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• RNA-seq as a tool for evaluating human embryo competence

  The majority of embryos that are created through IVF do not implant. One possibility for this inefficiency is an incomplete understanding of the molecular factors affecting embryo competence. Currently, the process of selecting an embryo for uterine transfer utilizes an ad-hoc combination of morphological criteria, the kinetics of development, and genetic testing for aneuploidy. However, no single criterion can ensure selection of a viable embryo. In contrast, RNA-sequencing of embryos could yield highly dimensional data, which may provide additional insight and illuminate the discrepancies among current selection criteria. Indeed, recent advances enabling the production of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) libraries from single cells have facilitated the application of this technique to the study of some transcriptional events in early human development. However, these studies have not assessed the quality of their constituent embryos relative to commonly used embryological criteria. Here, we perform proof-of-principle advancement to clinical selection procedures by generating high quality RNA-seq libraries from a trophectoderm biopsy as well as the remaining whole embryo. We combine state-of-the-art embryological methods with low-input RNA-seq to develop the first transcriptome-wide approach for use in future predictive embryology studies. Specifically, we demonstrate the capacity of RNA-seq as a promising tool in preimplantation screening by showing that biopsies of an embryo can capture valuable information content available in the whole embryo from which they are derived. Furthermore, we show that this technique can be used to generate a RNA-based digital karyotype, and to develop a foundational dataset for identifying candidate competence-associated genes. Together, these data establish the foundation for a future RNA-based diagnostic in IVF.

  Study EGAS00001003667

• Transcriptomic profiles of early and late passage metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) tumoroids

  The breadth and depth at which cancer models are interrogated contribute to successful translation of drug discovery efforts to the clinic. In colorectal cancer (CRC), model availability is limited by a dearth of large-scale collections of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and paired tumoroids from metastatic disease, the setting where experimental therapies are typically tested. XENTURION is a unique open-science resource that combines a platform of 129 PDX models and a sister platform of 129 matched PDX-derived tumoroids (PDXTs) from patients with metastatic CRC, with accompanying multidimensional molecular and therapeutic characterization. This specific dataset is focused on a comparison of early and late passage tumoroids transcriptomes.

  Study EGAS50000000108

• Genetics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Japan

  Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common hematological malignancy. Treatment with standard chemotherapy results in long-term remission in approximately 60% of patients. Whole-exome sequencing studies of large DLBCL cohorts revealed the biological diversity of tumors and facilitated the identification of genetic subtypes based on genetic alterations. Despite the progress facilitated by NGS, genetic classification is difficult to apply in clinical practice because of the complexity of the clustering algorithm. Furthermore, only a few reports included large Asian cohorts. Thus, a genetic overview of Japanese patients with DLBCL is still needed. Thus, in this study, we aimed to establish the clinical application of our simplified genetic classification algorithm in Japanese DLBCL.

  Study JGAS000307

• Deregulation of DUX4 and ERG in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Chromosomal rearrangements deregulating hematopoietic transcription factors are common leukemia-initiating lesions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here, we show that deregulation of the homeobox transcription factor gene DUX4 and the ETS transcription factor gene ERG are hallmarks of a subtype of B-progenitor ALL with a distinct gene expression profile that comprises up to 7% of B-ALL. DUX4 rearrangement and overexpression is present in all cases, and is accompanied by profound transcriptional deregulation of ERG, frequent ERG deletion and expression of a truncated ERG isoform, ERGalt. ERGalt utilizes a non-canonical first exon that is bound by DUX4 and induces its expression....

  Study EGAS00001001923

• The British Autozygosity Populations BioResource (2022-04-26)

  This data set contains whole exome sequences of individuals from 8086 (mostly British Pakistani/British Bangladeshi, mostly self-reported parentally related) individuals from the following studies: 1. 5236 British Pakistani/British Bangladeshi adults from East London Genes & Health, now known as Genes & Health 2. 2624 British South Asian mothers from Born in Bradford (mostly Pakistani) 3. 1061 British South Asian adults from Birmingham (mostly Pakistani) This dataset contains all the exome sequence data available for this study on 2022-04-26

  Dataset EGAD00001008736

• HLA-DR is absent in primitive macrophages through epigenetic silencing of master regulator CIITA

  The earliest macrophages are generated during embryonic development from erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) via primitive haematopoiesis. This process is poorly understood in humans and in the mouse is thought to be spatially restricted to the yolk sac. Human fetal placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells (HBC), arise during the primitive haematopoietic wave at ~18 days post conception. Here we identify a population of placental erythro-myeloid progenitors (PEMPs) in the early human placenta that give rise to HBC. PEMP are fetal CD34+CD43+ progenitors found exclusively at early gestational timepoints. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that PEMP have conserved features of primitive yolk sac EMPs, including the lack of HLF expression. Using in vitro single-cell culture experiments we show that PEMP generate HBC-like cells that completely lack HLA-DR expression  and demonstrate that this is a conserved feature of all macrophages generated by primitive haematopoiesis in humans. Finally, we demonstrate that the class II transactivator, CTIIA, the master regulator HLA-DR expression, is epigenetically silenced during primitive haematopoiesis, leading to HLA-DRneg macrophages. These findings demonstrate that HBC are derived locally from PEMP and establish the human placenta as an additional site of primitive haematopoiesis.

  Study EGAS00001006981

• Evaluation of Hybridization Capture versus Amplicon-based Methods for Whole Exome Sequencing

  Next generation sequencing has aided characterization of genomic variation. While whole genome sequencing may capture all possible mutations, whole exome sequencing is more cost-effective and captures most phenotype-altering mutations. Initial strategies for exome enrichment utilized a hybridization-based capture approach. Recently, amplicon-based methods were designed to simplify preparation and utilize smaller DNA inputs. We appraised two hybridization capture-based and two amplicon-based whole exome sequencing methods, utilizing both Illumina and Ion Torrent sequencers, comparing on-target alignment, uniformity, and variant calling. While the amplicon methods had higher on-target rates, the hybridization capture-based approaches showed better uniformity. All methods identified many of the same single nucleotide variants, but each amplicon-based method missed variants detected by the other three methods and reported additional variants discordant with all three other technologies. Many of these potential false positives or negatives appear to result from limited coverage, low variant frequency, vicinity to read starts/ends, or the need for platform-specific variant calling algorithms. All methods demonstrated effective copy number variant calling when compared against a single nucleotide polymorphism array. This study illustrates some differences between various whole exome sequencing approaches, highlights the need for selecting appropriate variant calling based on capture method, and will aid laboratories in selecting their preferred approach.

  Study phs000938

• BrainCloud: Data from human postmortem brain procurement for the neuropathology section

  This study explores the temporal dynamics and genetic control of transcription and DNA methylation in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in postmortem tissue. This study examines 269 subjects for gene expression (version 1) and 108 subjects for DNA methylation (version 2). The subjects are normal controls without neuropathological and neuropsychiatric diagnosis and range in age from fetal weeks 14-20 through old age (>80). We discover fast changes in gene expression occurring during early brain development. Later in life, the changes are considerably slower. Many genes reverse pattern of expression between fetal and early postnatal development. We identify thousands of strong associations of SNPs with gene expression. We examine DNA methylation in ~14,500 genes at ~27,000 CpG loci focused on 5' promoter regions. The fastest changes in DNA methylation also occur during the prenatal period, slow down markedly after birth and continue to slow further with aging. DNA methylation is strongly associated with genotypic variants and correlates with expression of a subset of genes. DNA for genotyping was obtained from the cerebella and applied to either Illumina 650K or 1 million BeadArrays - only genotypes common to both platforms are analyzed here. Genotypes were called using BeadExpress software. Doi: 10.1038/nature10524 Nature, 478:519-524, 2011; doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.020, AJHG 90, 1-13, Feb 10, 2012. The methylation data can be downloaded at: BrainCloud.

  Study phs000417

• NHLBI TOPMed: Novel Risk Factors for the Development of Atrial Fibrillation in Women

  The Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS) is a prospective cohort comprised of over 25,000 initially healthy female health professionals enrolled in the Women's Health Study, which began in 1992-1994. All participants in WGHS provided baseline blood samples and extensive survey data. Women who reported atrial fibrillation during the course of the study were asked to report diagnoses of AF at baseline, 48 months, and then annually thereafter. Participants enrolled in the continued observational follow-up who reported an incident AF event on at least one yearly questionnaire were sent an additional questionnaire to confirm the episode and to collect additional information. They were also asked for permission to review their medical records, particularly available ECGs, rhythm strips, 24-hour ECGs, and information on cardiac structure and function. For all deceased participants who reported AF during the trial and extended follow-up period, family members were contacted to obtain consent and additional relevant information. An end-point committee of physicians reviewed medical records for reported events according to predefined criteria. An incident AF event was confirmed if there was ECG evidence of AF or if a medical report clearly indicated a personal history of AF. The earliest date in the medical records when documentation was believed to have occurred was set as the date of onset of AF.

  Study phs001040

• COLO-829/COLO-829BL

  COLO-829 is a publicly available immortal cancer cell line and COLO-829BL is a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the same patient

  Dataset EGAD00000000055

• UNC Tumor Donation Program Set 2021

  The goal of this study is to study gene expression patterns in primary, metastatic tumors, and normal tissues.

  Study phs002429

• Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Prehospital Resuscitation Using an Impedance Valve and Early Versus Delayed Analysis (PRIMED) (ROC-PRIMED-BioLINCC)

  Accessing Data: Please refer to “Authorized Access” below regarding accessing data through the BioData Catalyst ecosystem. The data from this accession is not available for download through dbGaP.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine two different treatments during a cardiac arrest that occurs outside of the hospital and whether either or both treatments would increase the number of people who lived to hospital discharge with satisfactory functional status. The first treatment involved using a device called the Impedance Threshold Device (ITD). The other treatment involved the amount of CPR given before the emergency medical services (EMS) providers first looked at the heart rhythm to determine if a shock is needed.Background: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a common and lethal problem with a low survival rate, leading to an estimated 330,000 deaths each year in the United States and Canada. The traditional approach to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has been to emphasize early analysis of cardiac rhythm, with delivery of defibrillatory shocks, if indicated, as quickly as possible. It has been suggested, however, that many participants may benefit from a period of CPR before the first analysis of rhythm.The impedance threshold device (ITD) is designed to enhance venous return and cardiac output during CPR by increasing the degree of negative intrathoracic pressure. Previous studies have suggested that the use of an ITD during CPR may improve survival rates after cardiac arrest. This effect is achieved by preventing the passive inflow of air into the chest during chest recoil between chest compressions without impeding active ventilation. The ITD has been found to improve hemodynamics, the perfusion of vital organs, and neurologically intact survival in studies in animals. The results of small, short-term clinical trials have suggested that the ITD can increase systolic blood pressure during resuscitation and improve short-term survival rates. Participants: In the ITD study, 4,345 participants were assigned to sham ITD and 4,373 to active ITD, while in the early versus later rhythm analysis, 5,290 participants were assigned to early cardiac rhythm analysis, and 4,643 were assigned to later cardiac rhythm analysis. This study qualified for exception from informed consent required for emergency research.Design: Most participants were enrolled simultaneously in both the early analysis versus later analysis component and the active ITD versus sham ITD component of the trial.The use of an active ITD was compared with that of a sham ITD in participants at 10 ROC sites in the United States and Canada. Participants, investigators, study coordinators, and all care providers were unaware of the treatment assignments. EMS personnel were trained in ITD function, proper use of the ITD, and all aspects of protocol implementation, with an emphasis on the optimal performance of CPR according to local guidelines. The first EMS responders to arrive at the scene of the arrest who were equipped with a randomly assigned ITD (active or sham) attached the device between the ventilation bag and face mask or between the bag and an advanced airway. Responders were encouraged to implement use of the device within 5 minutes after their arrival or as soon as clinically possible. Each of the 10 participating ROC centers was also divided into approximately 20 clusters. All episodes of cardiac arrest in a cluster were randomly assigned to one CPR strategy; after a set period of time, ranging from 3 to 12 months, all episodes in that cluster were then assigned to the other strategy. Participants in the early-analysis group were assigned to receive 30 to 60 seconds of chest compressions and ventilations (sufficient time to place defibrillator electrodes) before electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis, and those in the late-analysis group were assigned to receive 3 minutes of chest compressions and ventilations before ECG analysis. The start and stop times for CPR were recorded by the responders, and the information was supplemented by the recording of defibrillator time. Conclusions: All 10 sites halted enrollment in November 2009 when the data and safety monitoring board recommended termination because interim analysis showed that the findings were not likely to change with continuation of the study. Neither use of the ITD nor the amount of CPR given before cardiac rhythm analysis significantly improved survival with satisfactory function (i.e., a score of ≤3 on the modified Rankin scale) among participants with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receiving standard CPR. There were also no significant differences in the secondary outcomes, including rates of return of spontaneous circulation on arrival at the emergency department, survival to hospital admission, and survival to hospital discharge.

  Study phs003825

• Convergent evolution towards CD38 biallelic loss is a recurrent mechanism of resistance to anti-CD38 antibodies in multiple myeloma.

  Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD38 are a therapeutic mainstay in multiple myeloma (MM). While they have contributed to improved outcomes, most patients will still experience disease relapse. Despite their ubiquity, little is known about tumor-intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to these drugs. Antigen escape, whereby tumor cells alter expression of cell surface immunotherapy targets, has been proposed as a potential avenue, and has been seen with other immunotherapies in MM. Yet, it is unknown whether MM cells can develop permanent resistance to anti-CD38 antibodies by acquiring genomic events leading to biallelic disruption of the CD38 gene locus. Here, by using whole genome and whole exome sequencing data from 701 newly diagnosed patients, 72 patients at relapse with naivety to anti-CD38 antibodies, and 52 patients collected at relapse following anti-CD38 antibodies, we report biallelic inactivation of CD38 as a recurrent mechanism of resistance in 6% of patients, often via convergent evolution where distinct subclones are advantaged towards the same selective endpoint within the same patient. Monoallelic loss of the CD38 locus was seen in another 14% post-CD38-directed therapy. Three of the cases with biallelic events on CD38 presented with missense mutations and retained CD38 expression. Functional work demonstrated that two of these mutations decreased binding affinity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of commercial antibodies Daratumumab and Isatuximab. However, the third mutation (R140G) provided relative resistance only towards one commercial product. Given that patients are often rechallenged with CD38 antibodies following disease progression, these data support the need for next generation sequencing to guide treatment selection.

  Study EGAS50000000709

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Hypertriglyceridemia in Mexicans

  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the number one cause of death and mortality world-wide. High levels of serum triglycerides (TGs) and low levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are major risk factors for CAD. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that these two lipid disturbances are highly common dyslipidemias in Mexicans. However, the genetic factors underlying high serum TGs and low HDL-C are underinvestigated and poorly identified in Mexicans. As the Mexican-American and the genetically related Latin-American populations represent the fastest growing minority in the United States, elucidation of the unknown genetic factors influencing the increased susceptibility of Mexicans to these common dyslipidemias is of great relevance to these U.S. minorities and the American healthcare system. This study is a research collaboration between investigators at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición (INCMN), Mexico City, to perform a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) for hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in Mexicans (Weissglas-Volkov et al. 2013, PMID: 23505323). This study was funded by an RO1 grant from NIH/NHLBI (PI Paivi Pajukanta; PI of the subaward Teresa Tusie-Luna). In stage 1 of the GWAS, we tested all GWAS SNPs from the Illumina Infinium Human610-Quad platform that passed quality control for association in ~2,200 hypertriglyceridemia cases and controls. In stage 2, we genotyped the ~1,200 positive signals of stage 1 in additional ~2,200 hypertriglyceridemia cases and controls, and performed a combined analysis of the two stages to identify genome-wide significant variants. The subjects were recruited at the INCMN. The DNA isolation and clinical laboratory measurements of the case-control study samples were performed at INCMN using standardized procedures. Genotyping and statistical analyses of the data were performed at UCLA. A summary of this GWAS can be found in Weissglas-Volkov et al. 2013 Journal of Medical Genetics, PMID: 23505323. Briefly, using the two-stage GWAS design, we identified a novel Mexican-specific genome-wide significant locus for serum TG levels close to the Niemann-Pick type C1 protein (NPC1) gene (Weissglas-Volkov et al. 2013, PMID: 23505323). Of the European lipid GWAS loci, three TG loci (APOA5, GCKR, and LPL) and four HDL-C loci (ABCA1, CETP, LIPC and LOC55908) resulted in genome-wide significant signals in Mexicans. Furthermore, our cross-ethnic mapping narrowed three European TG GWAS loci, APOA5, MLXIPL, and CILP2 that exhibited long range LD and a large number of candidate SNPs in the European GWAS scan. In the apolipoprotein A1C3A4A5 gene cluster region, the cross-ethnic fine mapping and LD comparisons reduced the number of candidate variants to one SNP, rs964184. We also found that although 52% of the associations from European lipid GWAS meta-analysis could be generalized to Mexicans, in 82% of the European GWAS loci, a different variant other than the European lead SNP provided the statistically strongest evidence of association in the Mexican scan (Weissglas-Volkov et al. 2013, PMID: 23505323). Taken together, our Mexican GWAS for lipids identified a novel Mexican-specific locus for high serum TGs; restricted three European GWAS loci; and investigated which European lipid GWAS variants extend to the Mexican population (Weissglas-Volkov et al. 2013, PMID: 23505323). This NHLBI sponsored RO1 project aimed to identify genetic variants contributing to serum lipid levels in Mexicans. In addition to de-identified genome wide genotypic data, a selected list of de-identified phenotypic data related to hypertriglyceridemia and related metabolic traits are also available in dbGaP.

  Study phs000618

• AVENIO Expanded ctDNA panel sequence alignments (BAMs)

  The AVENIO ctDNA Expanded Kit is a next-generation sequencing (NGS) liquid biopsy assay with a 77 gene panel (192 kb) containing genes in U.S. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines and emerging cancer biomarkers. This pan-cancer assay was applied to 100 plasma samples from patients with lung cancer undergoing treatment in the OSCILLATE trial. After 150 bp paired-end sequencing, reads were aligned to the human genome reference with the AVENIO Oncology Analysis Software. These files are the sorted non-deduplicated alignments generated by the analysis software used for subsequent variant, indel and CNV calling.

  Dataset EGAD50000000138

• Admixture histories of São Tomé e Príncipe.

  Genotyping datasets used in the article "Nested admixture during and after the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in the island of Sao Tome" by Ciccarella M et al. 2025 The genotype data corresponds to 2,104,148 autosomal SNPs genotyped from the IlluminaOmni 2.5 Million BeadChip for 97 volunteer participants sampled on São Tomé e Príncipe, family unrelated at the 2nd degree based on population genetics analyses. In particular, the dataset is composed of 95 individual samples collected on São Tomé and 2 collected on Príncipe. SNP rsID, Chromosome position and genetic position in (bp) are in Build GRCh38.

  Dataset EGAD50000001348

• Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of thymic ILC1 progenitors and NK cell differentiation This analysis involved a multiplexed sequencing run to study thymic innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and NK progenitors. The generated data requires a demultiplexing file to separate and identify the individual sample tags for downstream analysis.

  This dataset contains multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from human thymic tissue, focusing on ILC1 progenitors and NK cell differentiation. The data were generated using the BD Rhapsody system and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq S4 platform. A demultiplexing file is required to assign sample identities.

  Dataset EGAD50000001157

• 10X single cell sequencing of HNT34 cocultured with Tcells with or without antibody targeting SLAMF6

  This dataset contains fastq-files from single cell 5' RNA sequencing of the AML cell line HNT34 and normal T cells following co-culture with and without an antibody blocking SLAMF6 (TNC-1). The libraries were prepared using 10X GEM-X Universal 5' Gene Expression v3 Reagent Kit. In total, the dataset contains sequenced gene expression libraries from four samples (HNT34 co-cultured with T cells from two different donors; for both donors there is one sample with and one sample without the blocking antibody).

  Dataset EGAD50000001573

• Variant calling for IMMU-SCCHN1 cohort

  The goal of IMMUcan is to understand how the immune system interacts with tumors and how therapeutic interventions influence this interaction. This cohort includes patients with confirmed locally recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) who receive first-line treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) or ICI combined with chemotherapy. This dataset contains whole exome sequencing data from tumor and matching germline samples processed with the Vegan pipeline. It includes SNP and CNV calling.

  Dataset EGAD50000002205

• Neo-RT sWGS

  Paired plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples were collected from 11 breast cancer patients before and after radiotherapy. Sequencing libraries were prepared using the Agilent SureSelect XT HS2 kit and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Neo-RT (NCT03818100) is a non-randomised, single-arm feasibility study evaluating neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with endocrine therapy in women with ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Eligible patients had grade 1 or 2 disease (grade 3 permitted if chemotherapy was contraindicated) and a palpable tumour size ≥20 mm, for whom radiotherapy was intended to facilitate breast-conserving surgery.

  Dataset EGAD50000002238

• Exome Sequencing to Identify Causes of Leukaemia Predisposing Congenital Neutropenias (2019-08-19)

  The objective of this study is to identify the causative genes in two unrelated congenital neutropenia families. We aim to whole exome sequence the affected individuals, unaffected siblings and parents in both cases in an effort to idenitfy the causative genetic mutation. Exome capture will be performed using Agilent SureSelect system. Subsequently, exome libraries will sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform. Sequence variant calling will be done in house and common variants excluded using public databases and data from unaffected family members. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-08-19.

  Dataset EGAD00001005264

• Clinical and biomarker dataset

  Clinical & biomarker data from IMagyn050: treatment arm, treatment approach, outcome of surgery, ECOG PS, PD-L1 status, race, age, disease stage, progression free survival (investigator assessed), overall survival, histology, tumor mutation burden and status, genomic loss of heterozygosity, microsatellite status, BRCA1/2 mutation status, tissue of origin. Mutation status based on FoundationOne NGS for the following genes is also being provided: TP53, BRCA1, CCNE1, MYC, NF1, PIK3CA, RAD21, TERC, PRKCI, KRAS, RB1, BRCA2, ARID1A, AKT2, PTEN, KDM5A, NOTCH3, FGF12, ERBB2, CDK12, EMSY, WHSC1L1, BCL2L1, CDKN2A, GNAS, ARFRP1, ZNF217, SOX2, CCND2, FGF6, FGF23, LYN, MUTYH, AURKA, FGFR1, MCL1, MLL2, MYCL1, ZNF703, BRAF, MAP2K4, CREBBP, TSC2

  Dataset EGAD00001009797

• SOFT study - sequencing premenopausal breast cancer (2017-11-22)

  Our project will examine the role of PIK3CA mutations and their sensitivity to endocrine therapies and its role, with the addition of complete ovarian suppression. We plan to test our hypotheses using tumour samples collected from patients enrolled in the SOFT/IBCSG24-02 clinical study (Suppression of Ovarian Function Trial - (NCT00066690). SOFT is a phase III trial that randomised 3066 premenopausal women to evaluate if adding ovarian suppression to adjuvant endocrine therapy will improve clinical outcomes. This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2017-11-22.

  Dataset EGAD00001003811

• Congenital anosmia 1

  Congenital anosmias can be complete (the lack of a sense of smell) or specific (the inability to detect specific smells). To date, only a single recessive gene underlying complete anosmia has been identified. Here we sequenced the exomes of 10 individuals from a single family, including three with complete anosmia, across three generations to identify the genetic basis of congenital anosmia in this family. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001002210

• Genomic and transcriptomic determinants of therapy resistance and immune landscape evolution during anti-EGFR treatment in colorectal cancer

  Genomic and transcriptomic data from a cohort of 35 RAS wild-type colorectal cancers. All 35 cases were DNA sequenced at baseline (BL) before treatment with single agent cetuximab. Progressive disease (PD)-biopsies were taken shortly after radiological progression and successfully exome sequenced from 24/35 cases. mRNA sequencing is available for 25 Baseline and 15 PD samples. ctDNA from 9 cases that progressed after prolonged cetuximab benefit were also deep sequenced.

  Dataset EGAD00001004501

• Optimizing Primary Stroke Prevention in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP II)

  The STOP II trial evaluated whether prophylactic transfusion in patients with sickle cell disease and high risk of stroke can be safely halted after 30 months of treatment during which patients became low risk for stroke.Stroke causes substantial morbidity in children with sickle cell disease. To prevent first strokes, the Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP) used prophylactic transfusions in children who were identified by transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography as being at high risk for stroke. This strategy reduced the incidence of stroke among such children from 10% per year to less than 1% per year, leading to recommendations for TCD screening and prophylactic transfusion for children with abnormal velocities on ultrasonography. Despite the reduced risk of stroke, long-term use of transfusions can cause adverse side effects, such as iron overload or alloimmunization. However, cessation of transfusions is associated with recurrence of stroke, and at the time of the STOP II trial, there were no clinical or laboratory indicators to guide the duration of prophylaxis. Therefore the STOP II trial was initiated to determine whether transfusions could be limited by monitoring patients with TCD examinations after transfusions were halted and resuming transfusions if the examination indicated a high risk of stroke.The trial was halted for safety concerns after 79 of a planned 100 children were randomized. Discontinuation of transfusion for the prevention of stroke in children with sickle cell disease resulted in a high rate of reversion to abnormal blood-flow velocities on Doppler studies and stroke incidence.Instructions for requesting individual-level data are available on BioData Catalyst at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/data/. Apply for data access in dbGaP. Upon approval, users may begin accessing requested data in BioData Catalyst. For questions about availability, you may contact the BioData Catalyst team at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/contact.

  Study phs002386

• Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) Brown Lab CLL Sequencing Study

  Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a hematological malignancy characterized by accumulation of CD5+CD19+ B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, bone marrow and blood. In this study we analyze matched whole genome sequencing and RNA-seq data from CLL patients to characterize the mutational processes operative throughout tumor evolution. Source of tumor and normal DNA used is patient PBMC or B cells and saliva respectively.

  Study phs000879

• CLDN14 mutation identifed from Japanese sensorineural hearing loss patient.

  The CLDN14 gene, encoding claudin 14, is reported to be one of the rare causes of non-syndromic autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss. The detailed clinical characteristics of CLDN14 associated hearing loss is still remain unclear. In the present study, we performed CLDN14 mutation analysis using massively parallel DNA sequencing (MPS) to reveal the clinical characteristics of CLDN14-related hearing loss in a large hearing loss population.

  Study JGAS000191

• Spontaneous mutations in the single TTN gene represent high tumor mutation burden

  Tumor mutation burden (TMB) is an emerging biomarker, whose calculation requires targeted sequencing of many genes. We investigated if the measurement of mutation counts within a single gene is representative of TMB. Whole exome sequencing (WES) data from the pan-cancer cohort (n=10,224) of TCGA, and targeted sequencing (tNGS) and TTN gene sequencing from 24 colorectal cancer samples (AMC cohort) were analyzed.

  Study EGAS00001004009

• Heart Failure Network Oral Iron Repletion Effects on Oxygen Uptake in Heart Failure (HFN IRONOUT-BioLINCC)

  ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that, compared to placebo, oral iron repletion in heart failure patients with iron deficiency improves exercise capacity after 16 weeks of therapy.Background Iron deficiency affects approximately one half of patients with symptomatic heart failure. The presence of iron deficiency in patients with heart failure is associated with reduced functional capacity, poorer quality of life, and increased mortality. Despite growing recognition of the significance of iron deficiency, randomized multicenter trials exploring the utility of oral iron supplementation, a therapy that is inexpensive, readily available, and safe, have not been performed in patients with heart failure. Moreover, patient characteristics and biochemical profiles that may influence responsiveness to oral iron in patients with heart failure have not been defined. Results of intravenous iron repletion trials have been favorable, but regularly treating patients with intravenous iron products is expensive and poses logistical challenges for outpatients. Therefore, the HFN-IRONOUT study was initiated to investigate the efficacy of oral iron in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). ParticipantsA total of 225 participants were enrolled, 111 randomized to receive oral iron and 114 randomized to receive the placebo. Design The HFN-IRONOUT study was a phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial that enrolled participants at 23 sites in the United States. Participants were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive either oral iron polysaccharide or placebo with the use of an automated web-based system. A permuted block randomization method (with 4 participants per block) was stratified by enrolling site and anemia status (defined as hemoglobin At baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks participants underwent studies including history and physical examination, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), and 6-minute walk test. CPETs were performed using a 10 Watt/minute incremental ramp protocol and breath-by-breath measures of oxygen uptake were uniformly analyzed by the CPET Core Lab. Participants also underwent phlebotomy for biomarkers. Iron studies, including iron, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin, were measured at baseline and after 16 weeks to determine the extent to which oral iron led to iron repletion. The primary end point was the change in peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) after 16 weeks of therapy. Conclusions Among participants with HFrEF with iron deficiency, high-dose oral iron did not improve exercise capacity over 16 weeks.

  Study phs003557

• Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma RNA-Seq

  Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignancy amongst adolescent and young adult women. Clinical and genomic features of PTC in children differ from those in adults. Historically, a substantial proportion (~50%) of pediatric PTC (PPTC) lack any of the common driver mutations typical of adult PTC. Thus, molecular diagnostics developed for adults may not be valid in children. We applied novel bioinformatic pipelines to RNASeq analysis of pediatric thyroid tumors to identify known and novel fusion oncogenes as drivers of tumorigenesis and to define gene expression patterns among tumors. Analysis of 38 samples resulted in identification of 16 previously reported oncogenic fusions and three novel candidate fusions. In conducting these analyses, we reduced the proportion of cancers with unknown drivers from approximately 50% to 6%. Gene expression analysis identified three distinct categories of tumors. These studies represent the first unbiased genomic approach to childhood PTC. Novel bioinformatic pipeline. GEC Identified 3 distinct classes. DICER1, PTEN segregated with benign tumors. >90% of PPTC carry identifiable ongognic driver variants, however, the landscape differs from that in adults and existing tools for tumor genotyping in adults may not be applicable to pediatric tumors. BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid carcinoma demonstrates clinically distinct behaviour in pediatric patients when compared to adults, with increased regional and distal metastases, more frequent recurrence, yet overall highly favourable prognosis. Recent tumor genotyping has demonstrated that in pediatric tumors, ***-*** do not carry the most common genomic variants found in adult PTC, leaving a substantial proportion of driver-unknown or “dark matter” tumors. METHODS: We established a cohort of 52 pediatric PTC and performed quantitative-PCR genotyping followed in a subset by whole exome and whole transcriptome (RNASeq) sequencing using a novel, robust bioinformatic pipeline to identify oncogenic fusion transcripts. Gene expression analysis was used to derive distinct clusters. RESULTS: In 52 pediatric PTC, genotyping identified BRAFV600E(21%), NRASQ61R(2%), RET/PTC1 (21%), RET/PTC3 (17%) or PAX8-PPAR in 33 (63%) of tumors. Among the remaining 19 tumors, oncogenic variants were identified in /19 (%). The variants included SNVs in DICER1, ETV6-NTRK3, PTEN and 9 additional oncogenic fusions including two previously-undescribed fusion transcripts, *** and ***. CONCLUSIONS: The genomic landscape of PTC differs between children and adults. In children, there is a substantial fraction of tumors that are unexplained by variants typical of adult PTC. This discrepancy is explained largely by uncommon oncogenic fusions which can be identified by whole-transcriptome analysis.

  Study EGAS00001005182

• Acute Respiratory Distress Network (ARDSNet) Study 04 Assessment of Low Tidal Volume and Elevated End-Expiratory Volume to Obviate Lung Injury (ALVEOLI-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. BiospecimensAccess to Biospecimens is through the NHLBI Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center (BioLINCC). Biospecimens from ARDSNet-ALVEOLI include Plasma and DNA. Please note that use of biospecimens in genetic research is subject to a tiered consent. Available Data Outcome data regarding organ failure free days are not available. Objectives The ARDS Network is a consortium of clinical centers and a coordinating center to design and test novel therapies for the treatment of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The ARDS Network 01/03 trials included an investigation of the efficacy and safety of Ketoconazole and Respiratory Management in the treatment of ALI and ARDS (KARMA). The Ketoconazole arm of the KARMA study was later stopped due to an inability to show efficacy. Participants continued to be randomized to the respiratory management arms of the study (ARMA), which compared two ventilator strategies: a tidal volume of 6 mL/kg versus 12 mL/kg. The LARMA phase of the study investigated the efficacy of Lisofylline and Respiratory Management. The objective of the ALVEOLI study was to compare clinical outcomes of participants with ALI and ARDS treated with a higher end-expiratory lung volume/lower FiO2 versus a lower end-expiratory lung volume/higher FiO2 ventilation strategy. The ALVEOLI study tested the hypothesis that mortality from ALI and ARDS would be reduced with a mechanical ventilation strategy designed to prevent lung injury from repeated collapse of bronchioles and alveoli at end-expiration. Background Most participants requiring mechanical ventilation for ALI and ARDS receive positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 to 12 cm of water. Higher PEEP levels may improve oxygenation and reduce ventilator-induced lung injury but may also cause circulatory depression and lung injury from overdistention. PEEP levels higher than traditional levels may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury by decreasing the proportion of nonaerated lung and higher PEEP levels may allow arterial-oxygenation goals to be met at a lower level of inspired oxygen (FiO2). Participants A total of 550 participants were randomized to receive mechanical ventilation with either lower or higher PEEP levels, which were set according to different tables of predetermined combinations of PEEP and fraction of inspired oxygen. Conclusions Participants with acute lung injury and ARDS who receive mechanical ventilation with a tidal-volume goal of 6 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight and an end-inspiratory plateau-pressure limit of 30 cm of water, clinical outcomes were statistically similar whether lower or higher PEEP levels are used. (Brower, et al., 1004; PMID: 15269312).

  Study phs003714

• NHGRI Genome Integrity of iPSCs Study

  The purpose of this study is to compare mutation load in induced pluripotent stem cells derived from skin fibroblasts.

  Study phs001277

• Kidney_tumour_DNA

  This is a bulk DNA and RNA sequencing study of human renal tumours

  Study EGAS00001002486

• Single Cell Targeted Sequence Capture

  This study is to ascertain whether it is feasible to extract single cell from a tumour, perform amplification, generate a library and sequence a targeted pulldown.

  Dataset EGAD00001001450

• Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA): Smoke Screen and Exome Sequencing

  This is a family study of alcoholism, in which the subjects have been drawn from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), a large, ongoing family-based study that includes subjects from seven sites around the US. COGA has gathered detailed, standardized data on study participants, including diagnostic and neurophysiological assessments. This project has already proved successful in identifying several genes that influence the risk for alcoholism and neurophysiological endophenotypes, which have been independently replicated. COGA data were included as part of two Genetic Analysis Workshops, and the phenotypes are familiar to the genetics community. Alcoholic probands were recruited from treatment facilities, assessed by personal interview, and after securing permission, other family members were also assessed. A set of comparison families was drawn from the same communities as the families recruited through an alcoholic proband. Assessment involved a detailed personal interview developed for this project, the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), which gathers detailed information on alcoholism related symptoms along with other drugs and psychiatric symptoms. Many participants also came to the laboratories for electroencephalographic studies. Neurophysiological features that have been shown to be useful endophenotypes for which we have linkage and in some cases association results are included on a subset of the case-control sample: the beta power of the resting electroencephalogram (EEG), the P3(00) amplitude of the visual event-related potential (ERP), and the theta and delta event-related oscillations (EROs) underlying the P3.

  Study phs001208

• Differential Presence of Exons in Cell-Free DNA Reveals Different Patterns in Colorectal Cancer Between Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Patients

  Tumor genotyping during disease follow-up is gaining an increasing interest for monitoring and clinical management in colorectal cancer (CRC). Growing evidences suggest that single biopsies are inefficient for molecular profiling, due to clonal evolution and intratumoral heterogeneity of primary tumors and/or metastasis. Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) has emerged as an alternative source of genetic material that seems to be representative of the continuously changing tumor molecular features. Thus, the so-called 'liquid biopsy' also offers the additional advantages of accessibility and non-invasiveness for the patient. Novel strategies based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cfDNA are being currently developed, with most studies focusing on targeted deep sequencing panels of potential clinically actionable genes. Here we describe an alternative approach, consisting of exome-sequencing in cfDNA at a relatively shallower depth to provide a more general overview of the circulating genome. In this study, two groups of colorectal cancer patients, with either disseminated (M) or localized disease (N), were compared using whole-exome sequencing and a RNA-seq bioinformatics analysis pipeline. Thus, a set of 379 exons present at different levels in cfDNA from both groups were identified, giving rise to a completely new concept in this field, termed as 'Differential Presence of Exons'. Differentially present exons (DPEs) were subsequently used for M and N patients clustering and classification, allowing for the design of a predictive algorithm with encouraging preliminary results in a small subset of patients that could not be initially classified attending to the selection criteria (U group, unassignable).

  Study EGAS00001002687

• A Population Genomics Study Using a Disease-Targeted Cell model: Integration of

  The common genetic variants associated with complex traits typically lie in non-coding DNA and may alter gene regulation in a cell type-specific manner. Consequently, the choice of tissue or cell model in the dissection of disease associations is important. We carried out an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) study of primary human osteoblasts (HOb) derived from 95 unrelated donors of Swedish origin, each represented by two independently derived primary lines to provide biological replication. We combined our data with publicly available information from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bone mineral density (BMD). The top 2000 BMD-associated SNPs were tested for cis-association of gene expression in HObs and in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) using publicly available data and showed that HObs have a significantly greater enrichment (threefold) of converging cis-eQTLs as compared to LCLs. The top 10 BMD loci with SNPs showing strong cis-effects on gene expression in HObs were selected for further validation using a staged design in two cohorts of Caucasian male subjects. All 10 variants were tested in the Swedish MrOS Cohort (n = 3014), providing evidence for two novel BMD loci (SRR and MSH3). These variants were then tested in the Rotterdam Study (n = 2090), yielding converging evidence for BMD association at the 17p13.3 SRR locus. The cis-regulatory effect was further fine-mapped to the proximal promoter of the SRR gene (rs3744270). Our results suggest that primary cells relevant to disease phenotypes complement traditional approaches for prioritization and validation of GWAS hits for follow-up studies. Reprinted from Grundberg E, Kwan T, Ge B et al., Genome Res Nov 2009, with permission from Genome Research, Cold Spring Harbor Press, PMID:19654370.

  Study phs000225

• Newborn Screening Translational Research Network (NBSTRN): Newborn Sequencing in Genomic Medicine and Public Health (NSIGHT2)

  Large-scale studies of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in neonates have largely been neglected. Thus, the clinical and social implications of this absence are largely unknown. The proposed study aims to increase scientific knowledge for acutely ill neonates. This population may stand to benefit largely from WGS given the severity of illness. The proposed clinical study is a prospective, randomized, partially-blinded study that has both quantitative and qualitative assessments of the risks and benefits of the use of STATseq, a 2-day genome test, in acutely ill neonates at Children's Mercy Hospital. Study participants include neonates, their parents, and clinicians caring for them. The overall aims will provide a nuanced understanding of the role of rapid diagnostic WGS for acutely ill neonates, including relative diagnostic sensitivity and change in management both for broad NICU populations and subpopulations, accuracy, reproducibility, and relative value of proband WGS and familial triads. The technological aims include improving diagnostic sensitivity without sacrificing the rapid turnaround time. The clinical aims include looking at increased diagnostic yield, shorter time to diagnosis and clinician perception of management changes that result from implementation of STAT-seq. Finally, the study will investigate the perceived value of STAT-seq in parents and clinicians using structural equation modeling. The studies also are designed for long-term continuation of assessment of the enrollees (beyond the current funding period) and in additional sample types (via a biorepository). Long-term continuation studies will test effects on long-term morbidity, mortality, quality of life and cost of care. We hope that the study results will be sufficient to provide an evidence base for physician adoption and provider reimbursement of WGS in Level 3 and 4 NICUs.

  Study phs002094

• Sudden Death in the Young Case Registry

  Knowledge gaps persist about the incidence of and risk factors for sudden death in the young (SDY). The SDY Case Registry is a collaborative effort between the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Michigan Public Health Institute. Its goals are to: (1) describe the incidence of SDY in the United States by using population-based surveillance: (2) compile data from SDY cases to create a resource of information and DNA samples for research; (3) encourage standardized approaches to investigation, autopsy, and categorization of SDY cases; (4) develop partnerships between local, state, and federal stakeholders toward a common goal of understanding and preventing SDY; and (5) support families who have lost loved ones to SDY by providing resources on bereavement and medical evaluation of surviving family members. Built on existing Child Death Review programs and as an expansion of the Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Case Registry, the SDY Case Registry achieves its goals by identifying SDY cases, providing guidance to medical examiners/coroners in conducting comprehensive autopsies, evaluating cases through child death review and an advanced review by clinical specialists, and classifying cases according to a standardized algorithm. The SDY Case Registry also includes a process to obtain informed consent from next-of-kin to save DNA for research, banking, and, in some cases, diagnostic genetic testing. The SDY Case Registry will provide valuable incidence data and will enhance understanding of the characteristics of SDY cases to inform the development of targeted prevention efforts. For cases where informed consent has been obtained for research genomic sequencing has been performed. On these cases genomic data, phenotype information and on a limited number of cases redacted autopsy reports will be available through dbGaP.

  Study phs003221

• Genomics of Substance Use Disorders in Latin American Populations

  This is a subsample of the National Survey of Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use, administered in 2016 between August and October to participants aged 12-65 in urban and rural Mexican households, named Mexican Genomic Database for Addiction Research (MxGDAR). The objective of the survey was to evaluate the patterns of use of different psychoactive substances and mental health problems in Mexico. The sample universe was made up of primary sampling units (PSUs) that were the sum of basic statistical geographic areas, stratified by state and urban-rural communities. An adult aged 18-65 was chosen randomly from each household, and an adolescent aged 12-17 was also chosen randomly from the household which has at least one member under 18. The second administration of the survey included a subsample of 13,130 respondents who agreed to give a saliva sample for DNA analysis, to be used in analyzing the relationship of mental health, addiction, and genetics. This sample was weighted according to selection probability to be representative on the national level. Mental health symptomatology for these individuals was evaluated using the Diagnostic Interview for Psychosis and Affective Disorders (DI-PAD) using the operational criteria for psychotic disorders (OPCRIT v.4.0), administered by interviewers trained in its use. It includes the evaluation of symptomatology of psychosis, depression, anxiety, obsession/compulsion, mania/hypomania, and post-traumatic stress. The study seeks to replicate genetic associations with substance use (LINC01622), psychiatric disorders (PTPRM), or comorbidity between both (MGMT) reported in following paper: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33762635/. Funding for genotyping was provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

  Study phs003558

• Germline Genomic Analyses of Breast Cancer in Latinas

  In this case-control study of breast cancer among Hispanic/Latina (H/L) women, the goals were to identify breast cancer susceptibility genes and genetic variants for risk of developing breast cancer in H/L women. There were two phases with whole exome sequencing (WES) done in a discovery phase and targeted sequencing of candidate genes in the replication phase. The candidate genes selected for replication came from the first phase and from genes known to affect breast cancer risk in prior studies. Cases and controls were drawn from several studies. Breast cancer cases for discovery phase included women from the City of Hope (COH) Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network (CCGCRN), UCSF Cancer Genetics Clinic and USC Cancer Genetics clinic. Controls for discovery phase included women who did not have breast and were recruited through City of Hope community fairs. A separate group of controls included women from the California Teachers Study. Additional controls for discovery were obtained from WES already generated by the Multi-ethnic cohort (MEC) study. The discovery/WES results of known breast cancer genes were published (PMID 31206626). In the replication phase, we included cases and controls from the Cancer de Mama (CAMA) study which is a case-control study of breast cancer in Mexico, MEC for those not included in the discovery dataset, the San Francisco Bay Area Cancer study (phs000912), the Northern California Breast Cancer Registry, and the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute Women's Cohort (phs000395). Cases from the PATHWAYS study who were recruited from Northern California Kaiser Permanente were also included. Results from the combined discovery and replication analyses are reported in PMID 36747679.

  Study phs003144

• Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA)

  The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA): GENOA is one of four research networks that form the NHLBI Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP). From its inception in 1995, GENOA's long-term objective was to elucidate the genetics of hypertension and its arteriosclerotic target-organ damage, including both atherosclerotic (macrovascular) and arteriolosclerotic (microvascular) complications involving the heart, brain, kidneys, and peripheral arteries. Two GENOA cohorts were originally ascertained (1995-2000) through sibships in which at least 2 siblings had essential hypertension diagnosed prior to age 60 years. All siblings in the sibship were invited to participate, both normotensive and hypertensive. These include non-Hispanic White Americans from Rochester, MN (n =1583 at the 1st exam) and African Americans from Jackson, MS (N=1854 at the 1st exam). During the second exam (2000-2005), approximately 80% of participants were re-recruited. The GENOA data consists of biological samples (DNA, serum, urine) as well as demographic, anthropometric, environmental, clinical, biochemical, physiological, and genetic data for understanding the genetic predictors of diseases of the heart, brain, kidney, and peripheral arteries. Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP): GENOA's parent program, the FBPP, is an unprecedented collaboration to identify genes influencing blood pressure (BP) levels, hypertension, and its target-organ damage. This program has conducted over 21,000 physical examinations, assembled a shared database of several hundred BP and hypertension-related phenotypic measurements, completed genome-wide linkage analyses for BP, hypertension, and hypertension associated risk factors and complications, and published over 130 manuscripts on program findings. The FBPP emerged from what was initially funded as four independent networks of investigators (HyperGEN, GenNet, SAPPHIRe and GENOA) competing to identify genetic determinants of hypertension in multiple ethnic groups. Realizing the greater likelihood of success through collaboration, the investigators began working together during the first funding cycle (1995-2000) and formalized this arrangement in the second cycle (2000-2005), creating a single confederation with program-wide and network-specific goals.

  Study phs000379

• ctDNA to predict risk of progression and death after trifluridin/tipiracil therapy

  Background. Late-line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) can improve the prognosis. However, not every patient has a benefit and may experience severe side effects. Thus, predictive/prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. Despite many promising results, the role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis in trifluridin/tipiracil (FTD/TPI) treated mCRC patients is so far still elusive. Study design. This prospective non-interventional translational biomarker phase II study enrolled 30 metastatic CRC patients treated with FTD/TPI. The primary study aim was to identify a molecular biomarker to predict overall survival (OS) benefit upon FTD/TPI treatment. Methods. mCRC patients (60% male, 40% female) with FTD/TPI therapy were included. Molecular profiling in cell-free DNA from plasma was performed prior to treatment and on average 4, 8 and 12 weeks after FTD/TPI initiation. Tumor levels were assessed as the highest variant allele frequency (hVAF) and correlated with OS. Uni- and multivariate analyses for survival were performed with clinical variables. Multivariate analyses for survival and treatment efficacy were adjusted to age, gender and ECOG performance status. Results. Compared to previous data, our disease control rate of 30% was lower with a median OS of 8.1 months and a median PFS of 3.2 months. At baseline (BL) and the first two follow-ups (FU), a hVAF cut-off of 7.5% was most discriminative (BL HR 0.39 95% CI 0.16 - 0.98 P=0.0212, FU1 HR 0.30 95% CI 0.12 -0.77 P=0.0021, FU2 HR 0.23 95% CI 0.08-0.70 P=0.0004) whereas at the last follow-up the stratification was most pronounced at a 15% cut-off. An elevated hVAF trajectory over time was associated with a higher risk of death. Conclusion. ctDNA is detectable in a high proportion of mCRC patients. Changes in ctDNA levels are associated with survival among FTD/TPI therapy and may identify patients who benefit most from treatment in these late-stage disease.

  Study EGAS00001006883

• Molecular Determinants of Tumor Behavior in Early Lung Adenocarcinoma

  Lung adenocarcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and a heterogeneous disease with poor survival in the advanced stage. Given that the frequency of early diagnosis is increasing, the investigation of the molecular determinants of disease progression is paramount. Prediction of whether the tumor is indolent or aggressive has been the subject of recent investigations. Yet, the molecular underpinnings explaining the difference in tumor behavior remains largely unknown and is directly relevant to the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening, including the risks of over-diagnosis and overtreatment. To gain insights into the molecular pathogenesis and the underlying molecular determinants of clinical behavior of early adenocarcinoma, we investigated genetic alterations in 102 surgically resected early adenocarcinomas. We hypothesized that the behavior of early adenocarcinoma can be predicted based on genomic underpinnings. To identify the type of genomic alterations associated with resected indolent and aggressive early lung ADC, the DNA samples from 21 adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), 27 minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and 54 fully invasive adenocarcinoma were collected and subjected to a deep next generation sequencing, targeting a custom 347 cancer gene panel. Our study provides new insights into cancer genomic evolution, helps to elucidate the interplay of somatic mutation and the adaptation of clones, and brings new insights into the key distinction between indolent and aggressive tumor behavior.

  Study phs001811

• Identifying genetic consequences of Epstein-Barr Virus transformation by comparing an individual’s genomic DNA with that of its lymphoblastoid cell line.

  A detailed analysis of whole genomes can be now achieved with next generation sequencing. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) transformation is a widely used strategy in clinical research to obtain an unlimited source of a subject’s DNA. Although the mechanism of transformation and immortalization by EBV is relatively well known at the transcriptional and proteomic level, the genetic consequences of EBV transformation are less well understood. A detailed analysis of the genetic alterations introduced by EBV transformation is highly relevant, as it will inform on the usefulness and limitations of this approach. We used whole genome sequencing to assess the genomic signature of a low-passage lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL). Specifically, we sequenced the full genome (40X) of an individual using DNA purified from fresh whole blood as well as DNA from his LCL. A total of 217.33 Gb of sequence were generated from the cell line and 238.95 Gb from the normal genomic DNA. We determined with high confidence that 99.2% of the genomes were identical, with no reproducible changes in structural variation (chromosomal rearrangements and copy number variations) or insertion/deletion polymorphisms (indels). Our results suggest that, at this level of resolution, the LCL is genetically indistinguishable from its genomic counterpart and therefore their use in clinical research is not likely to introduce a significant bias.

  Study EGAS00001000323

• First genome-wide association study in an Australian Aboriginal population provides insights into genetic risk factors for Body Mass Index and Type 2 Diabetes

  A body mass index (BMI) >22kg/m2 is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Aboriginal Australians. To identify loci associated with BMI and T2D we undertook a genome-wide association study using 1,355,133 quality-controlled single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped (Illumina 2.5M Duo Beadchip) in 402 individuals in extended pedigrees from a Western Australian Aboriginal community. Imputation using the thousand genomes (1000G) reference panel extended the analysis to 6,724,284 post quality-control autosomal SNPs. No associations achieved genome-wide significance, commonly accepted as P<5x10-8. Nevertheless, genes/pathways in common with other ethnicities were identified despite the arrival of Aboriginal people in Australia >45,000 years ago. The top hit (rs10868204 Pgenotyped=1.50x10-6; rs11140653 Pimputed_1000G=2.90x10-7) for BMI lies 5’ of NTRK2, the type 2 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). PIK3C2G (rs12816270 Pgenotyped=8.06x10-6; rs10841048 Pimputed_1000G=6.28x10-7) was associated with BMI, but not with T2D as reported elsewhere. BMI also associated with CNTNAP2 (rs6960319 Pgenotyped=4.65x10-5; rs13225016 Pimputed_1000G=6.57x10-5), previously identified as the strongest gene-by-environment interaction for BMI in African-Americans. The top hit (rs11240074 Pgenotyped=5.59x10-6, Pimputed_1000G=5.73x10-6) for T2D lies 5’ of BCL9 that, along with TCFL2, promotes beta-catenin’s transcriptional activity in the WNT signaling pathway. Additional hits occurred in genes affecting pancreatic (KCNJ6, KCNA1) and/or GABA (GABRR1, KCNA1) functions. Notable associations observed for genes previously identified at genome-wide significance in other populations included MC4R (Pgenotyped=4.49x10-4) for BMI and IGF2BP2 Pimputed_1000G=2.55x10-6) for T2D. Our results may provide novel functional leads in understanding disease pathogenesis in this Australian Aboriginal population.

  Study EGAS00001001004

• Sequence-Based Analysis of Human Breast Tumors

  The goal of this study is to study gene expression patterns in tumors, normal tissues, and cell lines.

  Study phs000676

• Compound heterozygous variants in LAMC3 in association with posterior periventricular nodular heterotopia

  Periventricular nodular heterotopia is a malformation of cortical development characterized by nodules of abnormally migrated neurons.

  Study EGAS00001004793

• Indexing Genes Impacted by Copy Number Variation in Developmental Disorders

  A challenge in clinical genomics is to predict whether copy number variation (CNV) affecting a gene or multiple genes will manifest as disease. Increasing recognition of gene dosage effects in neurodevelopmental disorders prompted us to develop a computational approach based on critical-exon (highly expressed in brain, highly conserved) examination for potential etiologic effects. Using a large CNV dataset, our updated analyses revealed significant (P < 1.64 x 10-15) enrichment of critical-exons within rare CNVs in cases compared to controls. Separately, we used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to construct an unbiased protein module from prenatal and adult tissues and found it significantly enriched for critical exons in prenatal (P < 1.15 x 10-50, OR = 2.11) and adult (P < 6.03 x 10-18, OR = 1.55) development. WGCNA yielded 1,206 proteins for which we prioritized the corresponding genes as likely to have a role in neurodevelopmental disorders. We compared the gene lists obtained from critical-exon and WGCNA analysis and found 438 candidate genes associated with CNVs annotated as pathogenic, or variants of uncertain significance (VOUS), from among 10,619 developmental delay cases. We identified genes containing CNVs previously considered to be VOUS, to be new candidate genes for neurodevelopmental disorders (GIT1, MVB12B and PPP1R9A) demonstrating the utility of this strategy to index the clinical effects of CNVs. Reprinted from Uddin et al, 2016, with permission from Scientific Reports.

  Study phs001154

• NIAID Centralized Sequencing Program

  Investigators at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) use next-generation sequencing technologies to help determine genetic contributions to immune diseases. These efforts have increased rates of molecular diagnosis for a subset of NIAID participants as well as uncovered fundamental insights into the cellular and signaling pathways in host defense and immune regulation. Despite these successes, analysis and interpretation of genomic data remain a substantial challenge. Simply, researchers do not understand the functional and clinical consequences of most human genetic variation. Making progress in this area requires a coordinated, systematic, and transparent approach to clinical genomics research. This protocol is specific to genetic testing and explicitly aims to both strengthen clinical care and enhance research. Probands provide biological specimens for genetic testing and primary clinical and research evaluations are completed via a research protocol at NIAID. This protocol serves as a vehicle for a programmatic effort that includes standardized phenotyping, test ordering through the Clinical Research Information System (CRIS) at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, sample collection and isolation, nucleic acid analysis, bioinformatics, clinical interpretation, reporting in CRIS, genetic counseling, and supporting effective use of genomics as a research tool throughout the institute. Overall, increased process standardization will support data integrity and efficiency while still accommodating the need for investigator flexibility. This study aims to generate and analyze evidence regarding the genetic contribution to diverse immune diseases studied by the NIAID intramural research program.

  Study phs001899

• The Genomic and Transcriptomic Landscape of a HeLa Cell Line

  HeLa is the most widely used model cell line for studying human cellular and molecular biology. To date, no genomic reference for this cell line has been released, and experiments have relied on the human reference genome. Effective design and interpretation of molecular genetic studies performed using HeLa cells require accurate genomic information. Here we present a detailed genomic and transcriptomic characterization of a HeLa cell line. We performed DNA and RNA sequencing of a HeLa Kyoto cell line and analyzed its mutational portfolio and gene expression profile. Segmentation of the genome according to copy number revealed a remarkably high level of aneuploidy and numerous large structural variants at unprecedented resolution. Some of the extensive genomic rearrangements are indicative of catastrophic chromosome shattering, known as chromothripsis. Our analysis of the HeLa gene expression profile revealed that several pathways, including cell cycle and DNA repair, exhibit significantly different expression patterns from those in normal human tissues. Our results provide the first detailed account of genomic variants in the HeLa genome, yielding insight into their impact on gene expression and cellular function as well as their origins. This study underscores the importance of accounting for the strikingly aberrant characteristics of HeLa cells when designing and interpreting experiments, and has implications for the use of HeLa as a model of human biology. Copyright Landry et al., "The Genomic and Transcriptomic Landscape of a HeLa Cell Line," G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics (2013).

  Study phs000643

• Successful BRAF/MEK-inhibition in a young patient with BRAF V600E-mutated extrapancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (HIPO-021)

  Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PAC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. Treatment options for metastatic PAC are limited and often follow chemotherapeutic regimens for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Although recurrent genomic alterations, such as BRAF fusions and defects in genes involved in homologous recombination DNA repair, have been described in PAC, data on the clinical efficacy of molecularly guided, targeted treatment are scarce. Here we describe the case of a 27-yr-old patient with BRAF V600E-mutated PAC who was successfully treated with a combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors. The patient presented to our clinic with abdominal pain and weight loss. Imaging showed extensive retroperitoneal disease as well as mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Because of elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and inconclusive histologic findings, a germ cell tumor was suspected; however, PEI chemotherapy was unsuccessful. A repeat biopsy yielded the diagnosis of PAC and treatment with FOLFIRINOX was initiated. Comprehensive molecular profiling within the MASTER (Molecularly Aided Stratification for Tumor Eradication Research) precision oncology program revealed a somatic BRAF V600E mutation and a germline PALB2 stop-gain mutation. Therapy was therefore switched to BRAF/MEK inhibition, resulting in almost complete remission and disease control for 12 mo and a remarkable improvement in the patient's general condition. These results indicate that BRAF alterations are a valid therapeutic target in PAC that should be routinely assessed in this patient population.

  Study EGAS00001004282

• UK10K NEURO ASD GALLAGHER

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. This is an Irish sample set of individuals with ASD (approximately 50% with comorbid intellectual disability). Individuals have been diagnosed with ADI/ ADOS, measures of cognition/ adaptive function. They represent a more severe, narrowly defined cohort of ASD subjects. Family histories are available for some with measures of broader phenotype. For further information on this cohort please contact Nadia Bolshakova (bolshakn@tcd.ie).

  Study EGAS00001000112

• Transcriptomic Analysis of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Model of Human Amniogenesis

  The amniotic epithelium is the innermost layer of the amniochorionic membrane that physically divides the maternal and fetal environments. Amniogenesis is initiated during implantation in humans. In implanting blastocysts, the pluripotent epiblast cells undergo apical-basal polarization to form a cyst with a central lumen, the future amniotic cavity. This event is followed by the fate transition of pluripotent epiblast cells at the uterine-proximal pole of the cyst to squamous amniotic ectoderm, forming a sharp boundary between amnion and pluripotent epiblast portions of the cyst. To enable mechanistic investigations into amnion fate progression, several in vitro models based on human pluripotent stem cells were recently developed. In this study, transcriptomic features of human pluripotent stem cell-derived amniogenesis models were examined.

  Study phs002184

• Genomic landscape of Ewing sarcoma (ICGC project)

  The Ewing sarcoma project aims to sequence 100 complete genomes of cells of patients suffering from this disease. It is an initiative of great projection, since this is the second most common bone tumor in children and teenagers. The goal of the project is to establish the catalogue of somatic mutations that may cooperate with EWS-ETS fusion in the development of the tumor. The Ewing sarcoma project aims to perform 100 whole genome sequencing of germline and tumor DNA as well as at least 50 RNA-seq from tumors. Correlations between molecular profiles and clinical features will be established. The mutated genes will be further validated in a series of 500 Ewing sarcoma cases from our Tumor Bank.

  Study EGAS00001000855

• Mitochondrial DNA mutations contribute to autism and also to the characteristics of mitochondrial disorders present in patients with autism spectrum disorders

  Intellectual disability (ID) is common among autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. Also, evidence from many fields of medicine has documented multiple non-CNS physiological abnormalities associated with ASD, suggesting that, in some individuals, ASD arises from systemic, rather than organ-specific abnormalities. Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently reported in ASD and ID and can be due to mitochondrial DNA mutations. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the mitochondrial DNA of ID subjects with ASD (N=98) and without ASD (N=95) to identify putative pathogenic variants that could be associated with ID or ASD. The genome of reference used in this is study is NC_012920.1 (rCRS) (Homo sapiens mitochondrion).

  Study EGAS00001002750

• The Vaginal Microbiome: Disease, Genetics and the Environment

  The vagina is an interactive interface with the environment, and as such is covered by a protective epithelial surface. This surface is colonized by a biofilm consisting of bacteria and other microorganisms, which through a variety of mechanisms serve to protect the host from invasion by pathogens. Alterations in the normal vaginal microflora; i.e., dysbioses, particularly those associated with bacterial vaginosis, the most common disorder of the female reproductive tract, contribute to risk of sexually transmitted infections, infection by HIV, and are associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes including but not limited to spontaneous preterm birth. Physiologic alterations in the host (e.g., menopause and pregnancy), which are beginning to be investigated as potential selective conditions for change in the "normal" vaginal flora, and their impact on disease susceptibility and transmission, remain to be more definitively elucidated. The effects of chronically abnormal physiologic states (e.g., diabetes mellitus) on normal vaginal flora have not been well described or studied. Finally, an almost unexplored area of inquiry is the genetic contribution, including race/ethnicity, to the establishment and maintenance of a "normal" vaginal flora, under normal and physiologically altered circumstances. Our research will shed light on how the vaginal microbiome contributes to adverse obstetrical outcomes and sexually transmitted infections in diverse populations. This project addresses the following questions: First: Do the genes of the host contribute to the composition of the vaginal microbiome? We hypothesize that a woman's genetic composition significantly affects the ability of certain commensal, parasitic and pathogenic microbes to colonize and/or infect the genital tract. Thus, we will compare and quantify the microbial populations inhabiting the vaginas of monozygotic and dizygotic twins from the Mid Atlantic Twin Registry, and, in the process, address the question of whether there is a relationship between the microbiomes of the vagina, mouth and GI tract. Second: What changes in the vaginal microbiome are associated with common physiological perturbations or non-infectious pathological states of the host?We hypothesize that "altered" physiologic (pregnancy, menopause) and pathologic (chronic disease, hysterectomy) conditions, or environmental "exposures" (exogenous hormones, antibiotics, chronic immunosuppressant, smoking; douching) can predictably alter the vaginal microenvironment. These alterations will lead to changes in microbial populations within the vagina. Changes in the microbial populations may have impacts, positive or more likely negative, on the spontaneous and future well-being of the affected individual. We are characterizing the effects of these "altered" physiologic and pathologic conditions, and environmental exposures, on the composition of the vaginal microbiome. Finally, we are examining the impact of the important physiological changes incurred during pregnancy on the composition of the microbiome of the female reproductive tract. Third: What changes in the vaginal microbiome are associated with relevant infectious diseases and conditions? We are testing the hypothesis that infectious diseases predictably alter the vaginal microbiome, and that these changes have an impact on the disease susceptibility, process, and outcome. A predilection for bacterial vaginosis, vaginitis, HIV infection, or other sexually transmitted diseases, is likely associated with a women's vaginal microbial composition. Thus, we will characterize samples from women with a variety of these infectious conditions to determine the contribution of their microbiomes to the disease process and susceptibility. We are addressing these questions using a combination of high throughput 'nextgen' sequencing technologies. Early studies were performed using the Roche 454 FLX and the first generation Illumina Genome Analyzer II instruments and more recently employing Illumina MiSeq and HiSeq 2500 and 4000 platforms, installed in the Genomics Core of the Nucleic Acids Research Facilities at VCU. Thus, segments of the 16S rRNA genes are amplified from the complex samples taken from various target sites in and around the vagina of each study participant. These segments are sequenced and subjected to taxonomic classification protocols to identify and quantify the bacterial taxa present in each sample. Additionally, total DNA isolated from these samples are subjected to shotgun sequence analysis to empirically reconstruct the metabolic potential of these microbiomes. Finally, specific bacterial clones are completely sequenced and analyzed to associate the unavoidable strain and isolate diversity with the clinical phenotypes presented.

  Study phs000256

• Breast Cancer Follow Up Series

  This study's purpose is to use data generated in whole genome and exome Breast Cancer sequencing to target specific areas in multiple other Breast Cancer samples. These areas will then be subjected to PCR in multiple cases, tagged and then pool the resultant amplicons. These amplicons will then be sequenced on the Illumina GAII. This is hoped to show the prevalence of previous findings in multiple individuals in a high throughput method.

  Study EGAS00001000002

• Andersen-Tawil Syndrome: Genotype-phenotype correlation and longitudinal study

  Andersen-Tawil Syndrome (ATS) is a rare, genetic disorder that causes episodes of muscle weakness, potentially life-threatening changes in heart rhythm, and developmental abnormalities. Disease symptoms can vary, the cause of some ATS cases remains unknown, and no specific treatment has been identified. The purpose of this multi-site study is to better characterize ATS, establish whether symptoms change over time, and determine if symptoms are related to a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene.

  Study phs001289

• Myocardial Infarction Genetics Exome Sequencing Consortium: German Heart Center in Munich

  The Munich-MI study is a case-control cohort study recruited at the German Heart Center in Munich, Germany. It is focused on understanding the genetic contributors to early myocardial-infarction (MI) in the German population. All exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; samples sequence capture was performed using Illumina's ICE Capture reagent and sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 or 2500.

  Study phs000916

• Mutational Landscape of MCPyV-Positive and MCPyV-Negative Merkel Cell Carcinomas

  Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin most commonly found on the sun-exposed skin of older Caucasian adults. Roughly one-third of patients with MCCs die of the disease; therefore, MCC is the most lethal skin cancer on a case-by-case basis. 49 cases were studied, and putative cancer driver gene mutations and tumor antigens in both MCPyV-negative and MCPyV-positive MCCs were identified.

  Study phs002515

• MOSAIC - Multi-Omics Spatial Atlas In Cancer

  MOSAIC is a collaborative initiative founded by Owkin, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, University Hospital Erlangen (UKER), Gustave Roussy Institute in Paris, and University of Pittsburgh. The goal of MOSAIC is to build the largest collection of spatial omics data in cancer. By integrating comprehensive high quality clinical annotations with advanced deep profiling techniques, MOSAIC aims to uncover novel cancer subtypes and identify key drug targets and biomarkers within them.

  Study EGAS50000000689

• Genomic landscape of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma

  Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of thyroid cancer with limited molecular characterization. This study aims to define the somatic mutational landscape of PDTC using whole-genome sequencing. Paired tumour and matched normal blood samples were collected from six patients undergoing surgery. The overarching goal is to identify recurrent mutations, structural variants, and other genomic alterations associated with tumour aggressiveness and poor clinical outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000001134

• OTOF mutation analysis with massively parallel DNA sequencing in 2,265 Japanese sensorineural hearing loss patients.

  The OTOF gene, encoding otoferlin, is reported to be one of the major causes of non-syndromic recessive sensorineural hearing loss, and is also reported to be the most common cause of non-syndromic recessive auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). In the present study, we performed OTOF mutation analysis using massively parallel DNA sequencing (MPS) to reveal the frequency and clinical characteristics of OTOF-related hearing loss in a large hearing loss population.

  Study JGAS000166

• IMMUcan Lung NSCLC2 cohort

  The goal of IMMUcan is to understand how the immune system interacts with tumors and how therapeutic interventions influence this interaction. This cohort includes patients with non-small cell lung cancer who had surgical resection. This is a subcohort of the EORTC SPECTAlung study. Comprehensive profiling data are integrated with longitudinally collected clinical information. Cellular profiling of the same tumor samples was performed using multiplex immunofluorescence imaging, imaging mass cytometry, and H&E staining.

  Study EGAS50000001558

• Flexible and rapid validation of structural variants using adaptive sampling

  The goal of the study is to confirm and further characterize structural variants and complex genomic rearrangements using adaptive sampling with Oxford Nanopore Sequencing. Individuals with known structural variants were included in the study and the known rearrangement regions were targeted in the sequencing experiments. In addition to long-read coverage over the targeted regions (around 25X coverage), the rest of the genome is covered by short off-target reads (around 5X coverage).

  Study EGAS50000001279

• The Gut Microbiome of liver transplant recipients – Cross-sectional + Longitudinal (renal and liver)

  TransplantLines is designed as a single-center, prospective cohort study and biobank including all different types of solid organ transplant recipients as well as living organ donors. In the TransplantLines gut microbiome study the gut microbiome of solid organ transplant recipients is characterized and linked to clinical phenotypes. This batch contains the cross-sectional data from liver transplant recipients and longitudinal data from renal and liver transplant recipients.

  Study EGAS00001006258

• TRACERx 100: RNAseq data from the first 100 TRACERx tumours

  TRACERx (TRAcking Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) is a prospective cohort study designed to investigate intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in relation to clinical outcome, and to determine the clonal nature of driver events and evolutionary processes in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study looks at the multi-region RNAseq data from the TRACERx100 cohort with high enough quality RNA available. There is RNAseq data from 164 regions (64 patients).

  Study EGAS00001003458

• Whole genome and RNA sequencing of paediatric glioblastoma in the ICGC PedBrain project

  Paediatric glioblastoma (pedGBM) is characterised by substantial intertumoural heterogeneity. In order to identify the genetic lesions underlying tumourigenesis, we analysed whole genomes and transcriptomes of pedGBMs and in vitro model systems by next generation sequencing. Novel fusions of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET lead us to investigate targeted therapy using MET inhibitors. This study is part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium PedBrain Tumor Project (ICGC PedBrain, http://www.pedbraintumor.org/).

  Study EGAS00001001139

• Sequencing of liver cancer cell lines

  Liver cancer is a dreadful disease with limited therapeutic options. How to translate genomic findings into biomarkers and precision treatment is challenging. A large cell line-based platform was established, termed as Liver Cancer Model Repository. Heterogeneities in patients were faithfully recapitulated by 81 liver cancer cell lines at genomic and transcriptomic levels. This platform provides a rich resource and models to study cancer drivers and drug responses in liver cancer.

  Study EGAS00001002237

• Whole genome sequencing of patients affected by acute intermittent porphyria

  Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is an hereditary rare metabolic disorder of incomplete penetrance, affecting the biosynthesis of heme. IAP is an autosomal dominant disorder, resulting in a substantial reduction of the activity of the hydroxymethylbilane synthase coding gene (HMBS). Most HMBS mutation carriers are asymptomatic and only between 10% and 20% of patients present acute attacks of the associated symptoms. Here, we sequenced whole genomes of 16 AIP patients.

  Study EGAS00001004999

• glioblastoma single cell RNAseq

  Understanding the cellular origin and differentiation status of glioblastoma is critical to resolve the etiology of the disease. we profile 18 patient glioblastomas by single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). From this, we uncovered two principal cell-of-origin relations. Each lineage displays unique directional differentiation trajectories and transcriptional cores from the naïve cell populations. Thus, glioblastoma is defined by robust cell lineage features which may provide insights into the cell origin of the diseases.

  Study EGAS00001006236

• National Human Genome Research Institute Tumor Sequencing Project (TSP) - Lung Adenocarcinoma

  The Tumor Sequencing Project (TSP) Consortium is a collaboration among participants at the Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center, the Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform, the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the Genome Sequencing Center and Siteman Cancer Center at Washington University, the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Michigan Medical Center. The TSP Part A will pilot approaches to large-scale identification of genomic changes in tumors by sequencing the exonic regions of 623 genes in 188 specimens of adenocarcinoma of the lung, as well as using high density SNP genotyping arrays for high resolution identification of changes in chromosomal copy number. The TSP Part B will pilot approaches to tumor characterization of lung adenocarcinoma samples using next-generation sequencing technologies and benchmark those results against Part A data generated with ABI3730 instruments.

  Study phs000144

• Emory University African American Vaginal, Oral, and Gut Microbiome in Pregnancy Cohort Study

  The Emory University African American Microbiome in Pregnancy Cohort Study prospectively enrolls African American women between 18-40 years of age without chronic medical conditions into a longitudinal follow-up study that involves completing microbiome sampling and data collection at two time points in pregnancy (8-14 weeks gestation and 24-30 weeks gestation). The study is investigating the role of the oral, vaginal, and gut microbiome on preterm birth and other pregnancy outcomes as well as biobehavioral factors that shape the microbiome among this socio-demographically diverse group of women. Microbiome sampling involves the oral, vaginal, and gut sites. Biobehavioral factors that are being explored for their association with microbiome composition at the three body sites include measures of sociodemographic status as well as diet and nutrition, infectious and stress exposures.

  Study phs001865

• Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program in Genetics at the Intersection of Childhood Cancer and Birth Defects

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). All of the WGS and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Birth defects and childhood cancer share biological pathways that are important for cell growth and division. We propose that sequencing pediatric patients suffering both conditions will allow us to discover the underlying genes and in turn advance our understanding of the causes of these devastating diseases.

  Study phs001846

• NIDDK International IBD Genetics Consortium Repository Global Screening Array

  The purpose of this GWAS meta-analysis is to assess IBD risk alleles using data collected by members of the International IBD Genetics Consortium and their collaborators around the world. Data from over 30 cohorts have been identified and are being combined for analysis. Genotyping has been conducted using a variety of chips with most samples genotyped using GSAMD-24v1-0 or GSA-CHO-Custom. Individual level genotype data will be made available whenever possible (some groups are only able to provide summary statistics due to institutional and/or governmental restrictions on data sharing), together with information on sex, self-reported ancestry, IBD affection status and diagnosis. This first batch includes data from North American sites who are members of the NIDDK-funded IBD Genetics Consortium. Additional data will be provided in an update as soon as they have gone through the QC process.

  Study phs002336

• Sexual dimorphism in human immune system aging

  We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 172 community-dwelling healthy volunteers (91 women, 81 men) ages spanning adult lifespan: 54 young (ages 22-40: 23 men, 31 women), 59 middle-aged (ages 41-64: 31 men, 28 women), and 59 older subjects (65+: 27 men, 32 women). PBMCs were profiled using ATAC-seq (54 men, 66 women), RNA-seq (41 men, 34 women), and flow cytometry (62 men, 67 women). Flow cytometry data is publicly available, genomic data for 121 individuals are provided here. These datasets revealed immune system aging signatures in men and women and showed in which ways aging differentially affects the immune systems of men and women. A subset of these samples have been generated and analyzed previously and can be found at EGA (EGAS00001002605). This dataset on dbGaP include EGA samples as well.

  Study phs001934

• Transfer Learning Associates CAFs with EMT and Inflammation in Tumor Cells in Human Tumors and Organoid Co-Culture in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  This study examined the transcriptional changes induced by cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patient-derived tumor organoids. We hypothesized that cancer associated fibroblasts impacted tumor cell transcription to promote tumorigenic behavior. Using patient-matched cells from 3 patients, we compared the transcriptional profiles of patient-derived organoids in monoculture to patient-derived organoids co-cultured with CAFs. Similarly, we looked at the transcriptional changes in matched patient-derived cancer associated fibroblasts grown in monoculture or co-cultured with patient-derived organoids. With a focus on intercellular crosstalk, we identified crosstalk between cancer associated fibroblasts and patient-derived organoids through VEGFA and NRP1. This was identified by bulk RNA sequencing and examined dynamically in organoid-CAF co-culture. This dbGaP deposit is the bulk RNA sequencing data for these 3 patients.

  Study phs003563

• NHLBI TOPMed: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute iPSC Biobank Study (SCVI)

  The proposed Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (SCVI) Biorepository will curate and manage an expanded collection of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines and provide investigators with iPSC materials generated using standardized protocols, with the overall objective of promoting the continued adoption and development of iPSC technology in cardiovascular research. Human iPSCs have revolutionized disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutic research. However, it is also recognized that the need for specialized technical expertise and the associated cost have largely prevented individual research laboratories from adopting iPSC models in their inquiries, particularly in studies requiring multiple cell lines. To address this bottleneck, the proposed Biorepository will maintain our existing collection of iPSC lines and further expand the collection of iPSCs by recruiting 1,000 healthy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) donors of both sexes and diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds (African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and Whites).

  Study phs002338

• "Distinct immunometabolic signatures in circulating immune cells define disease outcome in acute-on-chronic liver failure"

  We performed single-cell transcriptomics of PBMC’s from healthy (n= 3), acute decompensated (AD) (n= 3) and Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients. Lay Summary: Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) develops in cirrhotic patients and is characterized by an hyper-inflammatory immune state driving multiple organ failure(s). As a paradox, circulating immune cells also show transcription and metabolic evidence of exhaustion, explaining why these patients are often susceptible to secondary infections. We characterized at a transcriptional level all circulating immune cells of ACLF patiens, and specifically unraveled a distinct recovery and non-recovery ACLF signature within the monocyte population. Moreover, these changes were closely linked to metabolic differences within these cells. The described alterations allowed for a robust prediction of recovery and non-recovery of patients at admission to the hospital.

  Study EGAS50000000391

• Beta-Blocker Evaluation in Survival Trial (BEST-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial was designed to determine whether bucindolol hydrochloride- a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker and mild vasodilator- would reduce the rate of death from any cause among patients with advanced heart failure and to assess its effects in various subgroups defined by ethnic background and demographic criteria- specifically women and members of minority groups. Background Although beta-adrenergic-receptor antagonists reduce morbidity and Mortality in participants with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure, their effort on survival in participants with more advanced heart failure is unknown. Participants There were 2,708 participants. Conclusions Bucindolol resulted in no significant overall survival benefit. (Krause-Steinrauf et al., 2001, PMID: 11386264).

  Study phs003730

• Whole genome sequencing data from tumor and normal samples

  Whole genome sequencing FASTQ files from tumor and normal samples from 202 patients. All experiments reported in this article were performed in the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified and College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited laboratories at Personalis Inc., as guided by the Association for Molecular Pathology (AMP) and CAP’s joint recommendations52. Preferred input material consisting of FFPE slides (enabling H&E and macrodissection which is part of the standard NeXT Personal process) was not available for the majority (94%) of tumor samples. Most tumor samples (72%) were processed from FFPE curls, with the remaining processed from pre-extracted DNA and fresh frozen material. Where FFPE material on slide was available, tumor sections were macrodissected to increase tumor content, with a minimum allowable cellularity threshold of 20% determined by pathological review. The tumor cellularity threshold of 20% was chosen based on prior work demonstrating that no significant correlation is observed between tumor purity and assay limit of detection (LOD) at this threshold31. Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor and normal samples and WGS libraries prepared as previously described31. Genomic DNA was isolated from matched tumor and normal samples using the Qiagen AllPrep DNA/RNA FFPE Tissue Kit or the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Germantown, MD, USA) using internally optimized workflows. WGS sequencing libraries were prepared with 120-500 ng of acoustically sheared genomic DNA (Covaris LLC, Woburn, MA, USA) using the KAPA HyperPrep Kit (Roche Sequencing Solutions, Pleasanton, CA, USA) and customized methods. Libraries were cleaned-up using AMPure XP beads and then quantified using the KAPA Library Quantification Kit (Roche Sequencing Solutions, Pleasanton, CA, USA), before being sequenced to 30X depth of coverage using a NovaSeq 6000 instrument (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA).

  Dataset EGAD50000001909

• The Multiomics Blueprint of the Individual with the Most Extreme Lifespan

  Although centenarians are becoming more common in the demography of human populations, the so-called supercentenarians (over 110 years old) are still a rarity. In Catalonia, the historic nation where the subject lived, the life-expectancy for women is 86 years old, so she exceeded more than 30 years the mean statistical value. In a similar manner that premature aging syndromes, such as Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria and Werner syndrome, can provide relevant clues about the mechanisms of aging; the study of supercentenarians might also shed light in the pathways involved in lifespan. To unfold the biological properties that exhibited such a remarkable human being, we developed a comprehensive multiomics analysis in different tissues of her genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, epigenomic and microbiomic landscapes , comparing the results with those observed in non-supercentenarian populations.

  Study EGAS50000000884

• DNA methylation dynamics during early human development

  DNA methylation is globally reprogrammed during mammalian preimplantation development, which has been well characterized in the mouse but not in other mammals. Here we report on the single base-resolution DNA methylome of human gametes and blastocysts. Near complete demethylation of the paternal genome was apparent, except for tandem repeat-containing CpG-rich regions, whereas the maternal genome was essentially resistant to replication-dependent global demethylation. The human oocyte methylome was characterized by a unique bimodal distribution of gene body methylation, a particular promoter methylation profile and a high proportion of hypomethylated transposable elements. Methylome and transcriptome comparisons between the human and mouse suggested species-specific regulation of many genes including the important DNA methylation regulators. Our findings are essential to understand the unique gene regulatory mechanisms during early human development and will facilitate preimplantation epigenetic diagnosis of human embryos.

  Study JGAS000006

• RNA-seq, WGS and WES of Hepatocellular carcinomas, enriched in fibrolamellar carcinomas

  DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion is a specific driver event in fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), a rare subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurring in adolescents and young adults. In older patients, molecular determinants of HCC with mixed histological features of HCC and FLC (mixed-FLC/HCC) remain to be discovered.This study aims to molecularly caracterize mixed fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (mixed FLC/HCC) within the molecular liver tumors diversity, in respect of pure FLC and different HCC subtypes. This study reunites WGS data (n=3, Tumoral/Non-Tumoral pairs), WES data (n=43, Tumoral/Non-Tumoral pairs) and RNAseq data (n=66, Tumoral only). On a trascriptomic level, most of the mixed-FLC/HCC RNAseq clustered in a robust subgroup of tumors all showing mutation or translocation inactivating BAP1 that codes for the BRCA1 associated protein-1.

  Study EGAS00001003837

• ALK_inhibitors_in_the_context_of_ALK_dependent_cancer_cell_lines

  Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has recently been found to be a critical cancer gene in cases of lung cancer, neuroblastomas and lymphomas. ALK inhibitors have recently shown significant activity in lung cancer patients with tumours that harbour the EML4-ALK gene rearrangement, but already drug-resistance is emerging. We have taken a lung cancer cell line H3122 (with the EML4-ALK rearrangement) and generated clones resistant to a small molecule inhibitor of ALK by serial exposure to the drug over 8 weeks. We now wish to characterise at the exome level whether the acquisiton of resistance has been accompanied by the development of new mutations that we can take forward for further study as the potential mechansims underlying the resistance. We therefore propose to exome sequence the parental NCI-H3122 cell line as well as drug-resistant clones.

  Study EGAS00001000082

• Investigate the evolutionary trajectories during invasiveness acquisition in early lung adenocarcinoma

  The evolutionary trajectories of early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesize that genomic analysis between pre-invasive and invasive components will facilitate the description of LUAD evolutionary patterns. We micro-dissect malignant pulmonary nodules (MPNs) into paired pre-invasive and invasive components for panel-genomic sequencing and recognize three evolutionary trajectories. Evolutionary mode 1 (EM1) demonstrates none of the common driver events between paired components, but another two modes, EM2A and EM2B, exhibit critical private alterations restricted to pre-invasive and invasive components, respectively. When ancestral clones harbor EGFR mutations, truncal mutation abundance significantly decrease after the acquisition of invasiveness, which may be associated with the intratumoral accumulation of infiltrated B cells. Harboring EGFR mutations is critical to the selective pressure and further impacts the prognosis. Our findings extend the understanding of evolutionary trajectories during invasiveness acquisition in early LUAD.

  Study EGAS00001004754

• Tracing the origins of relapse in AML to stem cells

  In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), most patients relapse despite achieving remission. While relapse-specific mutations are sometimes detected at low frequency within bulk diagnosis samples, the cell type giving rise to relapse is unknown. Through combined genetic and functional analysis of purified subpopulations and xenografts from paired diagnosis/relapse samples, we identified two major patterns of relapse arising from therapy-resistant cells already present at diagnosis. In some cases relapse originated from rare leukemia stem cells with a primitive immunophenotype, while in other instances relapse developed from larger subclones of immunophenotypically-committed cells that retained strong stemness transcriptional signatures. The identification of distinct patterns of relapse should lead to improved methods for disease management and monitoring in AML. Moreover, the shared functional and transcriptional stemness properties that underlie both cellular origins of relapse underscore the importance of developing new therapeutic approaches that target stemness to prevent relapse.

  Study EGAS00001002225

• Exome sequencing data from two myelosarcomas

  Isolated myeloid sarcoma (MS, i.e. acute myeloid leukemia without detectable bone marrow infiltration) is rare and most patients subsequently develop overt AML. We prospectively performed whole exome sequencing of uterine MS, concomitant morphologically normal bone marrow (BM) and subsequently developing AML from two women. Both patients harbored preleukemic clones in the morphologically normal BM, including DNMT3A mutations. In addition, recurrent mutations were identified in the NFE2 gene, a gene not previously associated with AML or isolated MS. Retrospective studies of further MS samples, twelve with and four without preceding or concomitant bone marrow AML, revealed NFE2 mutations in two additional cases, both with isolated MS and prior myeloid malignancies. We conclude that DNMT3A mutated preleukemia may predispose for the frequent bone marrow relapses following isolated MS and that recurrent NFE2 mutations may have a role in the development of isolated MS.

  Study EGAS00001002562

• Genomic Heterogeneity and the Small Renal Mass

  Tumor heterogeneity is believed to represent a barrier to pre-operative genomic characterization in kidney cancer. Previous studies of heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) evaluated only large and metastatic tumors. In small renal tumors in which multiple biopsies are not feasible, the extent of heterogeneity remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated how the extent of genomic heterogeneity in small and large ccRCC. A total of 23 small (<4cm ) and 24 large (>7cm ) ccRCC had 3 regions sampled for evaluation of copy number, clear-cell A/clear-cell B (ccA/ccB) classification, and cell cycle progression (CCP) score. Small tumors have less genomic complexity and significantly fewer subclonal events. Pre-treatment genomic characterization based on a single biopsy in small ccRCC can provide insight into biologic potential to make clinical decisions.

  Study EGAS00001002919

• Comparison_of_transcriptional_response_of_induced_pluripotent_stem__iPS__cell_derived_and_monocyte_derived_macrophages_to_bacterial_lipopolysaccharide_stimulation

  In the first part of this project, we will differentiate IPS cells from 5 human donors into macrophages, and extract RNA from unstimulated and LPS stimulated macrophages to perform RNA sequencing. We will also extract RNA before and after stimulation in blood- derived macrophages from 5 additional, unrelated healthy samples. In the second part of the project, RNA-seq data will be analysed to compare LPS response of these two macrophage populations. In summary, we will perform 75bp PE RNA-seq on 20 samples (10 pre and post stimulus), on the HiSeq 2500 platform. Samples will be multiplexed at 5 samples / lane, so we will require 4 flow cells in total.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000563

• Papuan_Genotyping

  By array based genotyping of indigenous individuals from different areas of Papua New Guinea, this project aims to provide the most comprehensive overview thus far of population structure and history in this part of the world. Papuans represent a key component in the current understanding of human history outside of Africa. Additionally, PNG harbours enormous cultural and linguistic diversity. Genotyping of diverse individuals, combined with previously generated whole-genome sequencing data, will allow the study of general patterns of population structure, the degree of genetic differentiation between groups, the extent of external gene flow into PNG and the genetic relationships to Australian Aboriginals.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001587

• multi-OMICs study of a pair of infant monozygotic twins with concordant B-cell ALL

  B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-cell ALL) is the most common cancer in childhood. Studying identical twins with B-cell ALL provides a unique and tractable model for deciphering the developmental timing of pre- and post-natal mutations contributing to clonal evolution. To date, this has mainly focused on major cytogenetic subgroups of childhood B-cell ALL, including MLL fusions, ETV6-RUNX1, hyperdiploidy, and BCR-ABL1. However, formal demonstration of the prenatal origin and “backtracking” the natural history of the leukemia remains understudied in “B-other”/Normal Karyotype (NK) B-cell ALL. To characterize the genetic and the epigenetic landscape of this particular leukemia subtype, we performed whole genome DNA-, B-cell receptor (BCR)-, and DNA bisulfite-sequencing on a pair of 8-month-old monozygotic twins diagnosed with concordant “B-other”/NK B-cell ALL.

  Study EGAS00001003651

• Glioblastoma initiating cells are sensitive to histone demethylase inhibition due to epigenetic deregulation

  Tumor-initiating cells are a subpopulation of cells that have self-renewal capacity to regenerate a tumor. Here, we identify stem cell-like chromatin features in human glioblastoma initiating cells (GICs) and link them to a loss of the repressive histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) mark. Increasing H3K9me3 levels by histone demethylase inhibition led to cell death in GICs but not in their differentiated counterparts. The induction of apoptosis was accompanied by a loss of the activating H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) modification and accumulation of DNA damage and downregulation of DDR genes. Upon knockdown of histone demethylases KDM4C and KDM7A both differentiation and DNA damage was induced. Thus, the H3K9me3-H3K9ac equilibrium is crucial for GIC viability and represents a chromatin feature that can be exploited to specifically target this tumor subpopulation.

  Study EGAS00001003750

• Analysis of IDHwt-glioblastoma samples from paired primary and recurrent tumor samples

  IDHwt-glioblastomas rapidly recur after initial treatment. To study genetic evolution in glioblastoma, we analyzed whole genomes of 21 pairs of primary and recurrent tumor samples using next generation sequencing. In addition we sequenced RNA from 16 tumor pairs and a panel of 50 glioma-associated genes in tumor pairs from 43 patients (including 14 of the 21 patients included in the WGS discovery set). Glioblastoma subtypes were determined using 450k/EPIC methylation arrays. This study was supported within the e:med program of the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) by the collaborative research project ‘SYS-GLIO - Systems-based prediction of the biological and clinical behavior of gliomas’ (https://www.sys-med.de/de/demonstratoren/sys-glio/) This study is part of the Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology - HIPO-043

  Study EGAS00001003184

• Forty-Five patient-derived xenografts capture the clinical and biological heterogeneity of Wilms tumor

  The lack of model systems has limited the preclinical testing of novel therapies for Wilms tumor (WT) patients who have poor outcomes. Herein, we established 45 heterotopic WT patient-derived xenografts (WTPDX) in CB17 scid-/- mice that capture the biological heterogeneity of Wilms tumor (WT). These WTPDX include 6 from patients with diffuse anaplasia, 9 from patients who later experienced disease relapse, and 13 from patients with bilateral disease. Early passage WTPDX showed enrichment of blastemal gene expression. Favorable histology WTPDX were chemosensitive, whereas unfavorable histology WTPDX were resistant to conventional chemotherapy with vincristine, actinomycin-D, and doxorubicin given singly or in combination. This WTPDX library is a unique scientific resource that retains the spectrum of biological heterogeneity present in WT and provides an essential tool to test novel targeted therapies in the era of precision medicine.

  Study EGAS00001003361

• Genomic and transcriptomic determinants of therapy resistance and immune landscape evolution during anti-EGFR treatment in colorectal cancer

  Despite biomarker stratification, the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab is only effective against a subgroup of colorectal cancers (CRC). This genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the cetuximab resistance landscape in 35 RAS wild-type CRCs identified associations of NF-1 and non-canonical RAS/RAF-aberrations with primary resistance and validated transcriptomic CRC-subtypes as non-genetic predictors of benefit. 64% of biopsies with acquired resistance harbored no genetic resistance drivers. Most of these had switched from a cetuximab-sensitive transcriptomic subtype pre-treatment to a fibroblast- and growth factor-rich subtype at progression. Fibroblast-supernatant conferred cetuximab resistance in vitro, confirming a major role for non-genetic resistance through stromal remodeling. Cetuximab treatment increased cytotoxic immune infiltrates and PDL1 and LAG3 immune-checkpoint expression, potentially providing opportunities to treat cetuximab-resistant CRCs with immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001003367

• Colorectal Microenvironment Spatial Mapping

  In colorectal cancer (CRC), interactions between tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment are critical drivers of tumorigenesis, immune evasion, prognosis, and therapeutic response. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the spatial organization of cancer and immune cells within the CRC microenvironment is urgently needed. In this study, we aimed to characterize distinct cell populations and patterns of spatial gene expression associated with CRC tumorigenesis and immune infiltration. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) was performed on CRC and adjacent normal tissues to investigate the patterns of gene expression. Integrative ST data and publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis tools were used for data integration, dimension reduction, clustering, and differential expression analysis. This study identified novel immunosuppressive cell populations and immune regulatory factors in CRC. Further functional validation of these findings will be essential to assess their potential as therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001008254

• Reliable detection of somatic mutations in solid tissues by laser-capture microdissection and low-input DNA sequencing

  Somatic mutations accumulate in healthy tissues as we age, giving rise to cancer and potentially contributing to ageing. To study somatic mutations in non-neoplastic tissues, we developed a series of protocols to sequence the genomes of small populations of cells isolated from histological sections. Here, we describe a complete workflow that combines laser-capture microdissection (LCM) with low-input genome sequencing, whilst circumventing the use of whole-genome amplification (WGA). The protocol is subdivided broadly into 4 steps: tissue processing, LCM, low-input library generation and mutation calling and filtering. The tissue processing and LCM steps are provided as general guidelines which may require tailoring based on the specific requirements of the study at hand. Our protocol for low-input library generation utilises enzymatic rather than acoustic fragmentation to generate WGA-free whole-genome libraries. Finally, the mutation calling and filtering strategy has been adapted from previously published protocols to account for artefacts introduced via library creation. To date, we have used this workflow to perform targeted and whole-genome sequencing of small populations of cells (typically 100-1,000 cells) in thousands of microbiopsies from a wide range of human tissues. The low-input DNA protocol is designed to be compatible with liquid handling platforms and make use of equipment and expertise standard to any core sequencing facility. However, obtaining low-input DNA material via LCM requires specialized equipment and expertise. The entire protocol from tissue reception through whole-genome library generation can be accomplished in as little as a week, though 2-3 weeks would be a more typical turnaround time.

  Dataset EGAD00001006088