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• Center of Medical Genetics Ghent - lab BMN

  This is a DAC created to contain datasets generated in lab BMN, part of the Center of Medical Genetics Ghent, Belgium.

  Dac EGAC50000000351

• UM

  metabolite levels provided by UM platform (Creative Dynamics Inc, NY, USA) (the data is raw abundance. Mapping was applied on log10 transformed data)

  Dataset EGAD00010002146

• The Genomic Landscape of Interval Colorectal Cancers

  Interval colorectal cancers (CRC), cancers diagnosed after a screening/surveillance exam in which no cancer is detected, and before the date of the next recommended exam, reflect an unprecedented challenge in CRC detection and prevention. To better understand this poorly characterized CRC variant, we examined the clinical and mutational characteristics of interval CRCs in comparison to screen-detected CRCs. We used data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer randomized controlled trial (RCT) of flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening, which enrolled 154,900 men and women aged 55 to 74 years between 1993 and 2001. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed on 323 samples from 168 participants (data available through dbGaP). We found colorectal cancers diagnosed between screening exams (interval cancers) had significantly increased risk of death than screen detected cancers although no significant molecular differences were observed between screen-detected and interval CRC at the whole exome sequencing level.

  Study phs003093

• Breakfast trial transcriptomic profiles

  The dataset consists in fastq files generated with RNA sequencing of 55 samples from 29 patients with stage I-III TNBC treated with anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy plus fasting-mimicking diet plus/minus metformin in the context of the BREAKFAST trial (NCT04248998). Samples are fresh-frozen tumor samples at baseline and 14-21 days after the first treament cycle sequenced to identify early predictors of treatment activity. Each sample is sequenced in multiple lanes (four or eight lanes each) and in paired ends mode (R1 and R2 fastq files). Samples were sequenced by an Illumina Nextseq500 platform.

  Dataset EGAD50000000968

• Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome associated with Bullous Pemphigoid in Germans

  This study is the first to interrogate the whole mtDNA in BP patients and controls and to implicate multiple novel mtDNA variants in disease susceptibility. Whole mtDNA of German BP patients (n=180) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=188) were sequenced using next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, followed by the replication study using Sanger sequencing of an additional independent BP (n=89) and control cohort (n=104). While the BP and control groups showed comparable mitochondrial haplogroup distributions, the haplogroup T exhibited a tendency of higher frequency in BP patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases (ND) compared to BP patients without ND (p= 0.1448, Fisher’s exact test)

  Dataset EGAD00001005379

• DIAMOND PCR : plasma DNA LINE-1 targeted bisulfite sequencing, a new non-invasive multi-cancer detection marker

  The detection of circulating tumor DNA, which allows non-invasive tumor molecular profiling and disease follow-up, promises optimal and individualized management of patients with cancer. However, detecting small fractions of tumor DNA released when the tumor burden is reduced remains a challenge. We developed a PCR-based targeted bisulfite method coupled to deep sequencing to detect methylation patterns of L1PA elements,which we named DIAMOND (for Detection of Long Interspersed Nuclear Element Altered Methylation ON plasma DNA). We used sodium bisulfite chemical conversion to achieve base-pair resolution analysis and designed a multiplexed PCR based on 8 amplicons covering L1PAs .

  Dataset EGAD50000000646

• Clonal Evolution and Heterogeneity of Osimertinib Acquired Resistance Mechanisms in EGFR Mutant Lung Cancer

  Current understanding of acquired resistance to osimertinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer is largely based on the use of targeted sequencing platforms and cell-free DNA. In this study we examined the clonal evolution and heterogeneity of acquired resistance mechanisms to osimertinib through whole exome and RNA-sequencing of prospectively collected pre-and post-osimertinib resistant tumors and metastases at rapid autopsy. We enrolled 34 patients with histologically confirmed EGFR mutant advanced lung adenocarcinoma in a prospective Phase II clinical trial to evaluate osimertinib treatment and the use of local ablative therapy (LAT) for oligoprogressive disease (NCT02759835) in EGFR mutant NSCLC from April 2016 until data cutoff in September 2019. Patients were not selected based on oligometastatic status, rather 32/34 patients had multiple organ involvement, including lung, liver, adrenal, brain and bone. Biopsies or surgeries were performed pre-osimertinib treatment and at first progression on osimertinib. A subset of patients also underwent biopsies at second progression on osimertinib, and following end of life in-patient hospice and rapid autopsy upon death. 63% (n=15/24) of first-line osimertinib and 50% (n=5/10) of second-line osimertinib treated patients had RECIST defined partial response. Overall, 21 patients had RECIST defined first progression on osimertinib. Two patients on this trial discontinued treatment and were lost to follow up. Of the 21 patients who had RECIST defined progression, 14 patients underwent LAT (8 first-line and 6 second-line). Twelve patients had paired pre- and post-osimertinib resistant tumors and three had post-osimertinib resistant tumors available for analysis. Four patients (LAT002, LAT006, LAT014 and LAT021) consented for a rapid autopsy protocol and underwent rapid autopsy after deatH. To elucidate acquired osimertinib resistance mechanisms, we performed whole-exome (WES), targeted sequencing and RNA-seq on 66 tumors and matched germline DNA from tumor tissue obtained from a total of 15 patients.

  Study phs002001

• Circulating Biomarker Laboratory within the Division of Cancer of Imperial College London

  The purpose of the Circulating Biomarker Laboratory within the Division of Cancer of Imperial College London (ICL) is to assist ICL researchers working on solid tumours or/and haematological malignancies with a particular interest in the analysis of liquid biopsies. We are focusing on isolating and analysing single circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and cell-free circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) from cancer patients' blood samples but also pure tumour poulations from heterogeneous Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens with a view to monitoring tumour-related changes, such as mutations and copy number alterations at a single cell level.

  Dac EGAC50000000768

• Peruvian Genome Project

  Through the Peruvian Genome Project we generate and analyze the high coverage genomes of 150 individuals where the majority have >90% Native American ancestry and explore questions at the interface of evolutionary genetics, history, anthropology, and medicine. This is the most extensive sampling of high-coverage Native American and mestizo whole genomes to date. Reference: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720798115

  Dataset EGAD00001007082

• Single cell RNA-seq mapping of nasal and tracheobronchial airways in human healthy volunteers

  The respiratory tract constitutes an elaborated line of defense based on a unique cellular ecosystem. Single-cell profiling methods enable the investigation of cell population distributions and transcriptional changes along the airways. We have explored cellular heterogeneity of the human airway epithelium in 10 healthy living volunteers by single-cell RNA profiling. 77,969 cells were collected by bronchoscopy at 35 distinct locations, from the nose to the 12th division of the airway tree. The resulting atlas is composed of a high percentage of epithelial cells (89.1%), but also immune (6.2%) and stromal (4.7%) cells with peculiar cellular proportions in different sites of the airways. It reveals differential gene expression between identical cell types (suprabasal, secretory, and multiciliated cells) from the nose (MUC4, PI3, SIX3) and tracheobronchial (SCGB1A1, TFF3) airways. By contrast, cell-type specific gene expression was stable across all tracheobronchial samples. Our atlas improves the description of ionocytes, pulmonary neuro-endocrine (PNEC) and brush cells, which are likely derived from a common population of precursor cells. We also report a population of KRT13 positive cells with a high percentage of dividing cells which are reminiscent of “hillock” cells previously described in mouse. Robust characterization of this unprecedented large single-cell cohort establishes an important resource for future investigations. The precise description of the continuum existing from nasal epithelium to successive divisions of lung airways and the stable gene expression profile of these regions better defines conditions under which relevant tracheobronchial proxies of human respiratory diseases can be developed.

  Study EGAS00001004082

• Single-cell RNA-seq of immune cells sorted from human melanoma tumors

  Tumor immune cell compositions play a major role in response to immunotherapy but the heterogeneity and dynamics of immune infiltrates in human cancer lesions remain poorly characterized. Here we identify conserved intratumoral CD4 and CD8 T cell behaviors in scRNA-seq data from 25 melanoma patients. We discover a large population of CD8 T cells showing continuous progression from an early effector "transitional" into a dysfunctional T cell state. CD8 T cells that express a complete cytotoxic gene set are rare, and TCR sharing data suggest their independence from the transitional and dysfunctional cell states. Notably, we demonstrate that dysfunctional T cells are the major intratumoral proliferating immune cell compartment and that the intensity of the dysfunctional signature is associated with tumor-reactivity. Our data demonstrate that CD8 T cells previously defined as exhausted, are in fact a highly proliferating, clonal and dynamically differentiating cell population within the human tumor microenvironment.

  Study EGAS00001003363

• RNA sequencing in primary inflammatory (TPP) macrophages following deletion of a disease-associated gene desert at chr21q22, disruption of ETS2, or treatment of ETS2-edited macrophages with a HIF1α stabiliser.

  GWAS studies in five different inflammatory diseases have identified a strong genetic association at a gene desert at the chr21q22 locus. We have shown that this locus contains a monocyte/macrophage-specific enhancer that regulates ETS2 - a gene whose role in primary human monocytes/macrophages is incompletely understood. We therefore used a CRISPR-Cas9-based approach to delete the enhancer region or to disrupt ETS2, and performed RNA-sequencing to examine the transcriptional consequences. One effect of ETS2 disruption was upregulation of genes involved in aerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. We therefore treated ETS2-edited inflammatory macrophages with roxadustat, a HIF1α stabiliser that can promote glycolysis via HIF1α-mediated metabolic reprogramming, and performed RNA-sequencing to determine whether this drug might rescue the transcriptional effects of ETS2 disruption.

  Study EGAS00001007553

• RNA Editing in breast cancer

  High-throughput sequencing screens suggest that RNA editing, which consists in the substitution of adenosine with inosine by the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR) enzyme, occurs at several thousand positions across the human genome. Recent evidences have shown that RNA-editing could promote proliferation and carcinogenesis; however, the general principles of ADAR activity on the transcriptome and how ADAR is controlled in cancers remain to be established. The main aim of this project was to investigate the phenomenon of RNA editing in breast and other cancers. The frequency of A-to-I editing was evaluated in 58 breast cancers equally distributed among the different molecular subtypes and 10 normal breast tissues. The analysis was focused on defining: the relationship between the global amount of editing and ADAR expression; the ability to predict the level of editability of specific sites; the distribution of editing in normal and tumour samples and among different breast cancer subtypes; and the clinical, pathological and genomic factors affecting editing.

  Study EGAS00001000495

• cell-free Nucleosome ChIP-seq

  Dataset includes cell-free ChIP-seq data of 268 samples (from 61 self-declared healthy donors, four patients with acute myocardial infarction, 29 patients suffering from autoimmune, metabolic, or viral liver diseases and 56 metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients). DNA libraries preparation is documented in the methods section. Libraries were paired end sequenced by Illumina NextSeq 500 and aligned to the human genome (hg19) using bowtie2 (2.3.4.3) with ‘no-mixed’ and ‘no-discordant’ flags. This dataset includes fastq and BAM files of all samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001006811

• Single-cell bam files and RNA sequencing of viral RNA stocks

  244 infected single-cell alveolar bam files, 48 empty well bam files, and 52 RNA sequencing of amplicons (4 SARS-CoV-2 variants with 12 batches and 4 viral variants pool samples). 244 alveolar single cells were captured over 12 experimental batches and experimental condition is written in metadata uploaded as "infected_cells_final_revision.csv". on github (https://github.com/twkim-0510/SARS-CoV-2_viral_competition). Each bam file name corresponds to the sample_name column of the metadata.

  Dataset EGAD00001009711

• The Role of Myeloid Cells in Parkinson's Disease

  The Myeloid cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases (MyND) initiative is a collaborative effort with the goal of creating a multi-omic atlas of myeloid cells from the periphery and from autopsied brains of subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and age-matched controls. We have generated large-scale transcriptomic profiles of CD14+ monocytes from 230 individuals with sporadic PD and age matched healthy subjects. We identified dysregulation of mitochondrial and proteasomal pathways, and single-cell analysis revealed that these pathways are enriched in the intermediate monocytes. We also generated transcriptomic profiles of primary microglia from autopsied brains of 55 PD and control subjects and observed discordant transcriptomic signatures of mitochondrial genes in PD monocytes and microglia/macrophages. ELISA NAVARRO*, EVAN UDINE*, et al. "Dysregulation of mitochondrial and proteolysosomal genes in Parkinson’s disease myeloid cells." Nature Aging, 2021. Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.20.212407v1PMID: 35005630

  Study phs002400

• Genomic Evolution of Breast Cancer Metastasis and Relapse

  Recurrent breast cancer is almost universally fatal. We characterize 170 patients locally relapsed or distant metastatic cancers using massively parallel sequencing. We identify that the relapse-seeding clone disseminates late from the primary tumor. TP53 and AKT1 appear to be enriched in ER-positive cancers predisposed to relapse. Mutation acquisition continues at relapse as the same mutation signatures continue to operate and new signatures, such as that caused by radiotherapy appear de novo. In 49% of cases we identify drivers mutations private to the relapse and these are sampled from a wider range of cancer genes, including SWI-SNF complex and JAK-STAT signaling.

  Dataset EGAD00001002697

• Chromatin profiles classify castration-resistant prostate cancers suggesting therapeutic targets

  Untreated prostate cancers rely on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for growth and survival, forming the basis for the initial efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Yet, the disease can relapse and progress to a lethal stage termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Reactivation of AR signaling represents the most common driver of CRPC growth and next generation AR signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) are now used in combination with ADT as a first line therapy. However, ARSIs can result in selective pressure generating AR-independent tumors. The transition from AR-dependence frequently accompanies a change in phenotype resembling developmental trans-differentiation or ‘lineage plasticity’. Neuroendocrine prostate cancer, which lacks a defined pathologic classification, is the most studied type of lineage plasticity. However, most AR-null tumors do not exhibit neuroendocrine features and are classified as ‘double-negative prostate cancer’, the drivers of which are poorly defined. Lineage plasticity studies in CRPC are limited by the lack of genetically defined patient-derived models that recapitulate the disease spectrum. To address this, we developed a biobank of organoids generated from patient biopsies to study the landscape of metastatic CRPC and allow for functional validation assays. Proteins called transcription factors (TFs) are drivers of tumor lineage plasticity. To identify the key TFs that drive the growth of AR-independent tumors, we integrated epigenetic and transcriptomic data generated from CRPC models. By presenting a map of the chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic landscape of CRPC using a diverse biobank of organoids, PDXs and cell lines that recapitulate the heterogeneity of metastatic prostate cancer, we validate CRPC-AR and CRPC-NE subtypes and reveal two subtypes of AR-negative/low samples as well as their respective masterTFs. Additional analysis revealed a model in which YAP, TAZ, TEAD and AP-1 function together and drive oncogenic growth in CRPC-SCL samples. Overall, we show here how an approach to stratify CRPC patients into four subtypes using their transcriptomic signatures can potentially inform upon appropriate clinical decisions.

  Study EGAS00001006059

• Genome-wide analysis of HPV integration in human cancers reveals recurrent, focal genomic instability

  Genomic instability is a hallmark of human cancers, including the 5% caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Here we report a striking association between HPV integration and adjacent host genomic structural variation in human cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Whole genome sequencing revealed HPV integrants flanking and bridging extensive host genomic amplifications and rearrangements, including deletions, inversions and chromosomal translocations. We present a model of ³looping² by which HPV integrant-mediated DNA replication and recombination may result in viral-host DNA concatemers, frequently disrupting genes involved in oncogenesis and amplifying HPV oncogenes E6 and E7. Our high-resolution results shed new light on a catastrophic process, distinct from chromothripsis and other mutational processes, by which HPV directly promotes genomic instability.

  Study EGAS00001000599

• Multiple Sclerosis risk variants regulate gene expression in innate and adaptive immune cells

  Each of at least 200 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been confirmed to be associated with individually small increases in the risk of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A key function that could mediate SNP encoded MS risk is their regulatory effects on gene expression or splicing. Transcriptomic profiling was performed using Affymetrix gene-expression microarrays, using RNA extracted from purified human peripheral blood monocytes, CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocyte cells, B-lymphocyte cells and Natural Killer cells from 73 untreated MS cases and 97 healthy controls. Cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping studies were performed in each cell type separately to characterize MS risk loci associated with gene expression change.

  Study EGAS00001004087

• Paediatric IBD Mosaicism

  This is a DNA sequencing study investigating genetic mechanisms underpinning childhood inflammatory bowel disease.

  Study EGAS00001002489

• Chromatin Landscape of BET Inhibitor-Treated CD8+ T-cells from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients

  The pan-BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal) inhibitor, OPN-51107 (OPN5) was found to alleviate features of T-cell exhaustion in models of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To evaluate if OPN5 treatment could relieve fixed chromatin states associated with terminal T-cell dysfunction, ATAC-sequencing was performed on CLL patient T-cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 4 treatment-naïve CLL patients were treated ex vivo with 0.5 μM OPN5 or equivalent vehicle (DMSO) in the presence of T-cell activating stimuli (10 μg/mL anti-CD3 and 5 μg/mL anti-CD28) for 16 hours. Live CD8+ T-cells were then isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and approximately 100,000 viable CD8+ T-cells were subjected to ATAC-sequencing. Libraries were prepared using the Active Motif ATAC-seq kit and underwent paired-end sequencing (2 x 50 bp, 100 cycles) on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 SP sequencer. Analysis of this data revealed that OPN5 treatment induces a unique chromatin landscape in CLL patient T-cells that is less like that of terminally exhausted T-cells and more like that of effector and memory T-cells. In particular, OPN5 treatment reduced chromatin accessibility at promoter regions of terminal exhaustion-associated genes (e.g., CD101, CCR5, LAG3, BATF3) and increased chromatin accessibility at promoter regions of genes associated with progenitor T-cell function (e.g., TCF7, IL2, CXCR5, IFNG). Individual raw sequencing (fastq) files and processed bigwig files (aligned to the hg38 human reference genome), as well as bigwig files for grouped OPN5- and vehicle-treated samples (aggregate of all 4 patient samples per treatment group) are available via authorized access request through dbGaP.

  Study phs003613

• Transcriptomic analysis of metastatic colorectal cancer

  Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is the main cause of CRC mortality, with limited treatment options. Although immunotherapy has benefited some cancer patients, mCRC typically lacks the molecular features that respond to this treatment. However, recent studies indicate that the immune microenvironment of mCRC may be modified to enhance the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors. This dataset was used to explore the metastatic immune microenvironment by comparing immune cell populations in colorectal liver (CLM), lung (mLu) and peritoneal (PM) metastases.

  Dataset EGAD50000000926

• snRNA-seq in white matter post-mortem tissue from MS and controls

  This Dataset is currently hosted by the European Nucleotide Archive. To access the data contained within the Dataset please follow the link below: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB39323 Dataset consists of 20 snRNA-seq bam files from 10X v2. 5 samples from postmortem white matter tissue from non-neurological controls and15 samples from different MS lesions from the white matter tissue of 4 postmortem progressive MS patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001004544

• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Genome-wide Association Study of Behçet's Disease (Turkish)

  IntroductionBehçet's disease (BD) is a genetically complex multisystem disease of unknown etiology, characterized by recurrent inflammatory attacks affecting orogenital mucosa, eyes, skin, joints, blood vessels, and less frequently, the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Family studies suggest a genetically complex contribution to BD. With the exception of HLA-B51, which explains less than 20% of the genetic risk, the identities of alleles that are responsible for the complex inheritance of this disease have remained unclear. AimTo identify genes that contribute to BD susceptibility. MethodsA genome-wide association study was undertaken with 311,459 informative and high quality SNPs in a collection of 1215 BD patients and 1278 healthy controls from Turkey using a beadchip microarray assay (Infinium SNP genotype assay, Illumina). HLA-B types were determined with a reverse sequence-specific oligonucleotide method (One Lambda). Regions with evidence for association were fine-mapped using Sequenom iPLEX gold assays. Disease-associated SNPs were genotyped in additional ethnically matched case/control collections from diverse genetic backgrounds, including a total of 2430 cases and 2660 controls, using TaqMan SNP genotype assays. Association data were combined in a meta-analysis of all the collections. ResultsWe confirmed the known association with HLA-B51 and found evidence for a second, independent susceptibility locus in the Class I region of the MHC. In addition, we identified one SNP with genome-wide evidence for disease association (P < 5.0 x 10-8) within the gene encoding the immunoregulatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL10). A meta-analysis of the data from all the collections established associations with the IL10 variant (rs1518111, P = 3.54 x 10-18, odds ratio 1.45 with 95% confidence interval 1.34 to 1.58) and with a variant located between the interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) and interleukin 12 receptor β2 (IL12RB2) genes (rs924080, P = 6.69 x 10-9, odds ratio 1.28 with 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.39). The disease-associated IL10 variant was associated with diminished mRNA expression and low protein production by cells obtained from healthy blood donors. ConclusionsThese data suggest that genetically encoded low production of IL-10 increases risk of BD and suggest novel interventional targets in the IL-10 and IL-23 pathways. Note: The submitted data are the genotypes of the 311,459 SNPs in 1215 cases and 1278 controls.

  Study phs000272

• This committee is composed on individuals who have access to the data corresponding to this project: Gut microbiome modulates response to anti PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients

  Dac EGAC00001000758

• Targeted and shallow whole genome sequencing identifies therapeutic opportunities in p53abn endometrial cancers

  Purpose: Shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) can detect copy number (CN) aberrations. In high-grade serous ovarian (HGSOC) sWGS identified CN signatures such as homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) to direct therapy. We applied sWGS with targeted sequencing to p53abn endometrial cancers (ECs) to identify additional prognostic stratification and therapeutic opportunities. Experimental Design: sWGS and targeted panel sequencing was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded p53abn ECs. CN alterations, mutational data and CN signatures were derived, and associations to clinicopathologic and outcomes data were assessed. Results: In 187 p53abn ECs, 5 distinct CN signatures were identified. Signature 5 was associated with BRCA1/2 CN loss with features similar to HGSOC HRD signature. 22% potential HRD cases were identified, 35 patients with signature 5, and 8 patients with BRCA1/2 somatic mutations. Signatures 3 and 4 were associated with whole genome duplication, and CCNE1, ERBB2 and MYC amplifications, with mutations in PIK3CA enriched in signature 3. We observed improved overall survival (OS) for patients with signature 2 and worse OS for signatures 1 and 3. 28% of patients had CCNE1 amplification and this subset was enriched with carcinosarcoma histotype. 34% of patients, across all histotypes, had ERBB2 amplification and/or HER2 overexpression on immunohistochemistry, which was associated with worse outcomes. Mutations in PPP2R1A (29%) and FBXW7 (16%) were among the top 5 most common mutations. Conclusions: sWGS and targeted sequencing identified therapeutic opportunities in 75% of p53abn EC patients. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy of treatments targeting these identified pathways within p53abn ECs.

  Study EGAS00001007661

• HG_Retroduplications_in_Neurodevelopmental_Disorders

  Mobile genetic Elements (MEs) are pieces of DNA which, through an RNA intermediate, can generate new copies of themselves elsewhere in the host genome. Additionally, MEs can facilitate the duplication of non-ME transcripts, typically genes, through the mechanism of retroduplication. In humans, several disorders have been directly attributed to ME-derived mutagenesis but not to retroduplication events. We propose to whole genome sequence the 7 individuals with putative de novo gene retroduplications in order to identify the site of insertion. This sequencing will serve two primary purposes: 1.) Identify the first documented case of a de novo retrogene insertion event causing a disease in humans 2.) provide additional whole genome sequencing of undiagnosed probands recruited into the DDD This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002907

• High Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension

  The Central Asian Kyrgyz highland population provides a unique opportunity to address genetic diversity and understand the genetic mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced high altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH). While a significant fraction of the population is unaffected, there are susceptible individuals who display HAPH in the absence of any lung, cardiac or hematologic disease. We report herein the analysis of the whole genome sequencing of healthy individuals compared with HAPH patients and other controls. In this study, 34 male individuals from Central Asian Kyrgyz highland are sequenced with Illumina HiSeq 2000 with mean-coverage of 30X.

  Dataset EGAD00001004308

• Comprehensive genetic analysis of pediatric germ cell tumors

  Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are relatively rare tumors in children. Previous studies showed that adult testicular GCTs had some genomic alterations, but genetic basis of pediatric GCTs is still to be elucidated. We applied DNA methylation array analysis, whole-transcriptome sequencing, targeted capture sequencing, and SNP array analysis to fifty-one GCT samples.

  Study JGAS000204

• A distinct monocyte cellular state links systemic immune dysregulation to pulmonary impairment in long COVID

  This is an independent cohort of Long COVID patients recruited from a rehabilitation centre. These patients had Long COVID from 8 months to more than 2 years since their acute COVID-19 disease. PBMC from these patients were collected and single cell transcriptomics dataset was generated.

  Study EGAS50000001216

• The transcription factor GABP selectively binds and activates the mutant TERT promoter in cancer

  Reactivation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression enables cells to overcome replicative senescence and escape apoptosis, fundamental steps in the initiation of human cancer. Multiple cancer types, including up to 83% of glioblastomas (GBM), harbor highly recurrent TERT promoter mutations of unknown function but specific to two nucleotide positions. We identify the functional consequence of these mutations in GBM to be recruitment of the multimeric GABP transcription factor specifically to the mutant promoter. Allelic recruitment of GABP is consistently observed across four cancer types, highlighting a shared mechanism underlying TERT reactivation. Tandem flanking native ETS motifs critically cooperate with these mutations to activate TERT, likely by facilitating GABP heterotetramer binding. GABP thus directly links TERT promoter mutations to aberrant expression in multiple cancers.

  Study EGAS00001001242

• Genomic landscape and molecularly-informed therapy in thymic carcinoma and other advanced thymic epithelial tumors (H021, HIPO)

  The molecular landscape of malignant thymic epithelial tumors (TET) is largely unknown. To better understand and target these clinically challenging entities, we characterize 81 patients harboring 46 thymus carcinomas (TC), 8 neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus (NET) and 27 thymomas using WGS/WES, transcriptome and methylome analysis. TC harbor different molecular alterations compared to thymoma and NET and have higher tumor mutational burden than thymomas. 14/76 TET patients show (likely) pathogenic germline alterations. Composite biomarker analysis indicates homologous repair deficiency in a subset of patients. We identify immunologically hot and cold TC. Cold TC show significantly shorter overall survival. 71/81 patients receive molecularly-informed therapy recommendations, which are applied in 28/71 cases leading to a DCR of 60% and an ORR of 24% (both n=25). 8/23 patients reach PFS ratios > 1.3, seven of them having TC.

  Study EGAS00001006408

• CRCbiome: Gut metagenome of Norwegian screening participants using FIT sampling

  The study aims to characterize the gut metagenome of Norwegian screening participants and assess the ability of the gut metagenome to identify those at need for colonoscopy. Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces CRC incidence and mortality. However, current screening methods are either hampered by invasiveness or suboptimal performance, limiting their effectiveness as primary screening methods. To aid in the development of a non-invasive screening test with improved sensitivity and specificity, we have initiated a prospective biomarker study (CRCbiome), nested within a large randomized CRC screening trial in Norway. We aim to develop a microbiome-based classification algorithm to identify advanced colorectal lesions in screening participants testing positive for an immunochemical fecal occult blood test (FIT). We will also examine interactions with host factors, diet, lifestyle and prescription drugs. The prospective nature of the study also enables the analysis of changes in the gut microbiome following the removal of precancerous lesions. Methods: The CRCbiome study recruits participants enrolled in the Bowel Cancer Screening in Norway (BCSN) study, a randomized trial initiated in 2012 comparing once-only sigmoidoscopy to repeated biennial FIT, where women and men aged 50–74 years at study entry are invited to participate. Since 2017, participants randomized to FIT screening with a positive test result have been invited to join the CRCbiome study. Self-reported diet, lifestyle and demographic data are collected prior to colonoscopy after the positive FIT-test (baseline). Screening data, including colonoscopy findings are obtained from the BCSN database. Fecal samples for gut microbiome analyses are collected both before and 2 and 12 months after colonoscopy. Samples are analyzed using metagenome sequencing, with taxonomy profiles, and gene and pathway content as primary measures. CRCbiome data will also be linked to national registries to obtain information on prescription histories and cancer relevant outcomes occurring during the 10 year follow-up period. Discussion: The CRCbiome study will increase our understanding of how the gut microbiome, in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors, influences the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. This knowledge will be crucial to develop microbiome-based screening tools for CRC. By evaluating biomarker performance in a screening setting, using samples from the target population, the generalizability of the findings to future screening cohorts is likely to be high.

  Study EGAS50000000170

• Molecular Profiling Reveals Unique Immune and Metabolic Features of Melanoma Brain Metastases

  There is a critical need to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of -melanoma brain metastases (MBM). Thus, we performed RNA sequencing on 88 resected MBMs and 42 patient-matched extracranial metastases; tumors with sufficient tissue also underwent whole-exome sequencing, T-cell receptor sequencing, and IHC. MBMs demonstrated heterogeneity of immune infiltrates that correlated with prior radiation and post-craniotomy survival. Comparison with patient-matched extracranial metastases identified significant immunosuppression and enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in MBMs. Gene-expression analysis of intracranial and subcutaneous xenografts, and a spontaneous MBM model, confirmed increased OXPHOS gene expression in MBMs, which was also detected by direct metabolite profiling and [U-13C]-glucose tracing in vivo IACS-010759, an OXPHOS inhibitor currently in early-phase clinical trials, improved survival of mice bearing MAPK inhibitor-resistant intracranial melanoma xenografts and inhibited MBM formation in the spontaneous MBM model. The results provide new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of MBMs.

  Study EGAS00001003672

• TF ChIP-seq of human acute leukemias

  CEBPA/PU.1/TCF7 ChIP-seq of 6 primary samples derived from human acute leukemias, namely AML, T-ALL and mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). Low-coverage whole genome sequencing (ChIP input) of the same samples is also included as a control to be used in peak calling.

  Dataset EGAD00001015358

• Mesothelioma Whole Genomes

  Genomic architecture of mesothelioma parent study is project 925. This project is set up in parallel to project 925 in order to Whole genome sequence ten of the 59 tumours in that project.

  Dataset EGAD00001001265

• Whole-exome sequencing of 20 samples of actinic keratosis (10s) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (10s)

  Whole-exome sequencing of 20 samples of actinic keratosis (10) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (10) was performed to investigate a potential relationship between DNA methylation-based subtypes and genetic mutation patterns. 7 samples were shown to belong to the stem cell-like subclass (4 AK and 2 SCC), 12 - to the keratinocyte-like subtype (6 AK and 6 SCC) and one SCC sample is unclassified (was not included in the methylation analysis). Exome regions were captured using Agilent Low Input Exome-Seq Human v5 kit and sequenced on Illumina Hiseq4000 with paired-end 100-nucleotide reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001003765

• Tumor Profiler Project - MEL scRNA data

  The dataset contains 10x Chromium single-cell transcriptomics data from 65 samples from 62 different patients with melanoma. Samples were collected from the tumor. Sequencing was performed in paired-end mode and sequencing data is provided in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000000853

• Tumor Profiler Project - MEL scDNA data

  The dataset contains 10x Chromium single-cell DNA sequencing data from 63 samples from 60 different patients with melanoma. Samples were collected from the tumor. Sequencing was performed in paired-end mode and sequencing data is provided in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000000852

• Butyrate producers as potential next-generation probiotics: safety assessment of the administration of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum to healthy volunteers

  Advances in gut microbiota research have triggered interest in developing colon butyrate producers as niche-specific next-generation probiotics, targeted at increasing colon butyrate production and countering disease-associated microbiota alterations. Crucial steps in the development of next-generation probiotics are the design of formulations with a reasonable shelf life as well as the safety demonstration of an intervention in healthy volunteers. One such potential next-generation butyrate-producing probiotic is Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum 25-3T, with demonstrated safety in in vitro as well as in animal models. Here, we examined the strain's safety, tolerability, and impact on microbiota composition and metabolic activity in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 healthy volunteers. Study design consisted of two four-week intervention periods (108 CFU B. pullicaecorum [treatment] or maltodextrin [placebo] per day) with a three-week washout in between. We assessed adverse events, blood parameters (primary endpoints), and fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles (secondary endpoints).The number of reported adverse events during the B. pullicaecorum treatment was similar to placebo intervention, as were observed changes in blood chemistry parameters, bowel habits, and fecal calprotectin concentrations. Administration of the strain did not induce any disruptive effect in microbiota composition or metabolic activity. In this first human intervention trial with a butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster IV isolate, we demonstrated B. pullicaecorum 25-3T administration to be both safe and well tolerated by healthy participants. This safety study paves the way for the further development of the strain as a next-generation probiotic.

  Study EGAS00001003276

• Multi-omics characterization of KMT2A-rearranged infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  KMT2A gene rearranged (KMT2A-r) infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most refractory subgroup of childhood leukemia, whose molecular heterogeneity remains largely unknown. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis of KMT2A-r infant ALL, we comprehensively analyzed the RNA sequencing, methylation array, whole exome sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing data of diagnostic samples of KMT2A-r infant ALL. We also performed ChIP sequencing of infant ALL-derived cell lines.

  Study JGAS000385

• Homopolymer switches mediate adaptive mutability in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer

  Mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cancer evolves through the continuous erosion of coding homopolymers in target genes. Curiously, the MMR genes MSH6 and MSH3 also contain coding homopolymers and these are frequent mutational targets in MMR-deficient cancers. The impact of incremental MMR mutations on MMR-deficient colorectal cancer evolution is unknown. We show that microsatellite instability modulates DNA repair by toggling hypermutable mononucleotide homopolymer runs in MSH6 and MSH3 through stochastic frameshift switching. Spontaneous mutation and reversion modulates subclonal mutation rate, mutation bias, and clonal HLA and neoantigen diversity. Patient-derived organoids corroborate these observations and show that in the absence of immune selection MMR homopolymer sequences drift back into reading frame, suggesting a fitness cost of elevated mutation rates. Combined experimental and simulation studies demonstrate that subclonal immune selection favours incremental MMR mutations. Overall, our data demonstrate that MMR-deficient colorectal cancers fuel intratumour heterogeneity by adapting subclonal mutation rate and diversity to immune selection.

  Study EGAS50000000297

• Novel paediatric case of a spinal high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features in a patient with Noonan Syndrome

  Noonan Syndrome (NS) is associated with an increased risk of low-grade central nervous system tumours in children but only very rarely associated with high-grade gliomas. Here we describe the first reported case of a spinal high-grade astrocytoma with piloid features (HGAP) in a child with NS. This case was a diagnostic and treatment dilemma, prior to whole-genome germline and tumour sequencing, tumour transcriptome sequencing and DNA methylation analysis. The methylation profile matched strongly with HGAP and sequencing identified somatic FGFR1 and NF1 variants and a PTPN11 germline pathogenic variant. Therapeutic targets were identified but also alterations novel to HGAP such as differential expression of VEGFA and PD-L1. The germline PTPN11 finding has not been previously described in individuals with HGAP.  This case underscores the power of precision medicine from a diagnostic, therapeutic and clinical management perspective, and describes an association between HGAP and NS which has not previously been reported.

  Study EGAS00001007937

• WGS of primary mesothelioma cell lines

  Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer associated with previous exposure to asbestos and dismal prognosis. Since a pemetrexed/cisplatin combination was introduced for treatment of mesothelioma, no new first- or second-line therapies have been discovered. Thus, to better understand what drives mesothelioma carcinogenesis and to identify potential targets for therapy, in this project we aim at performing WGS analysis of a panel of mesothelioma cells lines.

  Dataset EGAD00001009641

• Targeted and exome sequencing data from 24 prostate cancer patients with somatic hypermutation

  This dataset contains all available targeted and exome sequencing paired fastq files from our study, "Identification of hypermutation and defective mismatch repair in ctDNA from metastatic prostate cancer". Patient identifiers are denoted by the first three characters of the sample aliases (e.g. "P01"), and additional information is appended to reflect the panel used (targeted 73 gene panel: "PC", or whole-exome panel: "WXS"), and whether the sample represents cell-free DNA ("cfdna") or paired white-blood cell control ("wbc"). Several patients have multiple serial collections available, and these are denoted by the characters "C1, C2, C3," etc. All samples were sequenced using Illumina technology.

  Dataset EGAD00001005474

• 2014 Lung squamous cell carcinoma WES analysis result

  This data is belong to 2014 Lung squamous patients' exome data which is aligned to human reference(human_g1k_v37.fasta). There are 104 paired tumor/normal samples from SMC. All samples has passed QC and re-calibration steps while aligning to reference.

  Dataset EGAD00001003960

• 2014 sequenced WGS-Lung Cancer sample 30 pair

  This data is belong to WGS-Lung Cancer patients' genome data which is aligned to human reference(human_g1k_v37.fasta). There are 30 paired tumor/normal samples from Samsung Hospital. All samples has passed QC and recalibration steps while aligning to reference.

  Dataset EGAD00001003978

• 2018 AML-ETO WGS analysis result

  This data is belong to 2018 AML-ETO patients' genome data which is aligned to human reference(human_g1k_v37.fasta). There are 12 paired tumor/normal samples from SNUH. All samples has passed QC and recalibration steps while aligning to reference.

  Dataset EGAD00001003912

• 2014 sequenced AML-WGS analysis result

  This data is belong to 2014 AML-WGS patients' genome data which is aligned to human reference(human_g1k_v37.fasta). There are 10 paired tumor/normal samples from SNUH. All samples has passed QC and recalibration steps while aligning to reference.

  Dataset EGAD00001003925

• 2016 AML prospective_v1 analysis result

  This data is belong to 2016 AML prospective_v1 patients' genome data which is aligned to human reference(human_g1k_v37.fasta). There are 5 paired tumor/normal samples from SNUH. All samples has passed QC and recalibration steps while aligning to reference.

  Dataset EGAD00001003928

• WES on tumor DNA and germline DNA in pediatric cancer

  This dataset contains whole exome sequencing (WES) data from tumor DNA samples of various pediatric cancer entities. Files are provided in fastq format. Samples were sequenced on a Novaseq6000 or Hiseq2500 (Illumina). Data analysis is available at https://github.com/rmvpaeme/sWGS_pediatric_cancer.

  Study EGAS00001005429

• Exome Sequencing in an Ancestrally Diverse Autism Cohort

  Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a collection of neurodevelopmental disorders manifested by impaired social communication, repetitive behaviors, and restricted interests. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on a total of 754 individuals from 195 families, including 222 probands with ASD, from diverse ancestral backgrounds. We identified potentially pathogenic variants in known and novel ASD or neurodevelopmental disease genes.

  Study phs003603

• INTEGRATIVE MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF SKIN TUMORS FROM CYLD CUTANEOUS SYNDROME PATIENTS

  CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by germline CYLD mutations and by multiple benign skin tumors dependent on NF-kB pathway. We assembled a large cohort of CCS rare skin tumors that was profiled with whole exome or genome sequencing, RNA sequencing and methylation arrays to better understand genetic mechanisms of CCS tumorogenesis.

  Study EGAS50000000247

• Exome_sequencing_of_Congenital_Heart_Disease_families_Toronto

  Atrio-ventricular septal defects (AVSD) are a specific form of congenital heart structural defect that result from abnormal or inadequate fusion of endocardial cushions during cardiac development. This project is focused on identifying rare coding variation that substantially increases risk of AVSD, by exome sequencing of AVSD patients and some of their family members, and comparing to control datasets from other sources.

  Study EGAS00001000317

• Whole genome sequencing of a Grem1 mutant human tumour

  The BMP antagonist Grem1 has been shown to be associated with a rare human polyposis syndrome (HMPS). We have shown that there is a 40KB duplication on chrom 15 found in some patients with HMPS. Traditional serrated adenomas (rare sporadic polyps) share some morphological features with HMPS polyps and it has long been hypothesised that they are the sporadic version of HMPS polyps. We have obtained of one of these lesions and in this project we aim to characterise this tumour.

  Dataset EGAD00001002182

• Next Generation Sequencing of Stage IV Squamous Cell Lung Cancers Reveals an Association of PI3K Aberrations and Evidence of Clonal Heterogeneity in Patients with Brain Metastases

  Putative oncogenic pathways in squamous cell lung cancer have been recently characterized, although their biologic repercussions in patients is largely unknown. This study sought to discover potential clinical manifestations of major pathways in squamous cell lung cancer, particularly the PI3K pathway. Two key findings emerged: patients with stage IV squamous cell lung cancer whose tumors harbored upstream PI3K aberrations had significantly worse survival and a higher burden of metastatic disease. In addition, brain metastases were significantly more common in these patients than in others. Paired lung primary/brain metastasis genotyping, including RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing, uncovered a high degree of genetic heterogeneity between lung/brain pairs, and identified potential regulators of the metastatic process to brain.

  Study phs000907

• Whole genomes sequencing BAM files (blood and lung brushings) of COPD cases and controls (EvA)

  Dataset of 27 whole genome sequencing files (BAM), which cover 12 individuals out of which four suffer from COPD. From 9 individuals, there are sequencing data from blood and from lung brushings at one single site available, from another 3 there is additionally a lung brushing sequencing file from a second site available. Comparison of blood with lung brushings allows the calling of somatic mutations within a tissue.

  Dataset EGAD00001004535

• Transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) of human acute leukemias

  Total RNA-seq of blasts derived from 131 adult T-ALL cases, 7 AML cases and 1 mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemia with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). The other RNA-seq data used in this study has been previously published and is available at EGAD00001007581 (AML) and EGAD00001007646 (CD34+ cells).

  Dataset EGAD00001011054

• RNA-seq of PBX1 knock-down or overexpressing cell lines

  The whole study comprises of two patient cohorts. Screening cohort: 40 patients of Germany; validation cohort: 40 patients from Asia. Further, bile duct and CCA cell lines have been analyzed. This dataset contains 44 samples derived from RNA-sequencing data of bile duct and CCA cell lines. Data was generated on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 device in paired-end mode and is stored in compressed FASTQ file format.

  Dataset EGAD00001011325

• METABRIC

  Solid tumors are complex tissues composed of a mixture of cancer and normal cells, which complicates the interpretation of their molecular profiles. Normal cell contamination can dilute cancer cell information and tissue architecture is generally not reflected in molecular assays. To address these challenges, we developed a computational approach based on standard Haematoxylin and Eosin-stained sections and demonstrated its power in a discovery cohort of 323 breast tumors and an independent validation cohort of 241 tumors. First, to deconvolute cellular heterogeneity and detect subtle genomic aberrations, we introduced an algorithm based on tumor cellularity to increase the comparability of copy-number profiles between samples. Second, we demonstrated that a predictor for survival integrating image-based and molecular features significantly outperforms classifiers based on single data types. Third, we described and validated a novel, independent prognostic factor based on quantitative analysis of spatial patterns between stromal cells, which are not detectable by molecular assays. Our quantitative methods refine and complement molecular assays of tumor samples and could benefit all large-scale cancer studies.First, to deconvolute cellular heterogeneity and detect subtle genomic aberrations, we introduced an algorithm based on tumor cellularity to increase the comparability of copy-number profiles between samples. Second, we demonstrated that a predictor for survival integrating image-based and molecular features significantly outperforms classifiers based on single data types. Third, we described and validated a novel, independent prognostic factor based on quantitative analysis of spatial patterns between stromal cells, which are not detectable by molecular assays. Our quantitative methods refine and complement molecular assays of tumor samples and could benefit all large-scale cancer studies.

  Study EGAS00000000098

• Genomic and transcriptomic determinants of therapy resistance and immune landscape evolution during anti-EGFR treatment in colorectal cancer

  Genomic and transcriptomic data from a cohort of 35 RAS wild-type colorectal cancers. All 35 cases were DNA sequenced at baseline (BL) before treatment with single agent cetuximab. Progressive disease (PD)-biopsies were taken shortly after radiological progression and successfully exome sequenced from 24/35 cases. mRNA sequencing is available for 25 Baseline and 15 PD samples. ctDNA from 9 cases that progressed after prolonged cetuximab benefit were also deep sequenced.

  Dataset EGAD00001004501

• Common origin and somatic mutation patterns of composite lymphomas and leukemias

  When two lymphomas occur concurrently or sequentially in a patient, it is a major question whether they derive from the same lymphocyte or hematopoietic precursor cell or developed independently. We studied four composite classic Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and other mature B-cell lymphomas, and two composite mature B- and T-cell neoplasias by whole exome sequencing (WES) and analyzed shared somatic mutations in the lymphomas of these clonally related composite lymphomas, indicating their derivation from a common, pre-malignant precursor. Most identified mutations were restricted to one or the other of these lymphomas, likely explaining how distinct lymphomas developed from a common ancestral B cell. In the two B-cell/T-cell lymphoma cases, and a composite clonally unrelated HL/chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the lymphoma partners did not share any somatic mutations. In three cases, we identified potentially oncogenic variants also in cells serving as constitutional controls.

  Study EGAS50000001017

• Immune-awakening revealed by peripheral T cell dynamics after one cycle of immunotherapy

  BACKGROUND: Our understanding of T cell evolution under checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) is still incomplete, restraining the achievement of full benefit from CPI.OBJECTIVES: We studied peripheral T cell turnover and evolution and their prognostic value after 3weeks on treatment with CPI (one cycle) analysing T cell receptor-β (TCR) sequences in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and PBMC, and performing a phenotypic analysis of peripheral T cell subsets.RESULTS: Peripheral T cell turnover and TCR repertoire dynamics correlated with response. Additionally, the cfDNA TCR repertoire reorganisation fingerprint correlated with the expansion of an immune-effector subset of peripheral T cells that predicted treatment response and identified the patients with longer overall survival.CONCLUSIONS: Here we show that prognostic changes in peripheral T cells occur within 3 weeks of commencing CPI treatment. This dynamic immune-awakening informs on the immune-system reorganization can be monitored using minimally invasive liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001004043

• Immune induction strategies to enhance the sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: the TONIC-trial

  The response rate in metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) to PD-1 blockade is low, highlighting an urgent clinical need for strategies that render the TNBC tumor microenvironment (TME) more sensitive to PD-1 blockade. Immunomodulatory mechanisms have been proposed for both chemotherapy and irradiation, but it has not been established whether these therapies may improve efficacy of PD-1 blockade by favorably changing the TME. In the first stage of this adaptive, non-comparative phase II trial (TONIC-trial; NCT02499367), 67 patients with metastatic TNBC were randomized to nivolumab without induction or to one of four induction treatments, consisting of irradiation of one metastatic lesion (3x8 Gy) or a two- week low-dose regimen of cyclophosphamide, cisplatin or doxorubicin, all followed by nivolumab. In the overall cohort of 66 evaluable patients, the objective response rate (ORR; iRECIST16) was 20% (95% CI: 11%-31%), with two complete responses and 11 partial responses. The majority of clinical responses were observed on nivolumab in the cisplatin (ORR 23%; 3/13) and doxorubicin (ORR 35%; 6/17) cohorts. After doxorubicin and cisplatin induction, we detected an upregulation of immune-related genes, involved in PD-1/PD-L1, and T-cell cytotoxicity pathways. This was further supported by enrichment among upregulated genes related to inflammation, JAK-STAT and TNFα-signaling after doxorubicin. In addition, we observed a trend towards increased T-cell infiltration, measured using T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, after doxorubicin. Together, the clinical and translational data of this study testing different immune induction strategies prior to nivolumab suggest that short-term doxorubicin and cisplatin may induce a more favorable TME and increase the likelihood of response to PD-1 blockade in TNBC. These data warrant further confirmation in TNBC and exploration of induction treatments prior to PD-1 blockade in other cancer types.

  Study EGAS00001003535

• Chromothripsis in Patient WHIM-09

  We are studying the natural history, pathogenesis and treatment of patients with WHIM syndrome, an immunodeficiency disorder characterized by warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections and neutropenia usually due to autosomal dominant gain-of-function mutations in chemokine receptor CXCR4. We have identified a patient born with WHIM syndrome and the WHIM mutation CXCR4R334X who has been disease-free for 20 years and who lacks CXCR4R334X in myeloid cells, the cells that drive disease manifestations. She is a genetic and hematopoietic mosaic, since she still has the mutation in lymphoid cells and non-hematopoietic cells. Cytogenetics and microarray analysis revealed that the mechanism of loss of the mutation was deletion of the mutant allele from one copy of chromosome 2. Whole genome sequencing of patient neutrophil and skin fibroblast genomic DNA revealed that the mechanism of deletion was chromothripsis, a process of chromosome shattering resulting in deletions and rearrangements of the non-deleted chromosomal segments. In the patient, this process evidently occurred in a single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), resulting in deletion of the disease allele CXCR4R334X and one copy of 163 other genes on chromosome 2. This HSC evidently acquired a growth advantage and repopulated the HSC population and the myeloid lineage. Consistent with this, studies using gene targeted mice in competitive bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that selective Cxcr4 haploinsufficiency (inactivation of one copy of Cxcr4 and not of any other genes) was sufficient to confer a strong engraftment advantage over bone marrow cells from wild type mice as well as bone marrow cells from a mouse model of WHIM syndrome. These results suggest that CXCR4 knockdown may be a useful strategy to enhance bone marrow engraftment in the absence of toxic bone marrow conditioning regimens.

  Study phs000856

• Transcriptome alterations underlying metabolic dysfunction and liver disease in myotonic dystrophy type 1

  Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem disorder affecting various organs, including the skeletal muscles, eyes, heart, central nervous system, and endocrine system. Liver dysfunction and lipid metabolism abnormalities are frequently observed in DM1 but are not fully understood. To explore the molecular basis of these abnormalities, transcriptome analysis was performed on postmortem liver samples from DM1 patients DM1 patients (n = 11) and disease control patients (n = 9) using bulkRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on the MGI DNBSEQ-G400RS. Differential gene expression and alternative splicing analyses revealed significant transcriptomic changes associated with lipid metabolism, liver fibrosis, and glucose homeostasis. Interestingly, transcriptome changes in DM1 livers also revealed partial resolution of sexual dimorphism in gene expression, along with unique sex-specific pathway alterations. A correlation between serum GGT levels and splicing abnormalities in DM1 patients was identified, suggesting a link between transcriptomic changes and clinical outcomes. This dataset provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying DM1-related liver dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities.

  Study JGAS000814

• The earliest stages of neoplastic transformation in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

  The succession of somatic genetic events associated with the conversion of a normal colorectal epithelial cell into a colorectal carcinoma constitutes a paradigmatic model of cancer development. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is caused by constitutional inactivating mutations in APC, the central gatekeeper gene of colorectal cancer, and is associated with a substantially increased lifetime-risk of colorectal cancer. To investigate the earliest stages of neoplastic change due to APC inactivation, we microdissected and individually whole genome sequenced 279 histologically normal and abnormal colorectal crypts from 15 individuals with FAP. Histologically normal crypts generally exhibited similar mutation burdens and mutational signatures to normal crypts from wild-type individuals of the same age, with 1/110 carrying a somatic inactivating APC mutation. By contrast, 9/18 aberrant crypt foci carried somatic APC mutations and exhibited modestly increased burdens of some mutational signatures found in normal crypts. 12/13 diminutive adenomatous polyps (less than 5mm diameter) showed somatic APC mutations and carried substantially increased mutation loads of most mutational signatures present in normal crypts. Phylogenetic trees of crypts from aberrant crypt foci and adenomatous polyps revealed that some had acquired their initiating somatic APC mutations decades previously during the first few years of life. The results catalogue the changes in somatic mutation rates, mutational processes and “driver” mutations in cancer genes during the earliest stages of colorectal neoplastic transformation initiated by APC inactivation and highlight the long periods of clonal evolution required for a cancer to develop.

  Dataset EGAD00001015471

• APOBEC Mutagenesis, Kataegis, Chromothripsis in EGFR-Mutant Osimertinib-Resistant Lung Adenocarcinomas

  Expanding on studies investigating apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) mutagenesis in histological transformation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung cancers, it has been hypothesized that mutational signature analysis may help better understand acquired resistance to targeted therapies. Using mutational signature analysis in Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) driven lung adenocarcinomas, more specifically EGFR mutant lung cancer, APOBEC dominant mutational signatures were noted more frequently in subclonal post Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) treatment biospecimen samples and in the presence of large-scale genomic rearrangements. This is hypothesized to be due to the pressure of treatment with TKIs; a fact that should be further explored and can be potentially manipulated in order to overcome drug resistance.

  Study phs003812

• Mapping Genotypes to Chromatin Accessibility Profiles in Single Cells

  In somatic tissue differentiation, chromatin accessibility changes govern priming and precursor commitment towards cellular fates1–3. Therefore, somatic mutations likely alter chromatin accessibility patterns, as they disrupt differentiation topologies leading to abnormal clonal outgrowth. However, defining the impact of somatic mutations on the epigenome in human samples is challenging due to admixed mutated and wild-type cells. To chart how somatic mutations disrupt epigenetic landscapes in human clonal outgrowths, we developed Genotyping of Targeted loci with single-cell Chromatin Accessibility (GoT-ChA). This high-throughput platform links genotypes to chromatin accessibility at single-cell resolution, across thousands of cells within a single assay. We applied GoT-ChA to CD34+ cells from myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients with JAK2V617F-mutated hematopoiesis.

  Study EGAS50000000164

• Genomic Analysis of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

  Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous and poorly understood group of non Hodgkin lymphomas. We aim to identify new genetic alterations in PTCL transformation by using a combination of whole exome sequencing of tumor-normal DNA pairs, RNAseq analysis and targeted deep sequencing of candidate genes. Our data identified highly recurrent mutations in epigenetic factors such as TET2, DNMT3A and IDH2 as well as a new highly prevalent mutation in RHOA, the G17V allele that is present in almost 70% of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas (AITL) and almost 20% of not otherwise specified PTCL (PTCL NOS) samples. In addition, we describe new and recurrent genetic defects including mutations in FYN, ATM, B2M and CD58 implicating SRC signaling, impaired DNA damage response and escape from immune surveillance processes as key players in the pathogenesis of PTCL.

  Study phs000689

• Methylation CYLD cutaneous syndrome

  Patients with CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS; syn. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome) carry germline mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD and develop multiple skin tumors with diverse histophenotypes. We comprehensively profiled the genomic landscape of 42 benign and malignant tumors across 13 individuals from four multigenerational families. Novel recurrent mutations were found in epigenetic modifiers DNMT3A and BCOR in 29% of benign tumors. Multi-level and microdissected sampling strikingly reveal that many clones with different DNMT3A mutations exist in these benign tumors, suggesting that intra-tumor heterogeneity is common. Integrated genomic, methylation and transcriptomic profiling in selected tumours suggest that isoform specific DNMT3A2 mutations are associated with dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway signaling. Phylogenetic and mutational signature analyses confirm cylindroma pulmonary metastases from primary skin tumours. These findings add novel dimensions to existing paradigms of cutaneous tumorigenesis and metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001003800

• RNA sequencing CYLD cutaneous syndrome

  Patients with CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS; syn. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome) carry germline mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD and develop multiple skin tumors with diverse histophenotypes. We comprehensively profiled the genomic landscape of 42 benign and malignant tumors across 13 individuals from four multigenerational families. Novel recurrent mutations were found in epigenetic modifiers DNMT3A and BCOR in 29% of benign tumors. Multi-level and microdissected sampling strikingly reveal that many clones with different DNMT3A mutations exist in these benign tumors, suggesting that intra-tumor heterogeneity is common. Integrated genomic, methylation and transcriptomic profiling in selected tumours suggest that isoform specific DNMT3A2 mutations are associated with dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway signaling. Phylogenetic and mutational signature analyses confirm cylindroma pulmonary metastases from primary skin tumours. These findings add novel dimensions to existing paradigms of cutaneous tumorigenesis and metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001003841

• Whole exome sequencing CYLD cutaneous syndrome

  Patients with CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS; syn. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome) carry germline mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD and develop multiple skin tumors with diverse histophenotypes. We comprehensively profiled the genomic landscape of 42 benign and malignant tumors across 13 individuals from four multigenerational families. Novel recurrent mutations were found in epigenetic modifiers DNMT3A and BCOR in 29% of benign tumors. Multi-level and microdissected sampling strikingly reveal that many clones with different DNMT3A mutations exist in these benign tumors, suggesting that intra-tumor heterogeneity is common. Integrated genomic, methylation and transcriptomic profiling in selected tumours suggest that isoform specific DNMT3A2 mutations are associated with dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway signaling. Phylogenetic and mutational signature analyses confirm cylindroma pulmonary metastases from primary skin tumours. These findings add novel dimensions to existing paradigms of cutaneous tumorigenesis and metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001003839

• Targeted sequencing CYLD cutaneous syndrome

  Patients with CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS; syn. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome) carry germline mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD and develop multiple skin tumors with diverse histophenotypes. We comprehensively profiled the genomic landscape of 42 benign and malignant tumors across 13 individuals from four multigenerational families. Novel recurrent mutations were found in epigenetic modifiers DNMT3A and BCOR in 29% of benign tumors. Multi-level and microdissected sampling strikingly reveal that many clones with different DNMT3A mutations exist in these benign tumors, suggesting that intra-tumor heterogeneity is common. Integrated genomic, methylation and transcriptomic profiling in selected tumours suggest that isoform specific DNMT3A2 mutations are associated with dysregulated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway signaling. Phylogenetic and mutational signature analyses confirm cylindroma pulmonary metastases from primary skin tumours. These findings add novel dimensions to existing paradigms of cutaneous tumorigenesis and metastasis.

  Study EGAS00001003840

• GM

  metabolite levels measured by general metabolomics (Boston, USA) (the data is raw abundance. Mapping was applied on log10 transformed data)

  Dataset EGAD00010002148

• Epiclomal: probabilistic clustering of sparse single-cell DNA methylation data

  We present Epiclomal, a probabilistic clustering method arising from a hierarchical mixture model to simultaneously cluster sparse single-cell DNA methylation data and infer their corresponding hidden methylation profiles. Using synthetic and published single-cell CpG datasets we show that Epiclomal outperforms non-probabilistic methods and is able to handle the inherent missing data feature which dominates single-cell CpG genome sequences. Using a recently published single-cell 5mCpG sequencing method (PBAL), we show that Epiclomal discovers sub-clonal patterns of methylation in aneuploid tumour genomes, thus defining epiclones. We show that epiclones may transcend copy number determined clonal lineages, thus opening this important form of clonal analysis in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001003504

• The double-hit signature identifies double-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with genetic events cryptic to FISH​

  High-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/THs) include a group of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) with inferior outcomes after standard chemoimmunotherapy. We recently described a gene expression signature that identifies 27% of germinal center B-cell DLBCLs (GCB-DLBCLs) as having a double-hit-like expression pattern (DHITsig) and inferior outcomes; however, only half of these cases have both MYC and BCL2 translocations identifiable using standard breakapart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Here, 20 DHITsig+ GCB-DLBCLs apparently lacking MYC and/or BCL2 rearrangements underwent whole-genome sequencing. This revealed 6 tumors with MYC or BCL2 rearrangements that were cryptic to breakapart FISH. Copy-number analysis identified 3 tumors with MYC and 6 tumors with MIR17HG gains or amplifications, both of which may contribute to dysregulation of MYC and its downstream pathways. Focal deletions of the PVT1 promoter were observed exclusively among DHITsig+ tumors lacking MYC translocations; this may also contribute to MYC overexpression. These results highlight that FISH fails to identify all HGBL-DH/THs, while revealing a range of other genetic mechanisms potentially underlying MYC dysregulation in DHITsig+ DLBCL, suggesting that gene expression profiling is more sensitive for identifying the biology underlying poor outcomes in GCB-DLBCL.

  Study EGAS00001004285

• Integrating Genomic and Transcriptomic Data to Identify Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes

  Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of both sporadic and familial breast cancer. Since 2007, common genetic variants in ~200 loci have been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in relation to breast cancer risk. However, it is often difficult to translate GWAS findings to disease prevention and treatment since causal genes in the large majority of GWAS-identified loci are unknown. Furthermore, a large fraction of breast cancer heritability remains unexplained. Recent studies suggest that nearly 80% of disease heritability can be explained by genetic variants regulating gene expression. Herein, we propose three well-powered transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) to systematically investigate the association of breast cancer risk with gene expression across the transcriptome of African, Asian and European descendants. In Aim 1, we will perform RNA sequencing and high-density genotyping assays using normal breast tissue samples, and build race-specific gene expression prediction models using data from 1000 women of African, Asian and European descent. These models will be applied to the GWAS data generated from approximately 320,000 breast cancer patients and controls to impute gene expression for association analyses of predicted gene expression with risk of breast cancer overall, and by estrogen receptor and HER2 status. In Aim 2, we will select the top 50 genes identified in Aim 1 for in vitro functional assays to assess their influence on major cell functions related to cancer biology. In Aim 3, we will evaluate whether TWAS-identified genes may express differently in normal breast tissues and breast cancer tissues collected from African, Asian, and European descendants to assess whether these genes may contribute to racial differences in breast cancer risk by molecular subtypes. With strong methodology and a large sample size, we believe that this proposed study should be able to identify and characterize a large number of novel genes related to breast cancer risk. Uncovering breast cancer susceptibility genes will greatly improve the understanding of the genetic and biological basis for breast cancer and accelerate the translation of genetic findings to disease prevention and patient care.

  Study phs003535

• Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Tumor Purity Assessment from Whole Exome Sequencing Data

  As molecular medicine wields greater and greater influence on cancer patient care, including therapeutic selection, it becomes increasingly important to understand the power and deficiencies of computational tools used in decision making processes. Here we use a set of unselected metastatic colorectal tumor samples in a head-to-head comparison between the calculation of stromal content by a board certified pathologist, versus that derived from whole exome sequencing and purity assessment by a variety of common computational methods. We find that in about 1/2 of the samples the computational methods each do a poor job of assessing the percent stromal contamination, and as a result, tumor variant allele frequencies (VAFs) are low or undetected, whereas analysis of organoids derived from the same tumors yielded much higher VAFs in keeping with their lower stromal content. The whole exome sequence of our samples is available via dbGaP, accession phs003059.v1.p1.

  Study phs003059

• Summarized somatic variant calls from CMMRD-associated high-grade gliomas

  This dataset contains summarized somatic variant call data derived from paired tumor–blood whole-exome sequencing of human samples. Access to the dataset is controlled and granted only upon submission and approval of a formal data access request. Requests are reviewed by the Data Access Committee led by the Principal Investigator to ensure compliance with applicable legal, ethical, and data protection requirements. Users must not attempt to re-identify study participants and must comply with all relevant confidentiality and data protection regulations. In accordance with local legal and ethical requirements, individual-level raw sequencing data are not shared.

  Dataset EGAD50000002180

• Targeting AXL Kinase Uniquely Sensitizes Therapy-Insensitive Leukemic Stem and Progenitor Cells to Venetoclax Treatment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  The abundance of genetic abnormalities and phenotypic heterogeneities in AML pose significant challenges to developing improved treatments. Here we demonstrated that a key GAS6/AXL axis is highly activated in AML patient cells, particularly in leukemic stem cells. We developed a potent, selective AXL inhibitor that has excellent pharmaceutical properties and efficacy against preclinical patient-derived xenotransplantation models of AML. Importantly, inhibition of AXL sensitized AML stem/progenitor cells to venetoclax treatment, with strong synergistic effects in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, single-cell RNA-sequencing and functional validation studies uncovered that AXL inhibition or in combination with venetoclax potentially targets intrinsic metabolic vulnerabilities of AML stem/progenitor cells, which shows a distinct transcriptomic profile and inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. These findings have direct translational impact on the treatment of AML and other cancers with high AXL activity.

  Study EGAS00001004663

• ctDNA monitoring using patient-specific sequencing and integration of variant reads - Breast cohort

  Circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) can be used to monitor cancer dynamics noninvasively. Detection of ctDNA can be challenging in patients with low-volume or residual disease, where plasma contains very few tumor-derived DNA fragments. We show that sensitivity for ctDNA detection in plasma can be improved by analyzing hundreds to thousands of mutations that are first identified by tumor genotyping. We describe the INtegration of VAriant Reads (INVAR) pipeline, which combines custom error-suppression methods and signal-enrichment approaches based on biological features of ctDNA. With this approach, the detection limit in each sample can be estimated independently based on the number of informative reads sequenced across multiple patient-specific loci. We applied INVAR to custom hybrid-capture sequencing data from 176 plasma samples from 105 patients with melanoma, lung, renal, glioma, and breast cancer across both early and advanced disease. By integrating signal across a median of >105 informative reads, ctDNA was routinely quantified to 1 mutant molecule per 100,000, and in some cases with high tumor mutation burden and/or plasma input material, to individual parts per million. This resulted in median Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.98 in advanced cancers, and 0.80 in early stage and challenging settings for ctDNA detection. We generalized this method to whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, showing that the INVAR may be applied without requiring personalized sequencing panels, so long as a tumor mutation list is available. As tumor sequencing becomes increasingly performed, such methods for personalized cancer monitoring may enhance the sensitivity of cancer liquid biopsies.

  Dataset EGAD00001006293

• The mutational landscape of human somatic and germline cells

  During the course of a lifetime normal human cells accumulate mutations. Here, using multiple samples from the same individuals we compared the mutational landscape in 29 anatomical structures from soma and the germline. Two ubiquitous mutational signatures, SBS1 and SBS5/40, accounted for the majority of acquired mutations in most cell types but their absolute and relative contributions varied substantially. SBS18, potentially reflecting oxidative damage, and several additional signatures attributed to exogenous and endogenous exposures contributed mutations to subsets of cell types. The mutation rate was lowest in spermatogonia, the stem cell from which sperm are generated and from which most genetic variation in the human population is thought to originate. This was due to low rates of ubiquitous mutation processes and may be partially attributable to a low cell division rate of basal spermatogonia. The results provide important insights into how mutational processes affect the soma and germline.

  Dataset EGAD00001006641

• COVID-19 Challenge Project Single Cell Profiling

  Single-cell profiling of sero-negative and sero-positive humans that were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. The cellular response during SARS-CoV-2 is profiled using single-cell transcriptomics, CITE-seq and single cell immune profiling, by sampling PBMCs and nasal swabs before and at multiple time points during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This one-of-a-kind cellular map will give unique temporal resolution of how nasal and immune cells respond to SARS-CoV-2 exposure and infection.

  Dataset EGAD00001012227

• Immune-Related Adverse Events after Immune Checkpoint Blockade-Based Therapy are Associated with Improved Survival in Advanced Sarcoma

  Immune activation after immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can lead to a unique group of adverse events (AEs), which have been associated with improved outcome in many carcinomas. The association between immune-related AEs (irAEs) and outcome in patients with sarcoma is not well studied. This study has two components: (1) a retrospective clinical study of irAEs among 131 patients treated with ICB at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and (2) an analysis of a subset of these patients who have whole transcriptome sequencing available for analysis. In the clinical study portion, we reviewed a cohort of patients with advanced sarcoma treated on prospective clinical trials utilizing ICB-based therapy between April 2017 and January 2020. The objectives were to pool the safety data from each trial, identify irAEs, and correlate them with best overall response by RECIST 1.1, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Association of irAEs with response and survival was assessed using a Cox regression model. A total of 131 patients were included. Forty-two (32%) had at least one irAE of any grade and 16 (12%) had at least one Grade ≥ 3 irAE. On Cox analysis adjusting for clinical covariates that were significant in the univariate setting, the hazard ratio (HR) for an irAE (HR 0.662, 95% CI 0.421 - 1.041) approached, but did not reach statistical significance for PFS (P = 0.074), while patients had a significantly lower HR for OS (HR 0.443, 95% CI 0.246 – 0.798; P = 0.007) compared to those without or before an irAE. Tumor samples with available RNA sequencing data were stratified by presence of an irAE to identify patterns of differential gene expression. In total, 71 unique patients had RNA sequencing available for analysis. The transcriptomes of 31 of these patients have been previously uploaded to dbGaP (phs002852), leaving 36 unique transcriptomes that have not been previously publicly shared. Three patients did not agree for their sequencing to be publicly shared. Therefore, 33 unique patient samples will be uploaded to this dbGaP study. Overall, this study found that gene expression profiling on baseline tumor samples from patients who had an irAE had higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells as well as upregulation of immune and inflammatory pathways.

  Study phs003284

• Modeling Malignant Progression in Glioma

  Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumor in humans. Low-grade gliomas (WHO grade II) invariably progress to high-grade gliomas (WHO grade III or IV). Although malignant progression may take many years, the survival rate after transformation to a high-grade glioma is poor, often only 12-15 months. In this data set, we have identified low-grade gliomas that have progressed to high-grade gliomas or high-grade gliomas that have progressed from low-grade gliomas. Some cases are matched pairs (meaning we have both the original low-grade tumor and the subsequent high-grade tumor). The samples deposited have been analyzed with bulk-RNA sequencing. They are also de-identified but are clinically annotated. When available, genetic information including IDH mutation status, 1p/19q deletion and histological subtype are also included.

  Study phs002607

• Genomic analysis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour with MEN1, ATRX, or DAXX mutations

  This dataset includes 52 samples from 19 individuals with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. These samples were analyzed using RNA-sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, shallow (~0.3x) whole-genome sequencing, and a 21-gene panel targeted capture sequencing. Everything was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq and is provided in BAM or FASTQ format.

  Dataset EGAD00001006001

• Lipomatous tumors with 12q amplification

  The project concerns whole genome sequencing (short-read and long-read) and RNA-sequencing of lipomatous tumors with 12q-amplification. A subset of lipomatous tumors is driven by amplification of genes mapping to chromosome arm 12q, including the MDM2 gene. The goals of the study were to compare expression levels of genes mapping to 12q in tumors with amplification in rod-shaped or circularized chromosomes as well as to assess and compare the structural variants in those tumors. In total, 20 samples were analyzed, and the data were correlated with genomic data on bulk and single cell DNA from the same tumors. The fastq files from the tumors were uploaded to EGA.

  Dataset EGAD50000000087

• Adeno-associated virus in the liver: natural history and consequences in tumor development

  Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective mono-stranded DNA virus, endemic in human population (35-80%). Recurrent clonal AAV2 insertions are associated with the pathogenesis of rare human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed on normal liver. This study aimed to characterize the natural history of AAV infection in the liver and its consequence in tumor development. In silico analyses using viral capture data explored viral variants and new clonal insertions. Clonal AAV insertions were positive selected during HCC development on non-cirrhotic liver challenging the notion of AAV as a non-pathogenic virus.

  Dataset EGAD00001004484

• Next Generation Sequencing in an IBD Pedigree Exome Data

  The aim is to find rare variants of intermediate penetrance in those at risk of Crohn's disease

  Dataset EGAD00001000423

• RNA-seq data in hMPC, MSC_Pat and EWIma

  Ewing sarcoma is characterized by pathognomonic translocations fusing most frequently EWSR1 with FLI1 (EF1). In addition, Ewing sarcoma can also display alterations in STAG2, TP53 and CDKN2A (SPC). Starting from Ewing sarcoma derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCpat), we recapitulated this translocation and SPC alterations using a CRISPR/cas9 approach and generated a bona fide Ewing sarcoma model (EWIma1) displaying transcriptomic and epigenetic hallmarks of EwS.

  Study EGAS50000001173

• ChIP-seq data in MSC_Pat and EWIma1 (FLI1 & H3K27ac)

  Ewing sarcoma is characterized by pathognomonic translocations fusing most frequently EWSR1 with FLI1 (EF1). In addition, Ewing sarcoma can also display alterations in STAG2, TP53 and CDKN2A (SPC). Starting from Ewing sarcoma derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCpat), we recapitulated this translocation and SPC alterations using a CRISPR/cas9 approach and generated a bona fide Ewing sarcoma model (EWIma1) displaying transcriptomic and epigenetic hallmarks of EwS.

  Study EGAS50000001172

• Moroccan Genome Project: Sequencing Data from 109 Whole Genomes of Moroccan Individuals

  This study is the first phase of the Moroccan Genome Project, which included the complete sequencing of 109 genomes from the Kingdom of Morocco. The sequencing was performing using the Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform, with a mean coverage of 30X.

  Dac EGAC50000000353

• Analysis of tumor periphery and center-specific mutations in renal cell carcinoma

  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a genomically heterogeneous tumor. In the present project, the question whether intratumoral heterogeneity follows a zonal pattern indicating spatial niches was addressed. Whole exome sequencing of 16 paired samples from tumor periphery and center revealed a number of region-specific functional SNVs and Indels. Therefore, RCCs are not composed of evenly admixed tumor cells but show topological differences in their clonal composition.

  Dataset EGAD00001002067

• WES melanoma biopsies (UV1-hTERT-mm)

  The dataset contains phenotypes of 14 melanoma biopsies sequenced in connection with the study UV1-hTERT-mm, where the thereapeutic cancer vaccine UV1 is combined with ipilimumab in treatment of melanoma patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001007648

• Molecular and Clinical Analyses of PHF6 Mutant Myeloid Neoplasia Provide Clues as to Their Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targeting

  PHF6 mutations (PHF6MT) are identified in various myeloid neoplasms (MN). However, little is known about the precise function and consequences of PHF6 in MN. Our comprehensive genomic analyses yielded three main findings. Firstly, we revealed a different pattern of genes correlating with PHF6MT in male and female cases. When analyzing male and female cases separately, in only male cases, RUNX1 and U2AF1 were co-mutated with PHF6. In contrast, female cases revealed co-occurrence of ASXL1 mutations and X-chromosome deletions with PHF6MT. Next, proteomics analysis revealed a direct interaction between PHF6 and the pioneer transcription factor RUNX1. Both proteins co-localize in active enhancer regions that define the context of lineage differentiation. Finally, we demonstrated a negative prognostic role of PHF6MT, especially in association with RUNX1. The negative effects on survival were additive as PHF6MT cases with RUNX1 mutations had worse outcomes when compared to cases carrying single mutation or wild-type.

  Study phs003303

• Screening Cases of Isolated Dystonia for Variants in CIZ1

  Recently, we have identified that variants in CIZ1 gene is associated with dystonia. To identify the prevalence of CIZ1 mutations in dystonia population, we use High resolution melting (HRM) to examine all the coding sequence in 3976 subjects with primary dystonia as well as 1819 subjects of normal controls. Indels in Q rich region of exon 2 in CIZ1 were identified in 21 subjects with dystonia but only 3 controls (P<0.05). Other single nucleotide change variants were also found in some of the patients which include a novel missense mutation (c.787A>G, p.R263G) found in a female patient with apparently familial dystonia. We confirmed that mutations in CIZ1 could be associated with dystonia but in rare cases.

  Study phs001455

• Germline and somatic SMARCA4 mutations characterize small-cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type.

  Small-cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is the most common undifferentiated ovarian malignancy in women under 40 years1. We sequenced the exomes of six individuals from three SCCOHT families. After discovering segregating deleterious germline mutations in SMARCA4 in all three families, we tested DNA from a fourth family, which also possessed a segregating SMARCA4 germline mutation. All familial tumors sequenced harboured either a somatic mutation or loss of the wild-type allele. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of these and additional familial and non-familial cases showed loss of the SMARCA4 protein (BRG1) in 38/40 tumors overall. Sequencing of cases with available DNA revealed at least one germline or somatic deleterious SMARCA4 mutation in 30/32 cases. Additionally, the SCCOHT cell line BIN-67 contained bi-allelic deleterious mutations in SMARCA4. Our findings identify alterations in SMARCA4 as the major cause of SCCOHT, which could lead to genetic counseling and new treatment approaches.

  Study EGAS00001000721

• Single Cell Analysis of Pulmonary Fibrosis

  Pulmonary fibrosis is a heterogenous syndrome in which fibrotic scar replaces normal lung tissue. We performed massively parallel single-cell RNA-Seq on lung tissue from eight lung transplant donors and eight patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Combined with in situ RNA hybridization, with amplification, these data provide a molecular atlas of disease pathobiology. We identified a distinct, novel population of profibrotic alveolar macrophages exclusively in patients with fibrosis. Within epithelial cells, the expression of genes involved in Wnt secretion and response was restricted to non-overlapping cells. We identified rare cell populations including airway stem cells and senescent cells emerging during pulmonary fibrosis. Analysis of a cryobiopsy specimen from a patient with early disease supports the clinical application of single-cell RNA-Seq to develop personalized approaches to therapy.

  Study phs001750