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• Integrative_Oncogenomics_of_multiple_myeloma

  We used targeted capture and massively parallel sequencing of exomes of CD138 purified plasma cells and matched somatic DNA from 53 patients with Multiple Myeloma. 2281 variants were validated by 454 sequencing. The present study will validate an additional 5538 variants by targeted pull-down and sequencing. The normal and tumor samples will be indexed separately and pre-pooled in groups of 10 or 11. The sequence capture will use 5 reactions each for the normals and tumors. All normal samples will then be pooled and go thorugh one lane of HiSeq. Same for the tumors.

  Study EGAS00001000243

• Whole Exome Sequencing of a Lung Adenocarcinoma Patient Across Three Time Points

  A 65-year-old female patient with a significant smoking history (40 pack-years) was first diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) in the left lung in May 2020 (L1-T1). One year later, in May 2021, the patient progressed with a new LUAD in the right lung (L1-T2) and in May 2024, another LUAD emerged in the right lung (L1-T3). Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analysis was conducted on three tumor biopsies obtained at different time points from the same patient to investigate clonal trajectories.

  Study EGAS50000000812

• Prime-seq of human term placenta-derived trophoblast organoids

  To study the one of the mechanisms through which obesity could affect placental cells, we used a novel microfluidic organs-on-a-chip device fabricated for co-culturing adipose spheroids and trophoblast organoids. The organoids were derived from the term placenta of a over-weight women. The adipose spheorids were derived from the white adipose tissue of a woman. And we sequenced the RNAs from the trophoblast organoids. The RNA extracted were subjective to Prime-seq library preparation protocol and being sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 at Novogene.

  Study EGAS50000000833

• Genome-wide search to find the genetic elements underlying visual contour perception

  Contour integration is a key function of the visual system to deal with occlusion and discontinuity in natural scenes. The current study is the first one to investigate the genetic basis of this visual function in humans. A total of 2619 normal participants were tested on their ability to detect continuous contours embedded in a cluttered background with a standard psychophysical protocol. Multi-level genomic analysis was performed, involving heritability estimation based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and association testing at SNP and gene levels.

  Study EGAS00001003639

• H3Africa - Collaborative African Genomics Network

  Genomic studies have become one of the potential tools that could aid in the understanding of disease. HIV disease progression and active TB infection have been studied using these genomic methods to interrogate host factors associated with these diseases and their progression. Prior work has focused on adult populations and limited African cohorts. The Collaborative African Genomics Network aims to fill this gap by conducting HIV and TB disease mapping studies in African children to understand how genetic variation impacts disease progression through the use of genomic technologies.

  Study EGAS00001002656

• RNA-seq analysis of metastatic prostate cancer solid tumor biopsies

  The prevalence and features of treatment-emergent small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-SCNC) are not well characterized in the era of modern androgen receptor (AR)–targeting therapy. We sought to characterize the clinical and genomic features of t-SCNC in a multi-institutional prospective study. Patients with progressive, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) underwent metastatic tumor biopsy and were followed for survival. t-SCNC is present in nearly one fifth of patients with mCRPC and is associated with shortened survival.

  Study EGAS00001006369

• scRNA-seq and scTCR-seq data IMCISION

  We performed single cell RNA and TCR sequencing (10x Genomics) on immune infiltrates (CD45+ cells) from 18 HNSCC patients enrolled in the IMCISION trial (Vos et al. 2021). Viable immune cells were isolated from pre-treatment and on-treatment primary tumor biopsies of 10 patients responding (1 partial pathological response and 9 major pathological responses) and 7 patients non-responding to anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 combination immunotherapy. One patient treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy (1 major pathological response) was included in the dataset.

  Study EGAS00001007368

• Drug Signatures for Prediction and Mitigation of Toxicity

  The overall goal of the drug signatures for prediction and mitigation of toxicity study is to use genomic and proteomic high-throughput measurements as the basis for computational analysis that integrates network analyses with structural constraints and dynamical models in multiple cell types to identify signatures that predict toxicity induced by 55 FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drugs and potential mitigation of this toxicity. Specifically, we have recruited and pre-screened healthy individuals to be included in our study. Ninety six male and female individuals that satisfied the initial pre-screening for the study and their sex, age, race/ethnicity recorded through an enrollment questionnaire were consented. Eighty five underwent a formal and thorough medical health screening. The evaluation involved assessment of all inclusion and exclusion criteria, a full medical history, measurement of weight, height, waist and hip circumference, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation, a physical exam and an electrocardiograph (ECG). Blood was drawn for analysis of clinical relevant parameters. A pregnancy test was included for female participants. All blood draws and pregnancy tests were sent to a certified clinical laboratory for clinical analysis. Of the 85 subjects that were screened 42 (48.3%) were deemed eligible for final inclusion. Of these 42, one declined to undergo skin biopsy and/or venesection and one subject didn’t show up for the scheduled biopsy, leaving 40 clinically healthy subjects on which a skin biopsy and venesection was performed. Fibroblast lines were established from the skin biopsies. Induced pluripotent cells (iPSC) were generated from the established fibroblast lines of these 40 clinically healthy racially diverse male and female study participants who ranged in age from 22 and 61 years through reprogramming using either the mRNA or Sendai-virus methods. One clone from each of the 40 iPSC line was fully characterized for normal karyotype, short-tandem repeat matching to the original fibroblast line (authentication), pluripotency by select pluripotent marker expression via immunocytochemistry and by mRNAseq-based PluriTest analysis, and whole-genome sequencing.

  Study phs002088

• Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Retrotransposons

  Idiopathic (cryptogenic) epilepsy is a common, chronic group of brain disorders, affecting 1-2% of the US population, creating a significant public health problem because of the associated morbidity and mortality. One subtype of this complex group of brain disorders, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is particularly burdensome, because a substantial fraction of patients do not respond to anticonvulsant medications. If the seizure focus can be localized by imaging and/or EEG, the TLE patient often elects to have a partial resection of the affected temporal lobe, because they have daily seizures, despite multiple pharmacotherapy regimens. Although genetic risk is thought to play a role in TLE, identification of common risk alleles has had limited success. In the past 5 years, data have accumulated to prove that neuronal embryogenesis is accompanied by activation of LINE1 (L1) retrotransposons (RTPs) to an unexpected degree, such that developing neurons may accumulate de novo L1 insertions. This results in a substantial mosaicism within populations of CNS neurons. While most of these somatic de novo L1s will have little effect on neuronal function (perhaps because they occur in gene deserts or in large introns or in genes not required for that cell's function), some may interfere with normal neuronal activity because they have inserted into a gene needed by that particular neuron for normal function. If one or more functional de novo L1s occur early in CNS development, all the daughter neurons that derive from that neuronal precursor will also carry the L1 insertion, perhaps leading to a dysfunctional population of neurons destined to become an epileptic focus. This study leveraged CNS tissue (obtained at craniotomy) from patients with intractable TLE, who have undergone a therapeutic partial resection of one temporal lobe. Using fluorescence-assisted cell sorting of temporal lobe neuronal nuclei, followed by high-throughput sequencing and alignment to the reference genome, detection of de novo L1s will be done. In this manner, it is expected that de-novo intragenic L1s, contributing to idiopathic TLE, will be discovered.

  Study phs002067

• Personalized Medicine Strategy for MPNSTs: Using Precision Oncology on PDOX Models to Inform Tumor Boards

  Background: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are a heterogeneous group of aggressive soft tissue sarcomas with poor prognosis. Currently there is a lack of effective treatments for MPNSTs. Here, we propose a personalized medicine approach that integrates a precision oncology strategy guided by MPNST genomic analysis, with a functional validation of treatment response in an orthotopic xenograft model (PDOX) derived from the same MPNST. Methods: Comprehensive whole genome sequencing analysis was performed in primary MPNSTs, relapses and (in one case) metastases, following disease progression in two independent individuals. Matched MPNST PDOX models were generated by orthotopically implanting tumor fragments near the sciatic nerve of immunodeficient mice. Candidate targeted combination therapies were prioritized based on genomic alterations and tested in vivo in the PDOX models. Results: The feasibility of the developed strategy is illustrated for two MPNST patients, one Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) individual that developed two independent MPNSTs and another sporadic MPNST case with multiple metastatic relapses. Genomic analysis revealed a remarkable degree of genomic stability across primary MPNSTs and their successive relapses in each patient, and even metastases in one individual. While based on a small number of cases requiringing additional analyses, this finding aligns with previous evidence suggesting a fair genomic conservation throughout tumor evolution. This stability supports the identification of consistent therapeutic vulnerabilities throughout disease progression. Among the therapies tested, co-treatment of MEK inhibitor (MEKi) plus bromodomain inhibitor (BETi) elicited the highest antitumor activity, resulting in approximately 60% tumor volume reduction in the sporadic MPNST PDOX model, whose patient has been receiving this therapy for eight months with sustained remission. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility and clinical utility of integrating genomic-driven precision oncology with PDOX-based functional testing for MPNSTs. This strategy may support molecular tumor boards (MTBs) in their treatment decisions. The observed genomic stability supports the use of longitudinal tumor profiling to guide treatment, and the success of MEKi+BETi highlights its potential as a combination therapy for MPNSTs.

  Study EGAS50000001502

• Genomic analysis of patient-derived xenograft models reveals intratumor-heterogeneity in endometrial cancer and can predict tumor growth inhibition with talazoparib

  Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a major gynecological cancer with increasing incidence. It comprised of four molecular subtypes with differing etiology, prognoses, and response to chemotherapy. In the future, clinical trials testing new single agents or combination therapies will be targeted to the molecular subtype most likely to respond. Pre-clinical models that faithfully represent the molecular subtypes of EC are urgently needed, we sought to develop and characterize a panel of novel EC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Methods: Here, we report whole exome or whole genome sequencing of 11 PDX models and the matched primary tumor. Analysis of multiple PDX lineages and passages was performed to study tumor heterogeneity across lineages and/or passages. Based on recent reports of frequent defects in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in EC, we assessed mutational signatures and HR deficiency scores and correlated these with in vivo responses to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) talazoparib in six PDXs representing the copy number high/p53-mutant and mismatch-repair deficient molecular subtypes of EC. Results: PDX models were successfully generated with similar histomorphology from all four molecular subtypes of EC and uterine carcinosarcomas. We also observed a wide range of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity across different PDX lineages, however one arm of most PDX models recapitulated the molecular landscape of the primary tumor without major genomic drift. An in vivo response to talazoparib was detected in four copy number high models. Two models (carcinosarcomas) showed a response consistent with stable disease and two models (one copy number high serous EC and another carcinosarcoma) showed significant tumor growth inhibition, albeit one consistent with progressive disease, however all lacked the HR deficiency genomic signature. Conclusions: EC PDX models represent the four molecular subtypes of disease and can capture intra-tumoral heterogeneity of the original primary tumor. PDXs of the copy number high molecular subtype showed sensitivity to PARPi, however, deeper and more durable responses will likely require combination of PARPi with other agents.

  Study EGAS00001004666

• RNAseq of 7 MPNSTs

  RNAseq of 7 MPNSTs for Magallon-Lorenz 2026. Contains 5 samples sequenced with DNBseq at BGI (four 2x100bp and one 2x150bp) and 2 samples sequenced with Illumina stranded mRNA-seq technology. BGI samples have been prefiltered with SOAPnuke. Two fastq files provided per sample with no additional filtering or QC.

  Dataset EGAD50000002493

• Raw scTCR-seq data for “Characterization of intestinal immune responses in generalized human and murine lipodystrophy”

  Raw 10X 5' v3 scTCR-seq data (TCR) for PBMC of 3 helthy donors and two AGLCD patient timepoints as well as of LPMC of 3 Crohns disease patients and one timepoint of the AGLCD patient.

  Dataset EGAD50000002191

• Raw scRNA-seq data for “Characterization of intestinal immune responses in generalized human and murine lipodystrophy”

  Raw 10X 5' v3 scRNA-seq data (GEX) for PBMC of 3 helthy donors and two AGLCD patient timepoints as well as of LPMC of 3 Crohns disease patients and one timepoint of the AGLCD patient.

  Dataset EGAD50000002190

• Oxford Nanopore WGS

  A total of 20 individuals, were analyzed using Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencing. Each individual was sequenced on one PromethION flow-cell, providing approximately 25-30X coverage of the genome. The data is deposited as nanopore BAM files with methylation information included.

  Dataset EGAD50000000573

• ATAC Dataset for 19 T-ALL patient samples and 1 normal control sample

  19 ATAC-seq from T-ALL patient samples and one healthy normal control sample. Reads were aligned to HG38 reference

  Dataset EGAD50000000024

• CTCF ChIP-sequencing data for Oncogenic 3D genome conformations identify novel therapeutic targets in ependymoma

  This dataset contains CTCF ChIP-sequencing data from seven samples (six tumor samples and one tumor derived cell line). Following library amplification, DNA fragments were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2000 paired-end sequencing resulting in 14 FASTQ files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008806

• Whole Exome Sequencing of a Chinese Cataract Girl

  Whole exome sequencing of a Chinese girl with congenital cataract. The dataset contains one sample with two fastq files. The novel PAX6 mutation (c.221G>A) is associated with congenital cataract, and the WFS1 mutation (c.2070_2079del) interactively aggravates this process.

  Dataset EGAD00001008267

• WGS of off-target analysis of prime editing in organoids

  Five edited and two unedited organoid clones with one clone prior to editing were paired-end whole genome sequenced using Illumina Novaseq 6000 system. The reads were mapped to hg38 genome assembly and data is provided as BAM files.

  Dataset EGAD00001007744

• Exome Sequencing of Spanish Patients with rare genetic diseases.

  Whole Exome sequencing of a set of Spanish patients suffering rare genetic diseases. The set consists of 3 patients, two were diagnosed with Aniridia (ANI-0006 and ANI-0023) and another one was diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP-0247).

  Dataset EGAD00001005498

• Exome sequencing of synchronous colorectal cancers

  The data consists of 47 exome-sequenced synchronous colorectal cancers from 23 patients. The exomes of corresponding normal samples were used to remove germline variants. All patients are Finnish (white Caucasian). All except one patient (sync_11 who belongs to a LS family) were assumed sporadic. The sequence data was produced with Illumina HiSeq 4000.

  Dataset EGAD00001004884

• MCO colorectal cancer genomics at UNSW

  This dataset contains DNA sequencing data from 95 colorectal cancer and matched-normal samples. The dataset contains targeted deep sequencing of selected regulatory elements in 95 cancer and matched-normal samples, and data for one sample that was additionally whole-genome sequenced (cancer and matched-normal).

  Dataset EGAD00001004582

• Whole-exome sequencing of additional thyroid disease cases (2018-08-13)

  Whole-exome sequencing of a cohort of families (probands and affected/unaffected relatives) suffering from one of two rare thyroid disorders: congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH). . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-08-13.

  Dataset EGAD00001004293

• Whole-exome sequencing of additional thyroid disease cases (2017-05-11)

  Whole-exome sequencing of a cohort of families (probands and affected/unaffected relatives) suffering from one of two rare thyroid disorders: congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH). This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2017-05-11.

  Dataset EGAD00001003331

• Immune-awakening revealed by peripheral T cell dynamics after one cycle of immunotherapy

  BACKGROUND: Our understanding of T cell evolution under checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) is still incomplete, restraining the achievement of full benefit from CPI.OBJECTIVES: We studied peripheral T cell turnover and evolution and their prognostic value after 3weeks on treatment with CPI (one cycle) analysing T cell receptor-β (TCR) sequences in plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and PBMC, and performing a phenotypic analysis of peripheral T cell subsets.RESULTS: Peripheral T cell turnover and TCR repertoire dynamics correlated with response. Additionally, the cfDNA TCR repertoire reorganisation fingerprint correlated with the expansion of an immune-effector subset of peripheral T cells that predicted treatment response and identified the patients with longer overall survival.CONCLUSIONS: Here we show that prognostic changes in peripheral T cells occur within 3 weeks of commencing CPI treatment. This dynamic immune-awakening informs on the immune-system reorganization can be monitored using minimally invasive liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001004043

• Preferential infiltration of unique Vγ9Jγ2‐Vδ2 T cells into glioblastoma multiforme

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is clinically highly aggressive as a result of evolutionary dynamics induced by cross-talk between cancer cells and a heterogeneous group of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. The brain harbors limited numbers of immune cells with few lymphocytes and macrophages; thus, innate‐like lymphocytes, such as γδ T cells, have important roles in antitumor immunity. Here, we characterized GBM‐infiltrating γδ T cells, which may have roles in regulating the GBM tumor microenvironment and cancer cell gene expression. V(D)J repertoires of tumor‐infiltrating and blood‐circulating γδ T cells from four patients were analyzed by next-generation sequencing-based T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing in addition to mutation and immune profiles in four GBM cases. In all tumor tissues, abundant innate and effector/memory lymphocytes were detected, accompanied by large numbers of tumor‐associated macrophages and closely located tumor‐infiltrating γδ T cells, which appear to have anti-tumor activity. The immune-related gene expression analysis using the TCGA database showed that the signature gene expression extent of γδ T cells were more associated with those of cytotoxic T and Th1 cells and M1 macrophages than those of Th2 cells and M2 macrophages. Although the most abundant γδ T cells were Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in both tumor tissues and blood, the repertoire of intratumoral Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was distinct from that of peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and was dominated by Vγ9Jγ2 sequences, not by canonical Vγ9JγP sequences that are mostly commonly found in blood γδ T cells. Collectively, unique GBM‐specific TCR clonotypes were identified by comparing TCR repertoires of peripheral blood and intra‐tumoral γδ T cells. These findings will be helpful for the elucidation of tumor-specific antigens and development of anticancer immunotherapies using tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells.

  Dataset EGAD00001004862

• Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be Heart Health Study (nuMoM2b Heart Health Study)

  Participants from study sites that recruited during the original study funded by NICHD of pregnant people, called nuMoM2b, participated in this study. The nuMoM2b-HHS1 was a prospective observational follow-up study of the nuMoM2b cohort consisting of interval contacts via phone or web every 6 months to about a year, and an in-person visit 2 to 7 years after the end of the nuMoM2b pregnancy including: Demographics Self-administered questionnaires Clinical measurements Lab results An in-home sleep breathing assessment for the subset of participants with at least one valid sleep breathing assessment during nuMoM2b Abstraction of medical records for pregnancies subsequent to nuMoM2b involving self-reported adverse pregnancy outcomes or multiple births Abstraction of medical records of selected cardiovascular risk-related events or procedures reported by participants. The study capitalized on the rich and unique data prospectively collected during nuMoM2b (biomarkers, uterine artery Doppler studies, fetal growth, psychosocial determinants, sleep, and blood pressure) and rigorous definitions of adverse pregnancy outcomes. These data are stored in the NICHD repository DASH (https://dash.nichd.nih.gov/study/226675). A total of 8,838 nuMoM2b participants were targeted for contact during nuMoM2b-HHS and 7,872 participants were reached, of whom 7,003 completed one or more interval contacts. Of these, 5,206 agreed to the visit, and 4,508 attended an in-person visit.

  Study phs002808

• NHLBI TOPMed: Best ADd-on Therapy Giving Effective Response (BADGER)

  BADGER is a 56-week randomized, double-blind, three-treatment, three-period cross-over trial that will evaluate the differential improvement in control that is achieved following three separate treatment interventions in children whose asthma is not acceptably controlled on a low dose of ICS (per NAEPP guidelines). All participants will enter an 8-week run-in period during which time they will receive a dose of 1x ICS (fluticasone 200 μg/day). During this 8-week time period, running 2-week averages to establish the lack of acceptable asthma control will be calculated. Thus, a child could qualify for randomization at any time during this 8-week run-in period. This approach should maximize both patient safety and successful enrollment. Children will continue to receive 1x ICS during the entire treatment phase. During each period of the treatment phase, they also will receive one add-on therapy in the form of LABA, LTRA or additional 1x ICS. The order of the add-on therapy assignment will be determined by randomization into one of six treatment sequences (order determined randomly). Each treatment period will be 16 weeks in length; the initial 4 weeks of each period will be considered to be the washout period for the previous treatment. The primary outcome measures will be frequency of asthma exacerbations, asthma control days, and FEV1.

  Study phs001728

• Whole genome sequencing of matched primary and metastatic acral melanomas

  Next generation sequencing has enabled systematic discovery of mutational spectra in cancer samples. Here we used whole genome sequencing to characterise somatic mutations and structural variation in a primary acral melanoma and its lymph node metastasis. Our data show that the somatic mutational rates in this acral melanoma sample pair was more comparable to the rate reported in cancer genomes not associated with mutagenic exposure than in the genome of a melanoma cell line or the transcriptome of melanoma short-term cultures. Despite the perception that acral skin is sun-protected, the dominant mutational signature in these samples is compatible with damage due to ultraviolet light exposure. A nonsense mutation in ERCC5 discovered in both the primary and metastatic tumours, could also have contributed to the mutational signature through accumulation of unrepaired dipyrimidine lesions. However, evidence of transcription-coupled repair was suggested by the lower mutational rate in the transcribed regions and expressed genes. The primary and the metastasis are highly similar at the level of global gene copy number alterations, loss of heterozygosity and single nucleotide variation (SNV). Furthermore, the majority of the SNVs in the primary tumour were propagated in the metastasis and one non-synonymous coding SNV and one splice site mutation appeared to arise de novo in the metastatic lesion.

  Study EGAS00001000169

• Analysis_of_genomic_integrity_of_disease_corrected_human_induced_pluripotent_stem_cells_by_exome_sequencing

  Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells hold great promise for autologous cell transplantation. In order to apply this therapy to monogenic disorder, disease-causing mutations must be corrected prior to transplantation. We generated iPS cells from patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which is caused by homozygous non-synonymous mutation in the SERPINA1 gene. In vitro differentiation of patient-derived iPS cells to hepatocytes showed recapitulation of the disease phenotype. We corrected the mutations by gene targeting using zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and piggyBac transposon technologies. Our mutation correction is highly accurate. There is no exogenous sequence left behind at the targeted site. The corrected iPS cell-derived hepatocytes were indistinguishable from healthy hepatocyte, suggesting that the corrected gene was fully functional. The genomic integrity was also analyzed by CGH and SNP array, showing no genomic alterations. These are important points to ensure clinical safety as well as functional restoration of the corrected gene. One remaining question is if these corrected iPS cells are clinically safe at the single base-pair level. Recent publications suggested that cancer-related mutations are significantly accumulated during iPS cell propagation. We aim to assess the clinical safety of the corrected iPS cells by using exome sequencing. Outcome from this project would bring iPS cell technology one step closer to clinical applications.

  Study EGAS00001000055

• Evolution of DNA repair defects during malignant progression of low-grade gliomas after temozolomide treatment.

  Temozolomide (TMZ) increases the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma (GBM), but its role in the clinical management of diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGG) is still being defined. DNA hypermethylation of the O 6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter is associated with an improved response to TMZ treatment, while inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is associated with therapeutic resistance and TMZ-induced mutagenesis. We previously demonstrated that TMZ treatment of LGG induces driver mutations in the RB and AKT-mTOR pathways, which may drive malignant progression to secondary GBM. To better understand the mechanisms underlying TMZ-induced mutagenesis and malignant progression, we explored the evolution of MGMT methylation and genetic alterations affecting MMR genes in a cohort of 34 treatment-naïve LGGs and their recurrences. Recurrences with TMZ-associated hypermutation had increased MGMT methylation compared to their untreated initial tumors and higher overall MGMT methylation compared to TMZ-treated non-hypermutated recurrences. A TMZ-associated mutation in one or more MMR genes was observed in five out of six TMZ-treated hypermutated recurrences. In two cases, pre-existing heterozygous deletions encompassing MGMT, or an MMR gene, were followed by TMZ-associated mutations in one of the genes of interest. These results suggest that tumor cells with methylated MGMT may undergo positive selection during TMZ treatment in the context of MMR deficiency.

  Study EGAS00001001179

• Structural variant analysis of homologous recombination-deficient genomes

  Homologous recombination (HR) deficiency causes DNA breaks and cytogenetic aberrations. Paradoxically, the types of DNA rearrangements specifically associated with HR-deficient cancers only minimally impact chromosomal structure. Addressing this, we combined a genome graph analysis of short-read whole genome sequencing (WGS) profiles across thousands of tumors with deep linked-read (LR) WGS of 46 BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutant breast cancers to discover a distinct class of HR deficiency-enriched rearrangements called reciprocal pairs. LR WGS showed that reciprocal pairs with identical rearrangement orientations gave rise to one of two distinct chromosomal outcomes, distinguishable only with long molecule data. While one (cis) outcome corresponded to the copy and pasting of a small segment to a distant site, a second (trans) outcome was a quasi-balanced translocation or multi-megabase inversion with substantial (10kb) duplications at each junction. The full spectrum of reciprocal pair outcomes could be explained by an HR-independent replication restart repair mechanism. LR WGS additionally identified single-strand annealing (SSA) as a BRCA2-deficiency specific repair pathway in human cancers. Replication restart- and SSA-associated SVs improved BRCA1- vs. BRCA2- deficiency classification and identified metastatic cancer cases with favorable chemotherapy responses. Our data reveal classes of BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficiency specific rearrangements as drivers of cytogenetic aberrations in HR deficient cells.

  Study EGAS00001007186

• What is metadata?

  What is metadata? Data represents units of information and metadata can be seen, simply put, as data about other data. For example, in a simple experiment in which a patient genome was sequenced, there are multiple and diverse fields of metadata: from the biological sex of the patient to the sequencing platform used. Another way to understand metadata, following our genomic experiment example, is going through the different layers of (meta)data: One of the basic units of information (data) would be the sequence of nucleotides (e.g. GCTGG and GCCGG). This DNA sequence can be contextualised within a chromosome by providing its locus (e.g. β-globin gene). This data, the locus, is about other data, the sequence of nucleotides, which would render it metadata. We can go one step further, and provide more context, by giving the associated phenotype of each of these sequences: GCTGG corresponds to a healthy individual, while GCCGG corresponds to a person with β-thalassaemia. Once again, this data is contextualising the data we have provided up to this point, which makes it metadata. With this simple example, what we are doing is adding layers of data that describe the ones below. Had we given the sequences alone, little would be possible from the researchers' point of view. But, now that the data has its accompanying metadata, a researcher could compare both sequences and their phenotypes to infer a possible cause of the disorder. Each layer of information broadens the possible applications of the data. Now that we know what metadata is, it is time to emphasise the importance of submitting good quality metadata. The quality of the metadata will determine whether the data is usable, discoverable, and interpretable by researchers and clinicians. One example that highlights the importance of good quality metadata is the description of biological sex of a patient: while the terms "female," "girl," or "woman" all represent the same concept, they are not harmonised. These different representations of a concept can create confusion and errors in data analysis. By applying standard definitions and terminologies to biological sex metadata, we can avoid misunderstandings and facilitate the integration of different datasets.  In order to comply with the FAIR principles and, more specifically, to allow for the (meta)data to be interoperable (i.e. used universally and unambiguously), we need to place some standards onto the (meta)data EGA  archives. These can be as simple as asserting that the given patient's biological sex is one of the correct terms (e.g. female or male); or as complex as multiple layers and combinations of validation steps with existing records. You can find further details on how EGA manages these standards on our metadata model page.

  Documentation submission/metadata/what-is-metadata

• WGS data of paediatric hyperdiploid B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (set4)

  The dataset includes FASTQ and CRAM files from diagnostic and matched remission (control) samples of one hyperdiploid ALL patient (ALLK-134). Sequencing libraries were made using Novogene NGS DNA Library Prep Set (Cat No. PT004). Both diagnostic (90x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq X Plus.

  Dataset EGAD50000002429

• Whole genome sequencing data of pediatric hypodiploid B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  The dataset includes FASTQ and BAM files from diagnostic and matched remission (control) bone marrow samples of one hypodiploid ALL patient (ALLT-351). Sequencing library was made using NEB Next® Ultra™ DNA Library Prep Kit. Both diagnostic (60x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using HiSeq X.

  Dataset EGAD50000001856

• PacBio Revio WGS on 10 carriers of ring and marker chromosomes

  Bam files containing PacBio HiFi reads from carriers of ring and marker chromosomes. The reads where genereated using the PacBio Revio platform. Each individual was sequenced to roughly 30X coverage on one flow cell per individual. The chromosome of interest is indicated in the file name.

  Dataset EGAD50000002111

• WGS data of paediatric B-other B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (set6)

  The dataset includes FASTQ and CRAM files from diagnostic and matched remission (control) samples of one B-other ALL patients (ALLK-138). Sequencing library was made using Novogene NGS DNA Library Prep Set. Both diagnostic (90x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using NovaSeqX Plus.

  Dataset EGAD50000002161

• LuCaP cell line RNA-seq

  RNA-seq of LuCaP 189.4 cell line. Treatment with DCC DMSO (n=3 replicates) or 1nm R1881 (n=3 replicates). All 6 samples were sequenced using cDNA oligo-dT using paired-end reads on Illumina NovaSeq 6000. Each sample has 2 fastq files, one for the forward and reverse read, respectively.

  Dataset EGAD50000001344

• LRS - episignature samples

  This dataset contains 22 long-read WGS fastq.gz files sequenced ONT PromethION. In total the dataset includes 20 individuals, for all of them sequencing starting from blood was performed, and for one of the samples sequencing from urine and from the buccal swab was also included. In all the samples methylation calls are included in the fastq file.

  Dataset EGAD50000001000

• DNA methylation-based classification of sinonasal tumors [Proteomics data]

  This dataset includes raw label-free mass spectrometry proteomics data of different sinonasal tumor entities as well as normal sinonasal tissue. 72 samples were processed on a Q Exactive HF-X instrument coupled to an easy nanoLC 1200 system using one microgram of peptides and an 110 minutes gradient.

  Dataset EGAD00010002381

• Spatial transcriptomics of 1 untreated prostate cancer.

  Two sections of cryopreserved prostate cancer tissue from one untreated prostate cancer patient were profiled for spatial transcriptomics using the Visium Spatial library preparation protocol from 10x Genomics. The GRCh38 aligned sequencing reads from the two prostate cancer tissue sections are provided as BAM files.

  Dataset EGAD00001007921

• Demultiplexed FASTQs for each volunteer

  This submission consists of 15 volunteer FASTQs, split by chemistry: Chemistry v1.1: 7 FASTQ sets, one set for each volunteer (RA1-7) Chemistry v2: 16 FASTQ sets, two for each volunteer (RA8-15; FASTQ set 1: Gene Expression (GEX); FASTQ set 2: TCR enrichment (VDJ))

  Dataset EGAD00001007586

• RNA-seq iNKT, T and C1R cells

  RNA-seq (Ribodepleted Directional -75 PE- Hiseq 4000) data of purified and expanded iNKt and T cells from normal donor, and RNA-seq (poly-A 100-PE Hiseq 2500) data from C1R cell line. Data set consist of 3 pairs of fastq files, one pair per sample

  Dataset EGAD00001004331

• A Joint Linkage/Association Strategy to Interrogate AMD Genetic Susceptibility

  The cohort consists of a collection of large multigenerational families where minimally 4 members have advanced age related macular degeneration (AMD). Retinal photographs were used to determine AMD phenotype and genomic DNA extracted from whole blood was used for sequencing. Gender, age at phenotyping, smoking status, self-declared race and ethnicity, and pedigree relationships were collected. Analyses conducted were designed to elucidate the role of known AMD variants and polymorphisms in heritability within the familial cohort and to discover rare variants that may have large genetic effect on AMD in one or more families.

  Study phs001379

• Genomics from LCCC1525: A Priming Dose of Cyclophosphamide Prior to Pembrolizumab to Treat mTNBC

  This phase II, single-arm, multicenter study will evaluate pembrolizumab therapy, 200 mg IV, given every 3 weeks (Q3W), following a single priming dose of cyclophosphamide, 300 mg/m2 IV, in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) who have received at least one prior line of therapy. Data uploaded consists of FASTQ sequencing data from tumor RNASeq (pre-pembrolizumab), tumor and normal tissue WES, and sequencing for targeted T and B cell chains (TRB, IGK, IGL, IGH) from peripheral blood at various timepoints: pre-, post-, and during pembrolizumab therapy.

  Study phs002659

• Mosaic Chromosomal Aneuploidies Detection in Clinical Samples

  Mosaic chromosomal aneuploidy occurs when only a subset of cells carries an abnormal number of chromosomes. Mosaic aneuploidy has been reported in multiple types of diseases. Here we have developed a new sequencing-based approach to identify, characterize and quantify mosaic aneuploidy events in human tissue samples. This ongoing study has begun with results from sequencing data from two clinical patients, one with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the other with hemihyperplasia (OMIM 235000). We captured ~100,000 common SNPs from the samples to identify the nature of the mosaic aneuploidy events in each of the samples.

  Study phs001557

• Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of Pediatric Obesity-Associated Asthma

  Fifty-nine obese and sixty-one normal-weight asthmatic children of African American or Hispanic background, age 7-11 years, with well controlled asthma, were recruited from clinics affiliated with Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA. We isolated CD4+ T cells (Th cells) from a fasting sample of peripheral blood and conducted genome-wide assays of gene expression by Directional Transcriptome Sequencing (RNA-seq), DNA methylation by HELP-tagging, and examined genetic polymorphisms and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), informative about ancestry, by array-based genotyping using Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array.

  Study phs001812

• Single Cell Colony Whole Genome Sequencing Data From Individuals With Telomere Syndromes

  This is an observational study which examined the phylogenetic evolution of somatic clonal mutations in POT1 mutation carriers. Two individuals with telomere syndromes who carry a heterozygous germline POT1 p.R273Q variant and one related control who did not carry this variant were studied. Single cell hematopoietic colonies were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear isolates. These colonies were analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phylogenetic trees were reconstructed accordingly. Phylogenetic reconstruction of somatic mutations show clonality is increased among POT1 p.R273Q mutation carriers and co-occurs with known clonal hematopoiesis driver mutations, including DNMT3A and/or JAK2.

  Study phs003207

• Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) Recognize Unique Somatic Mutations and Mediate Objective Clinical Responses in Metastatic Breast Cancer

  The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunogenicity of tumor mutations in patients with metastatic cancer. Harvest and analysis of progressing metastatic lesions are used for generation of tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cultures and the detections of somatic mutations. In vitro T cell activation assays are used to examine the immune recognition of tumor mutations by autologous TIL. Once a candidate is determined to have a cell product that meets the requirements of one of the Surgery Branch clinical trials, the candidate is evaluated for enrollment in a prospective adoptive cell therapy trial.

  Study phs002735

• Novel APC Promoter and Exon 1B Deletion and Allelic Silencing in Three Mutation-Negative Classic Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Families

  The ~80% of individuals with classic familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have detectable mutations in the coding sequence of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. To investigate the 20% of families without detectable causative mutations, we used exome sequencing and second-generation sequencing of the APC locus including non-coding regions. We identified a novel ~11kb deletion 44kb upstream of APC that was present only in affected individuals of three kindreds. SNP analysis showed that this ~11kb deletion was accompanied by silencing of one of the APC alleles in blood-derived RNA of affected individuals.

  Study phs000904

• Genetics of Eating Disorders

  This genetic study examines Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 93 unrelated individuals with eating disorders (38 restricted-eating, 55 binge-eating) to identify novel damaging variants. Using an unbiased, data-driven approach, we prioritized candidate genes with an excessive burden of predicted damaging variants. We then empirically tested one top candidate pathway in a mouse model of binge-like eating. We identified an excess of novel damaging variants in 186 genes in the restricted-eating group and 245 genes in the binge-eating group. The list of genes significantly enriched (OR = 4.6, p

  Study phs001414

• Stage-specific gene and transcript dynamics in human male germ cells

  The testis is one of the most transcriptionallyactive organs, however how germ cell differentiation is controlled at the molecular level remains largely unknown. To study global transcriptional dynamics during human spermatogenesis we sequenced total RNA of human testicular biopsies with 5 specific histological phenotypes: Sertoli cell-only (SCO, n=3), spermatogenic arrests at the spermatogonial (SPG, n=4), spermatocyte (SPC, n=3), and spermatid (SPD, n=3) level, as well as normal spermatogenesis (Normal, n=3). To our knowledge, this work provides the most complete capture of the transcriptome and its dynamics during human spermatogenesis to date.

  Study EGAS00001006135

• Primary breast tumor heterogeneity through therapy

  We performed whole-exome sequencing on multiple regions (n=2-3) from four primary untreated breast tumors (n=1 HER2+, n=2 ER+/HER2-, n=1 triple-negative), as well as matched normal. We also performed whole-exome sequencing on one region from the pre-treatment diagnostic core biopsy and multiple regions (n=2-6) from the post-treatment surgical specimen for five HER2+ primary breast tumors, as well as matched normal; all were treated with combination chemotherapy and trastuzumab. Analysis of these specimens allows characterization of breast tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution.

  Study EGAS00001003168

• The molecular landscape of glioma in patients with Neurofibromatosis 1.

  Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common tumor predisposition syndrome in which glioma is one of the most prominent tumor type. Gliomagenesis in NF1 results in heterogeneous spectrum of tumors, from low grade to high grade glioma, occurring during the entire patient lifespan. In this study, we present the molecular landscape of low- and high-grade glioma in children and adults affected by NF1 (NF1-glioma). 59 tumor samples from 56 NF1-glioma patients with 43 matched normal were profiled with Whole Exome Sequencing, DNA Methylation array (31 tumors) and RNA sequencing (29 tumors).

  Study EGAS00001003186

• 463 newly diagnosed patients with Multiple Myeloma underwent whole exome sequencing of tumour and peripheral blood DNA.

  463 newly diagnosed patients from the UK Myeloma XI clinical trial (NCT01554852) underwent whole exome sequencing plus targeted capture of the IGH/K/L and MYC loci. 200 ng of DNA were processed using NEBNext DNA library prepartion kit and hybridised to the SureSelect Human All Exon V5 Plus. Four samples were pooled and run on one lane of a HiSeq 2000 using 76-bp paired end reads. DNA from CD138+ selected bone marrow cells (myeloma tumour) as well as peripheral white blood cells were analysed and somatic mutations detected.

  Study EGAS00001001147

• Illumina ExomeChip genotyping data from the Cretan Greek isolate collection HELIC MANOLIS

  Isolated populations can empower the identification of rare variation associated with complex traits through next generation association studies. Here we have genotyped individuals from a Greek population isolate on the Illumina HumanExome Beadchip. The HELIC (Hellenic Isolated Cohorts) MANOLIS (Minoan Isolates) collection focuses on Anogia and surrounding Mylopotamos villages. Recruitment of this population-based sample was primarily carried out at the village medical centres. All individuals were older than 17 years and had to have at least one parent from the Mylopotamos area. www.helic.org **The data may not be used for population genetics analyses.**

  Study EGAS00001000630

• Genetic determinants of glycated hemoglobin levels in the Greenlandic Inuit population

  We recently showed that a common genetic variant leads to a remarkably increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the small and historically isolated Greenlandic population. Motivated by this, we aimed at investigating the genetic determinants for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). We found no novel associations but saw that for 10 out of 15 known HbA1C loci that the effects in Greenlandic Inuit were similar to previously reported. One locus, ANK1, showed a significant ancestral population specific effect. Our results shed light on the genetics effects across ethnicites.

  Study EGAS00001002641

• Disease recurrence after pathologic response (Recurrence DNAseq)

  In this study we aim to gain insight into the mechanisms of immune evasion after initial pathologic response to neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition in macroscopic stage III melanoma by pooling data of the neoadjuvant OpACIN, OpACIN-neo and PRADO trials(EGAD00001012116, EGAS00001004832, EGAD00001006730, EGAS50000000268). Therefore we analyzed in-depth paired baseline(n=10) and recurrent tumor samples of the lymph nodes(n=10) and brain metastasis (n=2) through Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analyses. Additionally we incorporated transcriptome sequencing data from 22 patients (21 paired-end samples and one single end sample)

  Study EGAS50000000488

• Microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers

  Immune escape has been recognised as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Overcoming this immunomodulatory process by tumour cells has become a major therapeutic target. Here we utilize organoid technology to study immune-cancer interactions and assess immunomodulation by colorectal cancer (CRC). Transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry revealed that organoids maintain differential expression of immunomodulatory molecules present in primary tumours. Finally, we established a method to model antigen-specific epithelial cell killing and cancer immunomodulation in vitro using CRC organoids co-cultured with cytotoxic T cells. Our method may serve as a first step to rebuilding the tumor microenvironment in vitro.

  Study EGAS00001003366

• Illumina Human OmniExpress genotyping data from the Cretan Greek isolate collection HELIC MANOLIS

  Isolated populations can empower the identification of rare variation associated with complex traits through next generation association studies. Here we have genotyped individuals from a Greek population isolate on the Illumina Human OmniExpress BeadChip array. The HELIC (Hellenic Isolated Cohorts) MANOLIS (Minoan Isolates) collection focuses on Anogia and surrounding Mylopotamos villages. Recruitment of this population-based sample was primarily carried out at the village medical centres. All individuals were older than 17 years and had to have at least one parent from the Mylopotamos area. www.helic.org **The data may not be used for population genetics analyses**

  Study EGAS00001000687

• Transcriptome sequencing of intravenous leiomyomatosis and uterine myoma

  Up to now, there are two hypothesis about the pathogenesis of the relationship of intravenous leiomyomatosis and uterine myoma. One theory suggests that the IVL comes from the smooth muscle cell in the vessel wall.The other theory indicates that the IVL derives from the uterine myometrium. However, limited to the technology, few studies have been deeply explore the underlying relation. In this study, we employ the RNA sequencing to explore the molecule relationship between IVL and uterus myoma. In order to identify the molecule relationship between IVl and uterine myoma we conducted transcriptome sequencing and bioinformaitc analysis

  Study EGAS00001002504

• NanoSring of PBMC from bladder cancer and RCC patients

  PBMCs from patients were isolated using 50 mL Leucosep™ tubes (Greiner Bio-One International, Germany) and Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS (GE Healthcare, Sweden). Whole blood drawn into sodium heparin blood collection tubes were diluted 3x with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without calcium or magnesium (Lonza, Walkersville, MD). Diluted cell suspensions were carefully layered on Leucosep tubes and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 800 x g at room temperature (RT). Interphase containing PBMCs were harvested and washed with PBS and subsequently centrifuged for 10 minutes at 250 x g at RT before further processing.

  Study EGAS00001004229

• Other NS tumors

  The dataset represents a total of 18 DNA samples from 6 male and 3 female pediatric patients affected with central or peripheral nervous system tumors not classified as embryonal central nervous system tumors, nor gliomas, glioneuronal, or neuronal tumors. One tumor tissue sample and one peripheral blood sample from each patient were subject to whole genome sequencing (WGS) and were sequenced 2x150 bp paired-end on an Illumina HiSeqX v2.5 instrument. The FASTQ files generated were aligned to the human reference genome sequence GRCh38/hg38 using bwa-mem, with the ALT-aware option turned on. Sorting of reads and marking of PCR duplicates was performed with GATK. Base quality score recalibration and joint realignment of reads around insertions and deletions (indels) were conducted using GATK tools. The dataset consists of 18 files in the CRAM format (lossless compression) with a total file size of ~3,4 TB. Additional genomic and molecular data (FASTQ, BAM, IDAT, and VCF files) and limited clinical data can be requested by ethically approved projects conducting research in the field of pediatric cancer.

  Dataset EGAD50000000299

• Pulmonary atypical carcinoid multi-omic dataset on up to 42 tumours from same patient

  Pulmonary atypical carcinoid. DNA WES and RNA-Seq on 42 tumour samples collected at autopsy, 10x Chromium linked read whole genome sequencing on four tumours plus one normal sample, and targeted DNA sequencing on two clinical biopsies and one blood plasma sample. Note – RNA-Seq dataset features complex batch effect attributable to tissue processing artefacts, as described in "Complex patterns of genomic heterogeneity identified in 42 tumor samples and ctDNA of a pulmonary atypical carcinoid patient" - Robb et al., 2022 and detailed in Supplementary Table S3. Note – RNA-Seq dataset features complex batch effect attributable to tissue processing artefacts, as described in "Complex patterns of genomic heterogeneity identified in 42 tumor samples and ctDNA of a pulmonary atypical carcinoid patient" - Robb et al., 2022 and detailed in Supplementary Table S3.

  Dataset EGAD00001009296

• Whole-genome sequencing data of metastatic salivary gland cancer

  This dataset contains whole-genome sequencing data of three patients with metastatic salivary gland cancer who underwent autopsy to harvest tumor biopsies from spatially separated metastatic sites and biopsies from healthy skin as a control. Two patients had the subtype adenoid cystic carcinoma (patients 1 and 4) and one patient had the subtype myoepithelial carcinoma.

  Dataset EGAD50000002056

• APP p.V742L and control fibroblasts RNA-seq

  This dataset consists of 16 FASTQ file pairs containing 3` RNA-sequencing data of patient-derived fibroblasts and three age- and sex-matched control fibroblast lines (CTR1, CTR2, and CTR3). The patient and CTR1 fibroblast lines have three biological replicates, while CTR2 and CTR3 lines both have one sample. Each sample has two lanes.

  Dataset EGAD50000001825

• WGS data of paediatric ETV6::RUNX1 B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (set2)

  The dataset includes FASTQ and CRAM files from second relapse and matched remission (control) samples of one ETV6::RUNX1 ALL patient (ALLK-104). Sequencing libraries were made using Novogene NGS DNA Library Prep Set (Cat No. PT004). Both second relapse (90x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq 6000.

  Dataset EGAD50000002286

• Dataset for "HPV integration induces gene fusions" (RNA)

  RNA-seq data for "HPV integration induces gene fusions" We performed RNA-seq analysis of five HPV+ head and neck cancer samples using Illumina short reads. Sequenced are submitted in bam format. We also sequenced one samples with pacBio long reads, and the reads are submitted in fastq format.

  Dataset EGAD50000001303

• EGAD00010000702

  SNP-chip genotyping data for one proband in the DDD study (Ref : Carvalho AJHG 2015)

  Dataset EGAD00010000702

• Post Mortem brain data used in paper "Significant and pervasive effects of RNA degradation on Nanopore direct RNA sequencing"

  This dataset contains data used in the paper titled "Significant and pervasive effects of RNA degradation on Nanopore direct RNA sequencing. The data consists of one post mortem sample that was sequenced with direct RNA sequencing form Oxford Nanopore Technologies on a promethION flow cell.

  Dataset EGAD00001009308

• Epigenomics and Single-cell Sequencing Define Cellular Heterogeneity in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

  Epigenomic and transcriptomic analysis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) biopsies. Single-cell RNA-seq (10x Genomics) of seven LCH biopsies. ATAC-seq data from four sorted cell populations (in duplicate) from one LCH biopsy.

  Dataset EGAD00001005280

• ICR Exome Optimization series

  Exome sequencing of 142 samples with corresponding Sanger sequencing results for 416 variants and 288 negative sites. DNA library preps prepared with Illumina TruSeq sample preparation kit. The captured DNA libraries were PCR amplified using the supplied paired-end PCR primers. Sequencing was performed with an Illumina HiSeq2000 (SBS Kit v3, one pool per lane) generating 2x101-bp reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001001462

• ICR1000 UK exome series

  Exome sequencing of 1000 samples from the UK 1958 Birth Cohort. DNA library preps prepared with Illumina TruSeq sample preparation kit. The captured DNA libraries were PCR amplified using the supplied paired-end PCR primers. Sequencing was performed with an Illumina HiSeq2000 (SBS Kit v3, one pool per lane) generating 2x101-bp reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001001021

• RNA sequencing data of pediatric ETV6::RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (set 4)

  The dataset includes RNA sequencing FASTQ files from a diagnostic tumor sample of one ETV6::RUNX1 ALL patient (ALLK-132). Novogene's internal method was used in directional library preparation including rRNA removal. The diagnostic tumor sample was sequenced using Illumina Novaseq X Plus, and the target sequencing depth was 21 Gb.

  Dataset EGAD50000002590

• San Francisco Bay Area Latina Breast Cancer Study

  The genome-wide association study (GWAS) includes participants enrolled into two different studies. The first study, the San Francisco Bay Area Cancer Study (SFBCS) is a population-based case-control study of breast cancer conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area and included women ages 35-79 years from three racial/ethnic groups: Non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanics/Latinas. For the GWAS, only Hispanic/Latina women were included. Women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1995 and 2002 were identified through the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry. Controls were identified by random digit dialing and were frequency-matched to cases by age in 5 year increments and by race/ethnicity. Hispanic/Latina ethnicity was assessed by self-report. 175 Hispanic/Latina cases and 307 Hispanic/Latina controls from the SFBCS had given adequate consent and provided biospecimens that were used in the GWAS to be included in this data submission. The second study is the Northern California site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (NC-BCFR). This population-based family study recruited breast cancer cases ages 18-64 years diagnosed from 1995-2009 that were identified through the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry. Cases included all women at increased genetic susceptibility for breast cancer who met one or more of the following criteria: (a) being diagnosed with breast cancer at age <35 years; b) having a personal history of ovarian cancer or childhood cancer; (c) being diagnosed with two different breast cancers (bilateral breast cancers), with the first one diagnosed at age <50 years; and d) having one or more first-degree relatives with breast cancer, ovarian cancer or childhood cancer. Cases not meeting these criteria were randomly sampled and racial/ethnic minorities were oversampled. Controls were recruited by random digit dialing and were matched by 5-year age increments and by race/ethnicity. For the current GWAS only Latina/Hispanic cases and controls were included. Latina/Hispanic ethnicity was assessed by self-report. 631 Hispanic/Latina cases and 61 Hispanic/Latina controls from the NC-BCFR had given adequate consent and provided biospecimens that were used in the GWAS to be included in this data submission.

  Study phs000912

• University of Utah Pelvic Organ Prolapse Disorder Study

  The overall purpose of this University of Utah Pelvic Organ Prolapse Disorder Study was to identify and localize predisposition genes contributing to pelvic organ prolapse (POP). POP cases recruited for this study were identified by one of three methods: high-risk POP pedigree cases, POP sister pairs, and surgically-treated POP cases reporting a family history of POP. High-risk POP pedigree cases were identified using the Utah Population Database (UPDB), a genealogy database of residents in Utah that has been linked to diagnostic ICD9 and CPT codes in medical records at the University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare. We identified families with a significant excess number of POP cases compared to matched population rates and targeted these individuals for recruitment as well as any other POP cases in the family. POP sister pair cases were identified at the University of Utah Urogyncology clinic for women who had undergone POP surgery and also self-reported one or more sisters who were also surgically treated for POP. POP affection status of all sisters was confirmed either by physical examination or by chart review. Surgically treated-POP cases reporting a family history of POP were identified at the University of Utah Urogyncology clinic by self-report of a family history of POP. Efforts were made to recruit other affected family members and confirm affection status. To obtain DNA, subjects provided either a blood specimen or saliva. Medical records were reviewed by a urogynecologist and diagnostic information for pelvic organ prolapse and stress and overactive bladder were obtained. Collected DNA was genotyped and analyzed. To maintain confidentiality of the familial data, genetic data from only one subject per family has been submitted to dbGaP. Use of the University of Utah Pelvic Organ Prolapse Disorder Study data is limited to investigators studying pelvic floor disorders. These pelvic floor disorders include pelvic organ prolapse, urinary and anal incontinence, and other conditions related to weakening or injury to the muscles and connective tissue in the pelvis as a result of pelvic surgery, pregnancy, or vaginal delivery of a child. These data will be used only for research purposes related to pelvic floor disorders. They will not be used to determine the individual identity of any person or their relationship to another person or for research on non-disease traits.

  Study phs001439

• VESPA: Vanderbilt Electronic Systems for Pharmacogenomic Assessment

  The Vanderbilt Electronic Systems for Pharmacogenomic Assessment (VESPA) Project is a large electronic medical record (EMR)- and biobank-based initiative for translational pharmacogenomics discoveries. Key research resources utilized in this effort include the BioVU DNA databank and associated Synthetic Derivative database of clinical information, and software tools developed to identify drugs and clinical events using EHR-derived structured and unstructured ("free text") data. Cohorts include subjects with primarily drug-response phenotypes, and most cases and controls identified include three data types: ICD-9 codes, medication regimens, and medical test results. Advanced informatics methods, such as natural language processing, were also used for some phenotypes. Algorithms used event-sequence analyses to establish temporal relationships between drugs and phenotypes. Both cases and control algorithms excluded records that contained specific comorbidities and were refined to achieve positive predictive value (PPV) > 90%. For automated algorithms failing to meet this threshold, manual review was coupled with algorithms to validate that the included cases were true positives. A total of 11,639 subjects met phenotyping criteria for a least one of the 28 phenotypes investigated. Across all phenotypes cases and controls, 90% were reused as either a case or control for a least one other phenotype. Data are deposited for individual phenotypes in the VESPA substudies. Substudies: VESPA: Genome Wide Association Study of Serum Creatinine during Vancomycin Therapy and Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics - phs000894 VESPA: Genome Wide Study of Clinically Diagnosed Ace Inhibitor Cough - phs000992

  Study phs000991

• NHLBI GO-ESP: Lung Cohorts Exome Sequencing Project (Lung Health Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

  The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. The Lung Health Study I was a randomized multicenter clinical trial with 5887 participants carried out from October 1986 to April 1994, designed to test the effectiveness of smoking cessation and bronchodilator administration in smokers aged 35 to 60 with mild lung function impairment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: usual care, who received no intervention smoking intervention with the inhaled bronchodilator ipratroprium bromide smoking intervention with an inhaled placebo The effect of intervention was evaluated by the rate of decline of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).

  Study phs000291

• Rapid Whole Genome Sequencing for Genetic Disease Diagnosis in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

  Monogenic diseases are frequent causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and disease presentations are often undifferentiated at birth. More than 3,500 monogenic diseases have been characterized, but clinical testing is available for only some of them and many feature clinical and genetic heterogeneity. As such, an immense unmet need exists for improved molecular diagnosis in infants. Because disease progression is extremely rapid, albeit heterogeneous, in newborns, molecular diagnoses must occur quickly to be relevant for clinical decision-making. We describe 50-hour differential diagnosis of genetic disorders by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) that features automated bioinformatic analysis and is intended to be a prototype for use in neonatal intensive care units. Retrospective 50-hour WGS identified known molecular diagnoses in two children. Prospective WGS disclosed potential molecular diagnosis of a severe GJB2-related skin disease in one neonate; BRAT1-related lethal neonatal rigidity and multifocal seizure syndrome in another infant, identified BCL9L as a novel, recessive visceral heterotaxy gene (HTX6) in a pedigree, and ruled out known candidate genes in one infants. Sequencing of parents or affected siblings expedited the identification of disease gene in prospective cases. Thus, rapid WGS can potentially broaden and foreshorten differential diagnosis, resulting in fewer empirical treatments and faster progression to genetic and prognostic counseling. Reprinted from Saunders et. al, Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing for Genetic Disease Diagnosis in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 154ra135 (2012; PMID: 23035047) with permission from AAAS.

  Study phs000564

• Extent and Significance of Bacterial DNA Integrations in the Human Cancer Genome

  The integration of exogenous DNA into the human genome can cause somatic mutations associated with oncogenesis. For example, the insertion of HPV DNA into human chromosomes is the single most important event leading to tumorigenesis in cervical cancer. It is also now preventable with vaccines against HPV. In contrast to viral DNA integrations, the instances and repercussions of bacterial DNA integration into the somatic human genome are less clear. Yet bacterial DNA integrations (BDI) found to be associated with tumorigenesis could also be prevented using therapeutics like vaccines that limit exposure to the bacteria. Previous analysis of publicly available sequencing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed BDIs from Pseudomonas spp. rRNA into the 5'-UTR of four proto-oncogenes as well as in Ig (the immunoglobulin gene) of gastric cancer samples. The original samples from TCGA were not available to validate these findings. Therefore, a different cohort of gastric cancer patients was identified in order to establish the presence BDIs. Whole exome sequencing was completed on seven tumor samples and six adjacent gastric samples, as well as one intestinal metaplasia sample and one non-atrophic gastritis sample. Four of those samples were also investigated with transcriptomics and whole genome sequencing. Given that 15-20% of cancers worldwide are linked to infections, more work is needed to understand the role of infectious agents in oncogenesis and the mechanisms underlying that role.

  Study phs001936

• Trisomy 21 Dosage Compensation Map (T21DoCoMap)

  Excess gene dosage from human chromosome 21 (HSA21), due to trisomy or translocation of HSA21 material, causes Down syndrome (DS). We derived trisomy 21 (T21) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) alongside otherwise isogenic euploid controls from mosaic DS fibroblasts (GM00260, first described in Lubiniecki et al., PMID: 225951) of the NIGMS genetic cell repository, to enable analysis of whole-chromosomal and individual gene dosage imbalance in the context of in vitro models of DS development. Virtual karyotyping (by Infinium CytoSNP-850k), and phased genotyping (by linked-read whole-genome sequencing) of the resulting iPSC lines provide a deeply-characterized genomic platform for dissection of HSA21 gene dosage. We apply this highly unique resource to allelic analysis of mRNA sequencing of iPSCs and differentiated neural lineages, and demonstrate its utility in the context of inducible HSA21 dosage compensation. To this end, we equipped one distinct HSA21 copy with a doxycycline-inducible XIST transgene, which endogenously silences one X in 46,XX females. Standard and allele-specific RNA-seq analysis confirms mono-allelic T21 silencing to be virtually complete and irreversible, further supported by DNA methylation data (Infinium methylEPIC). This full-length HSA21 map of phased single-nucleotide and insertion/deletion variants enables allele-specific applications for gene-level dissection T21 dosage effects. Because our XIST remains inducible in post-mitotic T21 neurons and astrocytes, we perform single-nuclei RNA-seq to demonstrate XIST efficiently represses genes even after terminal differentiation.

  Study phs002397

• UCSF Database for the Advancement of JMML - Integration of Metadata with Omic Data

  Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare and frequently fatal myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disorder of early childhood with an estimated incidence of 1.2 cases per million. It is associated with a spectrum of diverse outcomes ranging from spontaneous resolution in rare patients to transformation to acute myeloid leukemia in others. The overwhelming majority of JMML patients (~95%) will harbor mutations in canonical Ras pathway genes, including NF1, NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11, and CBL. As Ras proteins are mutated in more than 30% of human cancers, the information gleaned from the study of JMML has provided insights into Ras signaling in cancer as well as a group of congenital diseases with tumor predispositions known as the “Rasopathies”. While oncogenic Ras is one of the most common mutations in human cancer, it remains one of the most vexing targets for efficacious therapy. To better understand this disease, a JMML tissue bank was established at UCSF that allows for consenting of subjects, biobanking of tissue and collection of follow up data from patients both locally and at other institutions. Through the collection and analysis of specimens, knowledge about the genetic, epigenetic, and biochemical basis of JMML has been gained. This integrated database will enable future JMML research, and importantly, additional Ras/MAPK pathway research by depositing linked, processed data to well annotated anonymized patients in an easily accessible online database

  Study phs002504

• RNA Transcriptomic and DNA Methylation Landscape in FTLD-TDP and Controls

  Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is one of the leading causes of dementia in individuals younger than 65 years, with the aggregation of TDP-43 as one of the most common forms of FTLD. FTLD-TDP is clinically, genetically and pathologically heterogeneous, with GRN and C9orf72 as the most common genetic forms (although more than 50% of the cases are genetically unexplained), and A, B and C as the most common pathological subtypes. To investigate the molecular differences between the different forms of FTLD-TDP, we performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) from different brain regions of FTLD-TDP patients and controls. The RNAseq dataset includes samples from the frontal cortex of 149 individuals, comprising 127 FTLD-TDP cases (genetically unexplained types A (27), B (20) and C (22), 24 GRN mutation carriers, and 34 C9orf72 expansion carriers) and 22 controls. The RRBS dataset includes samples from the frontal cortex of 158 individuals —119 FTLD-TDP cases (genetically unexplained types A (25), B (24), and C (25), 20 GRN mutation carriers, and 25 C9orf72 expansion carriers) and 39 controls; and from the cerebellum of 151 individuals —113 FTLD-TDP cases (genetically unexplained types A (24), B (21), and C (23), 20 GRN mutation carriers, and 25 C9orf72 expansion carriers) and 38 controls. In total, the study consists of data from 183 unique individuals, with some overlap across the different datasets.

  Study phs004075

• Copy number profiling of putative cancer stem from pleural effusion aspirates from breast cancer patients

  A common symptom during late stage breast cancer disease is pleural effusion, which is related to poor prognosis. In pleural effusions malignant cells can be detected, which indicates a metastatic spread from the primary tumor site. Beside the usefulness for investigation of the metastatic process, it has been a source to isolate cells with putative cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. For this study, pleural effusion aspirate from 25 metastatic breast cancer patients were processed to establish in vitro culture. Patient-derived aspirates were cultured under sphere forming conditions and isolated primary cultures were sorted for cancer stem cell populations ALDH1+ and CD44+CD24-/low and sphere forming efficiency of CSC and non-CSC subpopulation was determined. Unsorted cells had a higher potential to form spheres compared to CSC subpopulations. Subsequently, DNA was isolated from pleural effusions before and after cell sorting, to compare their copy number profiles generated by low-coverage whole genome sequencing to DNA from FFPE primary tumors or bone metastasis. Unbalanced profiles could be detected in four pleural samples before sorting, in two ALDH1+ sorted samples, in one CD44+CD24-/low and in all control samples. Additionally, spheroid culture from one pleural sample could be passaged on and was characterized. Therefore, pleural effusions are an appropriate media for enrichment of putative CSC. However, low-coverage sequencing is difficult due to low quantities of abnormal cells compared to normal cells.

  Study EGAS00001002343

• WGS data of paediatric TCF3::PBX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (set2)

  The dataset includes FASTQ and BAM files from diagnostic and matched remission (control) samples of one TCF3::PBX1 ALL patient (ALLT-376). Sequencing library was made using PCR free-based WGS library preparation (PCR-), using NEB Next® Ultra™ DNA Library Prep Kit. Both diagnostic (90x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using HiSeq X.

  Dataset EGAD50000001795

• WGS data of pediatric TCF3::PBX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (set1)

  The dataset includes FASTQ and BAM files from diagnostic and matched remission (control) samples of one TCF3::PBX1 ALL patient (ALLT-335). Sequencing library was made using standard PCR-based WGS library preparation (PCR+), using NEB Next® Ultra™ DNA Library Prep Kit. Both diagnostic (90x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using HiSeq X.

  Dataset EGAD50000001796

• WGS data of paediatric BCR::ABL1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  The dataset includes FASTQ and CRAM files from diagnostic and matched remission (control) samples of one BCR::ABL1 ALL patient (ALLT-399). Sequencing library was made using PCR free-based WGS library preparation (PCR-), using Novogene NGS DNA Library Prep Set Kit (Cat No. PT004). Both diagnostic (90x) and remission (30x) samples were sequenced using NovaSeqX Plus.

  Dataset EGAD50000002185

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of 16 NPM1 mutated AML patients

  This dataset contains paired-end fastq files for single-cell RNA-seq of 16 NPM1 mutated AML patients. 19 fastq pairs are included, with two samples split into two lanes and a second (technical) replicate for one patient. Libraries were constructed using 10x Genomics Chromium Next GEM Single cell 3’ v3.1 and sequencing was performed using Illumina NovaSeq6000.

  Dataset EGAD50000000478

• PARK7/DJ-1 deficiency modulates microglial activation in response to LPS-induced inflammation

  Starting point is one patient from which iPSC cells are created, some received a genome correction to be called iCtrl from those two batches (DJ1 and iCtrl). 3 independent differentiation to Microglia cells were done, named R1, R2 and R3. On top, growing conditions were either untreated or LPS, leading to the 12 samples.

  Dataset EGAD50000000291

• Long read mRNA sequencing of blood cells exposed to different immune stimuli

  Long-read (PacBio) RNA sequencing dataset of in vitro stimulated PBMC cells. 5 samples consisting of 1 RPMI control and 4 stimulus conditions (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyI-polyC, S. aureus and C. albicans) all originating from one donor. Files are raw BAM format files generated by Sequel 2 machine.

  Dataset EGAD00001009998

• ChIP-seq in colorectal cancer and paired adjacent normal mucosa

  This dataset includes ChIP-seq data for H3K27ac and H3K4me1 on 20 paired samples of colorectal cancer and adjacent normal mucosa. One tumor sample that failed QC is not available.

  Dataset EGAD00001007707

• Nuclease deficiencies alter plasma cell-free DNA methylation profiles (Human samples)

  The dataset contains 2x75bp paired-end sequencing data in DNASE1L3-deficient human subjects. We performed bisulfite sequencing of plasma samples from three DNASE1L3-deficient subjects and one heterozygous parent to investigate how nuclease deficiencies alter plasma cell-free DNA methylation profiles.

  Dataset EGAD00001007750

• Whole Exome Sequencing of Mixed Histology Lung Cancer

  We conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) and microarray profiling on 19 micro-dissected tumor regions of different histologic subtypes from 9 patients with lung cancers of mixed histologic patterns including 6 LUAD, 6 LCNEC, 3 SCLC, 3 LUSC, and one poorly differentiated NSCLC-NOS.

  Dataset EGAD00001007076

• exome sequence of female patients suffering from Ovarian Meiotic Defects

  Exome sequencing was performed on 15 unrelated female patients suffering from primary infertility due to Ovarian Meiotic Defects (OMD). Each reference number corresponds to one of the tested subject. DNA was extracted from Saliva using Oragene saliva DNA collection kit (DNAgenotek Inc., Ottawa, Canada).Exome capture was performed with the Agilent V5 kit and sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq 2000.

  Dataset EGAD00001004035

• Exome sequencing data

  Exome sequencing fastq files from 6 mutation carriers and 5 non-carriers from 2 families. One µg DNA was used for library preparation using the TruSeq DNA LT Sample Prep Kit v2 according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Illumina). Hybridization was performed using Nimblegen SeqCap EZ Exome v3 (Roche) and Paired-end Sequencing (2x100 bp) on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 with TruSeq v3 chemistry (Illumina).

  Dataset EGAD00001003745

• Exome sequencing data from tumor progression cohort

  This dataset, named Stockholm tumor progression cohort, contains exome-sequencing samples of matched primary and metastasis samples from 20 metastatic breast cancer patients. All patients have one or more sequenced normal samples as well. The total number of samples is 125. The dataset has been used, apart from other studies, to explore tumor evolution patterns in metastatic breast cancer at Karolinska Institute Stockholm.

  Dataset EGAD00001003837

• PIK3R4 (VPS15)

  WES of human: A mutation in VPS15 (PIK3R4) causes a ciliopathy and affects IFT20 release from the cis-Golgi WES (Agilent SureSelect All Exon XT2 50 Mb kit) has been realized on three affected siblings (II.1, II.3, II.5) and one healthy sister (II.4). Raw data (BAM files) are provided: - II.1.aligned.sorted.dedup.realign.recal.bam - II.3.aligned.sorted.dedup.realign.recal.bam - II.5.aligned.sorted.dedup.realign.recal.bam - II.4.aligned.sorted.dedup.realign.recal.bam

  Dataset EGAD00001002736

• EGAD00000000114

  Whole transcriptome sequence data from 18 ovarian clear-cell carcinoma samples and one TOV21G ovarian clear-cell carcinoma cell line

  Dataset EGAD00000000114

• Genetic Diseases of Immune Homeostasis and Autoimmunity Caused by GIMAP Deficiency

  We investigated 17 affected individuals in 9 kindreds with lymphopenia, splenomegaly, liver disease, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, severe recurrent lung infections, skin diseases, and lymphoma. Whole-exome sequencing of the cohort revealed mutations in GIMAP5. We also found another patient from one kindred with a unique mutation in the gene GIMAP6, discovered by whole-exome sequencing. A comprehensive investigation of this gene mutation through in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that GIMAP6 deficiency results in defects in autophagy in patient T cells and interruption of GIMAP7 and GABARAPL2 interactions. GIMAP6 deficiency leads to affected patients to present with clinical phenotypes such as recurrent infections, lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, and inflammation.

  Study phs002816

• Lysosomal Disease Network (LDN6719) Immune Response to Intrathecal Enzyme Therapy in Mucopolysaccharidosis 1 Patients

  In this study we characterized the immune response to intrathecal (IT) recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase (rhIDU) in mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) subjects with spinal cord compression who had been previously treated with intravenous rhIDU. Concentrations of specific antibodies and cytokines were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected before monthly IT rhIDU infusions. These serologic findings were compared with clinical adverse event (AE) reports to establish temporal correlations with clinical symptoms. We found that IT rhIDU was generally well tolerated in the subjects studied although one subject had moderate to severe clinical symptoms and serologic abnormalities consistent with an immune response.

  Study phs000862