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• The whole blood of female volunteers and sperm from the male volunteer were used to extract genomic DNA to do whole genome sequencing. Distinguished SNPs between parental genomes were retained to analyze parental allele-specific DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility in scCOOL-seq data.

  DNA methylation, chromatin states, and their interrelationships represent critical epigenetic information, but those are largely unknown in human early embryos. Here, we apply scCOOL-seq (Chromatin Overall Omic-scale Landscape Sequencing) to generate a genome-wide map of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility at single-cell resolution during human preimplantation development. Unlike in mice, the chromatin of paternal genome is already more open than that of maternal genome at the mid-zygote stage in humans, and this state is maintained until the 4-cell stage. After fertilization, genes with high variations in DNA methylation and those with high variations in chromatin accessibility tend to be two different sets. Furthermore, 1,797 (35%) out of 5,155 widely open chromatin regions in promoters closed when transcription activity was inhibited, indicating a feedback mechanism between transcription and open chromatin maintenance. Our work paves the way for dissecting the complex, yet highly coordinated, epigenetic reprogramming during human preimplantation development.

  Study EGAS00001002987

• RNA-Sequencing and Somatic Mutation Status of Adrenocortical Tumors: Novel Pathogenetic Insights

  To investigate the relationship between transcriptome profile and genetic background in a large series of adrenocortical tumors and to identify new potential pathogenetic mechanisms, we performed transcriptome profiling by high-throughput sequencing. We collected snap-frozen tissue from patients with adrenocortical tumors (n = 59) with known genetic background: 26 adenomas with Cushing syndrome, 17 adenomas with mild autonomous cortisol secretion, 9 endocrine-inactive adenomas, 7 adrenocortical carcinomas. Additionally, we sequenced 4 control samples.

  Study EGAS00001004533

• COVID-19-Induced Immune Alterations in Infants

  Although previous studies have described some overlap between COVID-19-induced immune alterations in adults and children, no systematic immune profiling studies have been reported in infants. We applied a multidimensional approach to decipher the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infected infants (n=26; 10 mild, 11 moderate and 5 severe) and healthy matched controls (n=14). Single-cell RNA-seq profiling (scRNA-seq) of PBMCs revealed alterations in cell composition upon infection, with most cell types demonstrating an interferon-stimulated gene (ISGhi) state. Our findings shed insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the first year of life.

  Study phs002655

• Somatic mutations in twin breast cancers (2019-04-03)

  The aim of this study is to investigate the somatic mutations in twins with BRCA1/2 negative breast cancer with no strong family history. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-04-03.

  Dataset EGAD00001004890

• VIKING Health Study - Shetland

  The Viking Health Study – Shetland, together with ORCADES collectively termed VIKING, aims to identify genes influencing risk factors for common diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, glaucoma and stroke. The genetic research cohort study in Shetland was established to identify genetic variants, both common and rare, increasing risk of disease. This isolated population has a number of characteristics, the most important being the very large number of distant relatives, which are favourable for the identification of rare variants influencing disease risk. This study describes PCR-free paired end whole genome sequencing (TruSeq DNA PCR-Free, Illumina) run on a HiSeqX platform at 30X coverage on 500 individuals from VIKING. Unrelated individuals from the largest families were selected first, followed by those from smaller families, until eventually related individuals were selected to best represent the variation in the full cohort.

  Study EGAS00001003872

• Evolution of Structural Rearrangements in Prostate Cancer Intracranial Metastases

  Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer are uncommon but clinically aggressive. We sought to characterize prostate cancer intracranial metastases in order to improve our understanding of their pathogenesis and to promote the search for new treatment strategies. We evaluated the clinical and molecular characteristics of 36 patients with metastatic prostate cancer to either the dura or brain parenchyma. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on samples from 21 patients. The WGS samples include 10 intracranial prostate cancer metastases, as well as WGS of primary prostate tumors from men who later developed metastatic disease (n=6) and non-brain prostate cancer metastases (n=26).

  Study phs003357

• Molecularly matched targeted therapies plus radiotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation (N2M2/NOA-20 phase I/IIa umbrella trial)

  Background: Patients with glioblastoma without MGMT promoter hypermethylation are unlikely to benefit from temozolomide (TMZ). Trials aiming at replacing TMZ with targeted agents in not molecularly selected patient populations have failed. Methods: This phase I/IIa umbrella trial aimed at showing safety, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of targeted compounds in addition to standard radiotherapy initiated within 42 days postoperatively. Molecular diagnostics and bioinformatic evaluation are performed within 28 days after surgery. Stratification for treatment takes place in five subtrials, including alectinib, idasanutlin, palbociclib, vismogedib and temsirolimus, according to the best matching molecular alteration. Patients without matching alterations are randomized between subtrials without strong biomarkers using atezolizumab and asunercept and TMZ as standard of care. Primary objective of the phase I parts of the trial was dose finding or dose validation. In the phase IIa trials, centrally determined progression-free survival at six months (PFS-6) is used as endpoint for efficacy with interim analyses for futility (H0: p=0.231). Results: From May 2018 through July 2022, 301 patients were enrolled and 228 treated in 13 German NOA sites. The alectinib and vismodegib subtrials were closed since no molecularly matching patients were accrued; the idasanutlin subtrial was closed prior to the optimal dose at nine patients at discretion of the company providing the drug. The TMZ subtrial showed a PFS-6 of 18.52% (10/54 patients) (p=0.831) and a median overall survival (OS) of 12.1 months. Asunercept: PFS-6 of 15.4% (4/26) (p=0.8825) and OS of 12.8 months. Atezolizumab: PFS-6 of 21.4% (9/42) (p=0.660) and OS of 11.7 months. Palbociclib with patients demonstrating CDK4 amplification or CDKN2A/B codeletion: PFS-6 of 24.4% (10/41) (p=0.4823) and OS of 12.6 months. Temsirolimus with patients demonstrating mTOR activation: PFS-6 of 39.1% (18/46) (p=0.0109) and OS of 15.4 months. The regimen-limiting toxicity (RLT)-rate is 34.8%, which is insignificantly above the predefined unacceptable rate for RLTs of 30%. Most RLTs had severity grade 3, one RLT had severity grade 4. No RLTs resulted in death. Conclusions: N2M2 allows for elaborate molecular testing being integrated into the treatment decision and efficient determination of treatment activity for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. There is clinical activity of temsirolimus in patients with tumors harboring an activated mTOR pathway although this is not positively prognostic without mTOR inhibition; there is no clinical activity for asunercept and atezolizumab in not molecularly selected patients and also palbociclib in molecularly selected patients.

  Study EGAS00001008033

• Small‑scale mutations are infrequent as mechanisms of resistance in post‑PARP inhibitor tumour samples in high grade serous ovarian cancer

  Targeted DNA sequencing of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) tumour and normal samples from 26 patients. Following target hybrid capture of 63 genes involved in DNA repair and response to treatment with an Agilent SureSelect XT panel, sequencing libraries were generated using the SureSelect XT Low Input Target Enrichment System (Agilent) as per the manufacturer's protocol. Libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 500 at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (Melbourne, Australia).

  Study EGAS50000000146

• Young Boost Trial for Breast Cancer patients

  The Young Boost Trial (YBT, YOUNG BOOST / BOOG 2004-01 (Borstkanker) | Kanker.nl investigated the optimal radiation dose for breast cancer patients aged 50 years or younger, treated with breast-conserving therapy (BCT). In this randomized study, participants were assigned to receive either a 26 Gy or a 16 Gy radiation boost, with the primary endpoint being local recurrence. To explore potential predictive biomarkers of treatment response in this patient group, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on tumor samples to identify genetic factors that could guide personalized treatment strategies and improve clinical outcomes for these young breast cancer patients.

  Study EGAS50000000797

• Immune profiling reveals enrichment of distinct immune signatures in high-risk oral potentially malignant disorders

  Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) associates with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Changes in the immune landscape of OED that accompany transformation remain understudied. We evaluated gene co-expression in benign lesions (fibroepithelial polyps; FEP), high-risk OED (mod-sev OED) and early stage OSCC. We demonstrate that transcripts indicating immune responses are enriched in high-risk OED. In particular, immune signatures representing high lymphocyte infiltration and cytotoxic responses are prominent, indicating active immunosurveillance. Expression of immune checkpoint molecules was enriched in high-risk OED and further increased in early stage OSCC. Seventy percent of high-risk OED displayed a T cell-inflamed phenotype histology suggesting that they might be responsive to anti-PD-1 immunoprevention. Other immunoprevention strategies are required for the 30% of high-risk OED are not immune-enriched. Overall, our data point the way for new approaches to non-surgical management of OED.

  Study EGAS00001005520

• Whole-exome ultra-high throughput sequencing in brain samples of suicide victims who had suffered from major depressive disorder and control subjects who had died from other causes

  We carried out whole-exome ultra-high throughput sequencing in brain samples of suicide victims who had suffered from major depressive disorder and control subjects who had died from other causes. This study aimed to reveal the selective accumulation of rare variants in the coding and the UTR sequences within the genes of suicide victims. We also analysed the potential effect of STR and CNV variations, as well as the infection of the brain with neurovirulent viruses in this behavioural disorder. As a result, we have identified several candidate genes, among others three calcium channel genes that may potentially contribute to completed suicide. We also explored the potential implication of the TGF-β signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of suicidal behaviour. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that uses whole-exome sequencing for the investigation of suicide.

  Study EGAS00001002818

• Whole-exome ultra-high throughput sequencing in brain samples of suicide victims who had suffered from major depressive disorder and control subjects who had died from other causes.

  We carried out whole-exome ultra-high throughput sequencing in brain samples of suicide victims who had suffered from major depressive disorder and control subjects who had died from other causes. This study aimed to reveal the selective accumulation of rare variants in the coding and the UTR sequences within the genes of suicide victims. We also analysed the potential effect of STR and CNV variations, as well as the infection of the brain with neurovirulent viruses in this behavioural disorder. As a result, we have identified several candidate genes, among others three calcium channel genes that may potentially contribute to completed suicide. We also explored the potential implication of the TGF-β signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of suicidal behaviour. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that uses whole-exome sequencing for the investigation of suicide.

  Study EGAS00001003081

• Optimized large-scale longitudinal biorepository of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma patient-derived organoids

  To enable translation studies we created patient derived models to assess biomarkers, target validation, and patient response. To evaluate that the PDOs retain the genomic characteristics of the primary tumours we performed (WES) sequencing of 11 matched primary tumours and their matched organoid samples (total n=22). Libraries were sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq technology. Reads were aligned with BWA alignment to hg38. Files were processed following GATK best practices (version GATK 4.2.3.0). Variants were called using Mutect2. The dataset contains the alignmnent files (.bam) and the called mutations (.vcf).

  Study EGAS50000001614

• Single-cell RNA sequence analysis of iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes treated with S-RBD-sfGFP or GFP

  To determine the transcriptional response in human cardiomyocytes treated with SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD-sfGFP), human cardiomyocytes differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) were replated on day 21 after differentiation and treated with S-RBD-sfGFP or control-GFP for 48 hours on day 26-28. iPSC-CMs were dissociated and the single cell suspension was analyzed by single cell RNA-sequence.

  Study JGAS000620

• Refractory Classic Hodgkins Lymphoma (cHL) sWGS

  Associated with the study: Blood-based Monitoring of Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Predict Responses to Anti-PD-1 Treatment. 26 ctDNA Samples from 4 patients followed longitudinally. sWGS performed for copy number aberration (CNA) analysis.

  Dataset EGAD50000001163

• Data Quality Control

  Data Quality Control High-throughput sequencing techniques have become the leading method to study, decode and discover the genomic origins of biological phenomenons. EGA provides a secure archival of such identifiable genomics data with the purpose of data-upcycling, i.e. to re-use these data for research. High-quality data standards are essential to ensure the quality and credibility of the research. Moreover, a quality check report can assure a researcher beforehand about the data that they will request access, therefore saving time and effort. The EGA has developed a File Quality Control Report (QC Report) to provide generic quality control reports for Fastq, SAM/BAM/CRAM, and VCF files deposited at EGA. This QC Report will allow users to get information regarding the files submitted within a specific dataset. The data requesters will obtain information such as the quality of reads, mapped reads, number of variants, and other features before starting the requesting process, which will save the efforts and time.Accessing file quality control reportsIn each dataset page, the user can explore the files that it contains by clicking the "files" tab. The Quality Control report of a file has two sections. The first one, contains general information about the file, such as the inferred assembly, total reads, the dataset or study where it comes from, etc. The second section contains plots that summarise interesting information about the file, for example, the base coverage distribution, base quality or mapped reads. The description of each plot is accessible by clicking the "i" button at the top-right corner of each plot box. Technical Description For analysing the fastq, SAM/BAM/CRAM and VCF files, the EGA applies a set of tools widely used in the bioinformatics community. FASTQ: FastQC, recognised as the gold standard tool by the community.Per base sequence quality, per sequence quality scores, per base sequence content, per sequence GC content, sequence duplication levels, etc.SAM/BAM/CRAM: samtools, also the gold standard, generates results plots useful to get an overall idea of the quality of the file.base coverage distribution, base quality, % of mapped reads, % of both mates mapped, singletons, duplicates, etc.VCF: vcftools and bcftools, combined with a custom script to infer the genome assembly.site frequency distribution, Ts/Tv, base changes, indel distribution, etc.

  Documentation access/request-data/quality-control-reports

• Synthetic data - Genome in a Bottle

  In May, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released its first genome in a bottle, a reference sample of DNA for validating human genome sequences. This so-called truth sequence comes from a decades-old sample donated by a Utah woman for (other) research purposes (NA12878 cell line), which, over the years, has been one of the most studied, and hence best-characterized, human samples. Seeing genomic medicine moving toward mainstream healthcare, researchers at NIST recognized the need for a reference human genome and assembled a private-public consortium in 2012 to create one. As detailed in a 2014 Nature Biotechnology paper (Nat. Biotechnol.32, 246–251, 2014), the group integrated and arbitrated among sequences from 14 data sets, five sequencing technologies, seven read mappers and three variant callers.

  Study EGAS00001005591

• Oral Immunotherapy for Induction of Tolerance and Desensitization in Peanut-Allergic Children (IMPACT)

  Brief Summary:This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center study comparing peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) to placebo in the induction of tolerance and desensitization in peanut-allergic children. Eligible participants with peanut allergy will be randomly assigned to receive either peanut OIT or placebo for 134 weeks followed by peanut avoidance for 26 weeks.Detailed Description:An initial oral food challenge (OFC) to 1 g of peanut flour (500 mg peanut protein) will be conducted. Participants must have a clinical reaction during this OFC to initiate study dosing. After the initial OFC, the study design includes four phases:Initial dose escalation (1 day): Peanut or placebo dosing will be given incrementally and increase every 20 minutes until a dose of 12 mg peanut flour (6 mg peanut protein) or placebo flour is given. Build-up (30 weeks): Initial observed dose administration of highest tolerated dose, followed by daily OIT at home with return visit every 2 weeks for dose escalation. Maintenance (104 weeks):The participant will continue on daily OIT with return visits every 13 weeks. At the end of this phase the participant will undergo a blinded OFC to 10 g peanut flour (5 g peanut protein). Avoidance (26 weeks): In this final phase participants will be seen every 13 weeks. At the completion of this phase participants will have a final blinded OFC to 10g peanut flour (5 g peanut protein)

  Study phs003109

• Longitudinal Study of Urea Cycle Disorders

  Individuals with Urea Cycle Disorders (UCD) cannot remove ammonia, a waste product, from the blood. The purpose of this study is to conduct a longitudinal investigation of the natural history, morbidity, and mortality in people with UCD. This study will look at how people with a UCD grow and develop over time and how often they get sick. The research questions are: What is the prevalence of specific morbid indicators of disease severity, including hyperammonemia, developmental disabilities, and various long-term kidney and liver effects? What is the fatality rate associated with the various forms of UCD? What are the correlations between various biomarkers and disease severity and progression? What is the safety and efficacy of currently used and new UCD therapies? This is a longitudinal study of individuals with urea cycle disorders. Those participating in this study will be evaluated every three to twelve months, depending age and time of diagnosis. Participants two years of age and younger that were diagnosed with UCD within the first four weeks of life will be evaluated every three months. Those who are over two years of age or were diagnosed after four weeks of age will be evaluated every six months. Participants older than 18 years of age will be evaluated once every year.

  Study phs000577

• Comparison of Custom Capture for Targeted Next Generation DNA Sequencing

  Targeted, capture-based DNA sequencing is an economical way to sequence a customized region of the genome. Several targeted sequencing kits are available, but the efficacies of these kits have not been compared. We appraised four targeted DNA technologies for next generation sequencing, considering on-target sequencing, uniformity, and single nucleotide variation and copy number variation discovery. The technologies which utilized sonication to fragment genomic material showed impressive uniformity of capture. The other two had shorter preparation times, but sacrificed uniformity. One of those technologies, which needs transposase to fragment genomic material, has a weakness that requires all samples be pooled and the final one, which uses restriction enzyme digestion, is limited depending on restriction enzymes digest sites. Naturally, all technologies showed some concordance for calling SNVs, the kits that used restriction enzymes or transposase missed several SNVs, due, in large part, to lack of coverage. All technologies showed high integrity for copy number variant calling when compared to SNP arrays. This study aids laboratories in their decision of the proper technology to use for their intended applications.

  Study phs000811

• L1 Retrotransposon sequencing in Cocaine Use Disorder - Study 1

  Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) is a global public health problem, with no effective pharmacotherapies. While CUD is marked by high heritability, discovery of variants associated with risk for CUD has proven difficult. We used Restriction Enzyme Based Enriched L1 sequencing (REBELseq) to amplify L1 retrotransposons in gDNA isolated from medial prefrontal cortex NeuN+ neuronal nuclei from 25 CUD cases and 26 controls. Amplified libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform, and sequencing data was analyzed with the REBELseq bioinformatics pipeline.

  Study phs001966

• GoDARTS T2D-GENES Exome Sequencing Study

  The GoDARTS T2D-GENES exome sequencing study includes 1924 samples, 965 T2D cases and 959 T2D controls, from European ancestry. This cohort is part of a larger exome sequencing effort from the T2D-GENES project and contains the exome sequencing vcf from the GoDARTS samples. The other data generated from the T2D-GENES project can be found in dbGAP. Samples underwent deep exome sequencing, with SNVs and INDEls called according to GATK best practices.

  Dataset EGAD00001004311

• How to use the EGA search box

  Tips on how to search Tip 1: Use simple and clear keywords No matter what you are searching: a study, a dataset or a committee; the search will look recursively in all the fields of all the entities in the database. Thus, there is no need to specify which type of data you are looking for. Try to use single and specific words and avoid long and complex expressions. Try it out: cancer rna-seq instead of cancer studies using RNA-seq. Tip 2: Narrow your results using search operators Search operators give you more control over the results. They manage the way keywords are used to restrict the search. By default, the search engine applies an OR operator when a space is inserted between two words. Include AND (capitalised) between the keywords in your search in order to show only pages containing both terms. Try it out: Search all the studies based on transcriptomic data, including those ones that use RNA sequencing to obtain this data. Tip 3: Do not worry about details The search engine automatically checks for the most common spelling mistakes of given words and suggests the use of the correct version. It also ignores capital letters and most punctuation so none of these mistakes will hamper the accuracy of your search. Besides, when using a combination of words, the search engine will suggest similar combinations with a higher number of results. Tip 4: Use words that are likely to appear within the text Unfortunately, our search engine is not able to interpret words yet. Therefore, words which do not appear in the body text will not return any result despite them denoting a group of present terms. For instance, if we are looking for studies focused on neurological diseases, using neurological as a keyword would not be the best option. Instead, you should use the name of each neurological disease such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or depression. In the same fashion, incomplete words do not return any result. Please include an asterisk (*) before and/or after the incomplete word in order to allow for partial matching. Try it out: canc* instead of canc(without wildcard). Also you can try out *oma, or even *geneti* Tip 5: Narrow down your search by filtering the results You can filter the results by the following options: general, study, and dataset. Under these categories, you will find more sub-filters to refine your search. Make sure that you click on Apply in order to filter the results. You can clear the filtering anytime. Advanced Searches Additional example queries: Search for DUO:0000005 and word lung example query Or write: DUO:0000005 AND lung Search for an exome sequencing study in dbGaP example query Or write: study_type: "exome sequencing" AND repository:dbGaP Search for an exome sequencing study in EGA example query Or write: study_type: "exome sequencing" AND repository:ega Search for a dataset that is at the EGA beacon and with type "Whole genome sequencing" and with number of samples between 100 and 2000 and with technology "Illumina HiSeq 2000" example query Or write: is_in_beacon:true AND dataset_types:"Whole genome sequencing" AND samples:[100 TO 2000] AND dataset_technologies:"Illumina HiSeq 2000" Search for PMIDS example query Or write: pmids:32025007

  Documentation discovery/metadata/search-box

• Multi-omics datasets (WES, RNA-seq) of mesothelioma MIST4 study, a phase II PD-L1/VEGF blockage clinical trial

  This study comprises 26 mesothelioma patients with whole exome and RNA sequencing, designed to examine the efficacy and correlates of response to dual inhibition of programmed death-ligand 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition.

  Study EGAS50000001818

• InsPIRE islets

  We explored the relationship between genetic variants influencing predisposition to type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related glycemic traits, and human pancreatic islet transcription using RNA-Seq and genotyping data from 420 islet donors and 26 FAC sorted beta-cells.

  Study EGAS00001003997

• ctDNA diva aggregate data

  ctDNA biomarker and relevant clinical data for divarasib phase I GO42144 study, including tumor type, KRAS G12C mutation detectability in plasma at baseline, baseline SLD, sites of metastasis, lines of therapy, best response, confirmed best response, PFS, ctDNA tumor fraction and KRAS G12C VAF at baseline/C1D15/C3D1.

  Dataset EGAD50000000454

• Dedifferentiated Melanoma (2021-02-02)

  De- and transdifferentiation of melanoma is a rare histopathological phenomenon that has not be characterised genetically. In this project we plan to sequence the genomes of de and transdifferentiated cases so as to define their genetic make-up. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2021-02-02.

  Dataset EGAD00001006931

• Mitochondrial DNA sequencing of iPSC, parental cells, and iPSC derived cardiomyocytes

  The aim of this work was to analyze to which extent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) originate from their parental cells or from de novo mutagenesis, and whether dynamics in variant heteroplasmy levels during prolonged expansion culture of iPSC are caused by inter- or intra-cellular selection or genetic drift. Hence, mtDNA of 26 early passage iPSC clones from, in total, 10 donors and the corresponding parental cell populations (here endothelial cells) were sequenced. Furthermore, 7 iPSC clones were expanded up to passage 50 and the change in variant heteroplasmy levels was monitored. Lastly, the effect of differentiation on the variant heteroplasmy levels was investigated during directed cardiomyocyte differentiation of 4 iPSC clones.

  Study EGAS00001005560

• GEDI: A Developmental Model of Gene-Environment Interplay in SUDs: Combined Genotype Dataset from the "Great Smoky Mountains Study" and the "Caring for Children in the Community Study".

  1. Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS; Costello et al. 1996, 1997) Three cohorts of boys and girls, aged 9, 11, and 13 years at intake in 1993, were selected from a rural population of some 20,000 children using a household equal probability design. A two-phase procedure was used for White and African-American youth to increase power by oversampling children at risk for psychiatric and SUDs. Parents (usually mothers) of the first stage random population sample completed a questionnaire about their child's behavioral problems. Of 4,195 subjects selected, 95% (N=3,896) of parents completed the screen. All children scoring above a predetermined threshold (the top 25% of the total scores), plus a 10% random sample of the remaining 75%, were recruited for detailed interviews. Results can be back-weighted to population levels for analyses. Half of the sample consists of females, and 6% are African Americans, reflecting the population of the study area. The interviewed sample of white and African-American subjects was 1,070 (80% of those recruited). American Indian youth were oversampled (100%) because they are an understudied group known to be at high risk for stressful events, substance disorders, and mood disorders. Of 431 age-eligible children, 350 (81% boys, 49% girls) participated. Thus, the size of total GSMS sample is 1,070 + 350 = 1,420. Data collection is complete for ages 9-26, and age 30 interviews are in progress. By age 26 a total of 9,858 interviews had been completed; the average number of interviews per subject was seven, and by age 26, 97.3% completed two or more interviews. 2. The Caring for Children in the Community Study (CCC; Angold et al., 2002) This representative study of psychiatric illness and service use in African-American and White youth took place in four rural counties in the southeastern USA. The two-stage sampling design and methods are similar to those used in the GSMS. Of 4,500 youth randomly selected from the 17,117 9- to 17-year-olds in the public school's database, 3,613 (80.0%) were successfully contacted and agreed to complete the behavioral screen. Of the 1,302 selected to participate in the study, 920 (70.7%) interviews were completed. Because CCC was also the only study in GEDI to contain more than a very few African-American participants, these were omitted from the multi-site analyses. Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press from Costello et al., 2013: PMID: 23461817 References: Costello et al., 1996: PMID: 8956679 Costello et al., 1997: PMID: 9184514 Angold et al., 2002: PMID: 12365876

  Study phs000852

• Integrating molecular imaging and transcriptomic profiling in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer receiving trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1): an analysis of the ZEPHIR clinical trial

  Purpose: The ZEPHIR clinical trial evaluated the role of [89Zr]trastuzumab-PET/CT (HER2-PET/CT) and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) in predicting outcomes in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). Here, we combined molecular/metabolic imaging and transcriptomic data to investigate the biological processes associated with [89Zr]trastuzumab and [18F]FDG uptake, and to dissect the mechanisms involved in T-DM1 resistance. Experimental design: RNA was extracted from metastasis biopsies obtained at study inclusion in the ZEPHIR trial. HER2-PET/CT and [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging data of biopsied lesions were integrated with RNA sequencing data. Lesions were compared based on the level of [89Zr]trastuzumab uptake (dichotomized into high/low classes) as well as on the presence/absence of metabolic response, defined comparing baseline and on-treatment [18F]FDG-PET/CT. Results: We analyzed matched transcriptomic and molecular/metabolic imaging data for 24 metastases (one lesion/patient). Pathways involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis, and collagen formation were enriched in lesions presenting low [89Zr]trastuzumab uptake. [18F]FDG uptake at baseline correlated with proliferation and immune-related processes. Hypoxia and ECM-related processes were enriched in lesions that showed no metabolic response to T-DM1. Interestingly, immune-related processes (e.g., Fc gamma receptor activation, complement cascade) were associated with high [89Zr]trastuzumab uptake and metabolic response. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study represents the first correlative analysis between [89Zr]trastuzumab tumor uptake and gene expression profiling in humans. Our findings point toward a role of ECM in impairing [89Zr]trastuzumab tumor uptake and T-DM1 metabolic response in advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, and highlight the potential of molecular imaging to depict tumor microenvironment features.

  Study EGAS50000000470

• RNAseq SCLC Cell lines MYC

  RNAseq data set (Mollaoglu et al., MYC drives progression of small cell lung cancer to a variant neuroendocrine subtype with vulnerability to Aurora kinase inhibition) RNA isolation from primary tumors and healthy lungs was performed using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) with the standard protocol. RNA was subjected to library construction with the Illumina TruSeq Stranded mRNA Sample Preparation Kit (cat# RS-122-2101, RS-122-2102) according to manufacturer’s protocol. Chemically denatured sequencing libraries (25 pM) are applied to an Illumina HiSeq v4 single read flow cell using an Illumina cBot. Hybridized molecules were clonally amplified and annealed to sequencing primers with reagents from an Illumina HiSeq SR Cluster Kit v4-cBot (GD-401-4001). Following transfer of the flowcell to an Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument (HCSv2.2.38 and RTA v1.18.61), a 50 cycle single-read sequence run was performed using HiSeq SBS Kit v4 sequencing reagents (FC-401-4002).

  Dataset EGAD00001003099

• Identification of Host Genetic Factors That Are Determinant for the Development of Severe Forms of COVID-19

  We conducted whole exome sequencing (WXS) on 21 cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) related to COVID-19 from Brazil. All patients who were hospitalized underwent serum (ELISA) and molecular (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2, and the main clinical symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected. During hospitalization, data on complications, medical interventions, and laboratory findings were also collected. Our results revealed in an unprecedented way the occurrence of several rare loss-of-function variants in the NLRP12 gene among the affected children, and three other SNVs, predicted to be highly pathogenic, were identified in the IL17RC gene. An additional nonsense variant, in the IFNA10 gene, was identified in a single patient. Through in vitro functional analysis, we unequivocally demonstrated that these mutations impact NF-kB activation. These findings are similar to those observed in NLRP12-associated systemic autoinflammatory disorders, characterized by altered innate immune response, with increased NF-κB activation and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. To our knowledge, our study is the first to provide a plausible molecular mechanism for MIS-C involving inborn errors in NLRP12. We suggest that some patients with MIS-C may benefit from Interleukin (IL)-1 pathway blockade treatments.

  Study phs003512

• Adaptive Therapy Exploits Fitness Deficits in Chemotherapy-Resistant Ovarian Cancer to Achieve Long-Term Tumor Control Open Access

  Drug resistance results in poor outcomes for cancer patients. Adaptive therapy is a potential strategy to address drug resistance that exploits competitive interactions between sensitive and resistant subclones. Here, we showed that adapting carboplatin dose according to tumor response (adaptive therapy) significantly prolonged survival of murine ovarian cancer models compared to standard carboplatin dosing, without increasing mean daily drug dose or toxicity. Platinum resistant ovarian cancer cells exhibited diminished fitness when drug was absent in vitro and in vivo, which caused selective decline of resistant populations due to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Conversely fitter, sensitive cells re-grew when drug was withdrawn. Using a bioinformatics pipeline that exploits copy number changes to quantify the emergence of treatment resistance, analysis of cell‐free DNA obtained longitudinally from ovarian cancer patients during treatment showed subclonal selection through therapy, and measurements of resistant population growth correlated strongly with disease burden. These preclinical findings pave the way for future clinical testing of personalized adaptive therapy regimens tailored to the evolution of carboplatin resistance in individual ovarian cancer patients.

  Study EGAS50000001142

• Differential Transcription Start Site Usage in Brain-related Samples

  RNA-Seq is an effective method to study the transcriptome, but specialized methods are required to identify 5' ends of transcripts. Several published strategies exist for this specific purpose, but their relative merits have not been systematically analyzed. Here, we directly compare the performance of six such methods - testing five with cellular RNA as well as a novel spike-in RNA assay that helps address interpretation challenges that arise from uncertainties in annotation or RNA processing. Using a single human RNA sample, we constructed and sequenced 18 libraries with these methods and one standard, control RNA-Seq library. We find that the CAGE method performed best for mRNA and that most of its unannotated peaks are supported by evidence from other genomic methods. We then applied CAGE to eight brain-related samples and revealed sample-specific transcription start site (TSS) usage as well as a transcriptome-wide shift in TSS usage between fetal and adult brain.

  Study phs001463

• Aberrant expression of SLAMF6 constitutes a targetable immune escape mechanism in acute myeloid leukemia

  In this study, we demonstrate that aberrant expression of SLAMF6 on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells serves as a novel immune escape mechanism that can be inhibited by antibodies against the SLAMF6 dimerization site. This constitutes a novel mechanism of checkpoint inhibition, which paves the way for immunotherapy in AML and other SLAMF6-expressing cancers. This study utilizes single cell sequencing data from the AML cell line HNT-34 co-cultured with normal T cells, with and without antibody targeting SLAMF6, as well as single cell data of 38 primary AML samples.

  Study EGAS50000001085

• Oncoprint GSCCs

  Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most malignant primary brain tumor, with a median survival rarely exceeding 2 years. Tumor heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are key factors contributing to the poor response rates of current therapeutic approaches. GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs) often exhibit immunosuppressive features that promote tumor progression. However, their dynamic interactions with GBM tumor cells remain poorly understood. Here, we used patient-derived GBM stem cell cultures and combined single-cell RNA sequencing of GAM-GBM co-cultures and real-time in vivo monitoring of GAM-GBM interactions in orthotopic zebrafish xenograft models to provide insight into the cellular, molecular, and spatial heterogeneity. Our analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity across GBM patients in GBM-induced GAM polarization and the ability to attract and activate GAMs – features that correlated with patient survival. Differential gene expression analysis, immunohistochemistry on original tumor samples, and knock-out experiments in zebrafish subsequently identified LGALS1 as a primary regulator of immunosuppression. Overall, our work highlights that GAM-GBM interactions can be studied in a clinically relevant way using co-cultures and avatar models, while offering new opportunities to identify promising immune-modulating targets.

  Study EGAS00001007481

• Single-cell profiling of co-cultures of GSCCs and macrophages

  Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most malignant primary brain tumor, with a median survival rarely exceeding 2 years. Tumor heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are key factors contributing to the poor response rates of current therapeutic approaches. GBM-associated macrophages (GAMs) often exhibit immunosuppressive features that promote tumor progression. However, their dynamic interactions with GBM tumor cells remain poorly understood. Here, we used patient-derived GBM stem cell cultures and combined single-cell RNA sequencing of GAM-GBM co-cultures and real-time in vivo monitoring of GAM-GBM interactions in orthotopic zebrafish xenograft models to provide insight into the cellular, molecular, and spatial heterogeneity. Our analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity across GBM patients in GBM-induced GAM polarization and the ability to attract and activate GAMs – features that correlated with patient survival. Differential gene expression analysis, immunohistochemistry on original tumor samples, and knock-out experiments in zebrafish subsequently identified LGALS1 as a primary regulator of immunosuppression. Overall, our work highlights that GAM-GBM interactions can be studied in a clinically relevant way using co-cultures and avatar models, while offering new opportunities to identify promising immune-modulating targets.

  Study EGAS00001007482

• The ICGC-TCGA DREAM Somatic Mutation Calling - Tumour Heterogeneity Challenge

  Tumors are composed of many different cell types, ranging from the normal tissue micro-environment, infiltrating immune cells and tumour cells. This group of tumour cells is itself intrinsically highly heterogeneous, driven by the rapid mutation rate of cancer cells to become a mixture of different sub-populations. These different types of cells, called subclones, have different sets of mutations in their DNA. Because some subclones evolve from others, many subclones share mutations. While it is increasingly easy to determine what mutations are present in the tumor, it remains very difficult to determine which subclones have which mutations. The task of assigning mutations to subclones is called subclonal reconstruction.The ICGC-TCGA DREAM Somatic Mutation Calling - Tumour Heterogeneity Challenge (SMC-Het) is an international effort to improve standard methods for subclonal reconstruction: to quantify and genotype each individual cell population present within a tumor. The goal of this challenge is to identify the best subclonal reconstruction algorithms and to identify the conditions that affect their performance.

  Study EGAS00001002092

• VA APOLLO Project - Research for Precision Oncology (RePOP)

  The Research for Precision Oncology Program (RePOP) is a research activity that establishes a cohort of Veterans diagnosed with cancer and who have had genomic analyses performed on their tumor tissue as part of standard of care. All data relevant to a patient's cancer and cancer care will be collected under RePOP, including patient demographics, co-morbidities, genomic analysis, treatments, medications, lab values, imaging studies, and outcomes. All RePOP participants will have signed/verbal informed consent and signed HIPAA authorization to have their data stored and shared from RePOP's Precision Oncology Program Data Repository (PODR). The Applied Proteogenomics OrganizationaL Learning and Outcomes (APOLLO) network is a collaboration between NCI, the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to incorporate proteogenomics into patient care as a way of looking beyond the genome, to the activity and expression of the proteins that the genome encodes. The emerging field of proteogenomics aims to better predict how patients will respond to therapy by screening their tumors for both genetic abnormalities and protein information, an approach that has been made possible in recent years due to advances in proteomic technology.

  Study phs001374

• WES in HCCOs with varying Doxorubicin resistance

  We aimed to identify somatic mutations that could explain the resistance to Doxorubicin. Therefor, we purified Exomes from liver biopsies and HCC organoids using Agilent SureSelectXT (clinical research exome, HS2 V8, or Human all Exon V6 Cosmic) and performed WES. Matched non-tumoral liver biopsies served as the control for germline mutations. 12 of these samples were previously reported. Sequence reads were aligned to the reference human genome GRCh38 using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA, v0.7.17). Duplicate removal, base quality adjustment, mutation calling (Mutect2, intervals: SureSelectXT_HS_V8_S33266340, germline-recourse: gnomad.exomes.r2.1.1.sites.liftover_grch38, Panel-of-Normal: 1000g_pon.hg38), filtering of Mutect calls, and functional annotation (Funcotator, funcotator_dataSources.v1.7.20200521g) were performed using the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK, v4.4) according to the Broad Institute best practices in Somatic short variant discovery workflows. Mutations with a functional annotation of Deletion, Insertion, Non-stop, Splice-Site, Start-Codon and Missense mutations were kept. A list of 43 commonly mutated genes in HCC was analyzed in the HCC organoids [TCGA, Comprehensive and Integrative Genomic Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell, 2017. 169(7): p. 1327-1341.e23].

  Study EGAS50000000043

• DAC-2020-03-26-Lemola (DAC-039))

  DAC-2020-03-26-Lemola (DAC-039)), raw data in EGA, metadata in Harvard Dataverse

  Dataset EGAD50000000897

• Pre-existing immunity drives the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinoma

  Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a highly aggressive tumor. Patients with locally advanced disease undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) before surgery, however fewer than 30% of treated patients achieve a pathological complete response associated with increased 5-year overall survival. We set out to elucidate the mechanisms the response to nCT by multi-dimensional profiling of pre-treatment tumor biopsies and blood samples from EAC patients. In particular we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNAseq on n=26 baseline EAC tumor; two additional EAC samples underwent only WES. WES on matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used as germline control.

  Study EGAS00001007245

• A Phase III Randomized Study of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab Versus Nivolumab in Stage IV Squamous Cell Lung Cancer

  Lung-MAP (S1400, NCT02785952) was a multicenter, open-label, phase III randomized clinical trial. The Lung-MAP-I substudy (S1400I) was conducted from December 2015 to April 2018, through the National Clinical Trials Network and led by the SWOG Cancer Research Network. The trial compared nivolumab plus ipilimumab (nivo+ipi) with nivolumab monotherapy (nivo) in patients with chemotherapy-pretreated, immunotherapy-naïve, advanced squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma (sqNSCLC). Two hundred fifty-two patients were randomly assigned to receive nivo+ipi (n = 125) or nivo (n = 127). The clinical efficacy endpoints were overall survival, progression free survival, duration of response, and best objective response by RECIST 1.1. Multi-omic translational analysis was performed in collaboration with the the CIMAC–Cancer Immunologic Data Commons (CIDC) Network using available tumor tissue samples and blood samples (n = 160) submitted for Lung-MAP screening and provided by the SWOG tissue bank.

  Study phs003412

• Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) 1000 Exomes Study

  Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. Although the Bracing in AIS Trial (BrAIST) recently demonstrated the effectiveness of bracing for preventing scoliosis progression in some patients, more than 20,000 children undergo major spinal fusion surgery at an annual cost of $3 billion. Spinal fusion surgery is a major operation with considerable risks and complications. Accurate methods of predicting curve progression are needed to develop personalized prevention strategies for those at high risk and to eliminate screening and treatment of those at low risk of progression. Previously identified risk factors for scoliosis curve progression include sex, age of onset, curve type, and presence of an underlying disorder. However, currently available algorithms for predicting AIS curve progression are inaccurate, possibly because the role of genetic factors has been largely unexplored. Because there is little a priori knowledge of the genetic variants involved in AIS pathology, an unbiased genome-wide approach is likely to provide the best opportunity to comprehensively identify disease-associated genes. This is a multicenter exome sequencing study of extreme cases with severe scoliosis.

  Study phs001677

• Exome Sequencing of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

  The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen 600% over the last 30 years. When coupled to the five-year survival rate of only 15% for this disease, identification of new therapeutic targets for EAC is of great importance. Here, we analyze the mutational spectra identified from the whole genome sequencing of 16 EACs and complete exome sequencing of 149 EAC tumors and matched germline samples. We identify a novel mutation signature marked by high prevalence of A to C transversions at AA*(N) trinucleotides. Notably, the development of EAC is preceded by pathologic intestinal metaplasia of the lower esophagus, Barrett's esophagus, itself a response to injury from gastric-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Thus, we hypothesize to represent these AA*(N) mutations to a novel signature of GERD-induced mutagenesis. Analysis of the exome data identified 26 genes subject to statistically significant recurrent mutation. Of these 26 genes, only TP53, CDKN2A, SMAD4, and PIK3CA had been previously implicated in EAC. Novel mutations include those targeting chromatin modifying factors and novel candidate contributors to EAC: SPG20, TLR4, ELMO1 and DOCK2. Of these, ELMO1 and DOCK2 are notably direct dimerization partners that act to activate Rac1 to enhance cellular invasiveness, thus generating new hypotheses about the potential for the Rac1 pathway to be a novel target for therapy of EAC. "Reprinted from 'Unraveling the mutational complexity of esophageal adenocarcinoma', with permission from Nature Genetics."

  Study phs000598

• Short-read (RNA-seq)

  The goal of this project was to perform long-read RNA sequencing (LR-seq, PacBio) in combination with short-read RNA-seq for systematic characterization of the isoform diversity in primary breast tumor samples. We sequenced the full-length transcriptomes of 26 breast tumors and 4 normal breast samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001006596

• Combinatorial CRISPR screen identifies fitness effects of paralogues FAM50A and FAM50B

  Genetic redundancy has evolved as a way for human cells to survive the loss of genes that are single copy and essential in other organisms, but also allows tumours to survive despite having highly rearranged genomes. In this study we CRISPR screen 1,191 gene pairs, including paralogues and known and predicted synthetic lethal interactions to identify 105 gene combinations whose co-disruption results in a loss of cellular fitness. 27 pairs influence fitness across multiple cell lines including the paralogues FAM50A/FAM50B, two genes of unknown function. Silencing of FAM50B occurs across a range of tumour types and in this context disruption of FAM50A reduces cellular fitness whilst promoting micronucleus formation and extensive perturbation of transcriptional programmes. This dataset includes CRISPR screening of cancer cell lines, RNA sequencing studies of cancer cell lines and also data from the sequencing of tumour xenografts collected from mice.

  Dataset EGAD00001006648

• Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Rare Solid Tumors

  This phase Ib/II single-arm study evaluated atezolizumab + bevacizumab for patients with treatment-refractory metastatic HPV+ anal cancer. The primary endpoint was best overall response, and secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety/tolerability. Paired tissue biopsies were collected in patients before treatment and at the time of first restaging and analyzed for whole-exome sequencing, RNAseq (Bulk), and multiplex immunofluorescence. The overall response rate among 20 patients was 10%. WES and RNAseq data are provided here.

  Study phs003845

• Profiling heterogeneity in Human derived IPSC-neurons (2020-05-18)

  The impact of genetic variants on molecular pathways that give rise to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's is best elucidated in the appropriate cell types and molecular contexts. Existing studies have focused on bulk profiling of mixed cell types, but have ignored assaying genetic effects across development and cell differentiation. At the core of this proposal is the idea to use single-cell assays to study genetic effects during differentiation of dopaminergic and cortical neurons to identify the sequence of molecular events from variants to healthy and diseased cell states in a cell-specific manner. 1) This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-05-18.

  Dataset EGAD00001006157

• PE-CGS: Optimizing Engagement of Hispanic Colorectal Cancer Patients in Cancer Genomic Characterization Studies

  Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. Hispanic/Latinos (H/L) are the largest and fasting growing ethnic group in the US, and cancer is the leading cause of death among H/L in the US. Therefore, we need to fully understand the full complexity of the molecular etiology of cancer in this ethnic group. For instance, although incidence rates of CRC are lower among Latinos as compared to Whites or African Americans, Hispanics with metastatic disease have shorter overall survival when adjusted for health care setting, demographics, disease characteristics and treatment factors. H/L also tend to be diagnosed at a younger age and with higher stage, and we have previously reported that Mexican H/L in California have the greatest proportion of young (The Cancer Genome Atlas has provided a deep overview of the molecular taxonomy of CRC in 594 cases, however, less than 1% of the cases (n=5) were H/L. Therefore, it is imperative for us to take more detailed assessment of the molecular genomic landscape of CRC in H/L. One of the major issues likely limiting our ability to perform these large genomic initiatives in minority patients is that Patient or Participant Engagement practices may not be investigated to identify best practices for accruing and consenting patients into clinical translational biomedical research studies. This concept of Participant Engagement is critically important for both the patients and the translational cancer research community. Optimizing and improving our approaches for directly engaging patients at initial contact, throughout the course of a translational genomic study, and during the time of return of results is likely to lead to stronger relationships between the medical community and patients, but could also lead to significant improvement in outcomes for patients and for the cancer care community as a whole. As such, we propose the creation of the USC Center for Optimization of Participant Engagement in Cancer Characterization (COPECC) with a focus on optimizing the engagement of Latinos in CRC Genomic Characterization research studies. USC COPECC would serve as a member of the NCI U2C Participant Engagement and Cancer Genome Sequencing (PE-CGS) Network. Our investigative team includes experts in all relevant areas of research for genomic characterization, participant engagement, and engagement optimization. We have an established platform for consenting patients into cancer genomics studies that will serve as a standard process. The overall goal of USC COPECC is to generate results on participant engagement optimization and CRC genomic research that will be shared with the broader community to distribute best practices for engaging Latinos in hopes of improving overall outcomes for CRC in this underserved population.

  Study phs003985