Search Results - EGA European Genome-Phenome Archive

Single-cell RNA-seq data of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in severe COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 stimulated classical blood monocytes

We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of severe COVID-19. In addition, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 stimulated classical blood monocytes. This study provides detailed insights into the alveolar macrophage response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and reveals a profibrotic macrophage response in severe COVID-19 patients.

Dataset EGAD00001006827

WGS files for paper titled "Preclinical Pediatric Molecular Analysis for Therapy Choice (MATCH)"

Dataset EGAD00001015697

1506_Methylation_M.vd.Berge

DNA methylation in bronchial biopsies of asthmatics, asthma in remission and healthy subjects

Dataset EGAD00010001731

A Pilot Study of Rapid Autopsy and Procurement of Tissue in Thoracic Malignancy Cancer Patients to Investigate Tumor Heterogeneity

Integrated proteo-genomics studies to characterize tumor heterogeneity of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and thymic carcinoma are lacking. We carried out whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, copy number estimation and mass spectrometry-based proteomics of 40 tumors from five rapid/warm autopsy patients. We found highly variable mutational heterogeneity that was largely driven by APOBEC-mutagenesis with the expression of APOBEC3B (Gene ID: 9582) and APOBEC3A_B (Gene ID: 100913187) due to underlying APOBEC3 region germline variants as the likely mediating mechanism. APOBEC3A_B expression was associated with increased immune tumor microenvironment and CD274 (Gene ID: 29126) expression while smoking was associated with increased APOBEC-mutagenesis in TP53 (Gene ID: 7157) mutant tumors with high APOBEC3B expression. Heterogeneity at the level of the transcriptome and proteome occurred in association with copy number heterogeneity, not APOBEC-induced mutational heterogeneity. Arm and focal copy number alterations (CNAs) occurred as an evolutionarily late event in a subset of patients, with corresponding changes in the transcriptome and proteome, implicating CNAs as a driving force of heterogeneity in the evolution of metastatic disease.

Study phs001432

An isoform quantitative trait locus in SBNO2 links genetic susceptibility to Crohn’s disease with defective antimicrobial activity

Despite major advances in linking single genetic variants to single causal genes, the significance of genetic variation on transcript-level regulation of expression, transcript-specific functions, and relevance to human disease has been poorly investigated. Strawberry notch homolog 2 (SBNO2) is a candidate gene in a susceptibility locus with different variants associated with Crohn’s disease and bone mineral density. The SBNO2 locus is also differentially methylated in Crohn’s disease but the functional mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that the isoforms of SBNO2 are differentially regulated by lipopolysaccharide and IL-10. We identify Crohn’s disease associated isoform quantitative trait loci that negatively regulate the expression of the noncanonical isoform 2 corresponding with the methylation signals at the isoform 2 promoter in IBD and CD. The two isoforms of SBNO2 drive differential gene networks with isoform 2 dominantly impacting antimicrobial activity in macrophages. Our data highlight the role of isoform quantitative trait loci to understand disease susceptibility and resolve underlying mechanisms of disease.

Study EGAS50000000183

Shifted assembly and function of mSWI/SNF family subcomplexes underlie targetable dependencies in endometriod carcinomas

The mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) family of chromatin remodelers govern cell type-specific chromatin accessibility and gene expression and assemble as three distinct complexes: canonical BAF (cBAF), Polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF), and non-canonical BAF (ncBAF). ARID1A and ARID1B are paralog subunits that specifically nucleate the assembly of cBAF complexes and are frequently dual deleted in highly aggressive differentiated endometrial carcinomas (DECs). Here, in cellular models and primary human tumors, we find that ARID1A/B-mediated cBAF loss results in increased ncBAF and PBAF biochemical abundance and function genome-wide to maintain the DEC oncogenic signature. Further, treatment of ARID1A/1B-mutant cell lines and PDX models in vivo with a clinical-grade SMARCA4/2 ATPase inhibitor, FHD-286, markedly attenuates cell proliferation and tumor growth, and synergizes with carboplatin-based chemotherapy. Taken together, these findings reveal the oncogenic contributions of shifted of mSWI/SNF family complex abundance and chromatin-level gene regulatory functions and suggest therapeutic utility of mSWI/SNF complex small molecule inhibitors in dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma and other cBAF-disrupted cancer types.

Study EGAS50000001004

Passive and active DNA methylation and the interplay with genetic variation in gene regulation

DNA methylation is an essential1 epigenetic mark whose role in gene regulation and its dependency on genomic sequence and environment are not yet fully understood2,3. In this study we provide novel insights into the mechanistic relationships between genetic variation, DNA methylation and transcriptome sequencing data in three different cell-types of the GenCord human population cohort4. We find that the association between DNA methylation and gene expression variation among individuals are likely due to different mechanisms from those establishing methylation-expression patterns during differentiation. Furthermore, cell-type differential DNA methylation may delineate a platform in which more local inter-individual changes may respond to or act in gene regulation. We show that unlike genetic regulatory variation, DNA methylation alone does not significantly drive allele specific expression.. Finally, inferred mechanistic relationships using genetic variation as well as correlations with TF abundance reveal both a passive and active role of DNA methylation to regulatory interactions influencing gene expression.

Study EGAS00001000446

Mutational signature in colorectal cancer induced by genotoxic pks+ E. coli

Various species of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), yet a direct role of bacteria in the occurrence of oncogenic mutations has not been established. Escherichia coli can carry the pathogenicity island pks, which encodes a set of enzymes that synthesize colibactin. This compound alkylates DNA on adenine residues and induces double strand breaks in cultured cells. Here, we exposed human intestinal organoids to genotoxic pks+ Escherichia coli by repeated luminal injection over a period of 5 months. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of clonal organoids before and after this exposure reveals a distinct mutational signature, absent from organoids injected with isogenic pks-mutant bacteria. The same mutational signature is detected in a subset of 3668 human metastatic cancer genomes, predominantly in a subset of CRC cases. Our study describes a distinct mutational signature in CRC and implies that the underlying mutational process directly results from past exposure to bacteria carrying the colibactin-producing pks pathogenicity island.

Study EGAS00001003934

RNA Editing in breast cancer

High-throughput sequencing screens suggest that RNA editing, which consists in the substitution of adenosine with inosine by the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR) enzyme, occurs at several thousand positions across the human genome. Recent evidences have shown that RNA-editing could promote proliferation and carcinogenesis; however, the general principles of ADAR activity on the transcriptome and how ADAR is controlled in cancers remain to be established. The main aim of this project was to investigate the phenomenon of RNA editing in breast and other cancers. The frequency of A-to-I editing was evaluated in 58 breast cancers equally distributed among the different molecular subtypes and 10 normal breast tissues. The analysis was focused on defining: the relationship between the global amount of editing and ADAR expression; the ability to predict the level of editability of specific sites; the distribution of editing in normal and tumour samples and among different breast cancer subtypes; and the clinical, pathological and genomic factors affecting editing.

Study EGAS00001000495

Combined hereditary and somatic mutations of replication error repair genes result in rapid onset of ultra-hypermutated cancers

DNA replication-associated mutations are repaired by two components: polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair. The mutational consequences of disruption to both repair components in humans are not well studied. We sequenced cancer genomes from children with inherited biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (bMMRD). High-grade bMMRD brain tumors exhibited massive numbers of substitution mutations (>250/Mb) – higher than all childhood and most cancers (>7000 analyzed). All ultra-hypermutated bMMRD cancers acquired early somatic driver mutations in DNA polymerases epsilon or delta. The ensuing mutation signatures and numbers are unique and diagnostic of childhood germline bMMRD (p<10e-13). Sequential tumor biopsy analysis revealed that bMMRD/polymerase mutant cancers rapidly amass an excess of simultaneous mutations (~600 mutations/cell division), reaching but not exceeding ~20,000 exonic mutations in <6 months. Thus implying a threshold compatible with cancer cell survival. We suggest a new mechanism of cancer progression in which mutations develop in a rapid burst after ablation of replication repair.

Study EGAS00001001112

Characterizing Disease-Causing Variants Using Personal Genomes with Large Recurrent Deletions

Individuals with recurrent genomic deletions are known to present variable clinical phenotypes, despite the apparent identical range of the genomic segments being affected in their genomes. We propose to study the phenotypic variability and the molecular polymorphism in individuals with the recurrent 17q12 deletions or the recurrent 1q21.1 deletions, with the objective to establish causal relationship between the genotypes and the incompletely penetrant clinical phenotypes. Genome sequencing and phenotypic data from individuals with the deletions and their relatives are included in this submission.

Study phs002613

National Cancer Institute (NCI) Primary Human Melanocyte QTL Study

In order to create a melanocyte-specific QTL resource, we obtained primary human melanocyte cultures isolated from foreskin of 106 healthy newborn males predominantly of European descent. Melanocytes were cultured in lot-matched culture medium in randomized batches to minimize variability that could be introduced by culturing conditions. RNA sequencing and direct SNP genotyping of these samples produced an average of ~87.9 million reads (paired-end, stranded, 126bps), and ~713,000 SNP genotypes, respectively. Illumina 450K methylation array covered over 485,000 CpGs distributed genome wide.

Study phs001500

Genetic Effects on miRNA Expression During Mid-Gestation Neocortical Development

In this study we aimed to find common genetic variants that influence miRNA expression during mid-gestation neocortical development. Small RNA-sequencing from 212 fetal cortical tissue samples between 14 and 21 weeks gestation were used to profile miRNA expression. Combined with donor genotypes, we were able to find miRNA-eQTLs during neocortical development. The dataset provided here includes 212 Small RNA-sequencing files in FASTQ format from cortical wall samples. Also provided here are 212 donor genotypes in PLINK format (hg19).

Study phs003106

Human Vaccines Project: scRNAseq Characterization of HepB Vaccine Response

In adult systems vaccinology studies, baseline immune status (i.e. pre-vaccine) of vaccine recipients was highly predictive of vaccine immunogenicity. The aim of this study is to characterize pre-vaccine immune signatures that predict immunogenicity of HBV in humans using single cell transcriptomics. To investigate the pre-vaccine status of these patients, we characterized transcriptomic responses in 5 FACS sorted populations of circulating immune cells, mDCs, monocytes, pDCs, natural killer cells and neutrophils, sample at baseline, 3, 7 and 14 days after vaccination.

Study phs002508

CARE idiopathic subglottic stenosis bulk transcriptomics.

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a severe chronic orphan disease characterised by recurrent scarring of the subglottis, predominantly affecting Caucasian females in their fourth to sixth decade of life. Due to its rarity, understanding the clinical trajectory and molecular factors involved in iSGS disease development and prognosis has been challenging. In this study, we prospectively enrolled patients with iSGS, trauma-induced subglottic stenosis, and controls to investigate the clinical, transcriptional, and genetic features that may be associated with disease pathogenesis and treatment outcomes.

Study EGAS50000000879

Identification of G-Quadruplex Clusters by High-Throughput Sequencing of Whole-Genome Amplified Products with a G-Quadruplex Ligand

G-quadruplex (G4) is a non-canonical DNA structure that has been found in the genome. To identify clusters of G4-forming sequences in the genome, we performed whole genome amplification (WGA) in the presence or absence of a G4 ligand that inhibits DNA polymerase activity on the G4 forming regions, followed by high-throughput sequencing of the WGA products. As the results, 12254 G4 cultures were identified on HeLa genomic DNA.

Study phs001450

Transcriptome and epigenomic landscape of cytotrophoblasts from normal and HDP placentas

Hypertensive isorders of pregnancy (HDP) is a severe pregnancy-related disorder that poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. Dysfunctional placental development is one of the major contributors to the onset of HDP. In this study, we investigated the gene expression and epigenomic modifications in cytotrophoblasts from normal and HDP placentas. The information obtained in this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge aimed at improving the diagnosis, management, and treatment of HDP.

Study JGAS000667

A 3D genome atlas of breast cancer progression (BRCA3D)

In this study, we aimed to understand how the 3D genome changes during breast cancer development and progression, in situ. Towards this goal, we collected cells from patient biopsies and performed Hi-C on four types of biopsies representing different stages of disease progression: healthy mammary tissue, primary breast tumours, liver metastasis and malignant pleural effusions. We survey the changes in the 3D genomes at the level of structural variation, compartments and TADs, as well as ERα associated distal interactions.

Study EGAS50000000444

RNA sequencing of CD8 T cells from melanoma patients prior to and during checkpoint immunotherapy and untreated healthy controls

We are interested in inter-individual variation in transcriptional response to immune checkpoint blockade. We have analysed poly A purified RNA expression from CD8 T cells (297 transcriptomes in total) isolated from metastatic melanoma patients (n=106) prior to and during treatment with either single agent (Pembrolizumab) or combination (Ipilimumab/ Nivolumab) immune checkpoint blockade. We compare expression at different stages of treatment and additionally contrast this with that from healthy controls (n=68).

Study EGAS00001004081

Genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of GCTB

Giant cell tumor of bone is a rare bone neoplasm driven by oncogenic hotspot G34W/L/V mutations in the non-canonical histone variant H3.3. This study provides primary data of genomic (WGS), transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and epigenomic (histone mark ChIP-seq, WGBS, ATAC-seq) profiling of primary GCTB samples from several cohorts in Germany and Korea. We confirm the H3.3-G34 mutations as sole genetic drivers of GCTB, and describe the epigenetic alterations in mutant GCTB stromal cells.

Study EGAS00001003730

Melanoma_TIL_Study_Exomes

In this study, mutations present in a series of human melanomas (stage IV disease) will be determined, using autologous blood cells to obtain a reference genome. From each of teh samples that are analyzed, tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes have also been isolated. This offers a unique opportunity to determine which (fraction of) mutations in human cancer leads to epitopes that are recognized by T cells. The resulting information is likely to be of value to understand how T cell activating drugs exert their action.

Study EGAS00001000216

Next generation sequencing of sporadic schwannomatosis samples

Schwannomatosis (MIM #162091) is characterized by the development of multiple schwannomas without vestibular nerve involvement (which is a characteristic of neurofibromatosis type 2 - NF2). In an effort to detect novel genetic alterations predisposing to schwannomatosis, we sequenced eight tumor-blood DNA pairs from de novo schwannomatosis patients. The results of our study are present in the paper "Whole exome sequencing reveals that the majority of schwannomatosis cases remain unexplained after excluding SMARCB1 and LZTR1 germline variants" published in Acta Neuropathologica (PMID:25008767)

Study EGAS00001000767

Melanoma_Til_Study_RNAseq

In this study, mutations present in a series of human melanomas (stage IV disease) will be determined, using autologous blood cells to obtain a reference genome. From each of the samples that are analyzed, tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes have also been isolated. This offers a unique opportunity to determine which (fraction of) mutations in human cancer leads to epitopes that are recognized by T cells. The resulting information is likely to be of value to understand how T cell activating drugs exert their action.

Study EGAS00001000251

Single cell sequencing of endoscopic biopsies from Barrett's oesophagus and proximal tissue from the normal GI tract

Barrett’s oesophagus is a precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. In this common condition, squamous epithelium in the oesophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium in response to acid reflux. Barrett’s oesophagus is highly heterogeneous and its relationships to normal tissues are unclear. We investigated the cellular complexity of Barrett’s oesophagus and the upper gastrointestinal tract using RNA-sequencing of single cells from multiple biopsies from six patients with Barrett’s oesophagus and two patients without oesophageal pathology.

Study EGAS00001003144

Amplicon_based_sequencing_of_drug_resistant_organoids

A BRAF V600E colorectal organoid which is sensitive to MAP kinase inhibition was mutagenised with the chemical mutagen ENU and then drug selected using a combination of Trametinib, Dabrafenib and Cetuximab. Single cell derived organoids were then manually picked and expanded in drug. Resistance was confirmed in a 14 day assay and DNA was collected. These then underwent targeted amplicon-based sequencing to confirm candidate resistance effectors from a screen in 2 2D BRAF V600E colorectal cell lines. Pools of resistant clones were also sequenced.

Study EGAS00001001639

WES sequencing of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours

Investigate the genomic landscape of MPNST tumours. Cases where a diagnosis of MPNST had been considered in the differential diagnosis with a variable degree of confidence was included. The diagnosis of MPNST was excluded in 12/51 (49 cases had WES data) of the sequenced tumours following review of the pathology, new IHC, molecular tests and clinical information. Article: Lyskjær et al, 2020, J Pathol, "H3K27me3 expression and methylation status in histological variants of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours".

Study EGAS00001004527

We performed an integrative analysis to determine genomic aberrations common to sporadic schwannomas.

Schwannomas are common peripheral nerve sheath tumors that can cause significant debilitating morbidities. We performed an integrative analysis to determine genomic aberrations common to sporadic schwannomas. Exome sequence analysis with validation by targeted DNA-sequencing of 125 samples uncovered, in addition to expected NF2 disruption additional recurrent mutations. RNA sequencing identified a recurrent in-frame SH3PXD2A-HTRA1 fusion in 12/125 (10%) cases, and genomic analysis demonstrated the mechanism as resulting from a balanced 19Mb chromosomal inversion on chromosome 10q.

Study EGAS00001001886

Discovering genetic causes of optic atrophy syndromes through whole exome sequencing

The genetic defects leading to optic atrophy range from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), to dominant and recessive mutations affecting a cluster of nuclear genes implicated in mitochondrial dynamics. We performed WES in patients with an optic atrophy spectrum disorder, including retinal macular dystrophy and kidney insufficiency leading to transplantation, associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion without accumulation of multiple deletions, to identify the genetic causes of this syndrome.

Study EGAS00001003850

Endothelium-derived stromal cells contribute to bone marrow niche formation

Comprehensive transcriptional characterization of bone marrow stromal cells by RNA sequencing was performed to determine the molecular properties/signatures of endothelium during niche formation.Here, we identify a rare subset of cells in the human fetal BM that co-express endothelial and stromal markers, including low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR/CD271). They display transcriptional reprogramming consistent with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), reflected in their potential to generate stromal cells with in vivo BM niche forming capacity.

Study EGAS00001004946

Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

Dataset EGAD00001008788

Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow sc Seqwell

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

Dataset EGAD00001008908

Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow sc Rhapsody

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

Dataset EGAD00001009704

The HLA ligandome of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas reveals shared tumor-exclusive peptides for semi-personalized vaccination

Immunotherapeutic strategies provide promising tools for the development of novel treatment options for OPSCC patients. An accurate selection of suitable target antigens is essential for the development of novel antigen-specific immunotherapeutic approaches. The study is the first to apply immunopeptidomic strategies to OPSCC and reveals naturally HLA-presented, tumor-associated peptides. The MS-based approach provides direct evidence for HLA presentation of tumor-associated potential T cell targets. These findings may serve as a basis for the development of T-cell-based immunotherapies.

Study EGAS00001006477

NHLBI TOPMed: MWCCS: Sex Differences in the Role of Multi-Omics in HIV-Associated Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis

The MACS-WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) is a multicenter prospective cohort study of men and women in the U.S. that aims to understand and reduce the impact of chronic health conditions, including heart, lung, blood, and sleep (HLBS) disorders that affect people living with HIV. MWCCS, which currently has over 5000 active study participants, is designed to investigate a spectrum of questions relating to the basic science, clinical science, and epidemiology of HIV infection in the U.S., with a focus on comorbidities among men and women living with HIV. The current substudy, nested within the MWCCS, integrates detailed metabolomics and proteomics data, among other "omics" measures, to improve the understanding of the etiology of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in women and men with HIV, guide mechanistic studies, and provide insights to more efficient intervention strategies. Data on 374 men are included in the current substudy.

Study phs003651

Single-cell Analysis of Neoplastic Plasma Cells Identifies Myeloma Pathobiology Mediators and Potential Targets

Multiple myeloma is a clonal plasma cell (PC) dyscrasia that arises from precursors and has been studied utilizing approaches focused on CD138+ cells. By combining single-cell (sc)RNA- with scB-cell receptor (BCR)-sequencing, we differentiate monoclonal/neoplastic from polyclonal/normal PCs, and find more dysregulated genes, especially in precursor patients, than by analyzing bulk PCs. To determine if this approach can identify oncogenes that contribute to disease pathobiology, MAD2L1 and MAT2A are validated as targets with drug-like molecules that suppress myeloma growth in pre-clinical models. Moreover, functional studies show a role of LAMP5, which is uniquely expressed in neoplastic PCs, in tumor progression and aggressiveness via interactions with c-MYC. Finally, a monoclonal antibody recognizing cell-surface LAMP5 shows efficacy as an antibody-drug conjugate and in a chimeric antigen receptor-guided T-cell format. These studies provide additional insights into myeloma biology and identify potential targeted therapeutic approaches that can be applied to reverse myeloma progression.

Study EGAS50000000802

Dynamic human admixture histories over the past ~1,300 years at the northern Himalayan frontier

Archaeological and paleogenomic evidence from the Tibetan Plateau and high-altitude Central Himalayas suggest biocultural connections with each other and with lowland East, Central, and South Asia. However, genetic histories at the northern frontier of the Indian Himalayas, which is geographically more proximal to Central and lowland South Asia, remain underexplored. We analyzed genome-wide data from 7 ancient (~2300 to 100 years old) and 10 present-day individuals from the northern Indian Himalayas and one ~3370-year-old individual from the Central Himalayas in Nepal. Ancient and present-day individuals from the northern Himalayas predominantly have Tibetan-related genetic ancestry, likely the source of high-altitude adaptive variants in these individuals, with substantial Steppe-related genetic ancestry that is observed in all individuals dating between ~1300 years and present day. In addition, some present-day individuals have lowland South Asian admixture. Our analyses reveal a dynamic interplay between genetic admixture and continuity in the northern Himalayas.

Study EGAS50000001342

Common origin and somatic mutation patterns of composite lymphomas and leukemias

When two lymphomas occur concurrently or sequentially in a patient, it is a major question whether they derive from the same lymphocyte or hematopoietic precursor cell or developed independently. We studied four composite classic Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and other mature B-cell lymphomas, and two composite mature B- and T-cell neoplasias by whole exome sequencing (WES) and analyzed shared somatic mutations in the lymphomas of these clonally related composite lymphomas, indicating their derivation from a common, pre-malignant precursor. Most identified mutations were restricted to one or the other of these lymphomas, likely explaining how distinct lymphomas developed from a common ancestral B cell. In the two B-cell/T-cell lymphoma cases, and a composite clonally unrelated HL/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the lymphoma partners did not share any somatic mutations. In three cases, we identified potentially oncogenic variants also in cells serving as constitutional controls.

Study EGAS50000001017

Transcriptomic classes of BCR-ABL1 lymphoblastic leukemia

In BCR-ABL1 lymphoblastic leukemia, treatment heterogeneity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), especially in the absence of kinase domain mutations in BCR-ABL1, is poorly understood. Through deep molecular profiling, we uncovered three transcriptomic subtypes of BCR-ABL1 lymphoblastic leukemia, each representing a maturation arrest at a stage of B-cell progenitor differentiation. An earlier arrest was associated with lineage promiscuity, treatment refractoriness, and poor patient outcomes. A later arrest was associated with lineage fidelity, deep and durable leukemia remissions, and improved patient outcomes. Each maturation arrest was marked by specific genomic events that control different transition points in B-cell development. Interestingly, these events were absent in BCR-ABL1+ pre-leukemic stem cells isolated from patients regardless of subtype, which supports that transcriptomic phenotypes are determined downstream of the leukemia-initialing event. Overall, our data indicate that treatment response and TKI-efficacy is an unexpected outcome of the differentiation stage at which this leukemia transforms.

Study EGAS00001007167

A novel subset of human CD33+ haematopoietic stem cells characterized at single-cell resolution

Elucidation of the identity and diversity of mechanisms that sustain long-term human blood cell production remains an important challenge. Previous studies indicate that, in adult mice, this property is ultimately vested in cells uniquely identified by their ability to clonally regenerate detectable levels of mature blood cells in serially transplanted recipients. We now present a combined multi-parameter analysis of the molecular features of very primitive human cord blood cells that display different cell output activities in vitro and in vivo. These analyses identified a new, prospectively separable, but still functionally heterogeneous, subset of long-term human blood-forming cells. Single-cell measurements of their transcriptional, DNA methylation and 40-protein content and of closely related phenotypes revealed numerous subtle, but consistent differences both within and between each subset analyzed. These results suggest that multiple regulatory mechanisms underlie the functional heterogeneity exhibited by clonally tracked human blood cell precursors with long-term output abilities.

Study EGAS00001002826

Genome Landscape of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer

Patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) have experienced little improvement in overall survival, and standard treatment has not advanced beyond platinum-based combination chemotherapy, during the past 30 years. To understand the drivers of clinical phenotypes better, here we use whole-genome sequencing of tumour and germline DNA samples from 92 patients with primary refractory, resistant, sensitive and matched acquired resistant disease. We show that gene breakage commonly inactivates the tumour suppressors RB1, NF1, RAD51B and PTEN in HGSC, and contributes to acquired chemotherapy resistance. CCNE1 amplification was common in primary resistant and refractory disease. We observed several molecular events associated with acquired resistance, including multiple independent reversions of germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations in individual patients, loss of BRCA1 promoter methylation, an alteration in molecular subtype, and recurrent promoter fusion associated with overexpression of the drug efflux pump MDR1.

Study EGAS00001000397

65 prostate cancer cases WGS and transcriptome sequencing project

We obtained whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing of tumor-benign pairs from 65 Asian prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Taken together with the TCGA PCa cohort, our integration analysis provides the first comprehensive mutational landscape of PCas across major ethnics worldwide and reveals potential novel role of frequent altered chromatin remodeler genes in PCas without androgen receptor (AR) alteration and complex rearrangements derived from Chromoplexy. In addition, we identified 5 putative tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) chains including one on chromosome 13q with novel findings of PCDH9 (deletions in 15/65 tumors) which was implicated in aggressive progression of prostate cancer. Finally, the integrative pathway and co-expression network analysis followed by the functional study indicated the frequent altered genes, particularly focal amplifications of PLXNA1 (11/65), in semaphoring signaling of axon guidance pathway may interact with PI3K/AKT and AR signaling and also contribute to the aggressiveness and progression of prostate cancer.

Study EGAS00001000888

single cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq of human fetal forebrain tissue

Oligodendrogenesis in the human central nervous system has been mainly observed at the second trimester of gestation, a much later developmental stage compared to mouse. Here we characterize the transcriptomic neural diversity in the human forebrain at post conceptual weeks (PCW) 8 to 10, using single-cell RNA-Seq. We find evidence of the emergence of a first wave of oligodendrocyte lineage cells as early as PCW 8, which we also confirm at the epigenomic level with single-cell ATAC-Seq. Using regulatory network inference, we predict key transcriptional events leading to the specification of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Moreover, by profiling the spatial expression of fifty key genes using In Situ Sequencing (ISS), we identify regions in the human ventral fetal forebrain where oligodendrogenesis first occurs. Our results indicate evolutionary conservation of the first wave of oligodendrogenesis between mouse and human and describe regulatory mechanisms involved in human OPC specification.

Study EGAS00001006136

Exome sequencing of synchronous colorectal cancers

Approximately 4% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have at least two simultaneous cancers in the colon. Due to the shared environment, these synchronous CRCs (SCRCs) provide a unique setting to study colorectal carcinogenesis. Understanding whether these tumors are genetically similar or distinct is essential when designing therapeutic approaches. We performed exome sequencing of 47 primary cancers and corresponding normal samples from 23 patients. Additionally, we carried out a comprehensive mutational signature analysis to assess whether tumors had undergone similar mutational processes and the first immune cell score analysis (IS) of SCRC to analyze the interplay between immune cell invasion and mutation profile in both lesions of an individual. The tumor pairs shared only few mutations, favoring different mutations in known CRC genes and signaling pathways, and displayed variation in their signature content. Two tumor pairs had discordant mismatch repair statuses. In majority of the pairs, IS varied between primaries. Differences were not explained by any clinicopathological variable or mutation burden.

Study EGAS00001003474

Molecular Profiling Reveals Unique Immune and Metabolic Features of Melanoma Brain Metastases

There is a critical need to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of -melanoma brain metastases (MBM). Thus, we performed RNA sequencing on 88 resected MBMs and 42 patient-matched extracranial metastases; tumors with sufficient tissue also underwent whole-exome sequencing, T-cell receptor sequencing, and IHC. MBMs demonstrated heterogeneity of immune infiltrates that correlated with prior radiation and post-craniotomy survival. Comparison with patient-matched extracranial metastases identified significant immunosuppression and enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in MBMs. Gene-expression analysis of intracranial and subcutaneous xenografts, and a spontaneous MBM model, confirmed increased OXPHOS gene expression in MBMs, which was also detected by direct metabolite profiling and [U-13C]-glucose tracing in vivo IACS-010759, an OXPHOS inhibitor currently in early-phase clinical trials, improved survival of mice bearing MAPK inhibitor-resistant intracranial melanoma xenografts and inhibited MBM formation in the spontaneous MBM model. The results provide new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of MBMs.

Study EGAS00001003672

Single-cell atlas of multiple myeloma and precursor diseases

Single cell profiling of small cohorts of myeloma precursor disease patient samples including monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance and smoldering multiple myeloma have shown diverse evolutionary patterns and immune changes that occur early in the disease process. Using scRNAseq and scBCRseq in a large cohort of fifty-three patients with myeloma precursor disease in comparison with myeloma and normal donors we describe the early genomic drivers of malignant transformation and describe their divergent clonal expansion in hyperdiploid compared to non-hyperdiploid samples. We describe intra-patient heterogeneity with potential therapeutic implications as well as the distinct evolution patterns (linear/branching) from myeloma precursor disease to myeloma. Finally, we describe the unique adaptations of the microenvironment as a response to distinct genomic changes in myeloma cells. These results further our knowledge to characterize myeloma precursor disease evolution, inform individual patient progression risk stratification and identify potential biomarkers that could be clinically exploited.

Study EGAS00001006694

Single-cell Kinnex sequencing of Alzheimer's disease isoform profile

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, yet its molecular causes remain incompletely understood. RNA diversity in part arising from dysregulated splicing may contribute to AD pathogenesis; however, the ability to interrogate the resulting full-length isoforms in single brain cells has been technologically limited. Here we report the use of PacBio Kinnex long-read sequencing combined with 10X Genomics single-cell preparations to identify both annotated and unannotated RNA isoforms. Eight AD and seven non-diseased post-mortem human brains yielded ~70,000 single nuclei showing diverse, differentially expressed, and switched transcripts in multiple genes. Cell-type-specific isoform expression and variants with intra-exonic junctions associated with reverse transcriptase-mediated somatic gene recombination were also detected. Novel isoforms, including CHI3L1 and SEPTIN4, were altered in AD. Kinnex sequencing of RNA isoforms from single nuclei detected vast isoform diversity amongst brain cell types, representing an under-explored element in AD and other brain disorders.

Study EGAS50000001476

Somatic mutation and selection at epidemiological scale - TwinsUK_TargetedNanoSeq_Blood

Utilising Targeted NanoSeq, we hope to explore the driver landscape in unprecedented detail in donors from TwinsUK. These donors have paired buccal swabs and data from this will help contextualise that work. As we age, many tissues become colonised by microscopic clones carrying somatic driver mutations. Some of these clones represent a first step towards cancer whereas others may contribute to ageing and other diseases. However, our understanding of the clonal landscapes of human tissues, and their impact on cancer risk, ageing and disease, remains limited due to the challenge of detecting somatic mutations present in small numbers of cells. Here, we introduce a new version of nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), a duplex sequencing method with error rates of less than 5 per billion base pairs, which is compatible with whole-exome and targeted gene sequencing. Deep sequencing of polyclonal samples with single-molecule sensitivity enables the simultaneous detection of mutations in large numbers of clones, yielding accurate somatic mutation rates, mutational signatures and driver mutation frequencies in any tissue. Applying targeted NanoSeq to 1,042 non-invasive samples of oral epithelium and 371 samples of blood from a twin cohort, we found an unprecedentedly rich landscape of selection, with 46 genes under positive selection driving clonal expansions in the oral epithelium, over 62,000 driver mutations, and evidence of negative selection in some genes. The high number of positively selected mutations in multiple genes provides high-resolution maps of selection across coding and non-coding sites, a form of in vivo saturation mutagenesis. Multivariate regression models enable mutational epidemiology studies on how carcinogenic exposures and cancer risk factors, such as age, tobacco or alcohol, alter the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations. Accurate single-molecule sequencing has the potential to unveil the polyclonal landscape of any tissue, providing a powerful tool to study early carcinogenesis, cancer prevention and the role of somatic mutations in ageing and disease.

Dataset EGAD00001015619

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