutinib-dependent lymphocytosis correlates with a global and transient recruitment of EZH2 to active cis-regulatory elements and increased H3K27me3.

  Study EGAS00001002827

• Fetal hemoglobin in sickle cell disease patients from Tanzania

  Levels of fetal hemoglobin have been associated with differences in severity and outcome of sickle cell disease (SCD). While some genetic associations have been reported between SNPs and HbF level, little of the variance in the trait is explained, and most studies have focused on African American, rather than African samples. We have carried out a GWAS in a collection of SCD patients from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This sample represents a diverse, metropolitan collection of individuals from East Africa. Omni 2.5M genotypes and HbF levels (measured after 5 years of age) are available.

  Study EGAS00001000990

• Congenital_anosmia_1

  Congenital anosmias can be complete (the lack of a sense of smell) or specific (the inability to detect specific smells). To date, only a single recessive gene underlying complete anosmia has been identified. Here we sequenced the exomes of 10 individuals from a single family, including three with complete anosmia, across three generations to identify the genetic basis of congenital anosmia in this family. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001124

• HipSci___RNAseq___Rare_Monogenic Diabetese

  The HipSci project brings together diverse constituents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. In this sub-study we perform RNAseq on iPS cells generated from skin biopsies or blood samples from rare disease patients diagnosed with Monogenic Diabetes. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001137

• Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals that glioblastoma recapitulates a normal neurodevetlopmental hierarchy

  We discovered a conserved neural tri- lineage cancer hierarchy centered around glial progenitor-like cells. We also found that this progenitor population contains the majority of the cancer’s cycling cells, and, using RNA velocity, is often the originator of the other cell types. Finally, we show that this hierarchal map can be used to identify therapeutic targets specific to progenitor cancer stem cells. Our analyses show that normal brain development reconciles glioblastoma development, suggests a possible origin for glioblastoma hierarchy, and helps to identify cancer stem cell-specific targets.

  Study EGAS00001004422

• Understand_Paratyphoid_Disease___host_responses_to_human_challenge_with_S__Paratyphi_A

  This project aims to evaluate the transcriptional response to disease measured in whole blood of participants who developed enteric fever after challenge and, importantly, those who were challenged but stayed well throughout the challenge period. This data will provide unique coverage of the transcriptome and will yield invaluable insight after integration with a wealth of clinical data collected during this trial. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001260