23014 results for "ega"

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• A Unifying Paradigm for Transcriptional Heterogeneity and Squamous Features in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  Pancreatic cancer expression profiles largely reflect a classical or basal-like phenotype. The extent to which these profiles vary within a patient is unknown. We integrated evolutionary analysis and expression profiling in multiregion sampled metastatic pancreatic cancers, finding that squamous features are the histologic correlate of an RNA-seq defined basal-like subtype. In patients with coexisting basal/squamous and classical/glandular morphology, phylogenetic studies revealed that squamous morphology represented a subclonal population in an otherwise classical/glandular tumor. Cancers with squamous features were significantly more likely to have clonal mutations in chromatin modifiers, intercellular heterogeneity for MYC amplification, and entosis. These data provide a unifying paradigm for integrating basal-type expression profiles, squamous histology, and somatic mutations in chromatin modifier genes in the context of clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer.  

  Study EGAS00001003974

• T2D-GENES: Exome sequencing

  The Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) is a large collaboration effort between the University of Michigan, Broad Institute, the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Chicago, NIDDK, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, University of North Carolina, Blood Systems Research Institute, and University of Mississippi Medical Center. The goal of this study is to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes through multiethnic sequencing studies. In this study, we use next generation sequencing to assess the role of common, low frequency, and rare variants on type 2 diabetes risk. We preformed exome sequencing in 6,546 T2D cases and 6,457 control individuals of multiethnic origin, including individuals of African American, East Asian, South Asian, Hispanic, and European descent.

  Study EGAS00001001460

• Reconstructing the dispersals and adaptive history of Bantu-speaking populations in Africa and North America

  Bantu languages are spoken by ~310 million Africans, yet the genetic history of Bantu-speaking populations remains largely unexplored. We generated genomic data for 1,318 individuals from 35 populations in western central Africa, where Bantu languages originated. We found that early Bantu speakers first moved southward, through the equatorial rainforest, before spreading toward eastern and southern Africa. We also found that genetic adaptation of Bantu speakers was facilitated by admixture with autochthonous populations, particularly for the HLA and LCT loci. Finally, we identified a major contribution of western central African Bantu speakers to the ancestry of African Americans, whose genomes present no strong signals of natural selection. Together, these results highlight the contribution of Bantu-speaking peoples to the complex genetic history of Africans and African Americans.

  Study EGAS00001002078

• RNA-seq, WGS and WES of Hepatocellular carcinomas, enriched in fibrolamellar carcinomas

  DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion is a specific driver event in fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), a rare subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurring in adolescents and young adults. In older patients, molecular determinants of HCC with mixed histological features of HCC and FLC (mixed-FLC/HCC) remain to be discovered.This study aims to molecularly caracterize mixed fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (mixed FLC/HCC) within the molecular liver tumors diversity, in respect of pure FLC and different HCC subtypes. This study reunites WGS data (n=3, Tumoral/Non-Tumoral pairs), WES data (n=43, Tumoral/Non-Tumoral pairs) and RNAseq data (n=66, Tumoral only). On a trascriptomic level, most of the mixed-FLC/HCC RNAseq clustered in a robust subgroup of tumors all showing mutation or translocation inactivating BAP1 that codes for the BRCA1 associated protein-1.

  Study EGAS00001003837

• RNA-sequencing data from 195 B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias and mate pair whole genome sequencing data from 15 B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias

  Fusion genes are potent driver mutations in cancer. In this study, we delineate the fusion gene landscape in a consecutive series of 195 pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP ALL). Using RNA-sequencing, we find in-frame fusion genes in 127 (65%) cases, including 27 novel fusions. We describe a new subtype characterized by recurrent IGH-DUX4 or ERG-DUX4 fusions, representing 4% of cases, leading to overexpression of DUX4 and frequently co-occurring with intragenic ERG deletions. Furthermore, we identify a subtype characterized by an ETV6-RUNX1-like gene expression profile and coexisting ETV6 and IKZF1 alterations. Taken together, this study provides a detailed overview of fusion genes in pediatric BCP ALL and adds new pathogenetic insights, which may improve risk stratification and provide novel therapeutic options in this disease.

  Study EGAS00001001795

• Genomic and transcriptional landscape of P2RY8-CRLF2-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  The mutational and transcriptional landscape of P2RY8-CRLF2-positive ALL was defined in 41 major clone fusion-positive cases including 19 matched diagnosis and relapse pairs by an integrated analysis of whole-exome and RNA sequencing. We detected a variety of frequently subclonal and highly unstable JAK/STAT but also RTK/Ras pathway activating mutations in 76% of cases at diagnosis and virtually all relapses. Unlike P2RAY8-CRLF2 that was lost in 32% of relapses, all other genomic deletions affecting lymphoid development and cell cycle remained stable. Only IKZF1 alterations predominated in relapsing cases and increased from initially 36 to 58% in matched cases. IKZF1¹s transcriptional signature revealed compromised stem cell features with signs of impaired lymphoid differentiation, enhanced focal adhesion, activated hypoxia pathway, deregulated cell cycle and increased drug resistance.

  Study EGAS00001001847

• Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling of hormone-naïve localised prostate cancer

  Localised prostate cancers (PCa) are heterogeneous and multifocal, with diverse outcomes. Current prognostic methods are epithelium-centric, overlooking the complex cellular landscape within the tumour microenvironment (TME), which remains incompletely characterised. We performed a comprehensive analysis of cancerous and adjacent-benign cores from 24 patients with hormone therapy-naïve localised PCa using single-cell RNA-sequencing. By integrating copy number variation and transcriptional signatures, we classified epithelial cells across a malignant spectrum, revealing widespread molecular perturbation. We found an expansion of Club cell phenotypes, suggestive of Luminal dedifferentiation. We also performed a detailed annotation of stromal phenotypes, focusing on fibroblasts, and identified a novel peri-neural fibroblast population. Spatial transcriptomics elucidated the precise anatomical distribution of CAFs within the PCa TME. This study provides a valuable foundation for advancing our understanding of PCa pathobiology and developing a comprehensive cellular model of the disease.

  Study EGAS00001008332

• Sequencing of pancreatic cancer primary tumors and metastases

  The extent of heterogeneity of driver gene mutations present in naturally occurring metastases is largely unknown, i.e. treatment-naïve metastatic disease. To address this issue, 60x whole genome sequencing of 26 metastases from 4 patients was carried out. We found that the identical driver gene mutations were present in every metastatic lesion of each patient studied. Passenger gene mutations not known or predicted to have functional consequences accounted for all intratumoral heterogeneity. Even with respect to these passenger gene mutations, the genetic similarity among the founding cells of metastases was markedly higher than that expected for any two cells randomly taken from a normal tissue. The uniformity of driver gene mutations among metastases in the same patient has critical, encouraging implications for the success of future targeted therapies in advanced stage disease.

  Study EGAS00001002186

• The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations

  Here we report the Simons Genome Diversity Project data set: high quality genomes from 300 individuals from 142 diverse populations. These genomes include at least 5.8 million base pairs that are not present in the human reference genome. Our analysis reveals key features of the landscape of human genome variation, including that the rate of accumulation of mutations has accelerated by about 5% in non-Africans compared to Africans since divergence. We show that the ancestors of some pairs of present-day human populations were substantially separated by 100,000 years ago, well before the archaeologically attested onset of behavioural modernity. We also demonstrate that indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andamanese do not derive substantial ancestry from an early dispersal of modern humans; instead, their modern human ancestry is consistent with coming from the same source as that in other non- Africans.

  Study EGAS00001001959

• Genomic profile of sporadic multiple meningiomas

  Molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of sporadic MMs and clonal formation etiology of these tumors are poorly understood. In this study, we worked on a cohort of patients with spatially separated MMs without prior radiation exposure or a family history who underwent surgical resection of at least two meningiomas. Unbiased, comprehensive next generation sequencing was performed and relevant clinical data was analyzed. We identified that both NF2-loss and non-NF2 driven MMs can form due to monoclonal expansion and those tumors can acquire inter-tumoral heterogeneity through branched evolution. Grade I and II meningiomas can occur in the same patient. Thus, the molecular make-up and clinical behavior of one tumor in MMs, cannot reliably lend insight into that of the others and suggests the clinical management strategy for MMs should be tailored individually.

  Study EGAS00001005700

• RNAseq_of_healthy_mesothelial_cells_and_primary_mesothelioma_cell_lines

  Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive cancer associated with previous exposure to asbestos. Currently there are no effective treatments for mesothelioma and majority of patients will die within a year after diagnosis. Although a large number of preclinical and clinical trials assessed the efficacy of various therapuetic modes, including anti-angiogenic therapies, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates and oncolytic viruses, none of the tested molecules entered the clinic. Thus, to better understand what drives mesothelioma carcinogenesis and to identify novel targets for therapy, in this project we aim at performing a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of heathy mesothelial cells and a panel of mesothelioma cells lines. Primary mesothelial cell lines were established in prof. Marciniak lab from human pleural specimens, while primary mesothelioma cell lines were obtained from MesobanK. Both models constitute low passage cell lines and therefore should closely represent genetics of the original tissue.

  Study EGAS00001005728

• Validation_of_a_Haloplex_platform_for_targeted_re_sequencing_of_the_exons_of_25_genes

  We recently used the Agilent SureSelect platform to re-sequence a set of genes known to bemutated in human AML. The results from 10 AML DNA samples were very satisfactory, butthe effort required was significant.Thus, we decided to re-sequence the same genes using the Haloplax system for targetenrichment in 48 AML samples. We planned to do this using MiSeq and have data from apilot of 3 samples. The data is promising but coverage appears pathcy so far.However, in order to get a better understanding of the data we will need deeper sequencing. Wewill need two lanes of HiSeq to get the same degree coverage as Sureselect.his data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000285

• SPECTA RP-1759-AYA Sarcoma cohort

  EORTC-SPECTA RP1759 study focuses on cancers in adolescent and young adult (AYA), age 12 to 29 years. This study explicitly recruited AYA patients and therefore collected empirical data to bridge the molecular gap between pediatric and adult oncology. The initial pilot study, activated in February 2019 across Europe, aimed to recruit 100 AYA patients (aged 12-29 years) with newly diagnosed or relapsed high-grade gliomas and high-grade bone and soft tissue sarcomas. The primary objective of the pilot is to determine feasibility and recruitment rates. Here we submit the data from patients with newly diagnosed, recurrent intermediate or high-grade sarcoma that were collected and analyzed during the study. More specifically, we submit raw FASTQ files obtained from whole exome sequencing (WES) of matching tumor and blood samples, tumor RNA sequencing and DNA methylation profiling.

  Study EGAS00001005840

• Genomic_profiling_of_B_other_Adult_ALL_WGS

  Adult ALL is an aggressive leukaemia, affecting adults of all ages. It is associated with a rapid onset and poor outcomes. Our understanding of adult ALL genome has been limited to molecular markers first described in paediatric ALL and validated in adult ALL and to date there have been no studies investigating the genomics of Adult ALL. We will perform whole genome sequencing on at least 100 Adult ALL cases. Priority will be given on ALL cases without a known primary lesion by cytogenetic analysis which are categorised as “B-other”. We will also sequence representative cases of each known subtype. This will deliver a comprehensive annotation of the genomic landscape of Adult ALL to include acquired somatic mutations (substitutions, indels, structural variants/fusion genes) and copy number profiles. The focus on B-other Adult ALL is likely to result in new and previously undescribed genomic lesions.

  Study EGAS00001002474

• Measuring the level of relatedness between NGS datasets

  Sequencing technologies are providing increasingly detailed insight in genetic makeup are paving their way into molecular diagnostics. The field will benefit from rigorous and bias-free measures for the quality of sequence data and for the proper representation of the complexity of the original samples. While current methodologies rely on the availability of a well-characterized reference genome, we propose kMer profiling for alignment-free assessment of the quality, comparability, and complexity of sequencing datasets. We show that kMer detects technical artefacts such as high duplication rates, library chimaeras, and differences in library preparation protocols in whole-genome, whole-exome, and RNA sequencing data. Additionally, it successfully captures the complexity and diversity of microbiomes. Thus, kMer allows for a robust evaluation of the quality and complexity of sequencing data without relying on any prior information and opens the way to a more reliable biological reasoning.

  Study EGAS00001000600

• Metabolic profiling of patient-derived organoids reveals nucleotide synthesis as a metabolic vulnerability in malignant rhabdoid tumors

  Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is one of the most aggressive childhood cancers for which no effective treatment options are available. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is an important hallmark of cancer, with various metabolism-based drugs being approved cancer treatment. In this study, we use patient derived tumor organoids (tumoroids) to map the metabolic landscape of several pediatric cancers. Combining gene expression analyses and metabolite profiling using mass spectrometry, we find nucleotide biosynthesis to be a particular vulnerability of MRT. Treatment of MRT tumoroids with de novo nucleotide synthesis inhibitors lowers nucleotide levels in MRT tumoroids and induces apoptosis. Lastly, we demonstrate invivo efficacy of methotrexate in an MRT PDX mouse model. Our study revealsnucleotide biosynthesis as an MRT-specific metabolic vulnerability, which can ultimately lead to better treatment options for children suffering from this lethal pediatric malignancy.

  Study EGAS00001007877

• CIRdb: Array genotype data

  The current inhabitants of the Canary Islands have a unique genetic makeup in the European diversity landscape due to the existence of African footprints from recent admixture events, especially of North African components (>20%). The underrepresentation of non-Europeans in genetic studies and the sizable North African ancestry, which is nearly absent from all existing catalogs of worldwide genetic diversity, justify the need to develop CIRdb, a population-specific reference catalog of natural genetic variation in the Canary Islanders. Based on array genotyping of the selected unrelated donors and comparisons against available datasets from European, sub-Saharan, and North African populations, we illustrate the intermediate genetic differentiation of Canary Islanders between Europeans and North Africans and the existence of within-population differences that are likely driven by genetic isolation. In addition, here we describe the overall design and the methods that are being implemented to develop CIRdb.

  Study EGAS00001006050

• Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers (targeted and whole-genome sequencing)

  Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have recently emerged as robust pre-clinical models, however, their potential to predict patient clinical outcomes remain unclear. We report a living biobank of PDOs from metastatic, heavily-pretreated colorectal and gastroesophageal cancer patients recruited in phase I/II clinical trials. Phenotypic and genotypic profiling of PDOs showed a high-degree of similarity to the original patient tumor. Molecular profiling of tumor organoids was matched to drug screening results, suggesting PDOs could complement existing approaches in defining cancer vulnerabilities and improving treatment responses. We compared ex vivo organoid responses to anticancer agents, and PDO-based orthotopic mouse tumor xenograft models to the response of the patient in clinical trials. Our data suggest that PDOs can recapitulate patient responses in the clinic, and have the potential to be implemented in personalized medicine programs.

  Study EGAS00001002784

• CD49f single-cell methylomes

  Single-cell DNA methylation has emerged as a powerful tool to study molecular heterogeneity within cellular populations. We report the development of a bisulfite based whole genome protocol suitable for use on single index sorted primary mammalian cells. Application of this protocol to human hematopoietic stem cells provided quantitative DNA methylation measurements of up to 5.7 million CpGs in a single cell. Analysis of cis CpG methylation states in single cells revealed a loss of concordance beyond 2kb, which supported the development of a new analytical framework (PDclust) for single-cell DNA methylation datasets that considers heterogeneity of methylation states at single CpG resolution. PDclust identified epigenetically distinct subpopulations within highly purified and functionally defined human stem cell populations. In silico merging of the methylation states from the single cells allowed us to ascribe function to these epigenetically distinct subpopulations on the basis of their epigenetic states.

  Study EGAS00001002789

• Molecular and Clonal Evolution in Recurrent Metastatic Gliosarcoma

  We present a rare case of a 37-year-old woman who was initially diagnosed with IDH wild-type gliosarcoma in the frontal lobe and later developed two local recurrences and extracranial metastases to the vertebral and pelvic bones. In order to understand the clonal relationships between the four tumor instances and the origin of metastasis, we performed whole genome sequencing of the intracranial tumors and the tumor located in the right iliac bone. Mutational and copy number profile comparisons of the metastatic to intracranial tumors highlighted a high similarity in molecular profile, but contrasting evidence regarding the origin of the metastasis. Subclonal reconstruction suggested a parallel evolution of the recurrent tumors, and that the metastatic tumor was largely derived from the first recurrence. We conclude that metastasis in glioma can be a late event in tumorigenesis.

  Study EGAS00001004076

• ALK_inhibitors_in_the_context_of_ALK_dependent_cancer_cell_lines

  Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has recently been found to be a critical cancer gene in cases of lung cancer, neuroblastomas and lymphomas. ALK inhibitors have recently shown significant activity in lung cancer patients with tumours that harbour the EML4-ALK gene rearrangement, but already drug-resistance is emerging. We have taken a lung cancer cell line H3122 (with the EML4-ALK rearrangement) and generated clones resistant to a small molecule inhibitor of ALK by serial exposure to the drug over 8 weeks. We now wish to characterise at the exome level whether the acquisiton of resistance has been accompanied by the development of new mutations that we can take forward for further study as the potential mechansims underlying the resistance. We therefore propose to exome sequence the parental NCI-H3122 cell line as well as drug-resistant clones.

  Study EGAS00001000082

• An oncogenic enhancer-rearrangement causes concomitant deregulation of EVI1 and GATA2 in leukemia. Targeted resequencing of chromosomal regions centered on 3q21 and 3q26 in conjunction with RNA-Seq from Acute Myeloid Leukemia patients.

  Chromosomal rearrangements without gene-fusions have been implicated in leukemogenesis by causing deregulation of proto-oncogenes via relocation of cryptic regulatory DNA elements. AML with inv(3)/t(3;3) is associated with aberrant expression of the stem-cell regulator EVI1. Applying functional genomics and genome-engineering, we demonstrate that both 3q-rearrangements reposition a distal GATA2 enhancer to ectopically activate EVI1 and simultaneously confer GATA2 functional haploinsufficiency, previously identified as the cause of sporadic familial AML/MDS and MonoMac/Emberger syndromes. Genomic excision of the ectopic enhancer restored EVI1 silencing and led to growth inhibition and differentiation of AML cells, which could be replicated by pharmacologic BET-inhibition. Our data show that structural rearrangements involving chromosomal repositioning of enhancers can cause deregulation of two unrelated distal genes, with cancer as the outcome.

  Study EGAS00001000669

• Transcriptome Changes in ASD (NRXN1α+/-) iPSC-derived neurons

  NRXN1 deletions are identified as one of major rare risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD has 30% co-morbidity with epilepsy and the latter is associated with excessive neuronal firing. NRXN1 encodes hundreds of presynaptic neuro-adhesion proteins categorized as NRXN1α/β/γ. Previous studies on cultured cells show that the short NRXN1β primarily exerts excitation effect, whereas the long NRXN1α which is more commonly deleted in patients involves in both excitation and inhibition. However, patient-derived models are essential for understanding functional consequences of NRXN1α deletions in human neurons Quantitative RNA sequencing was performed by BGI using 50bp single-end strategy with BGI-SEQ500 sequencing device on iPSC-derived cortical neurons from 6 control lines; (2VC1, 3VCX1, 3VC2, 4C3, 4CX1, NCRM-1) of 4 healthy donors, and 4 NRXN1α+/- lines; (ND1C1, ND2C11, ND2CX1, ND4-1C2) from 3 ASD patients.

  Study EGAS00001005536

• BCR-ABL is enriched in S- and G2-cell cycle phases

  To address the unusually long duration of imatinib therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia, we sought to understand the expression of BCR-ABL gene expression with different phases of the cell cycle. A precedent for dynamic fusion oncoprotein expression already exists for the pediatric solid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma. Quantitative immunocytochemistry was conducted to compare the expression of BCR-ABL with markers of each cell cycle phase: CDK6 for G1, CDK2 for S, phospho-CDC2 for G2, and phospho-HH3 for M phase. BCR-ABL expression was most strongly correlated with the G2 and S cell cycle phases. Low BCR-ABL expression only coincided with high cell cycle marker expression for the G1. BCR-ABL was rarely if at all expressed in M. Our results suggest a possible explanation for the prolonged nature of imatinib therapy, which may be only effective on S- and G2-phase actively replicating leukemia cells.

  Study EGAS00001006769

• TRACERx: TRAcking non-small cell lung Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx). Pilot Study. Multi-region sequencing of early-stage NSCLCs.

  Deciphering the complexity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) evolutionary histories may elucidate the basis for its dismal outcome. We performed multi-region sequencing of early-stage NSCLCs. Spatial dissection revealed branched tumor evolution, with driver mutations occurring before and after subclonal diversification. Intra-tumor heterogeneity in DNA copy number alterations, translocations and endogenous APOBEC mutational processes demonstrates that NSCLC may follow multiple distinct evolutionary trajectories simultaneously. In smokers, despite maintained carcinogen exposure, temporal dissection reveals a relative decrease in smoking-related mutations during tumor progression, accompanied by an increase in APOBEC-related mutations. In the tumors from ex-smokers, genome-doubling occurred before subclonal diversification, suggesting prolonged latency before clinical detection. Multi-region sequencing demonstrates the relentless and heterogeneous nature of genomic instability processes in early-stage NSCLCs.

  Study EGAS00001000809

• Cancer of Low survival and UnMet Need – Pathologist Initiated

  Despite significant advances in diagnostic cancer histopathology, a subset of tumors remain unable to be classified using WHO criteria. The resulting diagnostic uncertainty can result in inappropriate clinical management and negative patient outcomes. We investigated whether combining histopathology with whole genome and transcriptome sequencing (WGTS) could improve the classification of tumors that posed diagnostic dilemmas despite extensive histopathology and standard molecular work-up at a quaternary oncology center. We successfully sequenced 45 tumors from an initial set of 54 unclassified tumors (83% success rate). A confident diagnosis was made for 38/45 tumors (84%). Additionally, potential treatment targets were identified in 21/45 tumors (47%). Theoretical comparison with alternative assays demonstrated that WGTS was uniquely capable of detecting critical diagnostic findings in 15/38 tumors (39%). This work supports augmenting histopathology and standard molecular pathology with WGTS in the classification of difficult-to-diagnose tumors.

  Study EGAS00001008112

• NanoString nCounter® PanCancer IO 360™on anti-PD1/anti-PD1+CTLA4 in patients with metastatic melanoma

  Patients with advanced melanoma were treated with standard-of-care single agent anti-PD-1 (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) or a combined anti-PD-1+anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) therapy. Patients were retrospectively identified, based on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue availability. Total RNA was isolated from macro-dissected FFPE tissue sections using the AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Kit (Qiagen) or High Pure FFPET RNA Isolation Kit (Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA quantity was assessed on Qubit, and RNA integrity was assessed using the Tapestation system (Agilent). Total RNA samples (60ng/ul, total 200ng) were used as input for the NanoString PanCancer IO360 Panel, run on the nCounter MAX/FLEX prep station and scanner. Samples were hybridised for 20hrs, and each cartridge contained a panel standard.

  Study EGAS00001006977

• Genome-wide cell-free DNA biological patterns in patients with cancer

  The structure of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is altered in the blood of cancer patients. From whole genome sequencing we retrieved the cfDNA fragment-end composition using a new software (FrEIA), as well as the cfDNA size and tumor fraction in three independent cohorts (n=925 cancer from >10 types and 321 control samples). At 95% specificity, we detect 72% of cancer samples using at least one cfDNA measure, including 64% of early-stage cancer (n=220). cfDNA detection correlates with a shorter overall (p=0.018) and recurrence-free (p=0.006) survival in patients with resectable esophageal adenocarcinoma. Integrating cfDNA measures with machine learning in an independent test set (n=396 cancer, 90 controls) achieve a detection accuracy of 82% and AUROC of 96%. In conclusion, harnessing the biological features of cfDNA can improve at no-extra cost the diagnostic performance of liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001007400

• Whole-genome sequencing across 449 samples spanning 47 ethnolinguistic groups provides insights into genetic diversity in Nigeria

  African populations have been drastically underrepresented in genomics research and failure to capture the genetic diversity across the numerous ethnolinguistic groups (ELGs) found in the continent has hindered the equity of precision medicine initiatives globally. Here, we describe the whole-genome sequencing of 449 Nigerian individuals across 47 unique self-reported ELGs. Population structure analysis reveals genetic differentiation amongst our ELGs, consistent with previous findings. From the 36 million SNPs and indels discovered in our dataset, we provide a high-level catalog of both novel and medically-relevant variation present across the ELGs. These results emphasize the value of this resource for genomics research, with added granularity by representing multiple ELGs from Nigeria. Our results also underscore the potential of using these cohorts with larger sample sizes to improve our understanding of human ancestry and health in Africa.

  Study EGAS00001007036

• Genotyping_of_additional_Inflammatory_Bowel_Disease_cases___2014

  Both internal and external funding has enabled 5000 inflammatory bowel disease cases to be whole genome sequenced (CD @4X, UC @2X). The Anderson and Barrett groups are currently generating genotypes across these samples for comparison to 4000 population controls sequenced as part of UK10K. The UK10K project has shown that imputing sequenced genetic variation into previously GWASed samples greatly increases power to detect association. Given that our study has been designed to detect association to low frequency variation (0.5% and above) these gains in power are especially important. Overall, the UKIBDGC has GWAS data for around 1800 CD samples (Affy 500K) and 3000 UC samples (Affy6), though some of these samples have also been whole genome sequenced. Here, we apply to get all remaining non-GWAS and non-WGS IBD cases in the UKIBDGC (N=X) genotyped genotyped on the Illumina Core Exome Array

  Study EGAS00001000924

• BLUEPRINT ChIP-seq data for cells in the haematopoietic lineages, from adult and cord blood samples.

  ChIP-seq data for cells in the haematopoietic lineages, from adult and cord blood samples.

  Study EGAS00001000326

• Frequent mutations in chromatin-remodelling genes in pulmonary carcinoids

  Pulmonary carcinoids are rare neuroendocrine tumours of the lung. The molecular alterations underlying the pathogenesis of these tumours have not been systematically studied so far. Here we perform gene copy number analysis (n¼54), genome/exome (n¼44) and transcriptome (n¼69) sequencing of pulmonary carcinoids and observe frequent mutations in chromatin-remodelling genes. Covalent histone modifiers and subunits of the SWI/SNF complex are mutated in 40 and 22.2% of the cases, respectively, with MEN1, PSIP1 and ARID1A being recurrently affected. In contrast to small-cell lung cancer and large-cell neuroendocrine tumours, TP53 and RB1 mutations are rare events, suggesting that pulmonary carcinoids are not early progenitor lesions of the highly aggressive lung neuroendocrine tumors but arise through independent cellular mechanisms. These data also suggest that inactivation of chromatinremodelling genes is sufficient to drive transformation in pulmonary carcinoids.

  Study EGAS00001000650

• Combination_therapies_for_personalized_cancer_medicine

  It is the ambition of the team formed by members of the Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI) and the Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) to unravel the genomic and phenotypic complexity of human cancers in order to identify optimal drug combinations for personalized cancer therapy. Our integrated approach will entail (i) deep sequencing of human tumours and cognate mouse tumours; (ii) drug screens in a 1000+ fully characterized tumour cell line panel; (iii) high-throughput in vitro and in vivo shRNA and cDNA drug resistance and enhancement screens; (iv) computational analysis of the acquired data, leading to significant response predictions; (v) rigorous validation of these predictions in genetically engineered mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. This integrated effort is expected to yield a number of combination therapies and companion-diagnostics biomarkers that will be further explored in our existing clinical trial networks.

  Study EGAS00001000655

• Quantitative microbiome profiling disentangles inflammation- and bile duct obstruction-associated microbiota alterations across IBD/PSC diagnoses

  Disease-association microbiome dataset comprising 106 primary sclerosing cholangitis and/or inflammatory bowel disease (PSC/IBD) patients. Assessing quantitative taxon abundances, we study microbiome alterations beyond symptomatic stool moisture variation. We observe a high prevalence of a low cell count Bacteroides2 enterotype across patient groups when compared to healthy controls, with microbial loads correlating inversely with intestinal and systemic inflammation markers. Quantitative analyses allow us to differentiate between taxa associated to either intestinal inflammation severity (Fusobacterium) or cholangitis/biliary obstruction (Enterococcus) among previously suggested PSC marker genera. We identify and validate a near-exclusion pattern between the inflammation-associated Fusobacterium and Veillonella genera, with Fusobacterium detection being restricted to Crohn’s disease (CD) and PSC-CD patients. Overall, through absolute quantification and confounder control, we single out clear-cut microbiome markers associated to pathophysiological manifestations and disease diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001003600

• Pangenomic classification of pituitary adenomas

  Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are common. They are classified in five main histological types: PitNETs of POU1F1 (Pit1) lineage -lactotroph, somatotroph and thyrotroph -, gonadotroph, and corticotroph PitNETs. Pituitary tumorigenesis is poorly understood. We report here a pangenomic characterization of 134 PitNETs from all types, based on exome, genome, transcriptome, miRnome and methylome. Pit1 lineage was associated with a specific epigenetic signature of diffuse DNA hypomethylation, and correlated with expression of Pit1 markers and chromosomal instability. 45% of somatotroph PitNETs showed GNAS mutations. GNAS-wild type somatotroph showed a distinct transcriptome profile, expressing gonadotroph transcription factor NR5A1 (SF1). Sparsely granulated somatotroph PitNETs was classified apart from somatotroph, owing to a thyrotroph transcriptome signature. 43% of corticotroph PitNETs showed USP8 mutations, sharing a low epithelial-mesenchimal transition (EMT) transcriptome signature. Silent corticotroph PitNETs showed a gonadotroph transcriptome signature evoking transdifferentiation, and lost somatostatin target SSTR5 expression.

  Study EGAS00001003642

• Methylation CYLD cutaneous syndrome

  Patients with CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS; syn. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome) carry germline mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD and develop multiple skin tumors with diverse histophenotypes. We comprehensively profiled the genomic landscape of 42 benign and malignant tumors across 13 individuals from four multigenerational families. Novel recurrent mutations were found in epigenetic modifiers DNMT3A and BCOR in 29% of benign tumors. Multi-level and microdissected sampling strikingly reveal that many clones with different DNMT3A mutations exist in these benign tumors, suggesting that intra-tumor heterogeneity is common. Integrated genomic, methylation and transcriptomic profiling in selected tumours suggest that isoform specific DNMT3A2 mutations are associated with dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway signaling. Phylogenetic and mutational signature analyses confirm cylindroma pulmonary metastases from primary skin tumours. These findings add novel dimensions to existing paradigms of cutaneous tumorigenesis and metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001003800

• English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Genome-wide genotyping using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5-8

  These data are for a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA, www.ifs.org.uk/elsa), building on the existing ELSA DNA Repository (EDNAR). This will establish a valuable resource for UK and international scientists, giving them access to GWAS genotyping data. Phenotype data, available on request, includes measures of personality, attitudes, behaviours as well as detailed social and economic outcomes; high quality biomarkers and other intermediate phenotypes; a range of more distal phenotypes, such as direct assessments of health (for example, hypertension, diabetes, muscle strength and cognitive function), and the opportunity to analyse existing biological samples for additional biomarkers, including metabolomic studies. Importantly, this resource would be matched with a near identical resource established in the United States for the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), giving the potential for high quality replication studies and comparative analyses.

  Study EGAS00001001036

• Molecular dissection of germline chromothripsis in a developmental context

  Complex germline genomic rearrangements can affect many genes and regulatory elements, but the precise mechanisms that caused the phenotype of patients with such rearrangements are often unknown. To dissect the impact of germline chromothripsis in a relevant developmental context, we performed trio-based RNA expression analysis on blood cells,induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and iPS-cell derived neuronal cells from a patient with de novo germline chromothripsis and both healthy parents. In addition, we performed Hi-C on iPS cell-derived neural progenitors of the patient and the father to study the effects of the chromothripsis rearrangements on the architecture of the derivative chromosomes. We demonstrate that a combination of patient-derived iPS cell differentiation and trio-based molecular profiling is a powerful approach to improve the interpretation of pathogenic complex genomic rearrangements.

  Study EGAS00001001896

• Germline MBD4 Mutations and Predisposition to Uveal Melanoma

  Uveal melanoma (UM) arises from malignant transformation of melanocytes from the uveal tract. This rare tumor has a poor outcome with frequent liver metastases and primary resistance to treatment1. The only strong predisposing condition for UM is the BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome due to germline BAP1 deleterious mutations. UMs are generally characterized by a very low tumor mutation burden (TMB). However, some UMs display a high level of CpG to TpG mutations associated with MBD4 inactivation. Here, we explored the incidence of germline MBD4 variants in a consecutive series of 1, 099 primary UMs, and identified 8 deleterious MBD4 mutations, an aprox 10-fold increased incidence compared with the general population. These mutations were associated with a high TMB in tested UMs. We thus demonstrated that MBD4 is the second major predisposing gene for UM.

  Study EGAS00001003941

• Heterogeneous Genomic Evolution and Immune Microenvironments in Metastatic Lung Cancer

  The mechanism underlying the occurrence of lung cancer metastasis to different tissues/organs remains elusive. We investigated the genomic evolution and immune microenvironments of paired primary-metastatic tumors by employing multi-region whole-exome sequencing in 179 samples of 106 tumors from 51 lung cancer patients and subsequent immunohistochemistry assays in 70 of them. Our data revealed differences in genomic landscapes, molecular determinants, evolutionary dynamics, and lymphocyte infiltration among different metastatic sites. We demonstrated commonly late arising of metastatic seeding of lung cancer with quantitative evidence. Most distant metastases originated from independent origins of earlier lymph node spreads. Immune-heterogeneity and -homogeneity were primarily driven by arm-level and focal copy number events in primary tumors, respectively. These findings implied the combinatorial role of multiple factors in shaping patterns of dissemination and advanced the clinical evaluation and intervention of lung cancer metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001004228

• Functional_genomics_approaches_to_understand_osteoarthritis

  The aim of this work is to apply an integrated systems approach to understand the biological underpinnings of large joint (hip and knee) osteoarthritis which culminates in the need for total joint replacement (TJR). We will obtain diseased and non-diseased cartilage as well as other disease-relevant tissue following TJR, coupled with a blood sample. We will generate genotype data and will characterise the pairs of diseased and non-diseased tissue samples in terms of methylation, transcription (RNASeq) and expression (quantitative proteomics). We will apply integrative approaches to combine information across the –omics levels to characterise genes, pathways, and networks that underlie osteoarthritis progression. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002322

• Assessment_of_genetic_and_epigenetic_variation_in_human_IPS_cells_RNA

  In order to progress human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) towards the clinic, several outstanding questions must be addressed. It is possible to reprogram different somatic cell types into hiPSCs and from studies in the mouse, it appears that an epigenetic memory of the starting cell type is carried over to hiPSCs. However a comprehensive comparative study of the characteristics of these hiPSCs has been missing from the literature. Importantly studies which aimed to address these aspects of hiPSCs have used cells from different patients. In order to avoid this important confounding variable and to keep the genetic background constant, tissue samples were procured from the patients and reprogrammed to iPS cells. The transcriptomes of these iPS cells will be compared. Protocol: primary cultures of cells were reprogrammed to iPS cells. RNA was extracted using a standard column extraction kit.

  Study EGAS00001000367

• Genomic Epidemiology of Complex Diseases in Population-based Brazilian Cohorts

  The EPIGEN-Brasil Initiative is so far the largest Latin American initiative in population genomics and genetic epidemiology. Its main goal is to study the association between genetic variants found in the Brazilian population and complex diseases, taking into account one of the most important characteristics of this population: its admixture. Population genetic include genomewide genotyping of 6487 individuals and high-resolution whole genome sequencing from 30 individuals from three population-based Brazilian cohorts: Salvador, Bambuí and Pelotas. More information about the population-based cohorts are available on: For the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study in Victora and Barros 2006 (PMID 16373375); For the Bambui cohort study of aging in LIma-Costa MF et al. (2011) (PMID 20805109); For the Salvador-Scaala study in Barreto et al. (2006) (PMID 16796729)

  Study EGAS00001001245

• Network-based systems pharmacology identifies heterogeneity in LCK and BCL2 signaling and differential vulnerability of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to targeted therapy

  T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy, and novel therapeutics are much needed. Profiling patient leukemia’ drug sensitivities ex vivo, we discovered striking inter-patient variability in T-ALL response to a panel of targeted agents. Applying network-based systems pharmacology analyses, by integrating ex vivo pharmacotyping, bulk and single-cell RNA-seq, genomics, phospho-proteomics, and genome-wide CRISPR screening data, to examine signal circuitry, we identified the pharmacogenomic basis of T-ALL drug response and revealed a therapeutic vulnerability that is directly related to the developmental stage of leukemia cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that heterogeneity in the differentiation of T-ALL drives activation of key signaling pathways in this leukemia, providing unique opportunities for targeted therapy.

  Study EGAS00001004700

• Investigate the evolutionary trajectories during invasiveness acquisition in early lung adenocarcinoma

  The evolutionary trajectories of early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesize that genomic analysis between pre-invasive and invasive components will facilitate the description of LUAD evolutionary patterns. We micro-dissect malignant pulmonary nodules (MPNs) into paired pre-invasive and invasive components for panel-genomic sequencing and recognize three evolutionary trajectories. Evolutionary mode 1 (EM1) demonstrates none of the common driver events between paired components, but another two modes, EM2A and EM2B, exhibit critical private alterations restricted to pre-invasive and invasive components, respectively. When ancestral clones harbor EGFR mutations, truncal mutation abundance significantly decrease after the acquisition of invasiveness, which may be associated with the intratumoral accumulation of infiltrated B cells. Harboring EGFR mutations is critical to the selective pressure and further impacts the prognosis. Our findings extend the understanding of evolutionary trajectories during invasiveness acquisition in early LUAD.

  Study EGAS00001004754