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• Genetic history of the Comorian populations.

  At the dawn of the second millennium, the expansion of the Indian Ocean trading network aligned with the emergence of an outward-oriented community along the East African coast to create a cosmopolitan cultural and trading zone known as the Swahili Corridor. Based on analyses of genome-wide genotyping data in 140 individuals from coastal Kenya and the Comoros islands, along with 3,477 individuals from the Indian Ocean rim, we reconstruct historical population dynamics showing that the Swahili Corridor is largely an East Bantu genetic continuum. Within this continuity significant gene flows from the Middle East can be seen in the Swahili and Comorians at dates corresponding to the Islamization of East Africa. However the main external gene flow into insular populations of the Swahili Corridor, such as Comorian and Malagasy groups, came from Island Southeast Asia as early as the 10th century. Remarkably, our results reflect archaeological and linguistic data in suggesting that the Comoros archipelago is the oldest place of contact between Austronesian and African populations in the Swahili Corridor.

  Study EGAS00001002565

• DAC for Central African ancient demography processes NGS dataset

  Title DAC Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa Contacts: Paul Verdu +33144057317 paul.verdu@mnhn.fr CNRS-MNHN-Université de Paris UMR7206 Eco-anthropology Short description The Data Access Committee for acess to genotype and sample information used in the article "Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa" by Gwenna Breton et al. 2025 ensures that data-access requests comply with the Informed Consent provided by donors, and with ethical and deontological guidelines with respect to privacy. DNA samples from individuals were collected with the subjects’ informed consent following the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines and approved by the following Ethics committees: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France); Cameroon Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology; Central African Republic Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique; France Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation (Comité de Protection des Personnes DC-2016-2740); French Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté CNIL (declaration n°1972648); Uganda National Council for Science and Technology; Institutional Review Board of the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division and the Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago Hospitals (protocol number 16986A); Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of the Trustees of Dartmouth College and the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (protocol number 22410); Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (Protocol Numbers: M980553, M050902, M090576, M10270, M180654); Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA); South African San Council (SASC); and the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2019-05174). Requests for accessing all or part of the Central African data used in the article "Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa", by Gwenna Breton et al. 2024 (doi - PENDING), should be addressed to the DAC providing: 1) Data can only be used to explore human genetic evolution, evolutionary ecology and population history 2) The research institution where data will be stored and were analyses will be conducted. 3) The detailed coordinates of the researcher responsible for data storage and analyses. 4) A description (max 20 sentences) of the scientific finality and context of the project and classes of methodological analyses that will be performed to achieve it using the requested data. 5) When applicable, mention also other previously published data sets that will be used jointly with the requested datas et For accessing any or all the Central African genetic data used in the article "Ancient tree-topologies and gene-flow processes among human lineages in Africa", by Gwenna Breton et al. 2024 (doi - PENDING), the requester hereby ensures that: 1) Individual donor privacy should be respected at all times. Data cannot be made publicly available under any circumstances. 2) Data cannot be shared nor transferred to a third party without re-applying for eGA access to the DAC. 3) No direct or indirect commercial use of the data can be made 4) No individual medical genetics or disease diagnostics can be performed with the data 5) No medical or legal forensic investigations can be conducted with the data 6) No genealogical research can be conducted with the data (e.g. no paternity nor maternity testing, no genetic identification, no search of relatives using other datasets) 7) Appropriate citation of the article and data set used for any scientific communication using the data 8) Data is destroyed after the completion of the project. Any further re-use of the data is subject to a novel application to the DAC.

  Dac EGAC50000000447

• Raw scRNA-seq data from B-lineage cells in the blood of celiac disease patients

  Raw scRNA-seq data from 355 IgA+ peripheral blood B-lineage cells of two untreated celiac disease patients. The data was generated with the Smart-seq2 protocol and sequenced on a NextSeq500 instrument (Illumina) with 75 bp paired-end reads in high-output mode. The dataset contains R1 and R2 reads for each single cell (fastq.gz files) for cells passing quality control based on number of detected genes, reads, mitochondrial genes, reads mapping to the reference transcriptome and a productively rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain IgA isotype reconstructed by the computational tool BraCeR. Metadata for the cells is provided in a csv file.

  Dataset EGAD50000000340

• Machine learning to detect the SINEs of cancer

  We previously described an approach called RealSeqS to evaluate aneuploidy in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) through the amplification of ~350,000 repeated elements with a single primer. We hypothesized that an unbiased evaluation of the large amount of sequencing data obtained with RealSeqS might reveal other differences between plasma samples from patients with and without cancer. This hypothesis was tested through the development of a novel machine-learning approach called Alu Profile Learning Using Sequencing (A-PLUS) and its application to samples from 5108 individuals, 2037 with cancer and the remainder without cancer. Samples from cancer patients and controls were pre-specified into four cohorts used for: 1) model training, 2) analyte integration and threshold determination, 3) validation, and 4) reproducibility. A-PLUS alone provided a sensitivity of 40.5% across 11 different cancer types in the Validation Cohort, at a specificity of 98.5%. Combining A-PLUS with aneuploidy and 8 common protein biomarkers detected 51% of 1167 cancers at 98.9% specificity. We found that part of the power of A-PLUS could be ascribed to a single feature – the global reduction of AluS sub-family elements in the circulating DNA of cancer patients. We confirmed this reduction through the analysis of another independent dataset obtained with a very different approach (whole genome sequencing). The evaluation of Alu elements therefore has the potential to enhance the performance of several methods designed for the earlier detection of cancer.

  Study EGAS00001007169

• Normal prostatectomy project analysis and leftovers

  Data collected as part of the Normal prostatectomy project analysis. Whole genome sequencing (WGS, targeted at 30X for normal tissue and 50X for tumour tissue) was performed on morphologically normal tissue samples from 30 patients with prostate cancer. In addition, seven prostate tissue samples were sequenced from 7 non-cancer patients: two collected after a cystoprostatectomy and five from samples collected at autopsy. Matched blood controls were included for all patients. An extra five samples were sequenced from the stroma of cell cultured fibroblasts. In addition a few tumour samples obtained at prostatectomy and their blood matched controls are included in this dataset from the main study that are not included elsewhere.

  Dataset EGAD00001004125

• Mutational signatures of aflatoxin

  Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mutagen and IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) Group 1 carcinogen that causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we present the first whole genome data on the mutational signatures of AFB1 exposure from a total of > 40,000 mutations in four experimental systems: two different human cell lines, and in liver tumors in wild-type mice and in mice that carried a hepatitis B surface antigen transgene – this to model the multiplicative effects of aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis B in causing HCC. AFB1 mutational signatures from all four experimental systems were remarkably similar. We integrated the experimental mutational signatures with data from newly-sequenced HCCs from Qidong County, China, a region of well-studied aflatoxin exposure. This indicated that COSMIC mutational signature 24, previously hypothesized to stem from aflatoxin exposure, indeed likely represents AFB1 exposure, possibly combined with other exposures. Among published somatic mutation data, we found evidence of AFB1 exposure in 0.7% of HCCs treated in North America, 1% of HCCs from Japan, but 16% of HCCs from Hong Kong. Thus, aflatoxin exposure apparently remains a substantial public health issue in some areas. This aspect of our study exemplifies the promise of future widespread resequencing of tumor genomes in providing new insights into the contribution of mutagenic exposures to cancer incidence.

  Study EGAS00001002490

• Ovarian Cancer Organoid Biobank

  WGS of ovarian cancer organoids, tumor samples and blood references. Ovarian cancer (OC) is a heterogeneous disease usually diagnosed at a late stage. Experimental in vitro models that faithfully capture the hallmarks and tumor heterogeneity of OC are limited and hard to establish. We present a novel protocol that enables efficient derivation and long-term expansion of OC organoids. Utilizing this protocol, we have established 56 organoid lines from 32 patients, representing the spectrum of ovarian neoplasms, including non-malignant borderline tumors, as well as mucinous, clear-cell, endometrioid, low- and high-grade serous carcinomas. OC organoids recapitulate histological and genomic features of the pertinent lesion from which they were derived, illustrating intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity, and can be genetically modified. We show that OC organoids can be used for drug screening assays and capture different tumor subtype responses to the gold standard platinum-based chemotherapy, including acquisition of chemoresistance in recurrent disease. Finally, OC organoids can be xenografted, enabling in vivo drug sensitivity assays. Taken together, this demonstrates their potential application for research and personalized medicine.

  Dataset EGAD00001004387

• CDK4/6 inhibition in advanced chordoma: final results of the NCT PMO-1601

  Background. Chordoma is a rare bone tumor with no approved systemic therapy. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p16 (encoded by CDKN2A) leads to aberrant cyclin D-CDK4/6-RB pathway activity, which can be inhibited by palbociclib in chordoma cell lines. Patients and Methods. We conducted a phase II single-arm, open-labeled trial on palbociclib in adult patients with advanced chordomas with p16 loss (by immunohistochemistry) or CDKN2A loss (by genomic analysis) and CDK4/6 and RB1 presence (by immunohistochemistry or RNA-Sequencing). Patients received 125mg palbociclib once daily for 21 days in a 28-day cycle. The study used a Simon optimal 2-stage design. The primary endpoint was disease control rate after six cycles. Response was evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, overall survival, and biomarker analysis. The study was considered positive if 25% of patients reached the primary endpoint. Results. Between December 2017 and April 2023, 28 patients (median age 60 years, range 31-84) were enrolled. After a median follow-up of 28 months, the disease control rate was 39%, with 11 out of 28 patients achieving stable disease. No objective responses were observed. The median progression-free survival was 5.6 months, and the median overall survival was 24.6 months. Treatment was well tolerated without new safety signals. CDKN2A deletions were the most common genomic alterations underlying p16 loss and were accompanied by MTAP co-deletion. There was no correlation between responder phenotypes by immunohistochemistry and outcome. RNA-based analysis showed heterogeneous pathways deregulation at study entry suggesting underlying primary resistance mechanisms Conclusion. This trial met its primary endpoint with a 39% disease control rate, though antitumor activity was modest. Molecularly tailored combination therapies should be considered to improve efficacy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03110744).

  Study EGAS00001007985

• Kids First: Genomics of Orofacial Cleft Birth Defects in Latin American Families

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program) (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). Both childhood cancers and structural birth defects are critical and costly conditions associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Elucidating the underlying genetic etiology of these diseases has the potential to profoundly improve preventative measures, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions. All of the WGS and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and https://kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. The Kids First study of nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (OFC) birth defects in Latin American families is a whole genome sequencing study of 283 Latin-American parent-case trios drawn from ongoing collaborations led by Dr. Mary L. Marazita of the University of Pittsburgh Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, and including a collaboration with Dr. Lina Moreno Uribe and Dr. Andrew Lidral of the University of Iowa. All families were ascertained through the Clinica Noel where patients with OFCs receive care from the Antioquia University School of Dentistry in Medellin, Colombia (key on-site colleagues included Dr. Luz Consuelo Valencia-Ramirez and Dr. Mauricio Arcos-Burgos). Genetic studies have shown that this population is comprised of an admixture of immigrant male Caucasians (mainly Spaniards and Basques) and native Amerindian females. Every subject has had a genetic evaluation, including a pedigree analysis for a family history of clefting and other birth defects, a pregnancy history for environmental exposures, and a complete physical exam to rule out suspected or known syndromes or environmental phenocopies. Sequencing was done by the Broad Institute sequencing center funded by the Kids First program (grant number U24-HD090743). The case in each of the Kids First OFC trios has cleft lip (CL, Figure A below), cleft palate (CP, Figure B), or both (CL+CP, Figure C): OFCs are genetically complex structural birth defects caused by genetic factors, environmental exposures, and their interactions. OFCs are the most common craniofacial anomalies in humans, affecting approximately 1 in 700 newborns, and are one of the most common structural birth defects worldwide. On average a child with an OFC initially faces feeding difficulties, undergoes 6 surgeries, spends 30 days in hospital, receives 5 years of orthodontic treatment, and participates in ongoing speech therapy, leading to an estimated total lifetime treatment cost of about $200,000. Further, individuals born with an OFC have higher infant mortality, higher mortality rates at all other stages of life, increased incidence of mental health problems, and higher risk for other disorders (notably including breast, brain, and colon cancers). Prior genome-wide linkage and association studies have now identified at least 18 genomic regions likely to contribute to the risk for nonsyndromic OFCs. Despite this substantial progress, the functional/pathogenic variants at OFC-associated regions are mostly still unknown. Because previous OFC genomic studies (genome-wide linkage, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and targeted sequencing) are based on relatively sparse genotyping data, they cannot distinguish between causal variants and variants in linkage disequilibrium with unobserved causal variants. Moreover, it is unknown whether the association or linkage signals are due to single common variants, haplotypes of multiple common variants, clusters of multiple rare variants, or some combination. Finally, we cannot yet attribute specific genetic risk to individual cases and case families. Therefore, the goal of the current study is identify specific OFC risk variants in Latin American families by performing whole genome sequencing of parent-case trios.

  Study phs001420

• Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Cardiorenal GWAS

  REGARDS is a national, population-based, longitudinal study of incident stroke and associated risk factors including over 30,000 Black and White adults aged 45 years or older from all 48 contiguous U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The study was designed to investigate reasons underlying the higher rate of stroke mortality among Black participants compared to White participants and among residents of the Southeastern U.S. compared to other U.S. regions. By design, Black adults and residents of the deep south were oversampled. Between 2003 and 2007 (baseline visit) participants completed a computer-assisted telephone interview to collect demographic information and medication adherence, and an in-home visit for blood pressure measurements and collection of blood and urine samples. Following the baseline visit, participants have been contacted by phone at six-month intervals to obtain information on incident stroke or secondary outcomes. Additionally, samples and data were collected on about 50% of the original cohort during a second study visit an average of 10 years after the baseline visit. Genotyping was performed as part of an ancillary study on 10,788 (84% Black) participants using Illumina MEGA arrays.

  Study phs002719

• Hi-C Profiling of Solid Tumor Samples

  Structural variants, such as translocations, inversions, duplications, and deletions, have long been recognized as mutations that can contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. This can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including changes in gene dosage and the generation of fusion genes. In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that these events also can alter how genomes are organized in 3D space in the nucleus and contribute to changes in enhancer-promoter regulation. However, it remains poorly understand how often 3D genome structural changes occur in cancers, what genes are affected by these events, and in which tumor types. This study is part of ongoing work to better characterize 3D genome structural changes across a variety of tumor types to better understand where and when 3D genome structure changes as the result of structural variation in cancer genomes and to characterize the genes and tumor types affected.

  Study phs003227

• Neuroblastoma heterogeneity

  Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid tumor characterized by strong clinical heterogeneity. Although certain complex genomic alterations, such as extrachromosomal DNA amplifications (ecDNA), are associated with adverse outcomes and have been recurrently detected in neuroblastomas, the mutational processes involved in their generation remain largely unclear. By examining the topography of complex rearrangements along with mutational signatures derived from all variant classes, we identify previously unrecognized co-occurring mutational footprints, which we termed mutational scenarios. We demonstrate that clinical neuroblastoma heterogeneity is linked to differences in the processes driving these mutational scenarios. Whereas high-risk MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma genomes were characterized by signs of replication slippage and stress, homologous recombination-associated signatures defined high-risk non-MYCN-amplified patients. Non-high-risk neuroblastomas, on the other hand, were marked by footprints of chromosome missegregation and TOP1 mutational activity. This analysis provides a systematic perspective on the repertoire of mutational patterns that contribute to clinical neuroblastoma heterogeneity.

  Study EGAS00001007016

• Study of complex rearrangements and mutational signatures in neuroblastoma heterogeneous risk groups.

  Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid tumor characterized by strong clinical heterogeneity. Although certain complex genomic alterations, such as extrachromosomal DNA amplifications (ecDNA), are associated with adverse outcome and have been recurrently detected in neuroblastomas, the mutational processes involved in their generation remain largely unclear. By examining the topography of complex rearrangements along with mutational signatures derived from all variant classes, we identify previously unrecognized co-occurring mutational footprints, which we termed mutational scenarios. We demonstrate that clinical neuroblastoma heterogeneity is linked to differences in the processes driving these mutational scenarios. Whereas high-risk MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma genomes were characterized by signs of replication slippage and stress, homologous recombination-associated signatures defined high-risk non-MYCN-amplified patients. Non-high-risk neuroblastomas, on the other hand, were marked by footprints of chromosome missegregation and TOP1 mutational activity. This analysis provides a systematic perspective on the repertoire of mutational patterns that contribute to clinical neuroblastoma heterogeneity.

  Study EGAS00001006983

• Neuroblastoma heterogeneity

  Neuroblastoma is a pediatric solid tumor characterized by strong clinical heterogeneity. Although certain complex genomic alterations, such as extrachromosomal DNA amplifications (ecDNA), are associated with adverse outcomes and have been recurrently detected in neuroblastomas, the mutational processes involved in their generation remain largely unclear. By examining the topography of complex rearrangements along with mutational signatures derived from all variant classes, we identify previously unrecognized co-occurring mutational footprints, which we termed mutational scenarios. We demonstrate that clinical neuroblastoma heterogeneity is linked to differences in the processes driving these mutational scenarios. Whereas high-risk MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma genomes were characterized by signs of replication slippage and stress, homologous recombination-associated signatures defined high-risk non-MYCN-amplified patients. Non-high-risk neuroblastomas, on the other hand, were marked by footprints of chromosome missegregation and TOP1 mutational activity. This analysis provides a systematic perspective on the repertoire of mutational patterns that contribute to clinical neuroblastoma heterogeneity.

  Study EGAS00001007019

• Quantification of chromosomal copy number aberrations by shallow whole-genome sequencing

  Detection of DNA copy number aberrations by shallow whole-genome sequencing (WGS) faces many challenges including lack of completion and errors in the human reference genome, repetitive sequences, polymorphisms, variable sample quality, and biases in the sequencing procedures.Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) archival material, the analysis of which is important for studies of cancer, presents particular analytical difficulties due to degradation of the DNA and frequent lack of matched reference samples. We present a robust, cost-effective WGS method for DNA copy number analysis that addresses these challenges more successfully than currently available procedures. In practice very useful profiles can be obtained with 0.1 fold genome coverage. We improve on previous methods by; first, implementing a combined correction for sequence mappability and GC content, and second, applying this procedure to sequence data from the 1000 Genomes Project in order to develop a blacklist of problematic genome regions. A small subset of these blacklisted regions were previously identified by ENCODE, but the vast majority are novel unappreciated problematic regions. Our procedures are implemented in a pipeline called QDNAseq. We have analyzed over 1,000 samples, most of which were obtained from the fixed tissue archives of over 25 institutions.We demonstrate that for most samples our sequencing and analysis procedures yield genome profiles with noise levels near the statistical limit imposed by read counting. The described procedures also provide better correction of artifacts introduced by low DNA quality than prior approaches, and better copy number data than high-resolution microarrays at substantially lower cost.

  Study EGAS00001000642

• dbGaP Collection: NIH Autism -omics Studies

  Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are early onset neurodevelopmental syndromes characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, accompanied by restricted and repetitive behaviors. ASDs afflict ~1% of the human population, and represent a major public health burden. Evidence for the etiology of ASD has consistently pointed to a strong genetic component, though the genetic architecture is indisputably complex. This dbGaP Collection consists of studies that include GWAS, sequencing (targeted, exome, whole genome), transcriptomics, etc, across many different cohorts. Many of the datasets have been curated and harmonized with NDAR prior to submission to dbGaP. Researchers who request and are approved to access this collection will be granted access to all related substudies in dbGaP as well as all NDAR data. Individual level genomics data will only be available for download through dbGaP along with minimal phenotype and pedigree information. Detailed phenotype and available imaging data related to these same research subjects are available for query and download within NDAR. The NDAR GUID will allow individual genomic data to be associated with all NDAR data collected for those subjects.

  Study phs000764

• Targeted Sequencing of GWAS Loci in Cleft Lip and Palate

  Nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCL/P) is a complex disorder caused by both genetic and environmental factors and has been the focus of an extensive effort to identify genetic risk factors. A number of candidate gene studies have been performed but have not been widely replicated. To date, four independent genome wide association studies have been performed as well as a meta-analysis. Together these studies have identified many loci associated with NSCL/P. The goal of this project is to use targeted sequencing to further characterize these regions and to progress from the association signals identified by GWAS to the identification of causative genes and/or variants. This study is part of the GWASeq project, a collaboration of five disease studies, which will sequence genomic regions from GWAS to characterize the genetic variation underlying these diseases and to compare study design and methods for the follow-up of GWAS studies by sequencing. The goal of this study is to sequence 1000+ NSCL/P case-parent trios from China and the Philippines and 400 trios of European ancestry. Targeted sequencing was performed on intervals ranging between 60kb to 1Mb surrounding 13 genes/loci previously associated with NSCL/P including: IRF6, MAFB, ARHGAP29, 8q24, PAX7, VAX1, NTN1, NOG, FOXE1, MSX1, BMP4, FGFR2, PTCH1.

  Study phs000625

• High-resolution, patient-level dissection of IL-23 blockade in cutaneous psoriasis

  Psoriasis vulgaris and other chronic inflammatory diseases improve markedly with therapeutic blockade of IL-23 signaling in T cells, but the genetic mechanisms of response remain poorly understood. We single-cell transcriptomically profiled CD45+ immune cells isolated from lesional psoriatic skin before and after IL-23 blockade. In clinically responsive patients, a psoriatic transcriptional signature in skin-resident memory T cells was sharply attenuated. In contrast, poorly responsive patients were distinguished by enduring T17 cell activation, a mechanism distinct from alternative cytokine signaling or downstream resistance. Spatial transcriptomic analysis suggests that successful IL-23 blockade requires dampening of > 90% of IL-17-induced signaling in lymphocyte-adjacent keratinocytes, an unexpectedly high threshold. We also detected a subset of persistent, disease-specific T17 abnormalities in responsive patients, revealing an irreversible cell identity that may necessitate ongoing IL-23 inhibition. Collectively, our data establishes a patient-level paradigm for dissecting response to immunomodulatory treatments.

  Study EGAS00001007373

• Uncovering tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate hepatocellular carcinoma growth using patient derived xenograft assays

  Several major factors limit our understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, human HCCs are infrequently biopsied for diagnosis and thus are not often biologically interrogated. Second, HCC initiation and progression are strongly influenced by the cirrhotic microenvironment, and the exact contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic tumor factors are unclear. A powerful approach to examine the personalized biology of liver cancers and the influence of host tissues is with patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. In Asia, HCCs from hepatitis B virus patients have been efficiently converted into PDXs, but few parallel efforts from the west have been reported. In a large-scale analysis, we implanted 93 HCCs and 8 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) to systematically analyze host factors and to define an optimized platform for PDX development from both surgical and biopsy samples. NSG mice that had undergone partial hepatectomy (PHx) represented the best combination of engraftability, growth, and passageability, but overall rates were low and indicative of a unique intrinsic biology for HCCs in the US. PDX models preserved the histology and genetic features of parental tumors, and ultimately, 9 new models were usable for pre-clinical studies. Intriguingly, HCC PDXs were differentially sensitive to regorafenib and sorafenib and CCA PDXs were also highly sensitive to regorafenib. PDX models functionalize early and advanced stage HCCs and revealed unique biological features of liver cancers from the US.

  Study EGAS00001004020

• Comprehensive analysis of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumour (ATRT) using genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic techniques.

  ATRTs (Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumours) represent one of the most aggressive pediatric brain cancers, but intriguingly exhibit few other recurrently mutated loci except for SMARCB1/hSNF5. We integrated whole genome (n=15), exome, copy number, gene expression and methylation analyses to comprehensively interrogate 64 ATRTs and observed that structural events were relatively frequent in the ATRT genome (~3 tumour). In addition to SMARCB1, which was targeted by structural events in a majority (49/64) of tumours, recurrent structural alterations targeting the LRP1B, CDH13, BCR and MKL1 loci were observed. We observed novel translocation events, including 2 targeting SMARCB1 which were detected only by NGS analyses. Significantly, integration of gene expression and methylation profiles with genomic analyses revealed ATRT comprise two sub-groups with distinct clinical and genetic features. Group 1 tumours were characterized by supra-tentorial brain location, focal intragenic alterations of SMARCB1 and a pro-neural gene expression signature with evidence of NOTCH pathway activation. While Group 2 ATRTs were characterized by infra-tentorial brain location, broad SMARCB1 alterations and an activation of the BMP signalling pathway. Our findings highlight epigenetic mechanisms as important determinants of ATRT tumour phenotypes, and demonstrate for the first time that ATRTs arising in different anatomical compartments comprise distinct molecular and therapeutic sub-groups.

  Study EGAS00001000506

• This dataset includes FASTQ for single-nucleus RNA-seq of normal controls, and multiple system atrophy (MSA) or Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.

  The dataset includes more than 130k nuclei isolated using 10x Genomics Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3' Reagent Kits v3.1. In total, 30 samples are included from 10 controls, 8 MSA (including one sample that was omitted during QC), or 12 PD patients. Samples were sequenced on Illumina Novaseq 6000 or NextSeq 550 instruments.

  Dataset EGAD50000002041

• Single-Cell Analysis of Somatic Mutations in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Relation to Aging and Smoking

  While lung cancer risk among smokers is dependent on smoking dose, it remains unknown if this increased risk reflects an increased rate of somatic mutation accumulation in normal lung cells. Here we applied single-cell whole genome sequencing of proximal bronchial basal cells from 33 subjects, aged between 11 and 86 years, with smoking histories varying from never smoking to 116 pack years. We found an increase in the frequency of single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions with chronological age in never-smokers, with mutation frequencies significantly elevated among smokers. However, when plotted against smoking pack-years, mutations were found to follow the linear increase in cancer risk only until about 23 pack years, after which no further increase in mutation frequency was observed, pointing towards individual selection for mutation avoidance. Known lung cancer-defined global mutation signatures tracked with both age and smoking. Within study power limits, no significant enrichment for somatic mutations in lung cancer driver genes was observed.

  Study phs002758

• Monitoring of leukemia clones in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and during treatment by single-cell DNA amplicon sequencing

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by the presence of chromosomal changes, including numerical changes, translocations and deletions, which are often associated with additional single nucleotide mutations. In this study we used single-cell targeted DNA sequencing to determine the clonal heterogeneity of B-cell ALL at diagnosis and during chemotherapy treatment. With a customly designed DNA amplicon library targeting the most common mutations (in 110 genes) present in ALL, we analyzed bone marrow samples and/or blood samples from 12 B-ALL cases at diagnosis. For 4 cases where we detected multiple mutational clones at diagnosis, we also studied blood samples during the first weeks of chemotherapy treatment. This study shows that B-ALL cases with either a ETV6-RUNX1 or a BCR-ABL1 fusion have a low mutational burden, while cases with PAX5 alterations or hyperdyploidy have multiple clones at diagnosis, often with mutations in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the RAS signaling pathway. As expected, it can be observed that these clones disappear during treatment of the leukemia with almost no mutated cells left after two weeks of treatment.

  Study EGAS00001005029

• Temptation Resistance Failures: Transdiagnostic Features and Influences

  Multiple forms of psychopathology involve problems with resisting temptations and urges. This study utilizes experience sampling (ES) methodology to assess temptation resistance across different classes of temptations and urges including both common everyday temptations and more disorder-specific temptation classes. The study tests the hypothesis that the broad ability to successfully resist temptations and urges across temptation classes is a common features of the externalizing superspectrum (factor) of psychopathology, particularly the disinhibition spectra as defined by the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Additional associations are expected to arise between reduced temptation resistance success for specific temptation classes and narrower symptom domains associated with the externalizing and internalizing spectra (e.g., binge eating, and nonsuicidal self-harm among internalizing symptoms). The study further tests genetic and environmental influences on temptation strength and resistance ability with a focus on polygenic scores, adverse childhood experiences and childhood neighborhood deprivation variables that have previously been related to externalizing. To address these issues, we will study up to 1200 subjects (minimum 1000) selected with enrichment for psychopathology. Subjects will be recruited from a combination of ResearchMatch, and targeted contact with Reddit groups, and targeted social media/online advertisements, with targeted recruitment of at least 150 subjects who indicate problems with SUD, alcohol use disorder (AUD) or nicotine dependence, 70 who indicate problems with gambling or other impulse control problems, 70 subjects with criminal/legal problems, and 70 subjects based on binge eating episodes 70 with self-injurious behavior, and 70 with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Subjects will complete the (Externalizing Spectrum Inventory-BF and HiTOP-SR) to measure externalizing and internalizing spectra. Diagnoses in key categories will be confirmed with structured diagnostic interviews. Subjects also complete information on childhood adversity and geocoding is used to assess environment during development. The two-week ES regimen collects data on the strongest types of temptations and urges experienced by the subject, their subjective strength, the goal of the urge (pleasure/relief from negative feelings), the level of conflict with other goals, whether the person attempted to resist the temptation, the resistance strategy, and resistance success, to allow assessment of the extent to which differences in each of these facets (and calculated temptation resistance efficacy) are related to narrow or broad dimensions of psychopathology. Whole genome sequencing with .5x coverage and imputation will be performed to allow generation of polygenic scores for externalizing and addiction in order to test the hypothesis that externalizing polygenic scores are related to poor temptation resistance efficacy across temptation classes.

  Study phs004064

• Single cell resolution landscape of hypomutated childhood cancers

  A paradigm of childhood cancers is that they have a low mutation burden, with some ostensibly bearing fewer mutations than the normal tissues from which they derive. We set out to resolve this paradox by examining paediatric renal cancers with exceptionally few mutations using high resolution, high depth sequencing approaches. We found that apparent hypomutation was the result of unusual clonal architecture due to a normal tissue-like mode of tumour evolution, raising the possibility that the mutation burden of some cancers has been systematically misjudged.

  Dataset EGAD00001015406

• Small_molecule_inhibitors_in_melanoma___Kenski___Kong___WES

  Small-molecule inhibitors targeting the most commonly activated pathway in melanoma, MAPK pathway (either alone or in combination) are already given to melanoma patients for few years, and initially reduce tumour burden dramatically, eventually melanomas become resistant and tumours progress while on treatment. Resistance to this treatment occurs by acquisition of additional mutations or other alterations that affect the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by either direct or indirect signalling. Many resistance mechanisms somehow lead to reactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), thereby restoring signalling of the oncogenic BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway. In addition, PI3K pathway activation contributes to resistance to BRAF inhibition. Less frequent but equally important to the phenomenon of targeted drug resistance is the observation that B15–20% of BRAF mutant melanoma patients fail to respond to BRAF inhibition already early on treatment, owing to intrinsic resistance. These patients have little therapeutic options, unless immunotherapy can be given. To better understand the resistance mechanisms in MAPK inhibitor-treated melanoma patients and melanoma biology, our lab generated a big panel of MAPK inhibitor resistant melanoma cell lines by continuous drug exposure. The understanding of the genetic landscape and gene expression as well as cross resistance to other treatment regimens, and other aspects of melanoma biology such as phenotype switch, will allow us to better exploit new therapeutic strategies for melanoma patients.

  Study EGAS00001002863

• An analysis of humoral and cellular immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination.

  Two dose mRNA vaccination provides excellent protection against SARS-CoV-2. However, there are few data on vaccine efficacy in elderly individuals above the age of 801. Additionally, new variants of concern (VOC) with reduced sensitivity to neutralising antibodies have raised fears for vulnerable groups. Here we assessed humoral and cellular immune responses following vaccination with mRNA vaccine BNT162b22 in elderly participants prospectively recruited from the community and younger health care workers. Median age was 72 years and 51% were females amongst 140 participants. Neutralising antibody responses after the first vaccine dose diminished with increasing age, with a steep drop in participants over 80 years old. Sera from participants below and above 80 showed significantly lower neutralisation potency against B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1. variants of concern as compared to wild type. Those over 80 were more likely to lack any neutralisation against VOC compared younger participants following first dose. Binding IgG and IgA antibodies were lower in the elderly, as was the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 Spike specific B- cells. We observed a trend towards lower somatic hypermutation in participants with suboptimal neutralisation, and elderly participants demonstrated clear reduction in class switched somatic hypermutation, driven by the IgA1/2 isotype. SARS-CoV-2 Spike specific T- cell IFN?? and IL-2 responses were secreted primarily by CD4 T cells, and impaired in the older age group. We conclude that the elderly are a high risk population that warrant specific measures in order to mitigate against vaccine failure, particularly where variants of concern are circulating. Specifically, the dosing interval should not be extended in this group.

  Study EGAS00001005380

• RNA Splicing Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  RNA splicing dysregulation is a hallmark of cancers, promoting the onset and progression of disease. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), spliceosome mutations leading to aberrant splicing occurs in approximately 20% of patients. However, the underlying mechanism for splicing defects in spliceosome unmutated CLL cases remains elusive. To discover posttranscriptional regulation of RNA splicing, we performed RNA sequencing using RNA derived from B cells from 6 healthy donors and 36 CLL patients, along with MAZTER sequencing from 9 CLL patients (8 matched with RNA sequencing cohort) and B cells from 5 healthy donors. We found that CLL cells have dysregulated m6A modification sites on transcripts from splicing factors, suggesting a critical role of m6A modification in RNA splicing dysregulation.

  Study phs003191

• Genomic Regions Associated with Susceptibility to Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in African Americans: The Cross BETRNet Admixture Study

  Differences in rates of diseases between different populations with similar environments are presumed to be secondary to variability in population frequencies of disease causing alleles. Recently admixed populations such as African Americans (AAs) provide a natural opportunity to identify disease-causing variants by examining the ancestry of long chromosomal haplotypes. Admixture mapping approach can be successful in locating genes for diseases such as EAC whose rates varies markedly between the ancestral populations. This is a case only study with 54 African American cases and also on a subset of 28 cases with high genotyping quality. We seek to identify chromosome regions that have excess European ancestry and contrasting it to excess African ancestry.

  Study phs001454

• PAX4 loss of function increases diabetes risk by altering human pancreatic endocrine cell development

  The coding variant (p.Arg192His) in the transcription factor PAX4 is associated with an altered risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in East Asian populations. In mice, Pax4 is essential for beta cell formation but its role on human beta cell development and/or function is unknown. Participants carrying the PAX4 p.His192 allele exhibited decreased pancreatic beta cell function compared to homozygotes for the p.192Arg allele in a cross-sectional study in which we carried out an intravenous glucose tolerance test and an oral glucose tolerance test. In a pedigree of a patient with young onset diabetes, several members carry a newly identified p.Tyr186X allele. In the human beta cell model, EndoC-βH1, PAX4 knockdown led to impaired insulin secretion, reduced total insulin content, and altered hormone gene expression. Deletion of PAX4 in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived islet-like cells resulted in derepression of alpha cell gene expression. In vitro differentiation of hiPSCs carrying PAX4 p.His192 and p.X186 risk alleles exhibited increased polyhormonal endocrine cell formation and reduced insulin content that can be reversed with gene correction. Together, we demonstrate the role of PAX4 in human endocrine cell development, beta cell function, and its contribution to T2D-risk.

  Dataset EGAD50000000516

• Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Repository

  The Study of Womens Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is an active multi-site, multi-disciplinary, longitudinal study of women's health. Initially funded in 1994 by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), and the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH), the overall goal of SWAN is to describe the natural history of the menopausal transition and the post menopause including biological, behavioral, and psychosocial characteristics. SWAN focuses on the impact of menopause on age-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, bone loss and osteoporosis, as well as physical and cognitive functioning. SWAN has seven clinical study sites located in six states, two in California, and one each in Chicago, Boston, Detroit area, northern New Jersey and Pittsburgh. The SWAN cohort was recruited from these areas and consists of 3,302 African American, Caucasian, Chinese American, Hispanic and Japanese American women. SWAN participants were enrolled in 1996-1997 and have been seen annually or bi-annually for clinic visits, which include interviews, measurements, and the collection of blood and urine samples. SWAN participants have now been seen for the baseline and 15 follow-up visits.

  Study phs001470

• Exome-wide somatic mutation characterization of small bowel adenocarcinoma

  Small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer with limited treatment options. To further characterize the somatic mutation landscape of this tumor type, exome sequencing was conducted on a population-based set of SIA samples from all three parts of the small intestine. Archival tissue from 106 tumors with comprehensive clinical patient information entered exome sequencing from a patient series consisting of SIA cases diagnosed in Finland between the years 2003-2011. Paired-end exome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 4000, and OncodriveFML was used to identify significantly mutated genes from the exome data. Also mutational signature and pathway enrichment analyses were performed.

  Study EGAS00001002559

• An instructive role for IL7RA in the development of human B-cell precursor leukemia

  Kinase signaling fuels growth of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Yet its role in leukemia initiation is unclear and has not been shown in primary human hematopoietic cells. We previously described activating mutations in interleukin-7 receptor alpha (IL7RA) in poor-prognosis “ph-like” BCP-ALL. Here we show that expression of activated mutant IL7RA in human CD34+ hematopoietic cells creates a preleukemic state in transplanted NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rγnull mice, characterized by persistence of self-renewing Pro-B cells with non-productive V(D)J gene rearrangements. Preleukemic CD34+CD10highCD19+ cells evolved to a BCP-ALL with spontaneously acquired CDKN2A deletions as commonly observed in primary human BCP-ALL. CRISPR mediated silencing of CDKN2A in primary human CD34+ cells transduced with activated IL7RA resulted in robust development of BCP-ALLs in-vivo. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that constitutive activation of IL7RA can initiate preleukemia in primary human hematopoietic progenitors and cooperates with CDKN2A silencing in progression into BCP-ALL.

  Study EGAS00001005347

• Single-cell RNA-seq of immune cells sorted from human melanoma tumors

  Tumor immune cell compositions play a major role in response to immunotherapy but the heterogeneity and dynamics of immune infiltrates in human cancer lesions remain poorly characterized. Here we identify conserved intratumoral CD4 and CD8 T cell behaviors in scRNA-seq data from 25 melanoma patients. We discover a large population of CD8 T cells showing continuous progression from an early effector "transitional" into a dysfunctional T cell state. CD8 T cells that express a complete cytotoxic gene set are rare, and TCR sharing data suggest their independence from the transitional and dysfunctional cell states. Notably, we demonstrate that dysfunctional T cells are the major intratumoral proliferating immune cell compartment and that the intensity of the dysfunctional signature is associated with tumor-reactivity. Our data demonstrate that CD8 T cells previously defined as exhausted, are in fact a highly proliferating, clonal and dynamically differentiating cell population within the human tumor microenvironment.

  Study EGAS00001003363

• Evolutionary predictability of genetic versus non genetic resistance to anticancer drugs in melanoma

  Therapy resistance arises from heterogeneous drug-tolerant persister cells or minimal residual disease (MRD) through genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. A key question is whether specific molecular features of the MRD ecosystem determine which of these two distinct trajectories will eventually prevail. We show that, in melanoma exposed to MAPK therapeutics, emergence of a transient neural crest stem cell (NCSC) population in MRD concurs with the development of nongenetic resistance. This increase relies on a GDNF-dependent signaling cascade, which activates the AKT survival pathway in a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent manner. Ablation of the NCSC population through FAK inhibition delays relapse in patient-derived tumor xenografts. Strikingly, all tumors that ultimately escape this treatment exhibit resistance-conferring genetic alterations and increased sensitivity to ERK inhibition. These findings identify an approach that abrogates the nongenetic resistance trajectory in melanoma and demonstrate that the cellular composition of MRD deterministically imposes distinct drug resistance evolutionary paths.

  Study EGAS00001005314

• The Northern Manhattan Family Study - a Sub-Study of the Epidemiologic Study of Stroke Outcome in 3 Ethnic Groups: The Northern Manhattan Study

  The Northern Manhattan Family Study is a sub-study of the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), a population-based cohort study investigating stroke and stroke risk factors among individuals from three ethnic groups residing in northern Manhattan. The overall goal for the Northern Manhattan Family Study was to determine the genetic factors associated with stroke precursor phenotypes. A subset of Caribbean Hispanic probands from the NOMAS Study were selected for inclusion in the family study. Selected probands were at high risk for cardiovascular disease, defined as either 1. Having a sibling with a history of myocardial infarction or stroke, or 2. Having two of the following three risk phenotypes above the 75th percentile in NOMAS; maximal carotid plaque thickness, left ventricular mass or homocysteine level. Probands for the family study were enrolled in northern Manhattan and family members were enrolled at two locations: New York at Columbia University and in the Dominican Republic (DR) at the Clinicas Corazones Unidos in Santo Domingo. A subset of Caribbean Hispanic NOMAS participants were included as a replication sample.

  Study phs002406

• Immune microenvironment and lineage tracing help deciphering Rosette-forming GlioNeuronal Tumors: a multi-omic analysis of 9 cases

  Rosette-forming GlioNeuronal Tumor (RGNT) is a rare central nervous system neoplasm containing two components, glial and neuronal. The delineation of histological diagnosis of RGNT from similar low-grade tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and ganglioglioma (GG) may be challenging. We performed here a comprehensive molecular analysis of a cohort of tumors with same histology features to identify molecular characteristics of RGNT. A cohort of 9 rosette-forming tumors histologically-diagnosed were analyzed at molecular level using multimodal approaches as Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), RNAseq and methylome. In our cohort, 3 tumors were plotted within the Methylation Class-RGNT (MC-RGNT) characterized by FGFR1 mutation associated with PIK3CA or NF1 mutations. Transcriptome analysis was performed in 7 cases. RNAseq identified a “Hot” and a “Cold” transcriptomic group; the latter includes the 3 MC-RGNT and 1 MC-Pilocytic Astrocytoma and exhibited a “Cold” immune tumor microenvironment in comparison with the “Hot” group. The distinct immune cell content of both groups was confirmed by quantitative immunostainings. Get Set Enrichment Analysis showed that the “Cold” group had upregulated NOTCH pathway and mainly oligodendrocyte precursor cell and neuronal phenotypes while the “Hot” group exhibited predominantly astrocytic and neural stem cell phenotypes. In silico deconvolution identified the cerebellar granule cell lineage as a putative origin and as the cell context to understand the effects of genetic alterations and NOTCH signaling. Histological diagnosis of rosette-forming tumors encompasses heterogeneous tumor entities. Our study identified distinct tumor cell contexts and microenvironments as key features to better understand and manage these neoplasms.

  Study EGAS00001006502

• The Incidence of Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Antibodies to Heparin-PF4 after Cardiac Bypass

  The purpose of this study is to determine how often heart surgery patients who receive heparin develop an immune response (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) that leads to clots forming in different parts of the body. These clots usually occur in the legs (deep venous thrombosis or DVT) or lungs (pulmonary embolism or PE) or cause heart attacks (myocardial infarction or MI) and strokes.

  Study phs000606

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) TARGET: Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments

  The Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) Initiative seeks to accelerate research in novel marker and drug development, along with understanding the molecular basis of pediatric malignancy, through identification of genomic changes associated with the following childhood cancers: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) - A fast-growing type of blood cancer in which too many immature white blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), including AML Induction Failure cases (AML-IF) - Another type of blood cancer marked by too many myeloblasts, an alternate type of immature white blood cell, are found in the blood and bone marrow. Upon diagnosis, AML patients without high-risk genetic markers undergo standard chemotherapy regimen, called the primary induction phase, to eliminate most cancer cells and induce a remission state. Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney (CCSK) - A rare type of kidney cancer, in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. Clear cell sarcoma can spread from the kidney to other organs, most commonly the bone, but also including the lungs, brain, and soft tissues of the body. Neuroblastoma (NBL) - Cancer of cells of the sympathetic nervous system. Cancer Model Systems (MDLS), including PPTP - MDLS includes acute leukemia cell lines and xenografts with matched primary and/or relapsed tumor information, NBL cell lines and xenografts with matched controls, kidney tumor cell lines, normal brain tissues, and embryonic stem cell lines that were sequenced for some TARGET disease projects. Osteosarcoma (OS) - A cancer of the bone that primarily affects children and adolescents. Rhabdoid Tumor (RT) - A rare, fast-growing cancer that usually forms in the kidney or central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) but can also form in soft tissues in other areas of the body. Rhabdoid tumors tend to spread quickly, are hard to treat, and have a poor prognosis. Wilms' Tumor (WT) - A cancer of cells in the kidney that can spread to the liver, lung and lymph nodes. More information can be found about each TARGET subproject by following the links on the top of this page. Together these cancers account for the majority of the more than 10,000 childhood cancer cases diagnosed in the United States each year. TARGET has employed a set of advanced and complementary genome analysis technologies, including large scale 2nd and 3rd generation genome sequencing, to strategically characterize alterations in both gene expression and in genomic structure (such as deletions and amplification) that are involved in childhood cancers. The goal of this coordinated effort has been to create a comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic profile of each cancer. Integrated analysis of the TARGET data has identified those genes that are either altered in their expression level or mapped to the chromosome regions of deletion/amplification/translocation, as these genes represent strong candidates for therapeutic targeting. To learn more about the TARGET project, which is now completed, visit the website at https://www.cancer.gov/ccg/research/genome-sequencing/target. TARGET data is accessible at the NCI's Genomic Data Commons (GDC) via the GDC's Data Portal and from each of the TARGET Publication Pages at the GDC (Please see the "Supplemental Links" section of any TARGET publication's "Publication Information and Associated Data Files page" at the GDC.). Available datasets include raw sequencing data, datasets generated by the original TARGET research teams (fully annotated clinical information and higher-level/analyzed molecular characterization data - gene expression, copy number variation, epigenetics, targeted sequencing), as well as higher level data generated by the GDC. Please see the TARGET Use and Publication Guidelines for updated details on the sharing of any TARGET substudy data, including how to cite TARGET.

  Study phs000218

• Pheno-Seq, linking 3D phenotypes of clonal tumor spheroids to gene expression

  3D-culture systems have advanced cancer modeling by reflecting physiological characteristics of in-vivo tissues, but our understanding of functional intratumor heterogeneity including visual phenotypes and underlying gene expression is still limited. Transcriptional heterogeneity can be dissected by single-cell RNA-sequencing, but these technologies suffer from low RNA-input and fail to directly correlate gene expression with contextual cellular phenotypes. Here we present pheno-seq for integrated high-throughput imaging and transcriptomic profiling of clonal tumor spheroids derived from 3D models of breast and colorectal cancer. Specifically, we identify characteristic expression signatures that are associated with heterogeneous invasive and proliferative behavior including a rare cell subtype. Furthermore, we identify functionally relevant transcriptional regulators missed by single-cell RNA-seq, link visual phenotypes defined by heterogenous expression to inhibitor response and infer single-cell regulatory states by deconvolution. We anticipate that directly linking molecular features with patho-phenotypes of cancer cells will improve the understanding of intratumor heterogeneity and consequently prove to be useful for translational research.

  Study EGAS00001002999

• The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Consortium for the Longitudinal Evaluation of African-Americans with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (CLEAR)

  The Consortium for the Longitudinal Evaluation of African-Americans with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (CLEAR) Registry and Repository, supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), was established in 2000 to provide a resource for the scientific community to explore genetic and non-genetic factors affecting rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occurrence and outcomes in African Americans. The long term objective is a database and a repository of 1,100 RA and 550 matched healthy African-American subjects. This CLEAR Registry and Repository has two arms: a longitudinal arm for subjects with early RA (enrollment from 2000 to 2005) and a cross-sectional arm for subjects with any disease duration (enrollment from 2006 to 2012). CLEAR has two components: a database and a repository. The database contains extensive demographic, socioeconomic, clinical and radiographic (radiographs of hands and feet) information and bone mineral density data from DEXA scans. The repository contains genomic DNA, plasma and serum on most of the participants. Participants in CLEAR II had RNA isolated from peripheral blood cells.

  Study phs001360

• Genome-wide associations of human gut microbiota variation and implications for causal inference analyses

  Here we use appropriate taxon-specific models along with support from independent cohorts to show association between human host genotype and gut microbiome variation. Using fecal derived 16S rRNA gene sequences and host genotype data from the Flemish Gut Flora Project (FGFP) we identify genetic associations involving multiple microbial traits. Mendelian randomization analysis was able to estimate associations between microbial traits and disease, however in the absence of clear microbiome driven effects, caution is needed in interpretation. This work marks a growing catalog of genetic associations which will provide insight into the contribution of host genotype to gut microbiome. Despite this, the uncertain origin of association signals will likely complicate future work looking to dissect function or use associations for causal inference analysis.

  Study EGAS00001004420

• TNF-induced dynamic regulation of mRNA stabilome in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes

  During rheumatoid arthritis (RA), TNF activates fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) inducing in a temporal order a constellation of genes, which perpetuate synovial inflammation. Although the molecular mechanisms regulating TNF-induced transcription are well characterized, little is known about the impact of mRNA stability on gene expression and the impact of TNF on decay rates of mRNA transcripts in FLS. To address these issues we performed RNA sequencing and genome-wide analysis of the mRNA stabilome in RA FLS. We found that TNF induces a biphasic gene expression program: initially, the inducible transcriptome consists primarily of unstable transcripts but progressively switches and becomes dominated by very stable transcripts. This temporal switch is due to: a) TNF-induced prolonged stabilization of previously unstable transcripts that enables progressive transcript accumulation over days and b) sustained expression and late induction of very stable transcripts. TNF- induced mRNA stabilization in RA FLS occurs during the late phase of TNF response, is MAPK-dependent, and involves several genes with pathogenic potential such as IL6, CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL8/IL8, CCL2, and PTGS2. These results provide the first insights into genome-wide regulation of mRNA stability in RA FLS and highlight the potential contribution of dynamic regulation of the mRNA stabilome by TNF to chronic synovitis.

  Study phs001371

• MorphoITH: A Framework for Deconvolving Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity Using Tissue Morphology

  The ccRCC-ITH study WES dataset is derived from a morphology guided multi-regional sequencing dataset used to study the relationship between morphology and genetic evolution. It contains whole exome sequencing data of 18 tumor and 2 adjacent normal samples from 2 UTSW patients, who have consented to depositing their genomic data to public repository. Tumor samples come from different tumor sites, including primary tumor, thrombus and metastases. WES was performed using 75bp paired-end fragments at an average read depth > 50x on a NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The raw data is in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000001550

• Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)

  The Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), a multicenter, prospective study, was established in August 1993 to carry out comprehensive investigations of the impact of HIV infection and its clinical, laboratory, and psychosocial effects in women. The purpose of this study is to collect and evaluate these data from HIV infected and at-risk women to better understand and provide support for women whom are currently HIV infected or who are at risk for HIV infection. Participants will have study visits every 6 months. Questionnaires regarding sexual behavior, health care utilization, medical and obstetric/gynecological history, psychosocial factors, and sociodemographics will be completed by participants. Physical, gynecological, and lipodystrophy examinations will also be conducted at each visit, and current medication regimen will be noted. Blood and other bodily fluid samples will be collected and registered in both local and national repositories of the WIHS in conjunction with NIAID.

  Study phs001503

• Transcriptomic profiles of tumor samples from patients with stage I-III TNBC treated with anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy plus fasting-mimicking diet plus/minus metformin in the context of the BREAKFAST trial (NCT04248998)

  BREAKFAST is a randomized, non-comparative, phase II trial enrolling stage I-III (cT>1cm) TNBC pts treated with neoadjuvant doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide q3w for 4 cycles, followed by weekly paclitaxel for 12 cycles. Pts were randomized 1:1 to receive: CT + triweekly 5-day FMD cycles (arm A), or CT + FMD + daily metformin (1700 mg) (arm B). The primary study objective was to investigate if one or both experimental treatments were able to increase pCR rates when compared to anthracycline-taxane CT alone according to historical data. Secondary/exploratory endpoints included biomarker analyses based on tumor transcriptomics analyses. Specifically, we collected fresh-frozen tumor samples at baseline and 14-21 days after the first treament cycle and we analyzed the RNA-seq profiles to identify early predictors of treatment activity.

  Study EGAS50000000690

• Detection of Genes Predisposing to Hematologic Malignancies

  We have been conducting genetic studies on families at high risk of different hematologic malignancies, in order to define the related tumors in the families, define precursor and other related conditions, and map and identify susceptibility genes. We have focused mainly on four types of lymphoid malignancies: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). A few families with a rare lymphoma subtype, hairy cell leukemia (HCL) are included. In addition, single large pedigrees with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and juvenile myelomocytic leukemia (JMML) are included. Families are ascertained for having at least two patients with the same hematologic malignancy and are classified by the type of malignancy that predominates in the family. Multiple types of lymphoid malignancies are often found in the same family. Other data has shown that these conditions aggregate together in families. Verification of cancer diagnoses is obtained through medical records, pathology reports, and flow cytometry. Family members with precursor traits are also included, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) in CLL families and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in WM families.

  Study phs001219

• Melanoma_TIL_Study_Exomes

  In this study, mutations present in a series of human melanomas (stage IV disease) will be determined, using autologous blood cells to obtain a reference genome. From each of teh samples that are analyzed, tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes have also been isolated. This offers a unique opportunity to determine which (fraction of) mutations in human cancer leads to epitopes that are recognized by T cells. The resulting information is likely to be of value to understand how T cell activating drugs exert their action.

  Study EGAS00001000216

• Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

  Dataset EGAD00001008788

• Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow sc Seqwell

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

  Dataset EGAD00001008908

• Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow sc Rhapsody

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

  Dataset EGAD00001009704

• Whole exome sequencing from early stage non-small cell lung cancer patients at MDACC

  The purpose of the study is to evaluate the mutational landscape and tumor mutational burden in tumor from patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Mutational landscape was compared to the T cell repertoire to determine the relationship between somatic mutations and T cell response in early-stage NSCLC.

  Study EGAS00001004026

• Amplicon_based_sequencing_of_drug_resistant_organoids

  A BRAF V600E colorectal organoid which is sensitive to MAP kinase inhibition was mutagenised with the chemical mutagen ENU and then drug selected using a combination of Trametinib, Dabrafenib and Cetuximab. Single cell derived organoids were then manually picked and expanded in drug. Resistance was confirmed in a 14 day assay and DNA was collected. These then underwent targeted amplicon-based sequencing to confirm candidate resistance effectors from a screen in 2 2D BRAF V600E colorectal cell lines. Pools of resistant clones were also sequenced.

  Study EGAS00001001639

• Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE:Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. At present, the ARIC sIRB has determined that ARIC data cannot be shared with for-profit entities.Related Studies Other ARIC data available include: Imaging studies (ARIC-Imaging), Genetics and genomics (ARIC, phs000280.v8.p2), Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R): ARIC (phs002988.v1.p1), and as a component of the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS-BioLINCC, phs003637.v1.p1). Available Data Data available for request include ARIC v1-v8 examination cycles, collated annual follow-up communication data for contact years 2-32, and follow-up for mortality, heart disease, and stroke events through 2019. Also included are data from ancillary studies. Objectives The objectives of ARIC are to: 1) investigate associations of factors, including those not previously measured in cohort studies, with prevalence of atherosclerosis and incidence of CHD, clinical stroke and other cardiovascular diseases; and 2) measure cardiovascular disease occurrence and trends and relate these to community levels of, and changes in, risk factors, medical care and atherosclerosis. Background At the time of project initiation, the NHLBI had long recognized the need for longitudinal studies to identify the biochemical and physiological markers and specific environmental factors which place individuals at high risk for the major atherosclerosis diseases. The development of reliable ultrasound examination of peripheral arteries enhanced the expected benefit of such studies. Community surveillance planning began for ARIC in response to recommendations of the 1978 NHLBI Workshop on the Decline in CHD Mortality and has been extended in its purpose to evaluate the large geographic differences in U.S. mortality. Participants Black and white men and women, age 45-64 at entry; sample size: 15,792. Design ARIC is a large-scale, long-term prospective study that measures associations of established and suspected coronary heart disease risk factors with both atherosclerosis and new CHD events in men and women from four geographically diverse communities. The project has two components: community surveillance of morbidity and mortality; and repeated examinations of a representative cohort of men and women in each community. The community surveillance involves abstracting hospital records and death certificates and investigating out-of-hospital deaths. The representative cohorts include approximately 4,000 persons from each community. Community surveillance data includes detailed hospital record abstraction, ECG tracings, and event adjudication. Data from out-of-hospital events in the community include physician, informant, and coroner questionnaires as well as death certificate data and event adjudication. Community surveillance ended in 2014.Cohort participants were examined four times at three year intervals between 1987 and 1998, and have been continuously contacted annually to update their medical histories. Atherosclerosis was measured by carotid ultrasonography. Risk factors studied include: blood lipids, lipoprotein cholesterols, and apolipoproteins; plasma hemostatic factors; blood chemistries and hematology; sitting, supine and standing blood pressures; anthropometry; fasting blood glucose and insulin levels; ECG findings; cigarette and alcohol use; physical activity levels; dietary aspects; and family history. Clinic visits were restarted in 2011 with ARIC visit 5.

  Study phs003738

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Dataset EGAD50000001898

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Dataset EGAD50000001897

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Dataset EGAD50000001896

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Dataset EGAD50000001890

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Dataset EGAD50000001888

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by targeted sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by a targeted panel for somatic mutation and sCNA analysis (7 samples), subject to cell availability. Mutation analysis was performed successfully in 6/7 samples and somatic mutations were detected in all of them.

  Dataset EGAD50000001899

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] - Cardiovascular ATVB: Atherosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology

  Italian Atherosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology study is a prospective, nationwide, case-control study involving 125 coronary care units in Italy. The cases were patients who were hospitalised for a first MI before the age of 45 years and underwent coronary angiography. Acute MI was defined as resting chest pain lasting more than 30 minutes, accompanied by persistent electrocardiographic changes, and confirmed by an increase in total creatine kinase or in the MB fraction to more than twice the upper normal limits. The controls were healthy subjects without a history of thromboembolic disease who were unrelated to the patients, but individually matched with them by age, gender and geographical origin. They were enrolled from among the blood donors or staff of the same participating hospitals. Recruitment of cases and controls took place between 1994 and 2007. This site hosts data from ~60 whole exomes.

  Study phs001592

• Whole genome sequencing of human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from 5 type I cyctic biliary atresia patients

  We have successfully generated a panel of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from five Japanese patients carrying type I cystic biliary atresia (BA). These hiPSC lines have exhibited characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. These cells held normal karyotypes mostly, but one of them carried hemizygous deletions, of which clinical significance is unknown yet. Whole genome sequence analysis indicated that some of the mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) commonly found in these patients are related to hepatobiliary abnormality. Given the limited understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cystic BA, attributed to unknown factors of genetic and environmental causes, these cellular resources will be instrumental in replicating disease phenotypes and in the advancement of novel therapies for this condition.

  Study JGAS000765

• Tumor-associated preferred end coordinates and somatic variants as signatures of circulating tumor DNA

  Cell-free DNA fragmentation is a nonrandom process. We showed that cell-free DNA fragments with ends at certain genomic coordinates had higher likelihoods of being derived from hepatocellular carcinoma. Other coordinates were associated with cell-free DNA molecules originating from the liver. Quantitative assessment of cell-free DNA molecules bearing these respective groups of end signatures correlated with the amounts of tumor-derived or liver-derived DNA in plasma. There were millions of tumor-associated plasma DNA end coordinates across the genome. Due to their high prevalence, they were more readily detectable than somatic mutations as a cancer signature in plasma. Hence, detection of tumor-associated plasma DNA ends may offer a cost-effective means of capturing evidence for the presence of cancer through liquid biopsy assessment.

  Study EGAS00001003160

• ENOC WGS for the study Genomic consequences of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms stratify ovarian cancer histotypes

  For ENOC cohorts, OvCaRe cases were reviewed, including frozen material, by at least two expert gynecopathologists prior to inclusion in the sequencing cohort who provided the confirmation on final selected cohort. Frozen H&E from Tokyo were also used for evaluation along with representative H&E photos and review done at the Jikei School of Medicine. For ENOC, DAH985 and DG1288 are recurrent and both were treated with chemotherapy after their first surgery. DAH123 is a untreated sample, metastasis from an primary endometrial tumour. All HGSC, GCT, CCOC and the rest ENOC tumours are primary tumour samples. Library construction and sequencing Frozen specimens with >50% tumour cellularity (based on initial slide review) were used for cryosectioning and subsequent nucleic acid extraction. Patient tumour and normal blood samples derived from primary, untreated fresh frozen tumour specimens harvested at diagnosis during standard of care debulking surgery. Germline DNA was provided from peripheral blood buffy coat on all specimens except 13 from Tokyo, where non-cancer frozen tissue was used as a germline source. DNA extraction from both matched normal (blood) and tumour samples (frozen tissue) were performed using the QIAamp Blood and Tissue DNA kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Qbit fluorometer and reagents (high-sensitivity assay). Three lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 v4 chemistry for normal samples and five lanes for tumour samples were obtained. The PCR-free protocol was adopted to eliminate the PCR-induced bias and improve coverage across the genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001003266

• Transcriptomic profiles of early and late passage metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) tumoroids

  The breadth and depth at which cancer models are interrogated contribute to successful translation of drug discovery efforts to the clinic. In colorectal cancer (CRC), model availability is limited by a dearth of large-scale collections of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and paired tumoroids from metastatic disease, the setting where experimental therapies are typically tested. XENTURION is a unique open-science resource that combines a platform of 129 PDX models and a sister platform of 129 matched PDX-derived tumoroids (PDXTs) from patients with metastatic CRC, with accompanying multidimensional molecular and therapeutic characterization. This specific dataset is focused on a comparison of early and late passage tumoroids transcriptomes.

  Study EGAS50000000108

• Elucidating Transcription Regulation by Epigenetics in Neuroblastoma

  PURPOSE Whole-genome profiles of the epigenetic modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) are robust diagnostic biomarkers in adult patients with cancer. We investigated if 5-hmC profiles would serve as novel prognostic markers in neuroblastoma, a clinically heterogeneous pediatric cancer. Because this DNA modification facilitates active gene expression, we hypothesized that 5-hmC profiles would identify transcriptomic networks driving the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nano-hmC-Seal sequencing was performed on DNA from Discovery (n = 51), Validation (n = 38), and Children's Oncology Group (n = 20) cohorts of neuroblastoma tumors. RNA was isolated from 48 tumors for RNA sequencing. Genes with differential 5-hmC or expression between clusters were identified using DESeq2. A 5-hmC model predicting outcome in high-risk patients was established using linear discriminant analysis. RESULTS Comparison of low- versus high-risk tumors in the Discovery cohort revealed 577 genes with differential 5-hmC. Hierarchical clustering of tumors from the Discovery and Validation cohorts using these genes identified two main clusters highly associated with established prognostic markers, clinical risk group, and outcome. Genes with increased 5-hmC and expression in the favorable cluster were enriched for pathways of neuronal differentiation and KRAS activation, whereas genes involved in inflammation and the PRC2 complex were identified in the unfavorable cluster. The linear discriminant analysis model trained on high-risk Discovery cohort tumors was prognostic of outcome when applied to high-risk tumors from the Validation and Children's Oncology Group cohorts (hazard ratio, 3.8). CONCLUSION 5-hmC profiles may be optimal DNA-based biomarkers in neuroblastoma. Analysis of transcriptional networks regulated by these epigenomic modifications may lead to a deeper understanding of drivers of neuroblastoma phenotype. "Reprinted from Applebaum et. JCO Precision Oncology, 2019, with permission from creative commons license."

  Study phs001831

• Anti-tumor and Immune Stimulatory Activity of Iberdomide in Myeloma, Including Patients with Cereblon Dysregulation

  Study showing Iberdomide treatment leads to immune stimulation and shift to effector T cells in triple-class refractory patients and directly after IMiD therapy. This is the first clinical evidence that Iberdomide can overcome Cereblon defects associated with IMiD resistance in late-line myeloma patients.

  Study EGAS50000000265

• Multiregional whole exome sequencing of mesothelioma tumors of MEDUSA cohort

  MEDUSA (Mesotheliomaevolution: deciphering druggable somatic alterations) is a translational research platform to build predictive models to stratify existing therapies. This study utilizes multiregional mesothelioma exome sequencing to infer a human evolutionary model of MPM tumorigenesis and understand the inter-relationships that exist between genomic ITH, host immune surveillance and clinical phenotype.

  Study EGAS50000001865

• The dataset of Southeast Borneo individuals (Banjar and Ngaju ethnic groups) was used as comparative data to determine the Asian parental population of the Malagasy. Our study found strong support for an origin of the Asian ancestry of Malagasy among the Banjar.

  Malagasy genetic diversity results from an exceptional proto-globalisation process that took place over a thousand years ago across the Indian Ocean. Previous efforts to locate the Asian origin of Malagasy have highlighted Borneo broadly as a potential source, but so far no firm source populations have been identified. Here, we have generated genome-wide data from two Southeast Borneo populations, the Banjar and the Ngaju, together with published data compiled from populations across the Indian Ocean region. We find strong support for an origin of the Asian ancestry of Malagasy among the Banjar. This group emerged from the long-standing presence of a Malay Empire trading post in Southeast Borneo, which favoured admixture between the Malay and an autochthonous Borneo group, the Ma’anyan. Reconciling genetic, historical and linguistic data, we show that the Banjar, in Malay-led voyages, were the most probable Asian source among the analysed groups in the founding of the Malagasy gene pool.

  Study EGAS00001001841

• Age-related remodeling of apparently normal esophageal epithelia by common cancer drivers

  Driver mutated clones multi-focally emerged from early adulthood and over years, increase their number and size, ultimately remodeling the entire esophageal epithelia in extreme elderly. Our results suggest that clonal expansion in esophageal epithelia is an inevitable consequence of normal aging, differentially impacting the development of cancer depending on mutation type and exposure to drinking and smoking.

  Study EGAS00001003008

• Investigate the evolutionary trajectories during invasiveness acquisition in early lung adenocarcinoma

  The evolutionary trajectories of early lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesize that genomic analysis between pre-invasive and invasive components will facilitate the description of LUAD evolutionary patterns. We micro-dissect malignant pulmonary nodules (MPNs) into paired pre-invasive and invasive components for panel-genomic sequencing and recognize three evolutionary trajectories. Evolutionary mode 1 (EM1) demonstrates none of the common driver events between paired components, but another two modes, EM2A and EM2B, exhibit critical private alterations restricted to pre-invasive and invasive components, respectively. When ancestral clones harbor EGFR mutations, truncal mutation abundance significantly decrease after the acquisition of invasiveness, which may be associated with the intratumoral accumulation of infiltrated B cells. Harboring EGFR mutations is critical to the selective pressure and further impacts the prognosis. Our findings extend the understanding of evolutionary trajectories during invasiveness acquisition in early LUAD.

  Study EGAS00001004754

• Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Project in Microtia in Hispanic Populations

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). All of the WGS and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Microtia is a rare congenital deformity of the external ear, the pinna. The severity of microtia is variable and ranges from subtle deformities in the pinna to absence of the external ear. Microtia is often associated with closure of the external auditory ear canal causing significant hearing loss. Microtia can be an isolated, unilateral or bilateral malformation, or occur solely with ear canal deformities, or with additional craniofacial or syndromic manifestations. Earlier studies of identical twins with microtia demonstrated a significant genetic contribution. The molecular pathogenesis for most microtia remains unknown. We propose to leverage our clinical acumen in diagnosis and treatment of microtia (R.E.), our relationship to the microtia community (M.T.) and our collected DNA samples from microtia patients to identify genetic variant(s) that contribute to this congenital malformation. Microtia prevalence is much higher among Native Americans and some Latin Americans (17 per 10000 Ecuadorian births) than among individuals of European-descent (0.6 -1.6 per 10,000 births). To capitalize on this epidemiologic data, we have recruited microtia cohorts from Latin America and the U.S, including clinical data and DNA samples.

  Study phs002172

• Regenerative effects of MSC treatment on busulfan-induced small intestine damaged organoids.

  Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative treatment for leukemia and a range of non-malignant disorders. The success of the therapy is hampered by occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD); an inflammatory response damaging recipient organs, with gut, liver, and skin being the most susceptible. Intestinal GvHD injury is often a life-threatening complication in patients unresponsive to steroid treatment. Second-line available therapies are immunosuppressants or mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) infusions. Data from our institution and others demonstrate rescue of approximately 40-50% of patients suffering from aGvHD with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and minor side effects. Although promising, the better understanding of MSC mode of action and patient response to MSC-based therapy is essential to improve this lifesaving treatment. Here, we developed a novel 3D co-culture model of human small intestinal organoids and MSCs, which allows to study the regenerative effects of MSCs on intestinal epithelium in a more physiologically relevant setting than existing in vitro systems. Using this model we mimicked chemotherapy-mediated damage of the intestinal epithelium. The treatment with busulfan, the chemotherapeutic commonly used as conditioning regiment before the HSCT, affected pathways regulating EMT, proliferation, and apoptosis in small intestinal organoids, as shown by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. The co-culture of busulfan treated intestinal organoids with MSCs reversed the effects of busulfan on the transcriptome and proteome of intestinal epithelium, which we also confirmed by functional evaluation of proliferation and apoptosis. Collectively, we demonstrate that our novel in vitro co-culture system is a new valuable tool to facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of MSCs on damaged intestinal epithelium.

  Study EGAS00001007432

• The Precision Medicine in Liver Cancer across an Asia-pacific NETwork (PLANET) - Intratumoural immune heterogeneity

  The clinical relevance of immune landscape intratumoural heterogeneity (immune-ITH) and its role in tumour evolution remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover significant spatial and phenotypic immune–ITH from multiple tumour sectors and decipher its relationship with tumour evolution and disease progression in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Immune–ITH is associated with tumour transcriptomic-ITH, mutational burden, and distinct immune microenvironments. Tumours with low immune–ITH experience higher immunoselective pressure and escape via loss of heterozygosity in human leukocyte antigens and immunoediting. Instead, the tumours with high immune-ITH evolve to a more immunosuppressive/exhausted microenvironment. This gradient of immune pressure along with immune-ITH represents a hallmark of tumour evolution, which is closely linked to the transcriptome-immune networks that contributes to disease progression and immune inactivation. Remarkably, high immune-ITH and its transcriptomic signature are predictive for worse clinical outcome in HCC patients. This in-depth investigation of ITH provides evidence on tumour-immune co-evolution along HCC progression.

  Study EGAS00001003814

• Somatic Mutations in Individual Skin Cells

  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary cause of melanoma through the acquisition of driver mutations in melanocytes. It also plays a significant role in oncogenesis in other skin cells, such as keratinocytes. However, the mutational profiles vary widely among different skin cancers, and the early mutational processes in different cell types from the same skin, is not well understood. Additionally, our preliminary studies also suggest that the mutation burden in different skin cells vary significantly based on risk factors such as the anatomical site and the use of tanning beds. To explore this, we employed innovative Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) tools to perform a site-matched comparison of the genomic landscapes of melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. From 20 biopsies of physiologically normal skin, collected from various anatomical sites across 16 donors, we have performed DNA-sequencing on 106 melanocytes, 78 keratinocytes and 13 fibroblasts. Of these samples, we have also simultaneously performed RNA-sequencing on 78 melanocytes, 46 keratinocytes and 9 fibroblasts. For normal bulk DNA, we also performed targeted (UCSF500; n=9) or exome sequencing (n=8) of skin or saliva samples from the donors.

  Study phs003683

• The immunological characterization of expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in renal cell carcinoma patients

  In this study, we comprehensively characterized the non-expanded and expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from treatment-naïve RCC patients, as well as the corresponding “young” TILs (pre-REP TILs) and “rapidly expanded” TILs (REP TILs) following a clinical-grade TIL production protocol. From our scRNA+TCRαβ-seq and TCRβ-seq analyses, we show that the REP protocol preferentially favors the expansion CD4+ T-cells that originate from small T-cell clones in the tumor microenvironment (TME), indicating that the large, exhausted T-cell clones in the tumor do not expand during the protocol. We further identified RCC-associated TCR motifs that were validated in multiple TCRαβ-seq and scRNA+TCRαβ-seq datasets, as well as quantified the RCC-associated TCRs from the REP protocol. Overall, the T-cells carrying the RCC-associated TCRs remained high in the tumors and corresponding pre-REP TILs, but the frequency was reduced in the REP TILs. Furthermore, the overall anti-viral TCRs remained low throughout the REP protocol. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the origin, phenotype, and specificity of the TCRs in RCC TILs.

  Study EGAS00001006952

• Deep Sequencing Studies for Cannabis and Stimulant Dependence

  Cannabis and stimulants are among the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, and their use is associated with substantial physical and psychiatric sequelae. Twin studies have shown a substantial genetic component to the etiology of cannabis and stimulant use disorders, but, genome-wide association studies using genotype data obtained from microarrays have yielded few robust results. The advent of increasingly economical whole genome sequencing provides new opportunities to identify trait-associated sequence variations. The present study proposes to identify sequence variants that affect stimulant and cannabis dependence in three cohorts. The three study cohorts were ascertained as part of the Mission Indian Study (PI Cindy Ehlers), the combined Yale-University of Connecticut Addiction Study samples (PI Joel Gelernter) and the San Francisco Family Study (PI Kirk Wilhelmsen). Because three populations with different continental origins were studied, the present study will also ascertain whether the major genetic risk factors for the traits of interest are shared or population-specific.

  Study phs001458

• Are children born after medical assisted reproduction at greater risk of having an increased de novo mutation rate?

  Introduction: De novo mutations (DNMs) play a prominent role in sporadic disorders with reduced fitness such as infertility and intellectual disability. Advanced paternal age is known to increase disease risk in offspring by increasing the number of DNMs in their genome. Less is known about the effect of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) on the number of DNMs in offspring. With the on-going trend of delayed parenthood more children are now born both from older fathers and through ART. Materials and Methods: We investigated 49 trios (mother, father and child) and 2 quartets (mother, father and 2 siblings) divided into children born after spontaneous conception (n=18); born after in vitro fertilisation (IVF) (n=17) and born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection combined with testicular sperm extraction (ICSI-TESE) (n=18). Groups further divided by paternal age, young (<35) or old (>45 years of age at conception). Whole-genome sequencing was performed twice to independently detect and validate all DNMs in children. Results: A clear paternal age effect was observed, with 70 DNMs detected on average in children born to young fathers and 94 DNMs in those born to older fathers (p = 0.001). No significant differences were observed between different methods of conception (p = 1) with paternal age affecting all methods equally. Conclusions: Paternal age, not method of conception, had a major effect on the observed number of DNMs in offspring. Given the role DNMs in disease risk, this negative result is good news for IVF and ICSI-TESE born children, if replicated in larger cohorts.

  Study EGAS00001005569

• Epigenomic atlas of organoid development

  To investigfate the epigenomic basis of fate decisions in the central nerveous system, we recorded a epigenomic timecourse of human brain organoid development using Cut&Tag with paired scRNA-seq. We further performed perturbation experiment inhibiting EED and profiled the response with scRNA-seq and Cut&Tag. Finally, we profiled a sample of the developing human brain using multiome sequencing and Cut&Tag. In our study, we uncover epigenomic switches during brain region diversification and show that epigenetic activation precedes gene expression during neurogenesis in organoids and in primary tissue. Lastly, we show that transcriptional repression by H3K27me3 is required to stabilize neuroectoderm induction from pluripotency.

  Study EGAS50000000155

• 3D tissue engineered human skeletal muscle modelling Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

  acioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by sporadic misexpression of the transcription factor double homeobox 4 (DUX4) in skeletal muscles. So far, monolayer cultures and animal models have been used to study the FSHD disease mechanism and for FSHD therapy development, but these models do not fully recapitulate the disease and there is a lack of knowledge on how DUX4 misexpression leads to skeletal muscle dysfunction. To overcome these barriers, we have developed a 3D tissue engineered skeletal muscle (3D-TESM) model by generating genetically matched myogenic progenitors (MPs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells of three mosaic FSHD patients. 3D-TESMs derived from genetically affected MPs recapitulate pathological features including DUX4 and DUX4 target gene expression, smaller myofiber diameters, and reduced absolute forces upon electrical stimulation. RNA sequencing data illustrates increased expression of DUX4 target genes in 3D-TESMs compared to 2D myotubes, and cellular differentiation was improved by 3D culture conditions. Treatment of 3D-TESMs with small molecules identified in drug development screens in 2D muscle culture showed no improvements in contractile force and sarcomere organization, highlighting the potential benefit of 3D-TESMs for preclinical drug potency screening by eliminating false-positive compounds for FSHD research and drug development.

  Study EGAS50000000502

• An isoform quantitative trait locus in SBNO2 links genetic susceptibility to Crohn’s disease with defective antimicrobial activity

  Despite major advances in linking single genetic variants to single causal genes, the significance of genetic variation on transcript-level regulation of expression, transcript-specific functions, and relevance to human disease has been poorly investigated. Strawberry notch homolog 2 (SBNO2) is a candidate gene in a susceptibility locus with different variants associated with Crohn’s disease and bone mineral density. The SBNO2 locus is also differentially methylated in Crohn’s disease but the functional mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that the isoforms of SBNO2 are differentially regulated by lipopolysaccharide and IL-10. We identify Crohn’s disease associated isoform quantitative trait loci that negatively regulate the expression of the noncanonical isoform 2 corresponding with the methylation signals at the isoform 2 promoter in IBD and CD. The two isoforms of SBNO2 drive differential gene networks with isoform 2 dominantly impacting antimicrobial activity in macrophages. Our data highlight the role of isoform quantitative trait loci to understand disease susceptibility and resolve underlying mechanisms of disease.

  Study EGAS50000000183

• Common Variation in Candidate Genes in the Diabetes Prevention Program

  The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was a multicenter controlled clinical trial examining the efficacy of an intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin to prevent or delay the development of diabetes in a population selected to be at high risk due to the presence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and obesity. Development of diabetes, defined by 1997 American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, was the primary outcome while cardiovascular disease and its risk factors were important secondary outcomes. The pharmacological intervention was double blinded and placebo controlled. After randomization, participants had quarterly clinical evaluations and had, in addition, a fasting plasma glucose at semi-annual visits and a 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test at annual visits. Volunteers were recruited from populations known to be at particularly high risk for impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes including the following: persons with a family history of NIDDM, the elderly, overweight individuals, women with a history of diabetes during pregnancy ("gestational diabetes"), and minority populations including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian and Pacific Island Americans, and Native Americans. The primary focus of the genetic investigations have been on candidate genes, including candidates derived from GWAS of diabetes, lipid and glycemia-related phenotypes. Please note more phenotype data for the DPPG cohort is available through the NIDDK Data Repository. Information on obtaining this phenotype data can be found by going to https://www.niddkrepository.org/studies/dppos/?query=DPP and https://www.niddkrepository.org/studies/dpp/?query=DPP. Data will need to be requested from both data sets. A linking file will be available to the NIDDK Data Repository.

  Study phs000681

• DNA methylation atlas of normal human cell types

  DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic mark that governs chromatin organization, cell identity, and gene expression. Here we describe a human methylome atlas, based on deep whole-genome bisulfite sequencing allowing fragment-level analysis across thousands of unique markers for 39 cell types sorted from 205 healthy tissue samples. Replicates of the same cell-type are >99.5% identical, demonstrating robustness of cell identity programs to genetic variation and environmental perturbation. Unsupervised clustering of the atlas recapitulates key elements of tissue ontogeny, and identifies methylation patterns retained since gastrulation. Loci uniquely unmethylated in an individual cell type often reside in transcriptional enhancers and contain DNA binding sites for tissue-specific transcriptional regulators. Uniquely hyper-methylated loci are rare and are enriched for CpG islands, polycomb targets, and CTCF binding sites, suggesting a novel role in shaping cell type-specific chromatin looping. The atlas provides an essential resource for interpretation of disease-associated genetic variants, and a wealth of potential tissue-specific biomarkers for use in liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001006791

• Integrative single-cell and cell-free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics

  The human placenta is a dynamic and cellular heterogeneous organ, which is critical in fetomaternal homeostasis and the development of preeclampsia. Previous work has shown that placenta-derived cell-free RNA increases during pregnancy. We applied large-scale microfluidic single-cell transcriptomic technology to comprehensively characterize cellular heterogeneity of the human placentas and identified multiple placental cell-type–specific gene signatures. Analysis of the cellular signature expression in maternal plasma enabled noninvasive delineation of the cellular dynamics of the placenta during pregnancy and the elucidation of extravillous trophoblastic dysfunction in early preeclampsia.

  Study EGAS00001002449

• Chromothripsis followed by circular recombination drives oncogene amplification in human cancer

  The mechanisms behind the evolution of complex genomic amplifications in cancer have remained largely unclear. We here identified a type of amplification, termed as “seismic amplification”, that is characterized by multiple rearrangements and discontinuous copy number levels. Seismic amplifications occurred in 9.9% (274/2,756) of cases across 38 cancer types and were associated with massively increased copy numbers and elevated oncogene expression. Reconstruction of the development of seismic amplification revealed a stepwise evolution, starting with a chromothripsis event, followed by formation of circular extrachromosomal DNA that subsequently underwent repetitive rounds of circular recombination. The resulting amplicons persisted as extrachromosomal DNA circles or had reintegrated into the genome in overt tumors. Together, our data indicate that the sequential occurrence of chromothripsis and circular recombination drives oncogene amplification and over-expression in a substantial fraction of human malignancies.

  Study EGAS00001005424

• Genomic and Phenotypic Profile of Sickle Cell Disease in Human Population in Cameroon

  Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a biallelic single nucleotide substitution in the beta-globin gene (HBB), resulting in an amino acid substitution, Glu7Val, formerly known as Glu6Val. An estimated 300,000 babies with SCD are born worldwide each year, with nearly 75% of these births being in sub-Saharan Africa. In Africa, at least 30-50% of children with untreated SCD die before the age of 5 years. Therefore, accelerating the path for novel therapies for SCD through genomics research on fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is critical. Variants in the currently known HbF‐modulating genes/loci, i.e., BCL11A, HBS1L-MYB, and XmnI-HBG2, explain only 10-20% of the variation of HbF levels in African individuals with SCD, compared with nearly 50% of the variation in HbF levels among Europeans. Expanding genomic research in populations of African ancestry could uncover the missing heritability of HbF-promoting loci. This study used the Human Heredity and Health (H3Africa) consortium SNP genotyping array developed from whole genome enriched for common variants in sub-Saharan Africans to investigate genomic variations associated with HbF levels in individuals with sickle cell anemia of the HbSS genotype from Cameroon. Two of the previously described loci, BCL11A and HBS1L-MYB were replicated, while a novel locus on chromosome 13 mapping to FLT1 was uncovered. The study therefore opens up a novel avenue for exploring SCD gene therapy.

  Study phs003748

• NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) De Novo Mutation Identification in Taiwanese Schizophrenia Trios

  The substantial reproductive impact of schizophrenia, for which affected individuals have fewer than half as many offspring as unaffected individuals do, implies that mutations of largest effect will frequently be de novo mutations. Ascertaining exome sequence variation in father-mother-offspring trios allows such mutations to be identified and distinguished from the far-larger amount of rare variation that is inherited by each individual. The pursuit of this approach in a large, well-powered cohort of trios can also provide lessons that inform the development of such gene discovery strategies more generally in human genetics. Schizophrenia trios from the Taiwanese population are being collected by Dr. Ming Tsuang (PI, UC San Diego, California) and investigators in Taiwan (PI, Dr. Hai Gwo Hwu; both funded by NIMH grant 1R01MH085560; Expanding Rapid Ascertainment Networks of Schizophrenia Families in Taiwan). A total of 3800 trios are anticipated to be collected by May 2013. This represents a highly homogenous national sample from the same ancestral population. DNA samples will be obtained from the NIMH Repository, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (described below) and stored at the Broad Institute. Genetic and data analyses will be performed at the Broad Institute. We propose to sequence the whole exome of trios by hybrid capture and Illumina next generation sequencing and perform targeted genotyping and validation of variants (SNPs, indels and CNVs) using several molecular methods, to include emulsion-based PCR and Sanger sequencing.

  Study phs001196

• NHLBI TOPMed - NHGRI CCDG: The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Atrial Fibrillation Genetics Study

  Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, is the primary cause of many hospital admissions, and is associated with significant secondary morbidity by increasing the risk of stroke, heart failure, and all-cause mortality. The incidence of AF is on the rise, and it is projected that by the year 2050 more than 10 million patients will be affected by AF in the United States alone. Anti-arrhythmic medications have limited success in maintaining sinus rhythm, are associated with side effects, and appear ineffective at reducing mortality compared to a strategy of rate control and anticoagulation. Given the significant morbidity associated with this common arrhythmia, surgical and catheter ablation techniques have been developed to treat AF. However, despite the incorporation of various strategies for ablation, long-term recurrence rates of AF remain higher than 25 percent after ablation. Current techniques for catheter ablation of AF include pulmonary vein isolation and complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) ablation. However, the contribution of each strategy to long-term procedural success and the relative importance of each strategy for different patients remain unknown. Recent advances in cardiac imaging have allowed detailed analysis of left atrial myocardial anatomy. Parallel advances in molecular genetics have identified several candidate genes involved in familial and non-familial AF. However, the pathophysiology of AF generation and maintenance, and the potential contribution of such genetic or anatomic substrates for patient selection, and for target identification during catheter ablation have not yet been examined. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging, coupled with techniques for endocardial and epicardial mapping in the electrophysiology laboratory present an opportunity to significantly improve our understanding of (1) The relation of paroxysmal versus persistent AF with (a) structural left atrial changes (left/right atrial scar, wall thinning, pulmonary vein anomalies, and coronary sinus dilation) and with (b) candidate genetic variants. (2) The relation of candidate genetic variants with (a) structural left atrial changes and with (b) electrophysiologic properties (atrial effective refractory period (AERP) inhomogeneity, voltage abnormalities, trigger burden and location, C FAE extent and location), (3) The relation of structural left atrial changes with (a) CFAE location as targets for catheter ablation and with (b) reversible conduction block/myocardial injury after pulmonary vein isolation, and (4) Individualized endocardial targets for AF ablation based on candidate genes and anatomic substrates. The proposed study will improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of AF, and may improve current techniques for treatment of this important arrhythmia.

  Study phs001598

• Multi-omic analysis of Down Syndrome in thyroid

  Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder characterized by trisomy of chromosome 21 and is associated with various health problems. Congenital thyroid dysfunction is a common endocrine abnormality in DS, but its exact cause remains unknown. This work aimed at studying the etiology of congenital thyroid dysfunction in DS. Methods: Thyroid tissue of fetuses with DS (n=4) and fetuses without a genetic/developmental abnormality (n=5) were analyzed using histopathological evaluation, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and DNA methylation (DNAm) profiling. Results: Histological examination showed abnormally developed DS thyroid tissue compared to non-DS/healthy tissue. RNA-seq analysis showed numerous differences in gene expression between DS and healthy thyroid tissue, including significant downregulation of thyroid genes FOXE1, IYD and DIO2. Gene set enrichment analysis showed disruption of vital cellular processes and functions in DS fetal thyroid tissue. Analysis of DNAm and expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) analysis identified functional and biologically relevant associations, that can be linked to plausible disrupted pathways in DS. Conclusions: Based on these observations, we conclude that congenital non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunction in DS is probably a DS-specific form of thyroid dysfunction, characterized by abnormal thyroid development, altered expression of genes that regulate thyroid development and hormone production, and altered expression and DNAm of genes pertaining to numerous vital pathways leading to significant metabolic disturbances. The disturbances as investigated by multi-omics analyses (RNA-seq, DNAm and eQTM analyses) are widely spread over the genome, and presumably caused by the direct and downstream effects of overexpressed chromosome 21 genes (dosage effect), and (epi)genomic disturbances.

  Study EGAS00001007677

• Loss-of-activity-mutation in the cardiac chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE3 causes short QT syndrome

  Patients with short QT syndrome (SQTS) may present with syncope, ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac death. Six SQTS susceptibility genes, encoding cation channels, explain less than 25% of SQTS cases. Here we identify a missense mutation in the anion exchanger (AE3)-encoding SLC4A3 gene in two unrelated families with SQTS. The mutation causes reduced surface expression of AE3 and reduced membrane bicarbonate transport. Slc4a3 knockdown in zebrafish causes increased cardiac pHi, short QTc, and reduced systolic duration, which is rescued by wildtype but not mutated SLC4A3. Mechanistic analyses suggest that an increase in pHi and decrease in [Cl-]i shortened the action potential duration. However, other mechanisms may also play a role. Altered anion transport represents a mechanism for development of arrhythmia and may provide new therapeutic possibilities.

  Study EGAS00001002632

• Description and determinants of the faecal resistome and microbiome of farmers and slaughterhouse workers: a metagenome-wide cross-sectional study.

  Within this study, we extracted DNA of 194 stool samples of persons living or working on pig and broiler farms (54 pig farmers, 24 broiler farmers), 70 pig slaughterhouse workers and 46 control subjects (Lifelines population living in the Northern parts of the Netherlands, and without recent antimicrobial use and occupational livestock contact). Total DNA was sequenced and metagenomic analysis was performed. Subsequently, the faecal resistomes and microbiomes were described and analysed (doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105939). Highlights study: • Food chain workers are exposed to antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria in livestock. • We describe faecal resistomes and microbiomes of farmers and slaughterhouse workers. • Faecal AMR gene loads in pork exposed workers exceed those in broiler farmers/controls. • Resistome and microbiome differences are shown between and within occupational groups. • On-farm working hours and working/living on a pig farm determine the faecal resistome. • Contact with livestock may be a determinant for human AMR gene carriage. This study is part of the EFFORT project: http://www.effort-against-amr.eu/.

  Study EGAS00001003944

• H3Africa - Identification and characterization of novel hereditary neurological disease genes in Mali.

  Despite the vast diversity of its populations, genetic studies in Africa have been limited. African populations, Malians in particular, have a high rate of intra-ethnic and consanguineous marriage, resulting in increased prevalence of autosomal recessive diseases. Family-based genetic studies can be limited in developed countries due to small sibships. The average fertility rate in Mali is over 6 births per woman, offering a unique opportunity to find new disease genes or mutations that can then be studied in other populations. Hereditary neurological diseases are very debilitating diseases, and developing countries, particularly in Africa, pay a high price in terms of disability-adjusted life years. Although most are currently untreatable, increasing awareness about hereditary neurological disorders can reduce this burden. This study will help to identify and characterize novel hereditary neurological disease genes in Mali. These genes are likely to be important in the normal function of the nervous system and to have important pathophysiological implications for African and other populations. This study will also train physicians and students in the characterization of neurodegenerative diseases as well as in genetic technology and molecular biology, and build a suitable research environment that will retain them.

  Study EGAS00001003016

• CAGE Profiling of ncRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Reveals a Strong Activation of Retroviral LTR Promoters in Virus-Induced Tumors

  The ncRNA transcriptome of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unexplored. We used CAGE to characterize transcription start sites across different etiologies of human HCCs with emphasis on ncRNAs. Here we report that retroviral LTR promoters, expressed in healthy tissues such as testis and placenta but not liver, are widely activated in HCC. Despite HCC heterogeneity, a subset of LTR-derived ncRNAs were more than 10-fold up-regulated in the vast majority of samples. HCCs with a high LTR activity mostly had a viral etiology, were less differentiated and showed higher risk of recurrence. CAGE enabled us to build a promoter map for HCC, which uncovers a new layer of complexity in HCC genomics.

  Study phs000885

• NHLBI TOPMed: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute iPSC Biobank Study (SCVI)

  The proposed Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (SCVI) Biorepository will curate and manage an expanded collection of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines and provide investigators with iPSC materials generated using standardized protocols, with the overall objective of promoting the continued adoption and development of iPSC technology in cardiovascular research. Human iPSCs have revolutionized disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutic research. However, it is also recognized that the need for specialized technical expertise and the associated cost have largely prevented individual research laboratories from adopting iPSC models in their inquiries, particularly in studies requiring multiple cell lines. To address this bottleneck, the proposed Biorepository will maintain our existing collection of iPSC lines and further expand the collection of iPSCs by recruiting 1,000 healthy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) donors of both sexes and diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds (African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and Whites).

  Study phs002338

• The aim of this project is to identify, on 15 French Caucasian and 10 African-Caribbean men, through an integrative approach of DNA sequencing and transciptomic analyses, relevant genomic events that characterize or allow targeting the various phenotypes of aggressiveness of early stages of prostate cancer.

  Every year about 70,000 new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in France and 8,700 men died from this disease. But the incidence and the rate of mortality per 100,000 men in the French West Indies are respectively 1.5x and 2x upper than the rates observed in the metropolitan France. The aim of this project is to identify, on 15 French Caucasian and 10 African-Caribbean men, through an integrative approach of DNA sequencing and transciptomic analyses, relevant genomic events that characterize or allow targeting the various phenotypes of aggressiveness of early stages of prostate cancer.

  Study EGAS00001002176

• Effect of the Placental Transcriptome on Stunting in a Longitudinal African Cohort

  Mammals with placentas and flowering plants evolved genomic imprinting in nutritive tissues, the placenta and endosperm, respectively. In these tissues, the genomes inherited from the mother and father are in conflict over resource allocation to offspring. In imprinted genes, transcription is repressed on the paternal or the maternal allele, resulting in allele specific expression (ASE). We investigated the variation in ASE of imprinted genes in term human placentas in order to detect loss of imprinting (LOI), which leads to partial expression of the repressed allele. We collected the placental tissue from birth to women in our multigenerational, prospective cohort study in Mali, West Africa. We followed the women from their own infancies, early childhood to adulthood (age 18+ years). Contingent on prior informed consent, we collected placental tissue and umbilical cord tissue. We conducted RNA-Seq of the fetal compartment of the placentas and targeted DNA-Seq of the umbilical cord tissue, which is fetal, and of saliva samples from parents. Our sequencing effort produced two datasets. The first dataset is the whole transcriptome RNA-Seq dataset of 111 biopsies (59 placentas) and genotyping of 96 genes. Birth length, weight, and placental weight for the children associated with this dataset are listed in the phenotype file (DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz226). The second dataset includes targeted RNA-Seq of 262 samples (251 placentas) and targeted DNA-Seq for 766 genes. The genes were selected because they met any one of the following criteria: (1) imprinted and reported in some studies, (2) highly expressed in placenta, or (3) relevant to diseases of interest in this cohort (https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkab176). This study provides the first systematic analysis of variation in LOI across genes and individuals in a human population, and should shed light on the hypothesis that the modulation of imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism and plays a role in the regulation of offspring growth.

  Study phs001782

• Final results and ctDNA analyses from the randomized phase 3 IMpassion031 trial evaluating peri-operative atezolizumab for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer

  In IMpassion031, adding atezolizumab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved pathologic complete response (pCR) rate (primary endpoint) for stage II/III triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Patients with stage II/III TNBC were randomized 1:1 to neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus peri-operative atezolizumab or pre-operative placebo. Descriptive secondary endpoints included event-free, disease-free, and overall survival. Long-term outcomes favored the atezolizumab group (event-free survival HR 0.76, 95% CI: 0.47–1.21). Among patients without pCR, 14/70 (20%) atezolizumab-treated and 33/99 (33%) placebo-treated patients received additional adjuvant therapy, frequently capecitabine. In exploratory analyses, pCR was prognostic for long-term outcome. Patients with baseline ctDNA-negative status (6%) had excellent long-term outcomes. Most patients (87%) had cleared ctDNA at surgery. ctDNA-positive status at surgery identified a subset of non-pCR patients with poorest prognosis. Long-term safety was consistent with primary results. Adding atezolizumab to chemotherapy for stage II/III TNBC is associated with more favorable long-term outcomes. ctDNA dynamics provide prognostic value beyond pCR. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03197935

  Study EGAS50000000974

• Papuan Genomes: whole genome sequencing

  The genomes of 25 individuals from Papua New Guinea was sequenced to high depth (30x) to address population genetic questions relating to the spread of humans outside of Africa and the peopling of Sahul (the continent of Greater Australia). The study design of this project was to sequence small numbers of genomes from several geographically distinct Papuan groups, focusing on the highland regions that are thought to have been more isolated, to enable comparisons between populations within Papua New Guinea and with Australian Aboriginal populations. Data from this project feed directly into on-going projects on the genetic history of Australia and also serve as a first look at the population genomics of the Papuan highlands.

  Study EGAS00001001247

• Multimodal immunogenomic biomarker analysis of tumors from pediatric patients enrolled to a phase 1-2 study of single-agent atezolizumab

  We report herein an extensive exploratory biomarker analysis of refractory tumors taken from pediatric patients prior to receiving atezolizumab monotherapy in the phase 1-2 iMATRIX-atezolizumab trial (NCT02541604). A high percentage of CD8+ T cells and elevated protein levels of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were associated with progression-free survival (PFS). T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing revealed that diverse infiltrating TCR repertoire at baseline was prognostic. We found no associations between panel-based tumor mutation burden (TMB) or specific genetic aberrations with PFS in this study. Through a pan-cancer gene co-expression network analysis, we developed a novel tumor-agnostic Pediatric Cytotoxicity and Antigen Presentation (PedCAP) signature that was associated with improved PFS in the iMATRIX-atezo study. Our study highlights features of immune response in pediatric cancers when treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and provides a multi-biomarker pediatric immunogram framework to guide prospective clinical trials in pediatric cancers.

  Study EGAS00001006004

• Neutralizing Antibodies against West Nile Virus Identified Directly from Human B Cells by Single-Cell Analysis and Next Generation Sequencing

  West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe neurological illness. We analyzed the humoral response to WNV of subjects infected with WNV at different stages of the infection and at different levels of detail, from single cells to the repertoire level. We integrated single-cell analysis by microengraving with next-generation sequencing and identified four novel WNV neutralizing antibodies with potential use as therapeutics against WNV infection. The results indicate persistence of WNV-specific memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells in post-convalescent subjects and suggest that the antibody response itself does not predict the clinical severity of the disease.

  Study phs001200