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• PARK7/DJ-1 deficiency modulates microglial activation in response to LPS-induced inflammation

  Specific microglia responses are thought to contribute to the development and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the phenotypic acquisition of microglial cells and their role during the underlying neuroinflammatory processes remain largely obscure. Here, according to the multiple-hit hypothesis, which stipulates that PD etiology is determined by a combination of genetics and various environmental risk factors, we investigate microglial transcriptional programs and morphological adaptations under PARK7/DJ-1 deficiency, a genetic cause of PD, during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation.

  Study EGAS50000000202

• Encompassing view of spatial and single-cell RNA-seq renews the role of the microvasculature in human atherosclerosis

  Atherosclerosis is a pervasive contributor to ischemic heart disease and stroke. Despite the advance of lipid lowering-therapies and antihypertensive agents, the residual risk of an atherosclerotic event remains high and developing therapeutic strategies has proven challenging. This is due to the complexity of atherosclerosis with a spatial interplay of multiple cell types within the vascular wall. Here we generate an integrative high-resolution map of human atherosclerotic plaques combining single-cell RNA-seq from multiple studies and spatial transcriptomics data from 12 human specimens, with different stages of atherosclerosis. We show cell-type and atherosclerosis-specific expression changes and spatially constrained alterations in cell-cell communication. We highlight the possible recruitment of lymphocytes via ACKR1 endothelial cells of the vasa vasorum, the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells towards the lumen by transforming into fibromyocytes, and cell-cell communication in the plaque region, indicating an intricate cellular interplay within the adventitia and the subendothelial space in human atherosclerosis.

  Dataset EGAD50000000936

• Single-cell Analysis of Neoplastic Plasma Cells Identifies Novel Myeloma Pathobiology Mediators and Potential Targets

  Newly diagnosed symptomatic and relapsed/refractory myeloma is a clonal plasma cell (PC) dyscrasia that arises from precursors which have been studied utilizing bulk or single-cell (sc) techniques. By combining scRNA-sequencing with scB-cell receptor (BCR)-sequencing, we found more dysregulated genes in monoclonal PCs compared with analyses of the entire CD138+ population, which includes non-neoplastic/polyclonal PCs. We identified a panel of genes that were over- or under-expressed in symptomatic states that could be putative oncogenic drivers or tumor suppressors, respectively.

  Study EGAS50000000803

• Metabolic Biomarkers in Thoracic Cancers

  Here we present RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and adjacent lung tissue. These samples were acquired from primarily untreated, surgically resected primary tumors. The first analysis published with this data was to determine the metabolic signatures between primary tumors and adjacent lung tissue.The associated clinical trial (NCT02095808) includes patients with many kinds of thoracic cancers, including NSCLC and other diseases, such as thymoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, the current dbGaP data is focused on the NSCLCs described in the associated paper.

  Study phs003880

• Multi-Omics Study of Lung Cancer in Smokers From EAGLE

  EAGLE (Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology) is a population-based case-control study examining the full spectrum of lung cancer etiology from smoking initiation, smoking dependency to lung cancer development and outcome. It combines a traditional molecular epidemiology design with more integrative approaches by examining epidemiological, molecular, and clinical data together. To comprehensively investigate the effect of tobacco smoking behaviors on genomic or epigenomic alterations, we performed a multi-omics study including whole-genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic profiles in a total of 221 individuals from the EAGLE study.

  Study phs002992

• Impact of Genomic Variation on Function (IGVF) Consortium

  The IGVF (Impact of Genomic Variation on Function) Consortium aims to understand how genomic variation affects genome function, which in turn impacts phenotype. The NHGRI is funding this collaborative program that brings together teams of investigators who will use state-of-the-art experimental and computational approaches to model, predict, characterize and map genome function, how genome function shapes phenotype, and how these processes are affected by genomic variation. These joint efforts will produce a catalog of the impact of genomic variants on genome function and phenotypes.

  Study phs003472

• The single plasma-cell transcriptional landscape in POEMS syndrome

  POEMS syndrome is a rare monoclonal plasma cell disorder that shows unique symptoms distinct from other plasma cell neoplasms, including high levels of serum VEGF; however, none of the previous studies have succeeded in direct identification of plasma cell clones in POEMS syndrome, leaving their real nature obscure.���We herein performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) of bone marrow (BM) plasma cells from patients with POEMS syndrome. These data unveil unique features of POEMS clones among plasma cell neoplasms and enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of POEMS syndrome.

  Study JGAS000289

• Contribution of specific cell types to the development of Barrett’s esophagus and carcinoma via germline genetic risk

  This study was designed to elucidate how individual cell types in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) contribute to disease development via germline genetic risk. We performed single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of BE, EAC and paired normal esophagus and gastric fundus tissue samples. After analyzing individual cell types, we integrated the scRNA-seq data and data of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on BE/EAC to determine cell type-specific genetic risk. Raw data from the RNA-sequencing is provided here.

  Study EGAS50000000530

• A New CA19-9 Cut-Off Value Identifies Lewis Antigen Status and Refines Prognostic Stratification in PDAC

  This study investigates the clinical utility of serum CA19-9 levels in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with a focus on identifying patients with Lewis antigen–negative status due to germline FUT3 variants. Using data from multicenter prospective cohorts in Taiwan, we analyzed CA19-9 classification, FUT2/FUT3 genotypes, and clinicopathological annotations. The goal of this study is to refine prognostic stratification and reduce false-negative interpretation of CA19-9 in PDAC patients. All participants provided informed consent, and the study was approved by the relevant institutional review boards.

  Study EGAS50000001575

• Impact of Mutated CTCF DNA binding sites of Topologically associating domains on nearby Cancer Gene Regulation: A Multi-Omics Analysis

  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common lethal malignancy world-wide. Due in most part to the extremely high mutational burden (TMB) in cSCC, making sense of it’s non-coding and regulatory regional genomic variation has lagged that of other far less common cancers. This study presents the first investigation of mutations at CCCTC-binding factor binding sites (CTCFbs) of Topologically associating domains (TAD) across defined cSCC progression stages—primary non-metastatic (PNM), primary metastat-ic (PM), and lymph node metastasis (LNM).

  Study EGAS50000001686

• Genomic Landscape of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor-like Melanoma

  Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)-like melanoma is a rare malignancy with overlapping characteristics of both neural sarcoma and melanoma. The genomics of MPNST-like melanoma have not been previously described. This study provides the results of whole exome and transcriptome sequencing analysis of 8 samples from 6 patients with confirmed diagnosis of MPNST-like melanoma. This study demonstrates that MPNST-like melanoma shares oncogenic alterations common to both cutaneous melanoma and MPNST, and also suggests that MPNST-like melanoma harbors unique genomic and transcriptomic alterations.

  Study EGAS00001005065

• Whole_exome_sequencing_of_young_onset_Primary_Sclerosing_Cholangitis

  Primary sclerosing chloangitis is a rare autoimmune disease of the liver (prevalence =10/100,000) with a mean age of onset of 40 years. We are currently undertaking GWASand immunochip experiments to identify loci underlying PSC susceptibility. Through ourcollaborators at the University of Calgary we have access to DNA from three parent-offspringtrios where the children required liver transplants due to PSC before the age of 9. These areextremely rare cases indeed and we believe that exome-sequencing represents a powerfulmeans of identifying the causal mutation underlying this severe phenotype.

  Study EGAS00001000388

• Chromatin activation profiling of stereotyped chronic lymphocytic leukemias reveals a subset #8 specific signature

  The chromatin activation landscape of major subsets of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with stereotyped B-cell receptor immunoglobulin is currently unknown. Here, we report the results of a whole-genome chromatin profiling of histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation of 18 CLLs from subsets #1, #2, #4, and #8 which were compared against non-stereotyped CLLs and normal B cell subpopulations. Although subsets #1, #2, and #4 were similar to their non-stereotyped CLL counterparts with concordant somatic hypermutation status, subset #8 displayed a remarkably different chromatin activation profile.

  Study EGAS00001006457

• High-resolution lung adenocarcinoma expression subtypes identify tumors with dependencies on MET, CDK4, CDK6, and PD-L1

  Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the most common cancer types with various treatment modalities. However, better biomarkers to predict therapeutic response are still needed to improve precision medicine. We utilized a consensus hierarchical clustering approach on 509 LUAD cases from TCGA to identify five robust LUAD expression subtypes. We then integrated genomic (patient and cell line) and proteomic data to help define biomarkers of response to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. This approach defined subtypes with unique proteogenomic and dependency profiles.

  Study EGAS00001006461

• Targeted sequencing of breast cancers with germline BRCA1/2 mutations

  Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women, where a germline predisposition plays a substantial role. However, the effects of pathogenic germline variants on accompanying breast cancers have not been fully characterized in terms of somatic alterations. We obtained tumor samples from 30 patients with pathogenic germline variants in BRCA2 (n = 25) and BRCA1 (n = 5), as well as an additional 30 patients without pathogenic germline mutations, in which somatic mutations in common breast cancer drivers and CNAs were analyzed using targeted panel sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001004182

• Genetic sequencing of MODY patients.

  Maturity-onset Diabetes of the young (MODY) is an early-onset, autosomal dominant form of non-insulin dependent diabetes. Genetic diagnosis of MODY can transform patient management. Earlier data on the genetic predisposition to MODY have come primarily from familial studies in populations of European origin. Using next generation sequencing, we carried out a comprehensive genomic analysis of 289 individuals from India that included 152 clinically diagnosed MODY cases to identify variants in known MODY genes. Our findings report that HNF1A and ABCC8 are among the most frequently mutated MODY genes in south India.

  Study EGAS00001001699

• Integrative analysis of whole genome sequencing, RNA sequencing and methylome array of 20 carcinosarcomas.

  Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract, or GCS, are uncommon but clinically highly aggressive neoplasms with biphasic histology of carcinomatous (C) and sarcomatous (S) elements. These tumors represent a unique model to study the genetic and phenotypic diversity of cancer cells and the link between cellular plasticity and resistance to therapy. The aim of ICGC GCS program is to genomically characterize C and S components of 20 tumors, from endometrium or ovary, through an integrative analysis of whole genome sequencing, RNA sequencing and methylome array.

  Study EGAS00001002271

• Genome-wide association study of cervical cancer in East Asian populations

  The development of cervical cancer is initiated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and involves both viral and host genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of cervical cancer have identified associations in the HLA locus and two loci outside HLA, but the principal genes that control infection and pathogenesis have not been identified. In the present study, we performed GWAS of cervical cancer in East Asian populations, involving 2609 cases and 4712 controls in the discovery stage, 1461 cases and 3295 controls in the follow-up stage.

  Study EGAS00001003199

• Genome-wide SNP genotyping and DNA methylation epigenotyping of African rainforest hunter-gatherers and neighbouring agriculturalists

  The epigenomic landscape of the human genome, in particular DNA methylation, is increasingly recognised as an important driver of phenotypic diversity in health and disease. However, the impact that genetic variation and changes in lifestyle and ecological habitat have on this epigenetic mark remains unknown. To address this question, we analysed genome-wide SNP and DNA methylation profiles of 362 individuals from African populations of rainforest hunter-gatherers and sedentary farmers with different past and present lifestyles and ecologies.

  Study EGAS00001001066

• The NIHR BioResource Rare Diseases BRIDGE consortium sequencing projects

  The NIHR BioResource Rare Diseases BRIDGE consortium is a collaboration between 13 Rare Disease projects that aim to discover the genetic sequence variants underlying unresolved inherited disorders and to improve identification of already identified high penetrance variants. BRIDGE projects cover a variety of rare disease research areas including Cardiovascular, Infection and Immunity and Neuroscience. The consortium aims to sequence 8,000 samples across the different projects by 2017.

  Study EGAS00001001012

• Queensland Melanoma Genomic Biomarker Study

  There is a clinical need to identify melanoma patients not likely to benefit from current targeted and immuno-therapy and identify biomarkers that can predict patient outcome. Genomic biomarkers are not yet part of staging but show promising results. The aim of this study was to determine genomic and image-based biomarkers as adverse prognostic factors in stage III/IV melanoma patients with resected disease. We found combining genomic and PET/CT derived biomarkers with current clinical assessment may offer additional prognostic tools to stratify patients in the clinic.

  Study EGAS00001004619

• A single-cell atlas of human glioma

  Although tumor-propagating cells can be derived from glioblastomas (GBMs) of the proneural and mesenchymal subtypes, a glioma stem-like cell (GSC) of the classical subtype has not been identified. It is unclear if mesenchymal GSCs (mGSCs) and/or proneural GSCs (pGSCs) alone are sufficient to generate the spectrum of cellular heterogeneity observed in GBM. This study sheds light on a long-standing debate regarding lineage relationships among GSCs.

  Study EGAS00001003845

• ChIP-seq of GOF p53 mutants

  Gain-of-function TP53 mutations were detected in 41.3% of cases, in which co-occurring del(17p) underscored a dominant effect in >25%. Missense mutations of TP53 clustered within the core DNA-binding domain, where R249S was most common. To explore the transcriptional effect of mutant p53(R249S), we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing in the HCC cell line HKCI-11, which has a p53(R249S) mutation, and the human hepatocyte line MIHA, which is p53(WT). The results revealed distinct binding profiles between wildtype p53 and p53 mutant.

  Study EGAS00001002463

• Neuroblastoma and adrenal gland single-cell study

  Neuroblastoma is a pediatric tumor of the developing sympathetic nervous system. However, the cellular origin of neuroblastoma remains to be defined. Here, we study single-cell transcriptomes of neuroblastomas and normal human developing adrenal glands at various stages of embryonic and fetal development. We define normal differentiation trajectories during adrenal medullary development and identify the cellular origin of neuroblastoma. Importantly, adrenergic and mesenchymal neuroblastomas with varying clinical phenotypes match different temporal states along normal differentiation trajectories, with the degree of differentiation corresponding to clinical prognosis.

  Study EGAS00001004388

• Colorectal cancer cells possess an equipotent capacity to enter a developmental pausing-like state to survive chemotherapy

  Cancer cells enter a reversible drug tolerant persister (DTP) state to evade death from both chemotherapies and targeted agents. It is increasingly appreciated that the DTP state is an important driver of therapy failure and tumor relapse. We combined cellular barcoding and mathematical modeling in patient-derived colorectal cancer xenograft models to identify and characterize the cancer cells capable of generating DTPs in response to standard-of-care chemotherapy. Barcode analysis revealed no loss in clonal complexity of tumors that entered the DTP state and recurred following treatment cessation. Our data fits a mathematical model in which all cancer cells, and not a small subpopulation, possess an equipotent capacity to enter the DTP state. Mechanistically, we determined that DTPs display remarkable transcriptional and functional similarities to diapause, a reversible state of suspended embryonic development triggered by unfavorable environmental conditions. Our study provides new insights into how cancer cells use a developmentally conserved mechanism to drive the DTP state pointing to novel therapeutic opportunities to target diapause-like DTPs.

  Dataset EGAD00001006849

• The effect of freezing delay of cell-type specific transcriptome responses in human brain via snRNA-seq

  In other analysis in the current manuscript, we find a similar gene signature (to dissociation based artifacts in mouse and human tissue) is present in post-mortem microglia and astrocytes, across all snRNA-seq datasets analyzed, although it is highly variable between subjects. ​ Using acutely-resected neurosurgical tissue, we performed single-nucleus RNA-seq and reveal that a similar signature can be detected in microglia following prolonged exposure to room temperature. Tissue handling and methods details, as well as sequencing and analysis details) can be found in the methods section of related manuscript (Marsh et al., 2022). Together, these results suggest that the presence of this signature in post-mortem brain samples may be the result of a combination of acute pre-mortem (agonal state, cause of death, comorbidities, etc.) and post-mortem (post-mortem interval (PMI), storage time, RNA quality, etc.) variables and may not represent normally present cell state.

  Dataset EGAD00001008541

• Exome-seq data of two non-obstructive azoospermia patients

  Azoospermia, characterized by the absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate is a common cause of male infertility with a poorly characterized etiology. Exome sequencing analysis of two azoospermic brothers allowed the identification of a homozygous splice mutation in SPINK2, encoding a serine protease inhibitor believed to target acrosin, the main sperm acrosomal protease. In accord with these findings we observed that homozygous Spink2 KO male mice had azoospermia. Moreover, despite normal fertility, heterozygous male mice had a high rate of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and a reduced sperm motility. Further analysis demonstrated that in the absence of Spink2, protease-induced stress initiates Golgi fragmentation and prevents acrosome biogenesis leading to spermatid differentiation arrest. We also observed a deleterious effect of acrosin overexpression in HEK cells, effect that was alleviated by SPINK2 coexpression confirming its role as acrosin inhibitor. These results demonstrate that SPINK2 is necessary to neutralize proteases during their cellular transit towards the acrosome and that its deficiency induces a pathological continuum ranging from oligoasthenoteratozoospermia in heterozygotes to azoospermia in homozygotes.

  Dataset EGAD00001003326

• Mitochondrial DNA sequencing in samples of Huntington’s disease patients

  Mitochondrial dysfunction is found in the brain and peripheral tissues of Huntington’s disease (HD) patients, which connects many pathological features of HD. In this project, we conducted a large-scale study of mtDNA variations with a sensitive mtDNA-targeted sequencing method called STAMP, at a median coverage of 4000-fold, in lymphoblast and blood samples of HD patients. mtDNA sequence variations and copy numbers were compared between samples from HD patients and healthy control individuals, and were assessed in relation to HD stages, and changes of HD phenotypes in longitudinal samples.

  Study EGAS00001004092

• Pediatric HGG panel sequencing

  Targeted glioma panel sequencing of pediatric hemispheric high-grade gliomas and diffuse midline gliomas. File type is paired-read fastq files (2 per sample). Sequencing was performed on Illumina NextSex instruments. Genes covered: TP53, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, IDH1, IDH2, KRAS, PIK3CA, TERT promoter, PTPN11, FGFR1/2/3, MYB, BRAF, MYBL1, EGFR, PDGFRA, MYCN, MYC, CDKN2A.

  Dataset EGAD50000000326

• Oxford Nanopore WGS

  A total of 20 individuals, were analyzed using Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencing. Each individual was sequenced on one PromethION flow-cell, providing approximately 25-30X coverage of the genome. The data is deposited as nanopore BAM files with methylation information included.

  Dataset EGAD50000000573

• Tumor Profiler Project - OV scRNA data

  The dataset contains 10x Chromium single-cell transcriptomics data from 43 samples from 38 different patients with ovarian cancer. 36 samples were collected from the tumor, 7 samples from ascites. Sequencing was performed in paired-end mode and sequencing data is provided in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000001290

• Tumor Profiler Project - OV scDNA data

  The dataset contains 10x Chromium single-cell DNA sequencing data from 42 samples from 38 different patients with ovarian cancer. 35 samples were collected from the tumor, and 7 samples from ascites. Sequencing was performed in paired-end mode and sequencing data is provided in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000001291

• Tumor Profiler Project - OV bulk transcriptomics data

  The dataset contains bulk transcriptomics data from 39 samples from 36 different patients with ovarian cancer. 34 samples were collected from the tumor, 5 samples from ascites. Sequencing was performed in paired-end mode and sequencing data is provided in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000001413

• Targeted DNA sequence

  Targeted DNA sequencing files that were used in our study. The cohort was composed of 36 cases of tumor-only targeted DNA sequencing data. All files are UMI processed. The panel is designed with Agilent Sure Select and the sequence was performed using DNBSEQ sequencer.

  Dataset EGAD50000000972

• RNA bulk sequencing on organoids from different organs with or without TS2/16 antibody

  RNA bulk sequencing on organoids from colon, ileum, jejunum, duodenum and pancreas duct with or without TS2/16 antibody. Also there is difference in extracellular matrix used, BME vs Colagen.

  Dataset EGAD50000001606

• Tomoseq data set

  This object contains raw FATSq files and processed files of the sections of an entire EMD lesions of patient PT01A and PT10. The raw files represent bulk RNA sequencing of each of the sections. The processed file is a CSV file that contains gene expression.

  Dataset EGAD50000000335

• UK_ReplicationChip

  This dataset includes data from UK Multiple Sclerosis (MS) cases that were recruited through the University of Cambridge and included in the IMSGC Replicationchip experiment. Data from UK controls and additional UK cases that were recruited through other UK centres is available by direct application to those respective centres, as described in the original paper.

  Dataset EGAD00010002118

• WGS of human colorectal cancer organoid exposed to genotoxic pks+ E. coli

  Organoid cultures were exposed to two different E.Coli strains and a dye control with three biological duplicates. Their original culture was harvested as a control. In total 10 organoid cultures were whole-genome sequenced using the Novaseq6000 platforms. The data is deposited as .bam format.

  Dataset EGAD00001005416

• RNA sequencing of T-LGLL patients

  RNA sequencing was performed on 15 T-LGLL patients and five control samples. The raw data is provided as fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008408

• RNAseq and genotypes from pancreatic islets (InsPIRE study).

  This is the data from the eQTLs InsPIRE study. This dataset includes RNAseq and genotypes from pancreatic islets and FAC sorted beta-cells, as well as RPKM values, covariates and cell count estimates.

  Dataset EGAD00001006149

• Mixture of 2

  Mixture of 2 unrelated individuals sequenced by 10x as a scRNA-seq. The dataset was then processed by Cell Ranger and deconvoluted to yield each individuals genetic profile. The clustering of SNPs is submitted as the processed file. The Sequencing fastqs are submitted as unprocessed files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008726

• Saliva microbiota and STI

  Excess sugar consumption is common among youth and can have adverse health effects. However, the relationship between saliva microbiota and sugar consumption remains sparsely studied. We aimed to explore diversity, composition and functional capacities of saliva microbiota in 11–13-year-old Finnish children with low and high sweet treat consumption.

  Dataset EGAD00001008780

• Whole genome sequencing of Cas9 repaired cystic fibrosis organoids description

  Three SpCas9-ABE (R785X/R785X) and three xCas9-ABE-repaired organoid clones (F508del/R553X) and their respective unrepaired control organoids were paired-end whole genome sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 system. The reads were mapped to hg19 genome assembly and data is provided as BAM files.

  Dataset EGAD00001005427

• Total RNAseq in the sporadic ALS and healthy control motor cortex

  The motor cortex is the earliest affected brain region in ALS. This dataset contains total RNA sequencing (stranded, 2x101bp) data derived from the motor cortex of 11 sporadic ALS patients and 8 healthy controls.

  Dataset EGAD00001006022

• scRNAseq/snucRNAseq of human implantation sites, placenta and decidua

  This dataset is part of a study that aims to provide a spatially resolved single-cell multiomics map of human trophoblast differentiation in early pregnancy. This dataset contains snucRNAseq; from three human implantation sites (between 8 and 12 post-conceptional weeks, PCW) from medical hysterectomies.

  Dataset EGAD00001010037

• Multiomic snRNAseq/snATACseq of human implantation sites, placenta and decidua

  This dataset is part of a study that aims to provide a spatially resolved single-cell multiomics map of human trophoblast differentiation in early pregnancy. This dataset contains 10x multiome snRNA-seq/snATAC-seq from human implantation sites, decidual and placental samples from 8-9 PCW.

  Dataset EGAD00001010038

• Whole Exome Sequencing of a Chinese Cataract Girl

  Whole exome sequencing of a Chinese girl with congenital cataract. The dataset contains one sample with two fastq files. The novel PAX6 mutation (c.221G>A) is associated with congenital cataract, and the WFS1 mutation (c.2070_2079del) interactively aggravates this process.

  Dataset EGAD00001008267

• Ewings Sarcoma Rearrangement Screen

  Cancer is driven by mutations in the genome. We will uncover the mutations that give rise to Ewing's sarcoma, a bone tumour that largely affects children. We will use second generation Illumina massively parallel sequencing, and bespoke software, to characterise the genomes and transcriptomes of Ewing's sarcoma tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001000389

• Batches 4-6 prostatectomy analysis

  Whole Genome Sequencing Illumina HiSeq data from 111 men with prostate cancer. Samples were taken from primary tissue obtained at prostatectomy (target sequencing depth 50X) with matched blood control (target sequencing depth 30X). This data is from batches 4 to 6.

  Dataset EGAD00001003225

• RNAseq of patients with Ewings sarcoma

  Cancer is driven my mutations in the genome. We will uncover the mutations that give rise to Ewing's sarcoma, a bone tumour that largely affects children. We will use second generation Illumina massively parallel sequencing, and bespoke software, to characterise the genomes and transcriptomes of Ewing's sarcoma tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001000444

• Monomorphic sarcomas RNAseq dataset

  Dataset is composed of FASTQ files from 165 samples of small round cell sarcomas which were RNA-sequenced (whole transcriptome) with either Illumina HiSeq 2500 (120 million reads per sample, paired-end 100 pb) or Illumina NextSeq 500 (110 million reads per sample, paired-end 150)

  Dataset EGAD00001003121

• V2 panel bait design test

  This study comprises of three different datasets. 1) 57 samples from the 1243 canapps cell line study,2) 91 FFPE normal samples and 3) 87 samples from the SCORT WS2 dataset. The aim is to sequence these 235 samples in order to test the new V2 Colorectal bait design.

  Dataset EGAD00001003242

• sn-RNAseq profiling of the impact of a cytokine storm model in human cardiac organoids

  We developed conditions to model conditions of diastolic dysfunction caused by inflammatory factors in human cardiac organoids. Our organoid model is based on conditions promoting maturation (Mills et al., PNAS, 2017 and Voges et al., In Revision) and incorporating human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, epicardial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and pericytes. Following 15 days of differentiation (Voges et al., Development, 2017) we formed human cardiac organoids incorporating both our multicellular differentiation (Mills et al., PNAS, 2017) and additional endothelial cells (Voges et al., In Revision). After another 12 days of maturation in 5 days maturation medium and 5 days weaning medium (Voges et al., In Revision) human cardiac organoids were either treated with weaning medium or “cardiac cytokine storm” comprised of 100 ng/ml IFNg, 10 ng/ml IL-1 β and 10 µg/ml poly(I:C). After 48 hours human cardiac organoids were harvested and snap frozen in -80C before nuclei isolation and single nuclei RNA sequencing.Pooled hCO (~40) were homogenized in 4 mL lysis buffer (300 mM sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH = 8), 5 mM CaCl2, 5 mM magnesium acetate, 2 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT)(all Sigma-Aldrich) with 30 strokes of a dounce tissue grinder (Wheaton). Large pieces of hCO were allowed to settle and homogenate was passed through pre-wetted 40 µm cell strainers (Becton Dickinson). Remaining hCO material in the douncer was resuspended in 4 mL and the douncing and filtering steps were repeated twice. All steps of the homogenization were performed on ice. The filtered homogenate was centrifuged at 1500 x g for 5 min at 4oC. Nuclei pellets were then re-suspended in PBS. A fraction of resuspended nuclei were then stained with hoechst nuclear stain (1:500 dilution) and counted on a haemocytometer under fluorescent microscope.The nuclei were then re-centrifuged (1500 x g for 5 min at 4°C) and resuspended at a density to load ~5,000 nuclei per sample. Cell were loaded into the Chromium Controller (10X Genomics) for gel bead emulsion (GEM) formation. Library preparation was conducted according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocol using the Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3’ GEM, Library & Gel Bead Kit v3.1. Libraries were sequenced on the NextSeq 500/550 v2 (Illumina) with 150 bp reads.In the snRNA-seq we note the lower than expected percentage of non-myocytes and the loss of endothelial cells (Mills et al., PNAS, 2017 and Voges et al., In Revision), indicating the protocol requires further optimization for hCO samples.

  Study EGAS00001005174

• Knoll et al.: The life-saving benefit of dexamethasone in severe COVID-19 is linked to a reversal of monocyte dysregulation

  Following the demonstration of its life-saving effect in clinical trials, dexamethasone quickly became standard-of-care in the treatment of severe COVID-19. Beneficial effects were reported for patients requiring supplemental oxygen or invasive mechanical ventilation. Yet, a substantial proportion of patients still progressed to a critical condition or succumbed to the disease, despite timely initiation of glucocorticoid treatment. No molecular or cellular correlate of this beneficial treatment response has been defined. Here, we identify distinct cellular and molecular changes in circulating immune cells in patients with COVID-19 elicited in response to dexamethasone treatment. The most profound transcriptional changes in response to dexamethasone treatment were noted in monocytes and in B cells. In monocytes, we observed a reversal of hallmark signatures previously associated with COVID-19 severity, and the induction of a specific monocyte substate enriched in glucocorticoid response gene expression which we here refer to as dexamethasone response cluster. Molecular responses to dexamethasone treatment were directly linked to clinical outcome, since the reversal of pathogenic signatures and induction of glucocorticoid response genes were enriched in patients who survived the disease in response to dexamethasone treatment. Cellular responsiveness of circulating monocytes was thus identified as a correlate of clinical response to dexamethasone treatment. Changes in monocyte transcriptomes could also be linked to epigenetic alterations highlighting early differences in monocytes of dexamethasone responders and non-responders. Further, monocyte single-cell transcriptome-derived signatures were enriched in whole blood transcriptomes from patients with fatal outcome in two independent cohorts, highlighting the potential clinical value for early identification of non-responders who are refractory to dexamethasone treatment. Overall, our findings indicate that the life-saving effects of dexamethasone in COVID-19 patients are linked to a specific immunomodulatory effect based on the reversion of monocyte dysregulation. Our study elucidates the potential mechanism of action of one of the most efficient and cost-effective drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. It further highlights the potential of single-cell omics for monitoring target engagement of immunomodulatory drugs and for the stratification of patients for precision medicine approaches.

  Study EGAS00001007461

• APOBEC mutagenesis is a common process in normal human small intestine

  The single base substitution mutational signatures SBS2 and SBS13, likely caused by APOBEC cytosine deaminases, are common in many human cancer types. However, the stimulus activating APOBEC mutagenesis is unknown and understanding of when it occurs in the progression from normal to cancer cell is limited. Here, as part of a wider survey of human tissues, we whole genome sequenced 342 microdissected normal epithelial crypts from the small intestines of 39 individuals. SBS2/13 mutations were present in 17% normal small intestine crypts and were likely due to APOBEC3A activity. Localised clusters of SBS2/13 mutations (kataegis) were also commonly found. APOBEC mutation burdens were variable between individuals and between crypts from the same individual. Crypts with SBS2/13 often had immediate crypt neighbours without SBS2/13, suggesting that the underlying cause of SBS2/13 is cell-intrinsic rather than a widely distributed microenvironmental exposure, or needs to be permitted by cell-intrinsic conditions. APOBEC mutagenesis occurred throughout the human lifespan, including in young children, and was episodic with a small number of episodes occurring during the life history of a single cell. The results indicate that APOBEC mutagenesis is more common in the small intestine epithelium than in many other cell types, and is an episodic process in vivo initiated or permitted by cell intrinsic factors.

  Dataset EGAD00001008764

• Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis

  This dataset contains raw sequencing files associated with the paper "Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis" (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01490-5). It is composed of two experiments, which are as follows: 1. Single-cell profiling of whole blood leukocytes: This experiment comprises sequencing files generated using the BD Rhapsody single-cell multi-omics profiling (RNA + protein) platform. This platform was used to profile the whole blood leukocyte population in a cohort of sepsis patients, cardiac surgery controls and healthy controls. There are 48 samples and four files per sample: two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the RNA-seq library, and two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the protein profiling (ADT-based AbSeq) library. 2. Single-cell profiling of circulating HSPCs: This experiment comprises sequencing files generated using the 10X single-cell multi-omics (RNA-seq + ATAC-seq) profiling platform. This platform was used to profile circulating HSPCs in a cohort of sepsis patients and healthy controls. There are 5 samples (or plexes), each of which consists of a pool of individuals for whom cells were multiplexed and sequenced as a single sample. There are four files per sample: two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the RNA-seq library, and two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the ATAC-seq library. Because these samples consists of multiplexed pools, index files are also provided. These can be used for sample deconvolution using the Cell Ranger pipeline. NOTE: Due to EGA's constrains in the number of files permitted per sample, index files (I1 and I2) for the HSPC data set are provided as a separate experiment named "FASTQ index files (I1 and I2) for deconvolution of 10X single-cell multiomics libraries".

  Dataset EGAD00001010927

• Influence of Genomic Landscape on Cancer Immunotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Ovarian Cancer: Biomarker Analyses from the IMagyn050 Randomized Clinical Trial

  The IMagyn050 trial (NCT03038100), which evaluated the efficacy of Atezo vs placebo (Pla) with carboplatin, paclitaxel and bevacizumab (CPB) in front line ovarian cancer patient (pts), did not meet its co-primary endpoints of PFS in ITT or PD-L1+ (Moore et al. JCO 2021). The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate whether patients with BRCA1/2-mutated or homologous recombination-deficient (HRD) ovarian cancers benefitted from atezolizumab in the phase III IMagyn050 (NCT03038100) trial. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer were randomized to either atezolizumab or placebo with standard chemotherapy and bevacizumab. PD-L1 status of tumor-infiltrating immune cells was determined centrally (VENTANA SP142 assay). Genomic alterations, including deleterious BRCA1/2 alterations, genomic loss of heterozygosity (gLOH), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI), were evaluated using the FoundationOne assay. HRD was defined as gLOH ≥16%, regardless of BRCA1/2 mutation status. Potential associations between progression-free survival (PFS) and genomic biomarkers were evaluated using standard correlation analyses and log-rank of Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results Among biomarker-evaluable samples, 22% (234/1050) harbored BRCA1/2 mutations and 46% (446/980) were HRD. Median TMB was low irrespective of BRCA1/2 or HRD. Only 3% (29/1024) had TMB ≥10 mut/Mb and 0.3% (3/1022) were MSI-high. PFS was better in BRCA2-mutated versus BRCA2-non-mutated tumors and in HRD versus proficient tumors. PD-L1 positivity (≥1% expression on immune cells) was associated with HRD but not BRCA1/2 mutations. PFS was not improved by adding atezolizumab in BRCA2-mutated or HRD tumors; there was a trend toward enhanced PFS with atezolizumab in BRCA1-mutated tumors. Conclusion Most ovarian tumors have low TMB despite BRCA1/2 mutations or HRD. Neither BRCA1/2 mutation nor HRD predicted enhanced benefit from atezolizumab. This is the first randomized double-blind trial in ovarian cancer demonstrating that genomic instability triggered by BRCA1/2 mutation or HRD is not associated with improved sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

  Study EGAS00001006838

• Serrated Colorectal Cancer: An Emerging Disease Subtype

  This dataset represents two combined study populations. Serrated Colorectal Cancer: An Emerging Disease Subtype (called the Advanced Colorectal Cancer of Serrated Subtype Study or ACCESS Study) was a grant awarded to investigate a newly-recognized, biologically-distinct subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) called “serrated CRC.” The objective of this project was to characterize factors related to the genetic predisposition, clinical presentation, and prognosis of serrated CRC. The study recruited incident invasive CRC cases diagnosed between April 2016 and December 2018, aged 20-74 years at diagnosis. Cases were identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry serving 13 counties in western Washington State. Eligibility for all individuals was limited to those who were English-speaking and could consent. Participation included completing a baseline epidemiologic questionnaire shortly after diagnosis, optional donation of a saliva sample for genetic analysis, and optional consent to release of medical records and tissue specimens related to their diagnosis. Tumor specimens were tested for serrated CRC-defining molecular characteristics. Further, we have vital status on all participants and cause of death on those that have died since enrollment. Hormones and Colon Cancer: Epigenetic Subtypes, Risks, and Survival (called the Post-Menopausal Hormones Study or PMH Study) was a grant awarded to investigate the impact of post-menopausal hormone use on colon cancer risk, tumor molecular characteristics, and outcomes. Eligible cases were females, newly diagnosed with invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma between October 1998 and February 2002, aged 50 to 74 years. Cases were residents of 10 out of the 13 counties in western Washington State served by the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer registry. Eligibility for all individuals was limited to those who were English-speaking with available telephone numbers, in which they could be contacted. Unrelated population-based controls were randomly selected according to age distribution (in 5-year age intervals) of the eligible cases by using lists of licensed drivers from the Washington State Department of Licensing (for individuals aged 50 to 64 years) and rosters from the Health Care Financing Administration (now the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, for individuals older than 64 years). Participation included completing a baseline epidemiologic questionnaire, optional donation of a saliva sample for genetic analysis, and (for cases only) optional consent to release of medical records and tissue specimens related to their diagnosis. Tumor specimens were tested for epigenetic and other molecular characteristics. The ACCESS study was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NCI/NIH) (R01CA196337, PI: Newcomb, PA), as was the PMH Study (R01CA076366, PI: Newcomb, PA). Additional support for the PMH Study came from the Seattle site of the Colon Cancer Family Registry (SCCFR) (U01CA167551, PI: Jenkins, M, and U01/U24CA074794, PI: Newcomb, PA). Additional support for case ascertainment was provided by the Cancer Surveillance System of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, which is funded by Contract Number HHSN261201300012I; NCI Control Number: N01 PC-2013-00012; Contract Number HHSN261201800004I; and NCI Control Number: N01 PC-2018-00004 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute with additional support from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and the State of Washington. This research was also supported by the Genomics and Bioinformatics, Comparative Medicine, Specialized Pathology, Collaborative Data Services, and Experimental Histopathology Shared Resources of the Fred Hutch/University of Washington Cancer Consortium (P30 CA015704).Tumor marker testing was performed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded diagnostic tumor tissue specimens, and DNA extracted from those specimens. Testing for microsatellite instability (MSI) was based on either a 10-gene panel (BAT25, BAT26, BAT40, MYCL, D5S346, D17S250, ACTC, D18S55, D10S197, BAT34C4) or a 4-marker immunohistochemistry panel of DNA mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) testing was based on a validated quantitative DNA methylation assay using a five-gene panel (CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, SOCS1) or eight-gene panel (CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, SOCS1, MLH1, CRABP1, CDKN2A). Somatic p.V600E BRAF mutation status was tested for using a fluorescent allele-specific PCR assay. KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 13 were also assessed through forward and reverse sequencing of amplified tumor DNA. DNA was extracted from blood/saliva samples using conventional methods. The genotyping panel completed was the Build37 OncoArray500K-C, including 1%-6% blinded duplicates to monitor the quality of the genotyping. Quality control procedures were performed to 1) make sure that there were no patterns of missing data by batch, study, or plate, 2) check for gender discrepancies and kinship, 3) complete Principal Component Analysis, and 4) test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Samples were excluded based on call rate, heterozygosity, unexpected duplicates, gender discrepancy, and unexpectedly high identity-by-descent or unexpected genotypic concordance (>65%) with another individual. In addition, variants were excluded based on call rate (98%), lack of HWE in controls (P

  Study phs002171

• ZNF703 is a common Luminal B breast cancer oncogene that differentially regulates luminal and basal progenitors in human mammary epithelium.

  The telomeric amplicon at 8p12 is common in oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers. Array-CGH and expression analyses of 1172 primary breast tumours revealed that ZNF703 was the single gene within the minimal amplicon and was amplified predominantly in the Luminal B subtype. Amplification was shown to correlate with increased gene and protein expression and was associated with a distinct expression signature and poor clinical outcome. ZNF703 transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, behaving as a classical oncogene, and regulated proliferation in human luminal breast cancer cell lines and immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. Manipulation of ZNF703 expression in the luminal MCF7 cell line modified the effects of TGFβ on proliferation. Overexpression of ZNF703 in normal human breast epithelial cells enhanced the frequency of in vitro colony-forming cells from luminal progenitors. Taken together, these data strongly point to ZNF703 as a novel oncogene in Luminal B breast cancer.

  Study EGAS00000000082

• Ancestry and somatic profile predict acral melanoma origin and prognosis – WXS

  Acral melanoma, which is not ultraviolet (UV)-associated, is the most common type of melanoma in several low- and middle-income countries including Mexico. Latin American samples are significantly underrepresented in global cancer genomics studies, which directly affects patients in these regions as it is known that cancer risk and incidence may be influenced by ancestry and environmental exposures. To address this, we characterise the genome and transcriptome of 123 acral melanoma tumours from 92 Mexican patients, a population notable because of its genetic admixture. Compared with other studies of melanoma, we found fewer frequent mutations in classical driver genes such as BRAF, NRAS or NF1. While most patients had predominantly Amerindian genetic ancestry, those with higher European ancestry had increased frequency of BRAF mutations and a lower median number of structural variants. The tumours with activating BRAF mutations have a transcriptional profile more similar to cutaneous non-volar melanocytes, suggesting that acral melanomas in these patients may arise from a distinct cell of origin compared to other tumours arising in these locations. KIT mutations were found in a subset of these tumours, and quadruple wild-type samples (non BRAF/NRAS/NF1/KIT) differed from mutated samples in their structural genomic profile and overall and recurrence-free survival patterns. Transcriptional profiling defined three expression clusters; these characteristics were associated with recurrence-free and overall survival. We highlight potential novel low-frequency drivers, such as PTPRJ, NF2 and RDH5. Our study enhances knowledge of this understudied disease and underscores the importance of including samples from diverse ancestries in cancer genomics studies.

  Dataset EGAD00001015755

• Exome sequencing of patients with Ewings sarcoma

  Cancer is driven by mutations in the genome. We will uncover the mutations that give rise to Ewing's sarcoma, a bone tumour that largely affects children. We will use second generation Illumina massively parallel sequencing, and bespoke software, to characterise the genomes and transcriptomes of Ewing,s sarcoma tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001000333

• Moroccan Genome Project: Sequencing Data from 109 Whole Genomes of Moroccan Individuals

  This study is the first phase of the Moroccan Genome Project, which included the complete sequencing of 109 genomes from the Kingdom of Morocco. The sequencing was performing using the Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform, with a mean coverage of 30X.

  Dataset EGAD50000000750

• Aligned Low pass whole genbome sequencing of cell free and tumour DNA from 5 patients with high grade serous ovarian cancer. Samples have been aligned to hg19 and bam files uploaded

  This is the aligned bam files of 5 patients, with sequential sampltes from patients comprising cfDNA and FFPE extracted tumour DNA

  Dataset EGAD50000001632

• PacBio Revio WGS on 10 carriers of ring and marker chromosomes

  Bam files containing PacBio HiFi reads from carriers of ring and marker chromosomes. The reads where genereated using the PacBio Revio platform. Each individual was sequenced to roughly 30X coverage on one flow cell per individual. The chromosome of interest is indicated in the file name.

  Dataset EGAD50000002111

• Whole-exome sequencing of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumors with matched normal tissue from the Medical Center – University of Freiburg

  This dataset contains raw whole-exome sequencing data from 40 samples of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients, including tumor and matched normal tissue. Samples were sequenced on the NovaSeq platform. The cohort is part of a proteogenomic profiling study integrating genomic and proteomic data.

  Dataset EGAD50000001926

• Mixture of 4

  Mixture of 4 unrelated individuals sequenced by 10x as a scRNA-seq. The dataset was then processed by Cell Ranger and deconvoluted to yield each individuals genetic profile. The clustering of SNPs is submitted as the processed file. The Sequencing fastqs are submitted as unprocessed files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008724

• Mixture of 3

  Mixture of 3 unrelated individuals sequenced by 10x as a scRNA-seq. The dataset was then processed by Cell Ranger and deconvoluted to yield each individuals genetic profile. The clustering of SNPs is submitted as the processed file. The Sequencing fastqs are submitted as unprocessed files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008729

• Pre-neoadjuvant treatment biopsy RNAseq breast cancer dataset

  This dataset contains RNAseq data of n=87 pre-treatment biopsies of triple negative and luminal- type breast cancer patients, all scheduled to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Gene expression data is linked with treatment response and survival.

  Dataset EGAD00001008433

• Whole exome sequencing of patient derived cell lines

  Whole exome sequencing of 3 patients derived cell lines and patient blood (N = 6 samples), performed using Agillent SureSelect All Exon V5 and Illumina HiSeq 4000. Data is in raw fastq format (N = 10 fastq pairs, 20 files total), as some samples were split between two lanes.

  Dataset EGAD00001007738

• Genetic variability in exon 1 of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 is associated with postoperative complications

  Bisulfite sequencing of a 3kb region within the CpG island of the NR3C1 exone 1 was performed with Illumina Miseq. 24 samples from major hepatic or pancreatic surgery with complications (cases) and without complications (controls). The files are in FASTQ format.

  Dataset EGAD00001008317

• Resistance to MAPK-inhibitor induces internal duplication in BRAF_Oscar Krijsman

  2 BRAFV600E cell lines that have been made resistance to 1. the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 and 2. the combination therapy of dabrafenib and trametinib seem to have a internal duplication in the kinase domain. We would like to know if this is caused by a translocation.

  Dataset EGAD00001001846

• SEQCAP_Internation_1q_Type_2_Consortium - Agilent SureSelec

  The aim of this project is to identify rare variants in the 1q region associated with type 2 diabetes. To this end 651 case samples and 651 control samples from six populations have been pooled (pool sizes range from 27-33 individuals), and are being sequenced. The hybridization solution being used captures the exons and UTRs of genes in the 1q region.

  Dataset EGAD00001000421

• Abnormal foetal development exome trios

  This project is to explore the contribution of de novo mutations to severe structural malformations diagnosed prenatally using ultrasound. These malformations include heart, CNS, renal and GI abnormalities. In this pilot project we aim to exome sequence 30 parent-foetus trios to ~50X mean coverage and identify de novo functional variants using an algorithm developed in the Hurles group

  Dataset EGAD00001001442

• Exome sequencing of a novel cervical cancer cell line

  In this work, we establish and characterized a low-passage cervix cancer cell line from a Brazilian patient with squamous cell carcinoma. The dataset contains three samples from the same patient (blood, tumor tissue and the primary cell line). The technology used was exome sequencing and the file type available is fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001004480

• Somatic pseudogenes acquired during cancer development – Whole Genome sequencing

  Insertion of processed pseudogenes is known to occur in the germline but has not previously been observed in somatic cells. Formation of pseudogenes could represent a new class of mutation in cancers and a new source of potential driver events.

  Dataset EGAD00001000638

• Somatic pseudogenes acquired during cancer development – Whole Exome sequencing

  Insertion of processed pseudogenes is known to occur in the germline but has not previously been observed in somatic cells. Formation of pseudogenes could represent a new class of mutation in cancers and a new source of potential driver events.

  Dataset EGAD00001000637

• whole exome sequencing (WES) data of the HIPO head and neck cancer (HNC, n=83)

  Paired whole exome sequencing data of the HIPO head and neck cancer (HNC) (n=83), using Agilent SureSelect V4+UTRs and V6+UTRs with the sequencing platforms HiSeq2000 and HiSeq2500. The reads were aligned to hg19. This is part of project H019.

  Dataset EGAD00001006336

• TF ChIP-seq of human acute leukemias

  CEBPA/PU.1/TCF7 ChIP-seq of 6 primary samples derived from human acute leukemias, namely AML, T-ALL and mixed myeloid/lymphoid leukemias with CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). Low-coverage whole genome sequencing (ChIP input) of the same samples is also included as a control to be used in peak calling.

  Dataset EGAD00001015358

• Collection: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

  The Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a multi-center epidemiologic study in Hispanic/Latino populations to determine the role of acculturation in the prevalence and development of disease, and to identify risk factors playing a protective or harmful role in Hispanics/Latinos. The study is sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and six other institutes, centers, and offices of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The goals of the HCHS/SOL include studying the prevalence and development of disease in Hispanics/Latinos, including the role of acculturation, and identifying disease risk factors that play protective or harmful roles in Hispanics/Latinos. A total of 16,415 persons of Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American backgrounds were recruited through four Field Centers affiliated with San Diego State University, Northwestern University in Chicago, Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx area of New York, and the University of Miami. Seven additional academic centers serve as scientific and logistical support centers. Study participants aged 18-74 years took part in an extensive clinic exam and assessments to ascertain socio-demographic, cultural, environmental and biomedical characteristics. Annual follow-up interviews are conducted to determine a range of health outcomes.To request access to this collection, select phs003650 in the dbGaP when submitting a data access request.

  Study phs003650

• Localised colon cancer WES study contaning WBCs, tissue and plasma samples at different time points

  Decision-making based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) status following curative-intent surgery in stage II-III colon cancer (CC) is where the strongest clinical evidence lies. Commercial or academic assays are predominantly used to detect ctDNA, aiming to reveal minimal residual disease (MRD) and identify patients at high risk of recurrence. However, while current tests demonstrate exceptional specificity in detecting MRD among patients who later experience recurrence, their sensitivity is notably limited, particularly immediately after surgery when decisions regarding ACT are crucial. Additionally, up to 70% of patients with stage II-III colon cancer fail to clear ctDNA after standard adjuvant treatment (ACT) and subsequently experience recurrence. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of ctDNA at different timepoints in relapsed CC patients using two independent cohorts, alongside transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of metastases to gain a deeper understanding of progression mechanisms. An assay based on a tumor-agnostic approach from WES could enhance sensitivity in detecting MRD disease compared to current assays. Immune evasion appears to be the primary driver of progression in the localized CC setting, facilitated by a functional mutational burden at relapse. This suggests that immunotherapy could extend its efficacy to patients with microsatellite stability, broadening treatment options. Moreover, organoid modeling affirms the promising potential of targeted therapy to surpass conventional treatments in eradicating MRD.

  Study EGAS50000000204

• Whole genome sequencing of matched primary and metastatic acral melanomas

  Next generation sequencing has enabled systematic discovery of mutational spectra in cancer samples. Here we used whole genome sequencing to characterise somatic mutations and structural variation in a primary acral melanoma and its lymph node metastasis. Our data show that the somatic mutational rates in this acral melanoma sample pair was more comparable to the rate reported in cancer genomes not associated with mutagenic exposure than in the genome of a melanoma cell line or the transcriptome of melanoma short-term cultures. Despite the perception that acral skin is sun-protected, the dominant mutational signature in these samples is compatible with damage due to ultraviolet light exposure. A nonsense mutation in ERCC5 discovered in both the primary and metastatic tumours, could also have contributed to the mutational signature through accumulation of unrepaired dipyrimidine lesions. However, evidence of transcription-coupled repair was suggested by the lower mutational rate in the transcribed regions and expressed genes. The primary and the metastasis are highly similar at the level of global gene copy number alterations, loss of heterozygosity and single nucleotide variation (SNV). Furthermore, the majority of the SNVs in the primary tumour were propagated in the metastasis and one non-synonymous coding SNV and one splice site mutation appeared to arise de novo in the metastatic lesion.

  Study EGAS00001000169

• Antisense long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of patients with systemic sclerosis

  Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of skin and multiple organs of which the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here we studied differentially expressed coding and non-coding genes in relation to SSc pathogenesis with a specific focus on antisense non-coding RNAs. Skin biopsy-derived RNAs from fourteen early SSc patients and six healthy individuals were sequenced with ion-torrent and analysed using DEseq2. Overall, 4901 genes with a fold change >1.5 and a false discovery rate < 5% were detected in patients versus controls. Upregulated genes clustered in immunological, cell adhesion and keratin-related processes. Interestingly, 676 deregulated non-coding genes were detected, 257 of which were classified as antisense genes. Sense genes expressed opposite of these antisense genes were also deregulated in 42% of the observed sense-antisense gene pairs. The majority of the antisense genes had a similar effect sizes in an independent North American dataset with three genes (CTBP1-AS2, OTUD6B-AS1 and AGAP2-AS1) exceeding the study-wide Bonferroni-corrected ρ-value (PBonf<0.0023, Pcombined = 1.1x10-9, 1.4x10-8, 1.7x10-6, respectively). In this study, we highlight that together with coding genes, (antisense) long non-coding RNAs are deregulated in skin tissue of SSc patients suggesting a novel class of genes involved in pathogenesis of SSc.

  Study EGAS00001002751

• Genomic analysis reveals novel secondary drivers and progression pathways in skin basal cell carcinoma

  Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in humans. BCC is primarily driven by the aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. However, its extensive phenotypical variation remains to be explained. The genetic profiling of 293 BCCs revealed the highest mutation rate observed in cancer (65 Mutations/Mb), with strong prevalence of UV-light signature mutations. 85% of BCCs harbored mutations in Hh pathway genes: mutually exclusive PTCH1 (73%) and SMO (20%) (P=6.6x10-8), SUFU (8%), and in TP53 (61%). 85% of BCCs also harbored secondary driver mutations in other genes implicated in BCC tumorigenesis. Recurrent secondary driver mutations were observed in MYCN (30%), PPP6C (15%), STK19 (10%), LATS1 (8%), ERBB2 (4%), PIK3CA (2%), RAC1 (1%) and N/K/H-RAS (2%). Loss of function (LoF) and deleterious missense mutations were observed in PTPN14 (23%), RB1 (8%) and FBXW7 (5%). In line with the mutational profiles detected by RNAseq, we observed activation of the Hh pathway as well as upregulation of target genes of the Hippo-YAP pathway and activation of MYCN target genes. The functional analysis of the novel tumorigenic driver mutations in MYCN, PTPN14 and LATS1 demonstrates their relevance in BCC tumorigenesis and provides an expanded molecular understanding of BCC.

  Study EGAS00001001540

• Resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer

  Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have evolved to important therapeutic options in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). However, almost all patients with clinical response to anti-EGFR therapies show disease progression within a few months and little is known about mechanism and timing of resistance evolution. Here we performed whole genome sequencing of plasma DNA (plasma-Seq) from patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy. We demonstrate that development of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies is frequently associated with focal amplifications of KRAS, MET, and ERBB2. However, we also show that focal KRAS amplifications can be acquired in tumor genomes of patients under cytotoxic chemotherapy. Furthermore, we provide evidence that specific chromosomal polysomies, such as overrepresentations of 12p and 7p, harboring KRAS and EGFR, respectively, determine responsiveness to anti-EGFR therapy. In contrast, employing ultra-sensitive deep sequencing of genes associated with anti-EGFR resistance, such as KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and EGFR, we did not observe the occurrence of novel, acquired mutations. Overall, whole-genome plasma DNA sequencing represents a non-invasive blood-based surrogate measure of changes in tumors. As such, plasma-Seq enables the identification of novel mutant clones and may therefore facilitate early adjustments of therapies that may delay or prevent disease progression.

  Study EGAS00001000582

• A Case-Controlled Study for Genotype-Phenotype Associations in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

  This is a multi-centre, case-controlled study to develop a dataset containing 1000 MS cases and 1000 matched controls and to associate DNA sequence (allelic) variations with MS phenotypes. Study subjects were enrolled through a prospective effort initiated in 2003. Three MS clinical centres were involved in subject recruitment and biological specimen collection using identical inclusion/exclusion criteria, two in Europe (Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam; and University Hospital Basel) and one in the US (University of California San Francisco). This study recruited subjects of northern-European ancestry with a diagnosis of MS (McDonald et al., 2001), with dissemination in time and space. Patients with Clinically Isolated Syndromes (CIS) were also included if they fulfilled 3 of the 4 Barkhof criteria for dissemination in space as per application of the McDonald criteria (McDonald et al., 2001). While recruitment predominantly included subjects with a relapsing onset of MS, individuals with all clinical subtypes of the disease participated, including clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and progressive relapsing MS (PRMS). The control group consisted of unrelated individuals, primarily spouses/partners, friends, and other volunteers. Control subjects were of northern-European ancestry and matched as a group, proportionally with cases according to age (±5 years) and gender. A familial history or current diagnosis of MS as well as a relation to another case or control subject were considered exclusionary for this group. Protocols were approved by the Committees on Human Research at all Institutions and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in the study. Primary Study Objective:To identify DNA sequence variations (genotype) and flanking sequences that are associated with clinical factors (phenotype) which differ between study subjects with and without MS. Secondary Study Objectives: To develop a clinical dataset including quantitative measures of 1000 well-characterized cases with MS, and 1000 ethnically matched controls. To identify other genotype-phenotype associations in MS study subjects such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of disease burden and/or severity. To identify or confirm candidate surrogate markers of neurodegeneration using a variety of techniques including biochemical assays, blood transcriptome analysis, plasma proteomics and MRI*. GenotypingGenotyping of the complete dataset was performed at the Illumina facilities using the Sentrix® HumanHap550 BeadChip. *MRI results are not available on dbGaP.

  Study phs000171

• Breast Cancer Family Registry

  The Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR) is a multi-center prospective cohort, comprised of over 30,000 women and men from nearly 12,000 families from the United States, Canada, and Australia. Our BCFR resource has been used, and continues to be used, by breast cancer researchers around the world in order to find new ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. The BCFR provides an extensive and diverse range of resources, expertise, and specialized skills, and has several unique strengths: 1) the collection of a large number of individuals and families across a wide spectrum of breast cancer risk, including both affected and unaffected individuals; 2) the large collection of families with early-onset breast cancer; 3) the large collection of racial/ethnic minority families not replicated elsewhere; 4) the extensive molecular characterization performed to date; and 5) active follow-up of both probands and family members. Thus, the BCFR comprises a unique cohort of probands and family members at familial/genetic risk of breast cancer that will continue to facilitate a wide range of research studies, such as gene discovery, examination of cancer-related outcomes and risk factors in high-risk subjects, investigation of novel behavioral interventions, and cancer prevention trials among at-risk family members. Consequently, the BCFR Cohort, as one of the few cohorts available worldwide with biospecimens and extensive molecular and genetic characterization, combined with epidemiologic data and long-term follow up, will be an invaluable resource for translational research in the genetic epidemiology of breast cancer.

  Study phs002835

• Follow-up of Ovarian Cancer Genetic Association and Interaction Studies (FOCI)

  (Excerpted/paraphrased from original grant application): FOCI seeks to expand our understanding of epithelial ovarian cancer through a coordinated and comprehensive approach. Project 1 will focus on discovery, expansion, and replication. By pooling GWAS, we expect to identify new associations and achieve independent replication, explore whether there are risk variants specific for histologic subtypes, and evaluate structural polymorphisms - copy number variants - as risk factors. Finally, Project 1 will leverage the GWAS data to correlate DNA variants with a new endpoint - survival. Project 2 will focus on biological studies designed to help inform interpretation of findings from Project 1. This will include efforts to identify the functional consequences of variants and improve understanding of biological mechanisms. Project 3 will include epidemiologic studies of gene by gene interaction, gene by environment interaction, and development of risk prediction models. The collective effort builds upon the strengths and history of collaboration inherent in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC), a multidisciplinary group comprised of epidemiologists, genetic epidemiologists, statistical geneticists, molecular and cell biologists and clinicians that was formed in 2005. The FOCI Cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP sub-studies. To view genotypes, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these sub-studies, please click on the following sub-studies below or in the "Sub-studies" box located on the right hand side of this top-level study page phs001133 FOCI Cohort. phs001131 Affymetrix Exome Chip phs001132 GWAS Meta Analysis phs001142 Mayo Omni Express phs001150 Mayo 2 5M

  Study phs001133

• Innate myeloid cell sbuset-specific gene expression patterns in the human colon are altered in Crohn's disease patients

  Background: There is a heterogeneous subset innate myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, in the human intestinal lamina propria. Several studies have demonstrated that these cells contribute to the maintenance of gut homeostasis through induction of inflammatory responses and tolerance via cell type-specific mechanisms; whereas, disrupted innate immune responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn?s disease. However, the detailed mechanisms by which each innate myeloid subset regulates gut homeostasis and inflammation largely remains unknown. Aim: We aimed to clarify the comprehensive gene expression profiles of innate myeloid cell subsets in the lamina propria from normal human colons (NC) and the inflamed colon sites from patients with Crohn?s disease (CDi). Methods: We performed RNA-sequencing analysis and precise bioinformatics analysis on three innate myeloid cell subsets, CD14-CD11c-, CD14-CD11c+, and CD14+CD11c+CD163low cells from NC and CDi. Results: Transcriptional analysis of the three subsets from the NC showed distinct gene expression patterns and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed the associated innate myeloid subset-specific biological process (BP) terms. In addition, changes in gene expression patterns were observed in innate myeloid subsets from CDi. Furthermore, the core GO-BP terms for the genes upregulated in the innate myeloid cells from CDi were distinct from those found in NC. Conclusion: Our data identified the innate myeloid cell subset-specific transcriptomes and the associated enriched GO-BP terms in the NC and found these patterns were altered in CDi.

  Study JGAS000127

• A targeted gene panel that covers coding, noncoding, and short tandem repeat regions improves the diagnosis of patients with neurodegenerative diseases

  Genetic testing for diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is highly challenging because of genotype heterogeneity and overlapping clinical manifestations. Targeted-gene panels (TGPs), coupled with next-generation sequencing (NGS), can facilitate the profiling of a large repertoire of ND-related genes and help with differential diagnosis. Due to the technical limitations inherent in NGS and TGPs, short tandem repeat (STR) variations are often ignored. However, STR expansions are known to cause such NDs as Huntington’s disease and several types of spinocerebellar ataxias, such as SCA type 3 (SCA3).Here, we studied the clinical utility of a custom-made TGP that targets 199 NDs and 311 ND-associated genes on 118 undiagnosed patients. At least one known pathogenic or likely pathogenic variation was found in 54 (45.8%) patients; 27 (22.9%) of the 118 patients demonstrated clinical profiles that matched the variants. Based on the findings from the TGP, we refined the original diagnosis of 16 patients. A high concordance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (99.9%) and small insertions and deletions (93.2%) were observed when comparing the results from TGP and whole-exome sequencing of four patients. We tested an in-house STR detection algorithm, and it reached a specificity of 0.88 and a sensitivity of 0.82 in our SCA3 cohort. This study also uncovered a trove of novel and recurrent variants that may enrich the repertoire of ND-related genetic markers. We propose that a combination of comprehensive TGPs and the bioinformatics analysis pipeline can improve the clinical diagnosis and accelerate the diagnosis of NDs.

  Study EGAS00001003737

• Organoid cultures of early-onset colorectal cancers reveal distinct and rare genetic profiles

  Sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) has bad prognosis, yet is poorly represented by cell line models. We examine the key mutational and transcriptomic alterations in an organoid biobank enriched in EOCRCs. We established paired cancer (n=32) and normal organoids (n=18) from 20 patients enriched in microsatellite-stable EOCRC. Exome and transcriptome analysis was performed. We observed a striking diversity of molecular phenotypes, including PTPRK-RSPO3 fusions. Transcriptionally, RSPO fusion organoids resembled normal colon organoids and were distinct from APC mutant organoids, with high BMP2 and low PTK7 expression. Single cell transcriptome analysis confirmed the similarity between RSPO fusion organoids and normal organoids, with a propensity for maturation on Wnt withdrawal, whereas the APC mutant organoids were locked in progenitor stages. CRISPR/Cas9 engineered mutation of APC in normal human colon organoids led to upregulation of PTK7 protein and suppression of BMP2, but less so with an engineered RNF43 mutation. The frequent co-occurrence of RSPO fusions with SMAD4 or BMPR1A mutation was confirmed in TCGA database searches. RNF43 mutation was found in organoid from a leukaemia survivor with a novel mutational signature; and organoids with POLE proofreading mutation displayed ultramutation. The cancer organoid genomes were stable over long culture periods, while normal human colon organoids tended to be subject to clonal dominance over time. These organoid models enriched in EOCRCs with linked genomic data fill a gap in existing CRC models and reveal distinct genetic profiles and novel pathway cooperativity.

  Study EGAS00001004063

• Single cell RNA-seq mapping of nasal and tracheobronchial airways in human healthy volunteers

  The respiratory tract constitutes an elaborated line of defense based on a unique cellular ecosystem. Single-cell profiling methods enable the investigation of cell population distributions and transcriptional changes along the airways. We have explored cellular heterogeneity of the human airway epithelium in 10 healthy living volunteers by single-cell RNA profiling. 77,969 cells were collected by bronchoscopy at 35 distinct locations, from the nose to the 12th division of the airway tree. The resulting atlas is composed of a high percentage of epithelial cells (89.1%), but also immune (6.2%) and stromal (4.7%) cells with peculiar cellular proportions in different sites of the airways. It reveals differential gene expression between identical cell types (suprabasal, secretory, and multiciliated cells) from the nose (MUC4, PI3, SIX3) and tracheobronchial (SCGB1A1, TFF3) airways. By contrast, cell-type specific gene expression was stable across all tracheobronchial samples. Our atlas improves the description of ionocytes, pulmonary neuro-endocrine (PNEC) and brush cells, which are likely derived from a common population of precursor cells. We also report a population of KRT13 positive cells with a high percentage of dividing cells which are reminiscent of “hillock” cells previously described in mouse. Robust characterization of this unprecedented large single-cell cohort establishes an important resource for future investigations. The precise description of the continuum existing from nasal epithelium to successive divisions of lung airways and the stable gene expression profile of these regions better defines conditions under which relevant tracheobronchial proxies of human respiratory diseases can be developed.

  Study EGAS00001004082

• TRACERx 100: whole exome data of the first 100 TRACERx tumours

  BACKGROUNDTRACERx (TRAcking Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) is a prospective cohort study designed to investigate intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) in relation to clinical outcome, and to determine the clonal nature of driver events and evolutionary processes in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODSMultiregion high-depth whole-exome sequencing (M-seq) was performed on 100 early stage NSCLC tumors resected prior to systemic therapy. A total of 327 tumor regions were sequenced and analyzed to define evolutionary histories, obtain a census of clonal and subclonal events, and assess the relationship between ITH and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTSWidespread ITH was observed for both somatic copy number alterations (median 48% [0.03-88%]) and mutations (median 30% [0.5-93%]). Driver mutations in EGFR, MET, BRAF and TP53 were almost always clonal. However, heterogeneous driver alterations occurring later in evolution were found in over 75% of tumors and were common in PIK3CA, NF1 and genes involved in chromatin modification and DNA response and repair. Genome doubling and ongoing dynamic chromosomal instability (CIN), illustrated by mirrored subclonal allelic imbalance, were identified as causes of ITH resulting in parallel evolution of driver copy number events, including amplifications of CDK4, FOXA1, and BCL11A. Elevated copy number heterogeneity was associated with shorter RFS (HR=4.9, P=0.00044), which remained significant in a multivariate analysis.CONCLUSIONSITH mediated through CIN, rather than point mutational heterogeneity, was associated with increased risk of relapse, supporting its value as a prognostic predictor, and the need to target this high-risk phenotype.

  Study EGAS00001002247

• Molecular classification improves risk assessment in adult B-lineage ALL: Patients on the international UKALLXII-ECOG2993 trial.

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults is a rare disease with outcomes that remain significantly inferior to those of children with ALL. While genomic classification of pediatric B-lineage ALL (B-ALL) has led to improved risk assignment and therapeutic paradigms, similar advances in adults have been lacking. The international UKALLXII/E2993 (NCT00002514) trial accrued over 2000 adult (17-64 years old) patients over 13 years, including 1229 BCR/ABL negative B-ALLs. While 93% of B-ALL achieved a remission, 41% relapsed at a median time of 13 months (Range) and overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 42% (CI). Older age and higher white blood cell (WBC) count at presentation negatively affected OS. Patients with a sibling donor assigned to allogeneic transplantation had superior OS compared to patients without donor. Randomization of patients without a donor showed an advantage of chemotherapy over autologous transplantation in first remission. Transcriptome sequencing of 94% of E2993 patients enabled genomic subtyping. We found that one-third of patients belonged to favorable genotypes (DUX4-rearranged, ETV6-RUNX1, TCF3-PBX1, PAX5 P80R, high hyperdiploidy). Of 63.4% of patients classified as high-risk based age and WBC count at diagnosis, almost 40% harbored subtype-defining genetic associations associated with favorable- or intermediate outcomes. These patients did significantly better than expected from their protocol-defined risk assignment. Our data in a large adult B-ALL cohort treated on a single international trial show the important prognostic value of genomic analysis and the potential benefit for many of the novel genotypes.

  Study EGAS00001004638

• Transcriptional profiling of ovarian tumours and cell lines

  Purpose: Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) play a role in a variety of biological processes, including embryogenesis and cancer. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi)-induced ERV expression triggers interferon responses in ovarian cancer cells via the viral sensing machinery. Baseline expression of ERVs also occurs in cancer cells, though this process is poorly understood and previously unexplored in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Here, the prognostic and immunomodulatory consequences of baseline ERV expression was assessed in EOC. Experimental Design: ERV expression was assessed using EOC transcriptional data from TCGA and from an independent cohort (HH), as well as from untreated or DNMTi-treated EOC cell lines. LASSO logistic regression defined an ERV expression score to predict patient prognosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted on the HH cohort. Combination of DNMTi treatment with γδ T cells was tested in vitro, using EOC cell lines and patient-derived tumor cells. Results: ERV expression was found to define clinically relevant subsets of EOC patients. An ERV prognostic score was successfully generated in TCGA and validated in the independent cohort. In EOC patients from this cohort, a high ERV score was associated with better survival (log-rank p=0.0009) and correlated with infiltration of CD8+PD1+ T cells (r=0.46, p=0.0001). In vitro, baseline ERV expression dictates the level of ERV induction in response to DNMTi. Manipulation of ERV expression by DNMTi resulted in improved EOC cell killing by cytotoxic immune cells. Conclusions: These findings uncover the potential for baseline ERV expression to robustly inform EOC patient prognosis, influence tumor immune infiltration and affect anti-tumor immunity.

  Study EGAS00001004814

• Butyrate producers as potential next-generation probiotics: safety assessment of the administration of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum to healthy volunteers

  Advances in gut microbiota research have triggered interest in developing colon butyrate producers as niche-specific next-generation probiotics, targeted at increasing colon butyrate production and countering disease-associated microbiota alterations. Crucial steps in the development of next-generation probiotics are the design of formulations with a reasonable shelf life as well as the safety demonstration of an intervention in healthy volunteers. One such potential next-generation butyrate-producing probiotic is Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum 25-3T, with demonstrated safety in in vitro as well as in animal models. Here, we examined the strain's safety, tolerability, and impact on microbiota composition and metabolic activity in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 healthy volunteers. Study design consisted of two four-week intervention periods (108 CFU B. pullicaecorum [treatment] or maltodextrin [placebo] per day) with a three-week washout in between. We assessed adverse events, blood parameters (primary endpoints), and fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles (secondary endpoints).The number of reported adverse events during the B. pullicaecorum treatment was similar to placebo intervention, as were observed changes in blood chemistry parameters, bowel habits, and fecal calprotectin concentrations. Administration of the strain did not induce any disruptive effect in microbiota composition or metabolic activity. In this first human intervention trial with a butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster IV isolate, we demonstrated B. pullicaecorum 25-3T administration to be both safe and well tolerated by healthy participants. This safety study paves the way for the further development of the strain as a next-generation probiotic.

  Study EGAS00001003276

• Exome sequencing

  Human telomere biology disorders (TBD), a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by telomere attrition and premature aging phenotypes, are caused by inherited loss-of-function mutations in telomere-associated genes. Here, we identify three germline heterozygous missense variants in RPA1 gene in four unrelated probands presenting with short telomeres and varying clinical features of TBD including bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome, T- and B-cell lymphopenia, pulmonary fibrosis, and skin manifestations. All variants cluster to DNA binding domain A of RPA1 protein. RPA1 is an essential single-strand DNA-binding protein essential for DNA replication and repair. RPA1 has been implicated in telomere maintenance but the mechanism remains elusive. Thus far, no genetic disorder had been linked to RPA1. Using FRET assays, we showed that RPA1E240K and RPA1V227A exhibit increased binding to single-strand and telomeric DNA, implying a gain in DNA-binding function while RPA1T270A has binding properties similar to wild type. To study the mutational effect, RPA1E240K, with the highest binding capacity, was knocked-in iPSCs using CRISPR/Cas9, which showed severe telomere shortening and impaired hematopoietic differentiation. Furthermore, in the RPA1E240K patient, stable blood counts over two decades due coincided with clonal rescue hematopoiesis with an RNA-degrading truncating RPA1 mutation and a uniparental isodisomy 17p with loss of RPA1E240K allele. Using single cell DNA sequencing, the two somatic genetic rescue events were proven to be independently acquired in hematopoietic stem cells. In summary, we describe the first human disease caused by germline RPA1 variants in individuals with TBD.

  Study EGAS00001005761

• Whole Exome Sequencing data of six chRCC tumors corresponding to three patients

  Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology. Aberrant hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway promotes tumor growth and metastasis, and can also promote tumor resistance to chemotherapy and cancer drugs; this makes mTOR an attractive cancer therapeutic target. mTOR inhibitors have been approved to treat cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying drug sensitivity remain poorly understood. Here, whole exome sequencing of three chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) patients with exceptional mTOR inhibitor sensitivity revealed that all three patients shared somatic mutations in the deubiquitinase USP9X. The clonal characteristics of the mutations, which were amassed by studying multiple patients’ primary and metastatic samples from various years, together with the low USP9X mutation rate in unselected chRCC series, reinforced a causal link between USP9X and mTOR inhibitor sensitivity. Rapamycin treatment of USP9X-depleted HeLa and renal cancer 786-O cells, along with the pharmacological inhibition of USP9X, confirmed that this protein plays a role in patients’ sensitivity to mTOR inhibition. USP9X was not found to exert a direct effect on mTORC1, but subsequent ubiquitylome analyses identified p62 as a direct USP9X target. Increased p62 ubiquitination and the augmented rapamycin effect upon bortezomib treatment, together with the results of p62 and LC3 immunofluorescence assays, suggested that dysregulated autophagy in USP9X-depleted cells can have a synergistic effect with mTOR inhibitors. In summary, we show that USP9X constitutes a potential novel marker of sensitivity to mTOR inhibitors in chRCC patients, and represents a clinical strategy for increasing the sensitivity to these drugs.

  Study EGAS00001007104

• Clinical relevance of somatic copy-number alterations in plasma circulating tumor DNA from advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients treated with osimertinib

  Background: Somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) are associated with drug resistance in patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The purpose of our study was to assess the clinical relevance and development of genome-wide SCNAs in plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) under osimertinib therapy.Methods: We included 43 patients with advanced EGFR T790M-positive lung adenocarcinoma who were treated with osimertinib after progression under previous EGFR-TKI therapy. We performed genomic profiling of ctDNA in plasma samples from each patient obtained pre-osimertinib and after patients developed resistance to osimertinib. SCNAs were detected by shallow whole-genome plasma sequencing and EGFR mutations were assessed by droplet digital PCR.Results: SCNAs in resistance-related genes (rrSCNAs) were detected in 10 out of 39 (25.6%) evaluable patients before start of osimertinib. The presence of rrSCNAs in plasma before initiation of osimertinib therapy was associated with a lower response rate to osimertinib (50% versus 86%, p=0.02) and was an independent predictor for shorter progression-free survival (adjusted HR 3.26, 95% CI 1.37-7.75, p=0.008) and overall survival (adjusted HR 2.41, 95% CI 1.09-5.34, p=0.03).Conclusions: Genomic profiling of plasma ctDNA is clinically relevant and affects the efficacy and clinical outcome of osimertinib. Our approach allows comprehensive assessment of SCNAs in plasma samples of lung adenocarcinoma patients and may help to guide genotype-specific therapeutic strategies in the future.

  Study EGAS00001004539

• Transcriptomic analysis of liver CD8+ T cells

  Sorted single CD8+T cells expressing CD14 from human liver for SMARTSeq2. Livers processed: Kucykowicz et al STAR Prot 2022:pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35516846/ Published: Pallett et al Nature 2022 Tissue CD14+CD8+T-cells are reprogrammed by myeloid cells and modulated by LPS The liver is bathed in bacterial products including LPS transported from the intestinal portal vasculature, but maintains a state of tolerance exploited by persistent pathogens and tumours1,2,3,4. The cellular basis mediating this tolerance, yet allowing a switch to immunity or immunopathology, needs to be better understood for successful immunotherapy of liver diseases. Here we show that a variable proportion of CD8+T-cells compartmentalised in the human liver co-stain for CD14 and other prototypic myeloid membrane proteins; CD14+CD8+T-cells preferentially accumulate within the donor pool in liver allografts, amongst hepatic virus-specific and tumour-infiltrating responses, and in cirrhotic ascites. CD14+CD8+T-cells exhibit increased turnover, activation and constitutive immunomodulatory features with high homeostatic IL-10/IL-2 production directly ex vivo, and an enhanced capacity to rapidly produce antiviral/anti-tumour cytokines upon TCR engagement. This CD14+CD8+T-cell profile can be recapitulated by acquisition of membrane proteins, including the LPS receptor complex, from mononuclear phagocytes, resulting in augmented tumour killing by TCR-redirected T-cells in vitro. CD14+CD8+T-cells express integrins and chemokine receptors favouring interactions with the local stroma, which can promote their induction through CXCL12. LPS can also increase the frequency of CD14+CD8+T-cells in vitro and in vivo, and skew their function towards the production of chemotactic and regenerative cytokines. Thus, bacterial products in the gut-liver axis and tissue stromal factors can tune liver immunity by driving myeloid instruction of CD8+T-cells with immunomodulatory capacity. For the analysis of the single cell transcriptome two intrahepatic perfusate samples were isolated and frozen at -80 'C for storage prior to transportation to Newcastle, UK. Once thawed in pre-warmed HBSS containing 0.001% DNaseI, intrahepatic leukocytes were sorted by FACS to index classical mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) defined as Singlets, CD3-CD56-CD19-CD14hiHLA-DR+ or CD14± CD8+T-cells as follows: Singlets, CD3+CD56-CD19-CD4-CD8+V7.2- and split in to CD14± based on an isotype control. Single cells were sorted into 96-well skirted LoBind plates (Eppendorf) containing 5 µL lysis buffer (TCL buffer [Qiagen], supplemented with 1% b-mercaptoethanol [Sigma Aldrich; Merck]) on a BD Bioscience FACSFusion. The sorted plates were subsequently immediately sealed, centrifuged, and placed on dry ice to flash-freeze the cell lysate and stored at -80 'C. A modified SMART-seq2 protocol57 was performed on the single flow cytometry sorted-cells as previously described58. After cDNA generation, libraries were prepared (384 cells per library) using the Illumina Nextera XT kit (Illumina). Each library was sequenced to achieve a minimum depth of 1-2 million raw reads per cell using an Illumina HiSeq 4000 using v. 4 SBS chemistry to generate 75-bp paired-end reads.

  Study EGAS00001006885

• Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) samples were sequenced using the Nimblegen MedExome hybridization capture to detect translocations, copy number changes, and mutations in 20 pPCL samples and patient matched controls.

  Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is a rare malignancy related to multiple myeloma. Here we have assembled 20 patient samples and performed whole exome sequencing to determine the differences between multiple myeloma and pPCL. CD138+ cells were purified from bone marrow aspirates from patients with pPCL. Control cells were obtained from CD34+ stem cell harvests or CD3+ T cells. DNA was extracted and processed using the HyperPlus library prep kit (KAPA Biosystems) and sequenced using 75 bp paired end reads on an Illumina NextSeq500.

  Study EGAS00001003104