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• Functional single-cell characterization of immune aplastic anemia shows convergence of NK and NK-like CD8+ T cells with disease-associated TCR signature

  Immune aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening bone marrow (BM) failure disorder driven by an autoimmune T cell attack against the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the autoantigen targets and the role of other immune cells are unknown. Here, by analyzing an international cohort of 156 AA patients with scRNA+TCRαβ-seq, TCRβ-seq, flow cytometry, and plasma cytokine profiling with comparisons to healthy controls and patients with other hematological disorders, we identify NK cells and CD8+ TEMRA cells expressing NK receptors with AA-associated TCRβ-seq motifs as the most dysregulated immune cell populations in AA BM. Functional co-culture experiments with scRNA-TCRαβ-seq readout utilizing primary HSPCs and immune cells provide evidence that NK cellscannot kill HSPCs alone, but sensitize them to CD8+ T cell-mediated killing. Furthermore, HSPCs induce strong activation of T cell clones with CD8+ TEMRA NK-like phenotype and AA-associated TCR motifs. Our results reveal the convergent evolution of innate and adaptive immune cells in AA, where NK cells support CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity.

  Study EGAS00001007604

• Functional single-cell characterization of immune aplastic anemia shows convergence of NK and NK-like CD8+ T cells with disease-associated TCR signature

  Immune aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening bone marrow (BM) failure disorder driven by an autoimmune T cell attack against the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the autoantigen targets and the role of other immune cells are unknown. Here, by analyzing an international cohort of 156 AA patients with scRNA+TCRαβ-seq, TCRβ-seq, flow cytometry, and plasma cytokine profiling with comparisons to healthy controls and patients with other hematological disorders, we identify NK cells and CD8+ TEMRA cells expressing NK receptors with AA-associated TCRβ-seq motifs as the most dysregulated immune cell populations in AA BM. Functional co-culture experiments with scRNA-TCRαβ-seq readout utilizing primary HSPCs and immune cells provide evidence that NK cellscannot kill HSPCs alone, but sensitize them to CD8+ T cell-mediated killing. Furthermore, HSPCs induce strong activation of T cell clones with CD8+ TEMRA NK-like phenotype and AA-associated TCR motifs. Our results reveal the convergent evolution of innate and adaptive immune cells in AA, where NK cells support CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity.

  Study EGAS00001007602

• Genome‐wide postnatal changes in immunity following fetal inflammatory response

  The fetal inflammatory response (FIR) increases the risk of perinatal brain injury, particularly in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs, < 28 weeks of gestation). One of the mechanisms contributing to such a risk is a postnatal intermittent or sustained systemic inflammation (ISSI) following FIR. The link between prenatal and postnatal systemic inflammation is supported by the presence of well‐established inflammatory biomarkers in the umbilical cord and peripheral blood. However, the extent of molecular changes contributing to this association is unknown. Using RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry proteomics, we profiled the transcriptome and proteome of archived neonatal dried blood spot (DBS) specimens from 21 ELGANs. Comparing FIR‐affected and unaffected ELGANs, we identified 782 gene and 27 protein expression changes of 50% magnitude or more, and an experiment‐wide significance level below 5% false discovery rate. These expression changes confirm the robust postnatal activation of the innate immune system in FIR‐affected ELGANs and reveal for the first time an impairment of their adaptive immunity. In turn, the altered pathways provide clues about the molecular mechanisms triggering ISSI after FIR, and the onset of perinatal brain injury.

  Study EGAS00001003635

• WTCCC2 Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) samples

  A WTCCC2 project genome-wide association study for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in individuals from India, Brazil and Sudan, genotyped on the custom Illumina 670k array. The WTCCC2 analysis of the Brazilian and Indian samples is described in Fakiola et al. [Nat Genet. 2013 Feb;45(2):208-13].It should be noted that due to expected family structure in the data, normal analyses of these data should include an estimation of the relatedness between the samples. For more details about sample collection for the project please refer to the Methods section of the paper above. The samples from India were all collected from Bihar state in northeastern India. The Brazilian samples were collected from a wide area of northern Brazil, and managed at two laboratories in Natal and Belem. For more details on the geographic distribution of the Brazil samples please see Jamieson et al. [Genes Immun. 2007 Jan;8(1):84-90]. We have not generated qc_passed or info files for the Sudanese data, a preliminary scan of the data indicated that there may be DNA quality issues with these samples.

  Study EGAS00001000773

• Widespread DNA hypomethylation and differential gene expression in Turner syndrome

  Adults with 45,X monosomy (Turner syndrome) reflect a surviving minority since more than 99% of fetuses with 45,X monosomy die in utero. In adulthood 45,X monosomy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, although strikingly heterogeneous with some individuals left untouched while others suffer from cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease and infertility. The present study investigates the leukocyte DNAmethylation profile by using the 450K-Illumina Infinium assay and the leukocyte RNA-expression profile in 45,X monosomy compared with karyotypically normal female and male controls. We present results illustrating that genome wide X-chromosome RNA-expression profile, autosomal DNA-methylation profile, and the X-chromosome methylation profile clearly distinguish Turner syndrome from controls. Our results reveal genome wide hypomethylation with most differentially methylated positions showing a medium level of methylation. Contrary to previous studies, applying a single loci specific analysis at well-defined DNA loci, our results indicate that the hypomethylation extend to repetitive elements. We describe novel candidate genes that could be involved in comorbidity in TS and explain congenital urinary malformations (PRKX), premature ovarian failure (KDM6A), and aortic aneurysm formation (ZFYVE9 and TIMP1)

  Study EGAS00001002190

• Whole genome and transcriptome analysis of medullary thyroid cancer

  Medullary thyroid cancer is the neoplasm of the calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. The hormone calcitonin acts to lower the blood calcium level, counteracting the effects of the parathyroid hormone; it can also serve as a biomarker for the presence or recurrence of medullary thyroid cancer. Surgery is the only curative treatment for this cancer. Targeted therapeutics vandetanib and cabozantinib are approved for the treatment of aggressive and metastatic tumors that are not amenable to surgery. The use of these multikinase inhibitors are supported by the observed overactivation of the RET oncoprotein in a large sub-population of medullary thyroid cancers; however, not all patients carry oncogenic alterations of this kinase. Hence, there is a need for molecular characterization of medullary tumors on the genomic scale with the aim of identifying targetable mutations. Here, we describe the genomic profiles of two medullary thyroid cancers and report the presence of a putative oncogenic BRAF fusion in one. Such alterations previously observed in other malignancies and known targets of available drugs, can benefit patients who currently have no therapy options.

  Study EGAS00001001473

• Novel regional age-associated DNA methylation changes within human common disease-associated loci

  Background: Advancing age progressively impacts on risk and severity of chronic disease. It also modifies the epigenome, with changes in DNA methylation, due to both random drift and variation within specific functional loci. Results: In a discovery set of 2,238 peripheral-blood genome-wide DNA methylomes (MeDIP-seq) aged 19-82 years, we identified 71 age-associated Differentially Methylated Regions (a-DMRs, p < 1.85 x 10-8) within the Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) blocks of the NIH Catalogue of published GWAS SNPs. This included 52 novel regions, 29 within loci not covered by 450k or 27k Illumina array, and with marked enrichment for Poised Promoters and Enhancers across multiple cell types. In a replication set of 2,084 DNA methylomes, 95.7% of the a-DMRs showed the same direction of ageing effect, with 80.3% and 53.3% replicated to p < 0.05 and p < 1.85 x 10-8, respectively. Conclusion: By analysing the functionally enriched disease and trait-associated regions of the human genome, we identified novel epigenetic ageing changes, which could be useful biomarkers or provide mechanistic insights into age-related common diseases.

  Study EGAS00001001910

• Cryptic Relatedness in the Singapore Living Biobank Project

  The Singapore Living Biobank is a collection of healthy population-based Chinese and Malay individuals, for the purpose of phenotype recall study of high-impact variant carriers. These individuals are sampled from two studies: Multi-Ethnic Cohort (MEC), and the Singapore Health 2012 (SH2012). The MEC is a population-based cohort initiated in 2007 to investigate the genetic and lifestyle factors that affect the risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes in the three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays, and Indians). The SH2012 study is a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted in Singapore between 2012 and 2013, with over-sampling of Malays and Indians. Participants in MEC and SH2012 completed a similar set of questionnaire components, health examination, and biochemisty panels. Description of the MEC and SH2012 studies can be found at http://blog.nus.edu.sg/sphs/. We generated whole-exome sequencing data and Illumina OmniExpress array genotyping data for 1,299 Chinese and 1,229 Malays from the Singapore Living Biobank. This study includes a subset of 762 individuals that were found to be closely related (≤3rd degree), including 263 Chinese and 499 Malays.

  Study EGAS00001002619

• BIOKEY: A single-cell catalogue of the dynamic changes underlying Checkpoint Immunotherapy response in Early Breast Cancer

  Checkpoint immunotherapy combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves complete pathologic response in a subset of breast cancer patients. Here, we applied single-cell profiling to tumor biopsies collected before and during anti-PD1 therapy. One-third of tumors exhibited proliferative T-cells expanding along CD8+ or CD4+ lineages, which were either characterized by increased cytotoxicity and exhaustion or improved T-helper function, respectively. Lineage tracing in non-expanding tumors revealed at which point in the lineage T-cells were impaired, while gene expression modeling along these lineages revealed novel genes and underlying transcription factors involved in T-cell expansion. Interestingly, different dendritic and myeloid cell phenotypes could either stimulate or inhibit expanding T-cells, while cell-to-cell communication revealed an integrated immune context highly predictive of T-cell expansion, consisting of immune-stimulatory/-inhibitory interactions between cancer and various immune cell types. Our data yield unprecedented insights into the dynamic changes underlying checkpoint immunotherapy response in breast cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004809

• Androgen deprivation therapy promotes an inflammatory and obesity-like microenvironment in periprostatic fat

  Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death and morbidity worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the cornerstone of management for advanced disease. The use of androgen deprivation therapies is associated with multiple side effects, including metabolic syndrome and truncal obesity. At the same time, obesity has been associated with both prostate cancer development and disease progression, linked to its effects on chronic inflammation at a tissue level. The connection between androgen deprivation therapy, obesity, inflammation, and prostate cancer progression is well-established in clinical settings; however, an understanding of the changes in adipose tissue at the molecular level induced by castrating therapies is missing. Here we investigated the transcriptional changes in periprostatic fat tissue induced by profound androgen deprivation therapy in a group of patients with high-risk tumours compared to a matching untreated cohort. We find that androgen deprivation therapy is associated with a pro-inflammatory and obesity-like adipose tissue microenvironment. This study suggests that the beneficial effect of androgen deprivation therapy may be partially counteracted by metabolic and inflammatory side effects in the adipose tissue surrounding the prostate.

  Study EGAS00001003286

• Circulating tumor cells Exome sequencing from breast cancer

  Single cell technologies allow interrogating the extent of tumor heterogeneity, providing novel insights into tumor evolution and treatment resistance mechanisms. Here, we investigated the level of genetic heterogeneity among circulating tumor cells (CTCs) at the single nucleotide variation and copy number aberration (CNA) levels and compared it to synchronous matched primary tumor/metastatic lesion from 3 metastatic breast cancer patients with triple-negative (TNBC), HER2-positive (HER2+) and estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) tumors. Whole exome sequencing was performed on 3 synchronous bulk tumor tissue and 21 single/pooled CTC samples. When comparing bulk tissue with CTCs from the same patient, we found similar CNA profiles and the same patient-specific driver mutations for the HER2+ and TNBC tumors. Different CNA profiles and driver mutations were found for the ER+ tumor, with two distinct clones being identified in the CTCs, one harboring an activating ESR1 mutation, the other one bearing a TP53 mutation. These data suggest that tumor tissue and CTCs provide in a subset of patients complementary clinically relevant information to map tumor heterogeneity and monitor tumor evolution. Further validation is needed.

  Study EGAS00001005228

• Khoe-San genomes reveal unique variation and confirm deepest population divergence in Homo sapiens

  The southern African indigenous Khoe-San populations harbor the most divergent lineages of all living peoples. Exploring their genomes is key to understanding deep human history. We sequenced 25 full genomes from five Khoe-San populations, revealing many novel variants, that 25% of variants are unique to the Khoe-San, and that the Khoe-San group harbors the greatest level of diversity across the globe. In line with previous studies, we found several gene-regions with extreme values in genome-wide distributions, potentially caused by natural selection early in the modern human lineage and more recent in time. These gene-regions included immunity-, sperm-, brain-, diet- and muscle-related genes. When accounting for recent admixture, all Khoe-San groups display genetic diversity approaching the levels in other African groups and a reduction in effective population size starting around 100,000 years ago. Hence, all human groups show a reduction in effective population size commencing around the time of the Out-of-Africa migrations, which coincides with changes in the paleoclimate records, changes that potentially impacted all humans at the time.

  Study EGAS00001004459

• Patient-derived neuroblastoma model system OHC-NB1

  Accurate disease modeling presents a bottleneck against effective translation of novel neuroblastoma therapies into the clinic. Recently, considerable intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity has been observed in neuroblastoma, which calls for preclinical models that reflect this feature. Flexibility in a testing platform is also desirable to support assessment of different endpoints and tumor cell characteristics. We present the novel neuroblastoma model OHC-NB1, propagated from a bone marrow metastasis from a patient with INRG stage M, MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma at first diagnosis. To model different aspects of the disease, several preclinical models were developed from the bone marrow aspirate: a tissue plastic-adherent cell line, a 3-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture, and cell line-derived xenografts that were subcutaneously passaged in mice. Typical aspects of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, such as MYCN amplification in double minutes, 1p deletion, 17q gain, and a diploid karyotype, are present in OHC-NB1 and persist in all culture types. Whole exome sequencing revealed intra-tumor heterogeneity in the bone marrow metastasis reflected in the culture models. The set of OHC-NB1 cultures with a genetically heterogeneous MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma background provide a flexible preclinical testing system that recapitulates important features of metastatic neuroblastoma.

  Study EGAS00001003031

• Heat selection enables highly scalable methylome profiling in cell-free DNA for noninvasive monitoring of cancer patients

  Genome-wide analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation profile has been recognized as a promising approach for sensitive and specific detection of many cancers. However, scaling such genome-wide assays for clinical translation is impractical due to the high cost of whole genome bisulfite sequencing. We have shown that the small fraction of GC-rich genome is highly enriched in CpG sites and disproportionately harbors the majority of cancer-specific methylation signature. Here, we report on the simple but effective Heat enrichment of CpG-rich regions for Bisulfite Sequencing (Heatrich-BS) platform that allows for focused methylation profiling in these highly informative regions. Our novel method and bioinformatics algorithm enable accurate tumor burden estimation with high sensitivity and quantitative tracking of colorectal cancer patient’s response to treatment, at much reduced sequencing cost suitable for frequent monitoring. We also show, for the first time, tumor epigenetic subtyping from cfDNA using Heatrich-BS, which could enable patient stratification from non-invasive liquid biopsy. As such, Heatrich-BS holds great potential for highly scalable screening and regular monitoring of cancer using liquid biopsy.

  Study EGAS00001006198

• The impact of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on adaptive and innate immune responses

  The mRNA-based BNT162b2 protects against severe disease and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 through induction of specific antibody and T-cell responses. Much less is known about its broad effects on immune responses against other pathogens. In the present study, we investigated the specific adaptive immune responses induced by BNT162b2 vaccination against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as its effects on the responsiveness of human immune cells upon stimulation with heterologous viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. BNT162b2 vaccination induced effective humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 that started to wane after six months. We also observed long-term transcriptional changes in immune cells after vaccination, as assessed by RNA sequencing. Additionally, vaccination with BNT162b2 modulated innate immune responses as measured by the production of inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with various microbial stimuli other than SARS-CoV-2, including higher IL-1/IL-6 release and decreased production of IFN-α. Altogether, these data expand our knowledge regarding the overall immunological effects of this new class of vaccines and underline the need of additional studies to elucidate their effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses.

  Study EGAS00001006818

• Pre-activated anti-viral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

  Children have reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and a substantially lower risk for developing severe COVID-19 than adults. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying protection in younger age groups remain unknown. Here, we characterize the single-cell transcriptional landscape in the upper airways of SARS-CoV-2-negative (n=18) and age-matched SARS-CoV-2–positive children (n=24) and corresponding samples from adults (n=44), covering an age range of four weeks to 77 years. Children displayed higher basal expression of the relevant pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as MDA5 (IFIH1) and RIG-I (DDX58) in upper airway epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in stronger innate antiviral responses upon SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults. We further detected distinct immune cell subpopulations including KLRC1 (NKG2A)+ cytotoxic T cells and a CD8+ T cell population with a memory phenotype occurring predominantly in children. Our study provides evidence that the airway immune cells of children are primed for virus sensing, resulting in a stronger early innate antiviral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults.

  Study EGAS00001005461

• MECOM represses myeloid differentiation through CEBPA downregulation in AML

  Transcription factor MECOM, located at 3q26, is essential for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in healthy individuals. Enhancer translocations, due to 3q26 rearrangements, drive out-of-context MECOM expression in an aggressive subtype of leukemia (AML). Aberrantly expressed MECOM is essential for the survival and immature phenotype of these leukemia cells. Direct depletion of MECOM using an endogenous auxin-inducible degron rapidly upregulates expression of myeloid differentiation factor CEBPA. MECOM depletion is also accompanied by a severe loss of CD34 expression and gain of mature myeloid cell surface marker CD15. MECOM exerts its inhibitory effect on differentiation by binding to the +42kb CEBPA enhancer, which is essential for neutrophil development. This is partially dependent on the interaction between MECOM and its essential co-repressor CTBP2, a potential target in this type of AML. We demonstrate that CEBPA overexpression can bypass the MECOM-mediated block of differentiation. In addition, AML patients with MECOM overexpression through enhancer hijacking show significantly reduced CEBPA. Our study provides insight into the mechanism by which MECOM maintains the stem cell state in AML. Furthermore, CEBPA levels are an important read-out for successful targeting of MECOM in 3q26-rearranged AML.

  Study EGAS00001008005

• The ALT pathway generates telomere fusions that can be detected in the blood of cancer patients

  Telomere fusions (TFs) can trigger the accumulation of oncogenic alterations leading to malignant transformation and drug resistance. Despite their relevance in tumour evolution, our understanding of the patterns and consequences of TFs in human cancers remains limited. Here, we characterize the rates and spectrum of somatic TFs across >30 cancer types using whole-genome sequencing data. TFs are pervasive in human tumours with rates varying markedly across and within cancer types. In addition to end-to-end fusions, we find novel patterns of TFs that we mechanistically link to the activity of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. We show that TFs can be detected in the blood of cancer patients, which enables cancer detection with high specificity and sensitivity even for early-stage tumours and cancers of high unmet clinical need. Overall, we report a novel genomic footprint that enables characterization of the telomere maintenance mechanism of tumours and liquid biopsy analysis.

  Dataset EGAD00001012101

• Center for Technology Licensing at Cornell University for data associated with Nature Medicine 2024 paper

  For data access to plasma/tumor/normal samples from the manuscript "Ultrasensitive plasma-based monitoring of tumor burden using machine learning-guided signal enrichment" from Widman et al. Nature Medicine 2024

  Dac EGAC50000000207

• Meniere Disease Genomic Data Access Committee

  This Data Access Committee is responsible for reviewing and managing data access requests related to genomic variant files from whole exome sequencing of patients diagnosed with Meniere disease. This includes data from both familial and sporadic forms of the disease.

  Dac EGAC50000000708

• Spatial transcriptomics of human meningioma samples.

  We performed spatial transcriptomic profiling of human meningioma samples to map gene expression patterns within their native tissue architecture.

  Dataset EGAD50000002233

• snRNAseq prostate cancer

  single-nucleus RNA seq characterization of human fresh frozen prostate cancer samples and non-malignant controls for the same patients. Biopsies were sectioned in 100 micron thick sections, adjacent to those used for spatial transcriptomics.

  Dataset EGAD50000001633

• A distinct monocyte cellular state links systemic immune dysregulation to pulmonary impairment in long COVID

  single cell multiome dataset (snRNA-seq + snATAC-seq) from PBMC of patients with long COVID disease.

  Dataset EGAD50000001729

• Young-Boost Whole Exome Sequencing (WES)

  Datasets associated with Young Boost Trial for Breast Cancer patients. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) performed on 109 Samples (75 Tumor and 34 Normal). WES was performed to identify potential predictive biomarkers for treatment response.

  Dataset EGAD50000001171

• Gastric Cancer sWGS

  Shallow Whole Genome Sequencing of two (2) Gastric Cancer samples from the same subject. sWGS was used for Copy number aberration analysis to assess clonal relationship of the collision of two independent EBV+ and EBV- tumors.

  Dataset EGAD50000000987

• Low coverage sequencing of plasma from healthy individuals

  Plasma samples from healthy individuals were subjected to low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (less than 10x average depth). This dataset contains raw fastq files from 18 healthy control plasma samples.

  Dataset EGAD50000000804

• RNA-seq in LCLs derived from constitutional MLH1 epimutation carriers and non-carrier relatives

  RNA-seq in LCLs derived from constitutional MLH1 epimutation carriers and non-carrier relatives to investigate alterations in gene expression associated with MLH1 epimutation

  Dataset EGAD50000000712

• GBM Up and Down Responder EZH2 ChIPseq

  ChIPseq using anti-EZH2 with a sheared input DNA control to assess EZH2 genomic biding in one longitudinal pair of samples (pre- and post-treatment) from one UP and one DOWN responder GBM patient

  Dataset EGAD50000000134

• GATCI_Oncoscan_Data

  This dataset contains files generated from Affymetrix Oncoscan Arrays. For each sample there are two paired cel files containing the raw data from AT and GT channels. Raw data has been transfromed to OSCHP signal files also within this dataset.

  Dataset EGAD00010001579

• Comprehensive genetic analysis of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

  Comprehensive genetic analyses including whole-exome sequencing, targeted sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing were performed to reveal the molecular pathogenesis of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection.

  Dataset EGAD00001004299

• Whole-exome sequencing of NTHL1 deficient tumors

  Whole exome sequencing of 17 tumors from 12 different individuals with biallelic germline NTHL1 mutations from 9 different tissue types. Provided are 17 bam files which are mapped to human genome version GRCh37.

  Dataset EGAD00001004534

• Shank2 Gene knockout/modified WGS data

  Whole genome sequncing data of original/SHANK2 modified/SHANK2 knockout. Note that the SHANK2 knockout sample is a different sample from 1_0441_003. Please refer to other paper for the data.

  Dataset EGAD00001004575

• Deep Sequencing of somatic cancer mutations

  We enriched a panel of cancer associated genes using the Custom Sure Select Target Enrichment Kit. Identified mutations were validated with deep sequencing in order to assess mutated allele frequencies more accurately.

  Dataset EGAD00001001313

• BRIDGE Bleeding and Platelet Disorders

  Whole exome sequencing BAM files for samples from the BRIDGE Consortium with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants on genes linked to bleeding or platelet disorders.

  Dataset EGAD00001001333

• Triple Negative BC RNA Sequencing

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of breast cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations in breast cancer cases by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic and methylation analyses.

  Dataset EGAD00001001339

• 4C-seq data

  4C-seq data was generated for regions of interest to confirm enhancer-gene promoter interactions

  Dataset EGAD00001001847

• Whole exome sequencing of trio with primary immunodeficiency (IL2RB)

  Whole exome paired-end sequencing data was performed on a trio (patient + parents) who has primary immunodeficiency to identify the genetic cause of the immunodeficiency. Analysis revealed a novel homozygous mutation in IL2RB.

  Dataset EGAD00001004963

• Targeted Sequencing of Tumor-Normal pairs from advanced Melanoma

  Aligned BAM files from NextSeq500 tageted panel sequencing of 84 samples from matched tumour-normal pairs of 42 melanoma patients. The dataset consists of 30 non-responders and 12 responders to ICB.

  Dataset EGAD00001005778

• Clinical phenotype data

  Clinical data corresponding to the patients with ovarian cancer studied using scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq. Variables include molecular subtype, predicted immune phenotype, reviewing pathologist comment, final immune phenotype, histology characterization, and tumor stage.

  Dataset EGAD00001006973

• Transcriptome Analysis of Treg and Tfh cells

  Treg and Tfh cells (8 Samples)from the same donors was subject to RNA-seq (TruSeq Stranded Total RNA) processing. Single end fastq-files are supplied.

  Dataset EGAD00001007662

• PDAC organoid genomic heterogeneity

  Two primary tumor-derived PDAC organoids were subjected to SNP array, RNA-seq, and single-cell WGS.

  Dataset EGAD00001009741

• Mechanism of action and resistance to Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in patients with metastatic breast cancer: the DAISY trial

  198 exome sequencing samples

  Dataset EGAD00001009853

• Isala Cross sectional Flow Meta Data

  This meta data contains extensive meta data from the cross sectional flow of the Isala Citizen Science project. The meta data file contains ENA Accession numbers for 16S Microbiome data, and cleaned responses to questionnaires.

  Dataset EGAD00001009890

• HSP90 inhibitor resistant K562 cells

  K562 cell line has been treated with two different HSP90 inhibtors. After resistance clones emerged, they have been genetically characterized using WES in comparison to the parental K562 cell line.

  Dataset EGAD00001009051

• Single-cell colony targeted DNAseq

  Targeted DNA sequencing was applied to colonies grown from single-cells of patient A.6. The protocol followed is described in https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21650-1 and the methods of the manuscript

  Dataset EGAD00001010193

• Sequencing data for the manuscript "Early on-treatment changes in circulating tumor DNA fraction and response to enzalutamide or abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer"

  This submission contains gzipped fastq files from paired-end targeted sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001010105

• RNA-seq dataset of CD34+ HSPCs from LRMDS patients

  To profile transcriptional alterations of HSPCs in LR-MDS patients, 7AAD−CD45+Lin-CD235a−CD34+ cells were isolated from healthy donors and LR-MDS patients for RNA sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001015771

• Women's Health Study Accelerometry Dataset

  Background The Women's Health Study (WHS) was a randomized trial testing low-dose aspirin and vitamin E for preventing cancer and CVD among 39,876 women aged ≥45 years throughout the US from 1992-2004. When the trial ended as planned, women who were willing to participate continued in an observational follow-up study. Participants in Accelerometer Study From 2011-2015, an ancillary study collected data on physical activity and sedentary behavior using accelerometers. Women were mailed a triaxial accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph Corp) with a wear log, and asked to wear this on their hip for seven consecutive days, removing it only during sleep and water-based activities. Further details have previously been published (PMID: 30666321). A total of 17,708 women wore and returned their devices, and data were downloaded from the devices of 17,466 women; no data were available from the other 242 (device failure). By convention, a "valid day" of wear has data on at least 10 hours (PMID: 22698174). Among these 17,466 women, 17,062 had at least one valid day of wear. The data are provided for all 17,062 women. Additionally, "compliant wear" is conventionally defined for participants wearing the device for at least 10 hours, on at least 4 days (PMID: 22698174). Of the 17,062 women, 16,741 had compliant wear (PMID: 29109088). Self-reported Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior After we received the accelerometer from a WHS participant, she was sent a questionnaire asking her to report the time she spent in different physical activities during the week that the accelerometer was worn (see questionnaire below). A total of 15,514 women (91% of participants in the Accelerometer Study) returned their physical activity questionnaires. In addition, beginning in October 2012, we included questions on sedentary behavior; a total of 9,430 women returned questionnaires that included questions on both physical activity and sedentary behavior.

  Study phs001964

• Small RNA Contents of Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Cognitive Decline

  In this proposal, we examined samples from living neurologically normal individuals (n=72), cognitively normal Parkinson's disease (PD; n=21), PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; n=18), PD with dementia (PDD; n=23), and dementia with Lewy-bodies (DLB; n=18), Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n=33) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=38). The main goal for this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of small RNA contents from extracellular vesicles (EVs) for the prediction of cognitive decline. Plasma samples were collected and the RNA from extracellular vesicles (EVs) was isolated using the Qiagen exoRNeasy kit, and the small RNA contents were sequenced using the PerkinElmer NextFlex kit (v2). While PD is typically thought of as a motor disorder, there are significant non-motor symptoms that can be devastating. One of the most common non-motor symptoms of PD is dementia (PDD). While PD subjects that develop dementia all have Lewy bodies, there is often co-pathology with tau and β-amyloid found at autopsy or by PET amyloid imaging; thus, subjects diagnosed with AD were also included in the study. The development of the category, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in AD, and in PD, provides an opportunity to identify and examine a transitional state between normal aging and dementia; this is a patient population ideally suited for therapeutic intervention. Progress in the detection, validation, and standardization of molecular biomarkers from biofluids, such as extracellular RNAs (exRNAs), would be efficient and cost-effective aids in the assessment of disease progression, cognitive decline, and response to therapeutics. We have provided the raw fastq files for the sequencing data from each sample. We are also providing demographic information, as complete as we have for each person; including age, diagnosis, sex, and cognitive assessments.

  Study phs003300

• Whole Genome Sequencing of a Triple Negative Breast Cancer Patient: Matched Primary Tumor, Normal, Metastasis and Xenograft samples

  Breast Cancer Subject Participant ID 700064 (Source Sample names: 6888 and 206). We used massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies to screen entire genomes, in an unbiased manner, for genetic changes associated with tumor growth and metastasis. We describe the complete genome sequence analysis of four DNA samples from a 44-year old African-American patient with basal-like breast cancer: peripheral blood, the primary tumor, a brain metastasis that developed within a year of initial therapy, and a first-passage xenograft derived from the primary tumor. A total of 50 validated mutations were discovered within coding, RNA, or splice site sequences. Of these, 20 mutations were abundantly present in all three tumors, including mutations in CSMD1 and JAK2. These two genes subsequently were found to be mutated in other breast tumors. The metastasis contained two de novo mutations not present in the primary tumor, and was significantly enriched for 20 shared mutations, suggesting that they may be involved in the metastatic process. The xenograft contained no unique coding, RNA, or splice site mutations and retained all primary tumor mutations, albeit at different frequencies. However, a significant increase in copy number alterations was observed in the xenograft as compared to the primary tumor. We validated 28 large deletions and six inversions, as well as seven translocations in at least one of the three tumor samples. Among them, a 26 kb deletion in MECR was solely identified, assembled, and validated in the brain metastasis and two overlapping large deletions on chromosome 5 encompassing CTNNA1, a potential tumor suppressor gene, were identified in all three tumors. The differential mutation frequencies and structural variation patterns between primary and metastatic tumors suggest that metastatic tumors may arise from minor subpopulations of cells within the primary. Namely, the metastatic and xenografting processes apparently select for cells harboring a distinct subset of the primary tumor mutation repertoire.

  Study phs000245

• Proteogenomic Characterization Unveils Biomarkers Associated With Chemoresistance in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

  Cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) combined with radical cystectomy has been used as a standard of care for patients with clinically non-metastatic muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer, but 40-50% patients will benefit from the treatment. Molecular subtypes of muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) provide a possible biomarker roadmap that may help identify patients who may or may not respond to NAC. Recently, by integrating Mass Spectrometry-based proteomics, proteogenomic studies from the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) have demonstrated the potential of this approach in prioritizing candidate driver genes and facilitating understanding of the chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. To demonstrate the proteogenomic workflow for investigating the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance in MIBC, we conducted proteogenomic characterization of 46 pre- and 14 post- treatment tumors, including whole exome sequencing (WES), mRNA sequencing, Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-proteomics, or TMT-phosphoproteomic. These samples were selected from an initial cohort of 143 MIBC tissues and filtered by tumor purity, clinical history, pathological response, and proteomic quality control metrics. The final cohort comprised samples from 53 patients, including 45 with both genomic and proteomic data and 8 with genomic data only.Our multi-omics-based clustering reveals subtypes associated with chemotherapy sensitivity. Protein abundance of a short isoform of ATAD1 and RAF family proteins were identified as biomarkers of chemosensitivity which highlights the importance of proteomics data. Integration of proteomic and phosphoproteomic data reveals Wnt signaling via GSK3B-S9 phosphorylation and the JAK/STAT pathway as potential targets to overcome chemoresistance. Correlations between PD-L1 and TROP-2/NECTIN-4 indicate an additive benefit of combination therapy targeting these proteins. Our data analysis clearly demonstrates that proteogenomic plays an important role in uncovering potential resistance mechanisms that operate only at protein and Post-Translational Modification (PTM) levels. Proteomics data can be accessed through PRIDE with ID PXD060290. RNA-seq and whole-exome sequencing (WES) FASTQ files are archived in the dbGaP database.

  Study phs004049

• Genomic and Immune Profiling of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases

  Previous work has shown that breast cancer brain metastases (BCBrM) can have unique molecular profiles compared to extracranial tumors (ECTs), resulting in some patients demonstrating subtype switching between primary/extracranial tumors and brain metastases. Description of the biology of BCBrM and associations between biological features and clinical outcomes, particularly between molecular intrinsic subtypes, will facilitate the design of rational therapies for patients with BCBrM. To better characterize the molecular profiles of BCBrM, we conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) and total RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on BCBrM tissues, regardless of clinical or molecular subtype, obtained from a cohort of 42 patients from Duke University Medical Center. This cohort adds valuable patient samples to the field and enables strengthened investigation of somatic mutations, copy number alterations, gene expression profiles, and immune populations within and between BCBrM patients and other similar cohorts. The Duke BCBrM cohort includes clinical and molecular annotation of the 42 patient specimens and their associated WES and RNA-Seq data. Clinical and molecular (PAM50) intrinsic subtypes in ECTs and brain metastases were largely concordant within patients. There were observed differences in intrinsic subtype calls between frozen and FFPE specimens of the same tissue, with discordance mostly observed with LumB calls. Copy number alterations in chromosomal regions included clinically relevant genes, and somatic alterations were largely conserved within patients across matched samples, with few genes, including TP53, being recurrently altered in the majority of patient specimens. In matched FFPE brain metastasis and ECT samples, we observed differentially expressed genes and pathways that had increased or decreased expression in brain metastasis, including in oxidative phosphorylation and DNA repair. Survival outcomes for patients differed by intrinsic molecular subtypes, with some association between expression of select gene pathways and survival. Data available through dbGaP will be the sequencing data and sample attributes from BCBrM tissues obtained from 42 patients from Duke University Medical Center.

  Study phs003673

• Genomic features of Helicobacter pylori-na��ve diffuse-type gastric cancer.

  Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a major etiologic driver of diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC). However, improvements in hygiene have led to an increase in the prevalence of HP-na��ve DGC; that is, DGC that occurs independent of HP. Although multiple genomic cohort studies for gastric cancer have been conducted, including studies for DGC, distinctive genomic differences between HP-exposed and HP-na��ve DGC remain largely unknown. Here, we employed exome and RNA sequencing with immunohistochemical analyses to perform binary comparisons between 36 HP-exposed and 27 HP-na��ve DGCs from sporadic, early-stage, and intramucosal or submucosal tumor samples. Among the samples, 33 HP-exposed and 17 HP-na��ve samples had been preserved as fresh-frozen samples. HP infection status was determined using stringent criteria. HP-exposed DGCs exhibited an increased single nucleotide variant burden (HP- exposed DGCs; 1.97 [0.48���7.19] and HP-na��ve DGCs; 1.09 [0.38���3.68] per megabase; p=0.0003) and a higher prevalence of chromosome arm-level aneuploidies (p<0.0001). CDH1 was mutated at similar frequencies in both groups, whereas RHOA���ARHGAP pathway misregulation was exclusive to HP-exposed DGCs (p=0.0167). HP-exposed DGCs showed gains in chromosome arms 8p/8q (p<0.0001), 7p (p=0.0035) and 7q (p=0.0354), and losses in 16q (p=0.0167). Immunohistochemical analyses revealed a higher expression of intestinal markers such as CD10 (p<0.0001) and CDX2 (p=0.0002) and a lower expression of the gastric marker, MUC5AC (p=0.0305) among HP-exposed DGCs. HP-na��ve DGCs, on the other hand, had a purely gastric marker phenotype. This work reveals that HP-na��ve and HP-exposed DGCs develop along different molecular pathways, which provide a basis for early detection strategies in high incidence settings.

  Study JGAS000575

• CDK4/6 inhibition in advanced chordoma: final results of the NCT PMO-1601

  Background. Chordoma is a rare bone tumor with no approved systemic therapy. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p16 (encoded by CDKN2A) leads to aberrant cyclin D-CDK4/6-RB pathway activity, which can be inhibited by palbociclib in chordoma cell lines. Patients and Methods. We conducted a phase II single-arm, open-labeled trial on palbociclib in adult patients with advanced chordomas with p16 loss (by immunohistochemistry) or CDKN2A loss (by genomic analysis) and CDK4/6 and RB1 presence (by immunohistochemistry or RNA-Sequencing). Patients received 125mg palbociclib once daily for 21 days in a 28-day cycle. The study used a Simon optimal 2-stage design. The primary endpoint was disease control rate after six cycles. Response was evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, overall survival, and biomarker analysis. The study was considered positive if 25% of patients reached the primary endpoint. Results. Between December 2017 and April 2023, 28 patients (median age 60 years, range 31-84) were enrolled. After a median follow-up of 28 months, the disease control rate was 39%, with 11 out of 28 patients achieving stable disease. No objective responses were observed. The median progression-free survival was 5.6 months, and the median overall survival was 24.6 months. Treatment was well tolerated without new safety signals. CDKN2A deletions were the most common genomic alterations underlying p16 loss and were accompanied by MTAP co-deletion. There was no correlation between responder phenotypes by immunohistochemistry and outcome. RNA-based analysis showed heterogeneous pathways deregulation at study entry suggesting underlying primary resistance mechanisms Conclusion. This trial met its primary endpoint with a 39% disease control rate, though antitumor activity was modest. Molecularly tailored combination therapies should be considered to improve efficacy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03110744).

  Study EGAS00001007985

• ImmunAID

  The ImmunAID study is a multi-center research program aimed at improving the diagnosis and understanding of systemic autoinflammatory diseases. The study integrates immunological, and molecular data from patients across several European cohorts. Its objective is to identify biomarkers and biological pathways that characterize disease mechanisms and help differentiate between inflammatory conditions. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 779295. The project has generated genomic datasets, which are available through the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA). In addition, it has produced several non-genomic datasets, listed below. All datasets have been fully anonymized in accordance with applicable ethical and regulatory frameworks. These non-genomic data are available upon request. To request access to these datasets, please contact: immunaid2024@gmail.com Your request will be studied by the Data Access Committee, and data will be made available upon approval. Non-genomic datasets available: Flow cytometry (general immune phenotype) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021569, size: 23 GB, 342 patients Somascan proteomics data — Dataset ID: ICKD2021570, size: 59 MB, 444 patients ELISA panel (Ferritin, CRP, HO1, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021571, size: 295 KB, 439 patients Mass spectrometry (MS/MS) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021572, size: 1.8 TB, 447 patients ELISA (CRP/ SAA) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021573, size: 321 KB, 443 patients Flow cytometry (inflammasome activity) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021574, size: 899 KB, 307 patients Plasma lipidomics — Dataset ID: ICKD2021575, size: 1.1 MB, 427 patients Urine lipidomics — Dataset ID: ICKD2021576, size: 833 KB, 368 patients ELISA (alarmins) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021577, size: 129 KB, 108 patients ELISA (IL-18 / IL-1) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021578, size: 271 KB, 330 patients Flow cytometry (NK cell alterations) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021579, size: 14 GB, 216 patients Chemokine measurements — Dataset ID: ICKD2021580, size: 489 KB, 404 patients Luminex (multiple analyte measurements) — Dataset ID: ICKD2021581, size: 759 KB, 369 patients

  Study EGAS50000001393

• A circulating biomarker for severity of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

  Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a prevalent, incurable skeletal myopathy. Clinical trials for FSHD are hindered by heterogeneous biomarkers poorly associated with clinical severity, requiring invasive muscle biopsy. Macroscopically FSHD presents with slow fatty replacement of muscle, rapidly accelerated by inflammation. Mis-expression of the transcription factor DUX4 is currently accepted to underlie FSHD pathogenesis and mechanisms including PAX7 target gene repression have been proposed. Here we perform RNA-sequencing on MRI guided inflamed (n=24) and isogenic non-inflamed (n=24) muscle biopsies from the same clinically characterised FSHD patients, alongside isogenic peripheral blood mononucleated cells from a subset of patients (n=13), and unaffected controls. We employ multivariate models to evaluate the clinical associations of 5 published FSHD transcriptomic biomarkers. We demonstrate that PAX7 target gene repression can discriminate control, inflamed and non-inflamed FSHD muscle independently of age and sex (p<0.013), while the discriminatory power of DUX4 target genes is limited to distinguishing FSHD muscle from control. Importantly, the level of PAX7 target gene repression in non-inflamed muscle associates with clinical assessments of FSHD severity (p=0.04). DUX4 target gene biomarkers in FSHD muscle show associations with lower limb fat fraction and D4Z4 array length, but not clinical assessment. Lastly, PAX7 target gene repression in FSHD muscle correlates with the level in isogenic peripheral blood mononucleated cells (p=0.002). A refined PAX7 target gene biomarker comprising 143/601 PAX7 target genes computed in peripheral blood (the FSHD muscle-blood biomarker) associates with clinical severity in FSHD patients (p<0.036). Our new circulating biomarker validates as a classifier of clinical severity in an independent data set of 54 FSHD patient blood samples, with improved power in older patients (p=0.03). In summary, we present the minimally invasive FSHD muscle-blood biomarker of FSHD clinical severity valid in patient muscle and blood, with potential utility in routine disease monitoring and clinical trials.

  Study EGAS00001007350

• NEOPREDICT-Lung: Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for Resectable NSCLC

  Links via: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02965-0 PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38689060/ Journal: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-02965-0 Abstract Antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 administered alone or in combination with chemotherapy are standard of care in most patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancers. When given prior to curative surgery, tumor responses and improved event-free survival are achieved. New antibody combinations may be more efficacious and tolerable. In an ongoing, open-label phase II study, 60 biomarker-unselected, treatment-naïve patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer were randomized to receive two preoperative doses of nivolumab (anti-PD-1) with or without relatlimab (anti-LAG-3) antibody therapy. The primary study endpoint was feasibility of surgery within 43 days, which was met by all patients. Curative resection was achieved in 95% of patients. Secondary endpoints included pathological and radiographic response rates, pathologically complete resection rates, disease-free and overall survival rates, and safety. Major pathological (≤10% viable tumor cells) and objective radiographic responses were achieved in 27% and 10% (nivolumab), and 30% and 27% (nivolumab and relatlimab) of patients, respectively. In 100% (nivolumab) and 90% (nivolumab and relatlimab) of patients tumors and lymph nodes were pathologically completely resected. With 12 months median duration of follow-up, disease-free survival and overall survival rates at 12 months were 89% and 93% (nivolumab), and 93% and 100% (nivolumab and relatlimab). Both treatments were safe with grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events reported in 10% and 13% of patients per study arm. Exploratory analyses provided insights into biological processes triggered by preoperative immunotherapy. This study establishes the feasibility and safety of dual targeting of PD-1 and LAG-3 prior to lung cancer surgery.

  Study EGAS00001007753

• Population Structure and Genetic Diversity in Argentinean populations

  Argentina was one of the last places peopled when humans entered the Americas. Its earliest archeological sites are dated from 13,000 years BP, and throughout its history the region has exhibited broad cultural diversity, involving both hunter-gatherer and agro-pastoral societies, different linguistic families, the Southern expansion of the Inca Empire, the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors and slave trade from Africa. More recently, Argentina has had the highest proportion of influx of transoceanic migration between 1850 and 1940 of any Latin American country. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of immigrants was oriented towards the Pampa region of central-eastern Argentina and the Northeast, so different patterns of mixed ancestry throughout the country are expected. In this present work we aim to describe the history and structure of the Argentinean population. Thus far, we have collected DNA samples from 2904 participants from 15 dispersed regions in Argentina, from the Andean populations in the Northwest to the river lands of the Northeast. Our preliminary data includes genome-scale Illumina Exome Array 250K genotypes, plus next-generation sequencing data from uniformly spaced genomic regions targeted with a genotype-by- sequencing strategy (which covers 1.5% of the genome), for 375 participants from 9 of the 15 populations. We will identify proportions and patterns of European, African and Indigenous American ancestry in the Argentinean cohort via local ancestry inference. The first series of analyses will focus on genomic tracts of Indigenous American ancestry for fine-scale examination of sub-continental structure by comparing to a panel of 493 samples from 52 Indigenous American populations from throughout the Americas. Furthermore, this work will serve as a test of different low-cost strategies (exome genotype array vs. genotype-by-sequencing) for accurate inference of population structure in extant populations.

  Study EGAS00001001663

• Intra-tumor heterogeneity of localized lung adenocarcinomas defined by multi-region sequencing

  Background: Intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) may have profound impacts on biopsy strategy, characterization of actionable targets, treatment planning, and drug resistance. ITH of lung cancers has not been well studied. Methods: We performed multi-region whole exome sequencing (average sequencing depth 277x) on 48 tumor regions from 11 resected lung adenocarcinomas (8 stage I, 2 stage II and one stage III tumors) followed by deep sequencing validation (average sequencing depth 863x). Results: All tumors showed clear evidence of spatial ITH. On average, 76% of all mutations and 20/21 known cancer gene mutations were present in all regions of individual tumors (trunk mutations). Copy number analysis did not show substantial difference in large-scale chromosome aberrations. A canonical KRAS p.G12C mutation was detected in only 1 of 4 tumor regions (branch mutations) at exome depth but detected in all four tumor regions (trunk mutations) at increased sequencing depth. In addition, many heterogeneous branch mutations defined by exome sequencing were detectable in all regions of individual tumors with increasing sequencing depth. Significant differences in mutational spectrum were observed in 6 tumors indicating that specific mutational processes were likely operative at different times during development of these tumors. With a median follow up of 21 months post surgery, 3 patients have relapsed and all 3 patients presented with significantly larger fractions of subclonal mutations in their primary tumors. Conclusions: Although multi-region sampling is still required to fully assess ITH complexity, single biopsy analysis at appropriate depth might be sufficient to identify the majority of known cancer gene mutations in localized lung adenocarcinomas. Larger subclonal mutation fractions may be associated with increased likelihood of postsurgical relapse in patients with localized lung adenocarcinomas. Studies on larger cohort, ideally with comprehensive clinical annotation and repeat biopsy at relapse are needed to fully understand the clinical impact of ITH.

  Study EGAS00001000930

• Multiple Myeloma Total Therapy trial patient sequencing

  The study of multiple myeloma (MM) genomics has identified many abnormalities that are associated with poor progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Copy number abnormalities have been extensively studied in many datasets with long follow-up, however, the prognostic impact of mutations have not been extensively studied and available datasets have generally had a relatively short follow-up. These analyses have identified a range of mutations that are associated with prognosis, making it important to extend these observations in larger studies with robust diagnostic technologies. Samples from newly diagnosed MM patients enrolled in Total Therapy trials (n=225) were sequenced on a targeted panel consisting of 140 genes and additional regions of interest for copy number, as well as tiling of the Ig and MYC loci for detection of translocations. Samples were sequenced to a median depth of 452x using 2x75 bp paired end reads. Reads were aligned to hg19 and mutations called using Strelka and filtered with fpfilter. Translocations were called by Manta, and copy number determined by read depth ratio and loss of heterozygosity comparison with a patient matched non-tumor sample. DNA was obtained from either CD138+ cells from the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients (tumor) or from stem cell harvests or peripheral blood cells from the same patient (control). 100 ng of DNA was fragmented, end-repaired, and adapters ligated using the HyperPlus kit (KAPA Biosystems). After PCR amplification the libraries were hybridized with probes against either a targeted panel consisting of 140 genes and chromosomal regions (Nimblegen) using SeqCap reagents (Nimblegen). Hybridized libraries underwent further amplification before being sequenced on a NextSeq500 (Illumina) using 75 bp paired end reads There are 450 (225 tumor and 225 germline) samples in this study. 263 are available as part of this dataset. The remaining 187 are available with dataset accession id EGAD00001004117.

  Study EGAS00001003223

• Molecular features of adenomas predicting metachronous colorectal cancer: a nested-case control study

  "Background & Aims: Current morphological features defining advanced adenomas (size ≥10 mm, high grade dysplasia or >25% villous component) cannot optimally distinguish individuals at high-risk or low-risk of metachronous colorectal cancer (me-CRC), which may result in suboptimal surveillance. Certain DNA copy number alterations are associated with adenoma-to-carcinoma progression (cancer-associated events; CAEs). We aimed to evaluate whether CAEs can better predict an individual’s risk of me-CRC than the morphological advanced adenoma features. Methods: In this nested case-control study, 529 individuals with a single adenoma at their first colonoscopy were selected from a Norwegian adenoma cohort. DNA copy number profiles were determined, by means of low-coverage whole genome sequencing. We assessed the prevalence of CAEs in advanced and non-advanced adenomas and its association with me-CRC. For the latter, cases (with CRC) were matched to controls (without CRC), with the same follow-up period as cases, as well as age and sex. Subsequently, odds ratios (OR) for the association of the presence of an advanced adenoma or a molecularly-defined high-risk adenoma with me-CRC were calculated. Results: Molecular high-risk features were observed in 85/267 (32%) of advanced adenomas and in 27/262 (10%) of non-advanced adenomas. Me-CRC was more strongly associated with advanced adenomas (OR 3.58; 95% CI 2.27-5.72) than with molecular high-risk adenomas (OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.14–3.16). After adjusting for other variables, only advanced adenoma remained significantly associated with me-CRC (OR 3.39; 95% CI 2.10–5.55). Conclusion: Molecularly-defined high-risk adenomas were associated with me-CRC, but the association of advanced adenoma with me-CRC was stronger. " Project goal: Evaluate the value of DNA copy numbers alterations detected in a baseline adenoma, in the prediction of risk of metachronous CRC

  Study EGAS00001007039

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Anorexia Nervosa (Price Foundation, Klarman Family Foundation, Center for Applied Genomics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Scripps Translational Sciences Institute Clinical Translational Science Award)

  Twin studies are consistent with substantial heritability in anorexia nervosa (AN), although detecting and confirming individual risk alleles has been difficult, due to small effects of single alleles and limited samples in prior studies. Methods: 1105 AN DNA samples obtained in a multisite study and 3733 pediatric patients of normal body weight were genotyped using the Illumina 610Q chip at The Center for Applied Genomics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Cases and controls were of European ancestry. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes were subjected to quality control procedures, including elimination of SNPs with: call rates < 95%, minor allele frequency < 5%, and if Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing yielded p < 0.0001. Samples were removed if not of European ancestry or if showing cryptic relatedness. Eight AN DNA samples were deleted for low call rate, and 51 AN samples were deleted for cryptic relatedness. The statistical program, PLINK, was used to calculate a P value for each SNP passing quality control using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. The PennCNV program was used to define copy number variation (CNV). Results: We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using with 1033 AN cases and 3733 controls (genomic inflation factor = 1.08). There were 11 SNPs with P<1X10-5 [(rsID, chromosome location, nearest gene, distance to nearest gene (base-pair), P value) rs6959888, 7q21.13, ZNF804B, 0, 1.63E-06; rs17725255, 20p11.23, CSRP2BP, 39396, 1.72E-06; rs10494067, 1p13.3, NTNG1, 0, 5.83E-06; rs2383378, 14q12, AKAP6, 0, 6.41E-06; rs410644, 5q14.1, SSBP2, 40462, 6.74E-06; rs4479806, 5p14.1, CDH9, 156926, 7.79E-06; rs957788, 13q33.3, FAM155A, 0, 8.11E-06; rs830998, 2q31.1, LRP2, 0, 8.68E-06; rs6782029, 3p25.3, VGLL4, 0, 9.04E-06; rs512089, 9p21.3, ELAVL2, 47984, 9.85E-06; rs3808986, 11q24.3, APLP2, 29217, 9.92E-6]. CNV analyses were performed on 1015 AN cases and 3532 controls. Overall frequencies of common or rare CNVs were similar between cases and controls. Specific rare and large (>500 kb, <1%) CNVs of interest included deletion of a large (~1.4Mbp) region of chr13q12 found in 2 AN samples and at a 10 fold lower frequency in a large sample (72,918) of subjects containing the genes SGCG, SACS, TNFRSF19, MIPEP, PCOTH, C1QTNF9B, SPATA13, MIR2276, and C1QTNF9, and an overlapping deletion and a duplication observed in 3 AN samples overlapping the CNTN6 and CNTN4 genes. Partially overlapping ~ 30 kb duplications were seen in 12 AN cases and in 1 control at the CDC5L gene on chromosome 6. Partially overlapping deletion of the 3' half of the PSTPIP1 gene was seen in 5 AN cases and no controls. Finally, a ~ 60 kb deletion of the PLEC1 gene was observed in 5 AN cases and in none of 3532 controls. Discussion: This is the first GWAS of AN. These preliminary results are consistent with absence of a major gene effect in AN. These results are consistent with genetic risk conveyed by multiple common alleles of small effect, as well as some uncommon CNVs of potentially larger effect. None of the implicated genes has a clear role in eating behavior. It must be emphasized that these results are preliminary and an additional ~ 400 AN cases will be analyzed as time and resources permit. These results require confirmation through study of independent populations of AN women.

  Study phs000679

• DAC for EGA study: "ctDNA residual disease analyses during perioperative nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in resectable diffuse pleural mesothelioma"

  This DAC regulates access to the whole-exome sequence data for the study "ctDNA residual disease analyses during perioperative nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in resectable diffuse pleural mesothelioma".

  Dac EGAC50000000706

• DAC: LUMC NeuroD AON off target analysis

  In this study, we used three different splice-switching AONs targeting three different human transcripts to study their transcriptome-wide, hybridization-dependent off-target effects with short read RNAseq. Using the computational tools rMATS and Whippet, in control human induced pluripotent stem cells

  Dac EGAC50000000726

• Refractory Classic Hodgkins Lymphoma (cHL) sWGS

  Associated with the study: Blood-based Monitoring of Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Predict Responses to Anti-PD-1 Treatment. 26 ctDNA Samples from 4 patients followed longitudinally. sWGS performed for copy number aberration (CNA) analysis.

  Dataset EGAD50000001163

• ATAC-seq in LCLs derived from constitutional MLH1 epimutation carriers and non-carrier relatives

  ATAC-seq performed in LCLs derived from constitutional MLH1 epimutation carriers and non-carrier relatives to profile alterations in chromatin accessibility associated with constitutional MLH1 epimutation.

  Dataset EGAD50000000714

• scRNA-seq of bulk and sorted NK

  Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize NK cell subsets. Sorted NK cell subsets representing discrete stages of NK cell differentiation as well as bulk NK cells were sequenced.

  Dataset EGAD50000000020

• RCC_HTA2.0_Reustle2020

  GeneChip HTA 2.0 data of primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) related to Reustle et al, Genome Med 12:2020 32. Preprocessing of microarray data was performed using Robust Multi-array Average (RMA).

  Dataset EGAD00010002323

• Low-coverage whole genome sequencing data to study "A biobank of patient-derived pediatric brain tumor models"

  Low-coverage whole genome sequencing data for 30 PDOX models (28 early passages, 4 late passages (2 overlaps)), 3 cell lines, and 21 matching human tumors

  Dataset EGAD00001003545

• The genomic landscape of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma based on 40 paired normal and tumour whole-exome sequencing samples

  40 paired normal and tumour whole-exome sequencing samples was used to investigate the genomic landscape of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

  Dataset EGAD00001003555

• Genomic variant calling of 32 Chinese SRCCs

  Whole Genome Sequencing has been applied in 32 SRCC patients and the raw data have been subjected to standard procedures. Files with genomic variant calling were obtain at the last step.

  Dataset EGAD00001004045

• Whole Genome Sequencing of 44 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  Whole Genome Sequencing of 44 patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. This dataset comprises 44 .bam files aligned to the hg19 build of the human genome from sequencing reads generated on an Illumina HiSeq instrument.

  Dataset EGAD00001004384

• sWGS of tumor samples for HGSOC copy-number signatures study

  This dataset contains 319 bam files of shallow WGS data (0.1X) aligned to human genome assembly GRCh37 (hg19) from 300 tumor samples sequenced on HiSeq2500 in SE-50bp mode.

  Dataset EGAD00001004174

• ChIP-seq and Hodgkin lymphoma

  ChIP-seq data (H3K4Me3, H3K27Ac histone modifications) of Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L-428. Samples were processed as previously described (Sud et al., 2018). The files are in bam format, aligned to build 37 of the human genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001004322

• Her2 BC WGS dataset

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of breast cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations in breast cancer cases by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic and methylation analyses.

  Dataset EGAD00001001334

• Triple Negative Breast Cancer RNA Sequencing

  We propose to definitively characterise the somatic genetics of triple negative breast cancer through generation of comprehensive catalogues of somatic mutations in breast cancer cases by high coverage genome sequencing coupled with integrated transcriptomic and methylation analyses.

  Dataset EGAD00001000390

• ICGC Benchmark 1 (CLL)

  Raw fastq files from WGS sequencing of CLL and matching blood normal for the ICGC Techval Benchmark1 study. Sequence data was provided to multiple centers for independent analysis and comparison.

  Dataset EGAD00001001858

• Utility of ctDNA to support patient selection for early phase clinical trials: The TARGET Study

  The TARGET Study consists of 200 BAM files, for the 100 patients discussed in the publication. Each patient has a normal control BAM file and a ctDNA BAM file.

  Dataset EGAD00001004796

• An Interim Report on the Investigator-initiated Phase 2 Study of Pembrolizumab Immunological Response Evaluation (INSPIRE)

  Whole exome sequencing BAM files of 50 metastatic solid tumour and matched blood germline DNA prior to pembrolizumab treatment.

  Dataset EGAD00001004873

• Whole genome sequencing generated from metastatic gliosarcoma patient samples

  This dataset contains whole genome sequencing data aligned to the b37 reference genome for 4 spatially and temporally distinct tumors from one patient with a matched normal blood sample.

  Dataset EGAD00001005745

• WES of melanoma tumours prior to combined immune checkpoint blockade treatment.

  Paired melanoma tumor and normal (PBMC) WES data from a cohort of 26 patients subsequently treated with combined immune checkpoint blockade.

  Dataset EGAD00001005941

• RNA sequencing of osteoarthritis patients in subchondral bone

  This dataset contains RNA-seq (Illumina Hiseq 4000) from macroscopically preserved and lesioned OA subchondral bone of patients that underwent joint replacement surgery due to OA (N=48).

  Dataset EGAD00001006197

• Reliable detection of somatic mutations in single DNA molecules from sperm

  Nanoseq data from sperm from 2 individuals, including technical replicates from one individual (10 total sequences). 8 additional samples and 2 matched normals to call mutations in NanoSeq data (dataset EGAD00001006459).

  Dataset EGAD00001007028

• R code

  R code to run analyses on anonymized data from IMvigor010 ctDNA publication.

  Dataset EGAD00001007654

• Lowpass whole genome sequencing of single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer resistant to ALK inhibitors

  Lowpass whole genome sequencing of 43 single CTCs and one tumor biopsy

  Dataset EGAD00001007700

• Whole genome sequencing (bam files) of 5 samples of myxofibrosarcoma and 5 matched pairs

  Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a rare subtype of sarcomas in the elderly, whose genetic basis is poorly understood. To elucidate it, the whole genome sequence was performed.

  Dataset EGAD00001007825

• MCL Multiome

  This dataset contains the raw sequencing data (Runs) from the 10x Genomics single-cell Multiome Experiments which belong to the MCL group

  Dataset EGAD00001009819

• Hi-C for Junvenile Pilocytic Astrocytomas

  5 Hi-C datasets (4 JPA and 1 LGG). Hi-C data for the remaining 5 JPAs used in our paper as well as all controls have been uploaded to EGA under EGAS00001005476.

  Dataset EGAD00001009044

• BIOCLOCK Phenotype Information Dataset

  This dataset contains phenotypic metadata from participants in the BIOCLOCK endurance exercise intervention and epigenetic aging study. It includes intervention status, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max), body composition, estimated leukocyte proportions, and other relevant traits linked to epigenetic aging outcomes.

  Dataset EGAD00001015799

• Butyrate producers as potential next-generation probiotics: safety assessment of the administration of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum to healthy volunteers

  Advances in gut microbiota research have triggered interest in developing colon butyrate producers as niche-specific next-generation probiotics, targeted at increasing colon butyrate production and countering disease-associated microbiota alterations. Crucial steps in the development of next-generation probiotics are the design of formulations with a reasonable shelf life as well as the safety demonstration of an intervention in healthy volunteers. One such potential next-generation butyrate-producing probiotic is Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum 25-3T, with demonstrated safety in in vitro as well as in animal models. Here, we examined the strain's safety, tolerability, and impact on microbiota composition and metabolic activity in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 healthy volunteers. Study design consisted of two four-week intervention periods (108 CFU B. pullicaecorum [treatment] or maltodextrin [placebo] per day) with a three-week washout in between. We assessed adverse events, blood parameters (primary endpoints), and fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles (secondary endpoints).The number of reported adverse events during the B. pullicaecorum treatment was similar to placebo intervention, as were observed changes in blood chemistry parameters, bowel habits, and fecal calprotectin concentrations. Administration of the strain did not induce any disruptive effect in microbiota composition or metabolic activity. In this first human intervention trial with a butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster IV isolate, we demonstrated B. pullicaecorum 25-3T administration to be both safe and well tolerated by healthy participants. This safety study paves the way for the further development of the strain as a next-generation probiotic.

  Study EGAS00001003276

• Polygenic Risk Score for the Prediction of Breast Cancer Is Related to Lesser Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution of the Breast

  The Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank (KTB) at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center is an annotated biobank, which has recruited healthy women who provided demographic, lifestyle, and cancer-related information via self-administered questionnaire, blood samples and normal breast tissues. H&E slides of the normal breast tissues were scanned for image analysis and a pathologist measured the number of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) ("TDLU count"). The acini count per TDLU was quantified using the TDLU analyzer software. In this analysis, we computed the recently developed polygenic risk score (PRS) based on 313 common variants for the prediction of breast cancer and related this PRS to TDLU count and acini count per TDLU. We did this for the overall PRS, the ER-positive PRS and the ER-negative PRS.

  Study phs002062

• Host Response to Respiratory Infections

  In this study, we describe a strategy to identify undiagnosed respiratory viral infections through screening nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs for the chemokine CXCL10, which is highly induced in the nasopharynx as part of the host antiviral response. Using this strategy, we conducted two screens: first, we screened NP swabs collected at Yale New Haven Hospital (YNHH) in January 2017 from patients with undiagnosed respiratory viral infections and identified patients infected with seasonal coronaviruses and the relatively uncommon influenza C virus. Second, we screened samples from the beginning of March 2020 in the weeks before YNHH tested for SARS-CoV-2 and identified four patients that had undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Sequences uploaded as part of this study include samples with rhinovirus, human coronavirus NL63, and 8 samples as part of the January 2017 screen for undiagnosed respiratory viral infections.

  Study phs002442

• Cholesterol homeostasis and lipid raft dynamics at the basis of tumor-induced immune dysfunction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

  Autologous T-cell therapies show limited efficacy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where acquired immune dysfunction prevails. In CLL, disturbed mitochondrial metabolism has been linked to defective T-cell activation and proliferation. Recent research suggests that lipid metabolism regulates mitochondrial function and differentiation in T cells, yet its role in CLL remains unexplored. This comprehensive study compares T-cell lipid metabolism in CLL patients and healthy donors, revealing critical dependence on exogenous cholesterol for human T-cell expansion following TCR-mediated activation. Using multi-omics and functional assays, we found that T cells present in viably frozen samples of patients with CLL (CLL T cells) showed impaired adaptation to cholesterol deprivation and inadequate upregulation of key lipid metabolism transcription factors. CLL T cells exhibited altered lipid storage, with increased triacylglycerols and decreased cholesterol, and inefficient fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Functional consequences of reduced FAO in T cells were studied using samples from patients with inherent FAO disorders. Reduced FAO was associated with lower T-cell activation but did not affect proliferation. This implicates low cholesterol levels as a primary factor limiting T-cell proliferation in CLL. Consequently, CLL T cells displayed fewer and less clustered lipid rafts, potentially explaining the impaired immune synapse formation observed in these patients. Our findings highlight significant disruptions in lipid metabolism as drivers of functional deficiencies in CLL T cells, underscoring the pivotal role of cholesterol in T-cell proliferation. This study suggests that modulating cholesterol metabolism could enhance T-cell function in CLL, presenting novel immunotherapeutic approaches to improve outcome in this challenging disease.

  Dac EGAC50000000556

• Whole Genome sequencing of individuals from Carlantino, Italy

  This study includes whole-genome sequencing data (at 4x depth) of 100 individuals from an Italian genetic isolate population (Carlantino, abbreviated CARL) of the Italian Network of Genetic Isolates (INGI). The INGI-CARL_SEQ project aims to combine available extensive genetic and phenotypic data to the latest high-throughput genome sequencing technology and ad hoc statistical analysis to identify new rare genetic variants underlying complex traits.

  Dataset EGAD00001000774

• Integrated clinical, whole genome, and transcriptome analysis of multisampled lethal metastatic prostate cancer

  We report the first combined analysis of whole genome sequence, detailed clinical history, and transcriptome sequence of multiple prostate cancer metastases in a single patient (A21). Whole genome and transcriptome sequence was obtained from 9 anatomically separate metastases, and targeted DNA sequencing was performed in cancerous and noncancerous foci within the primary tumor specimen removed 5 years prior to death. Transcriptome analysis revealed increased expression of AR-regulated genes in liver metastases that harbored an AR p.L702H mutation, suggesting a dominant effect by the mutation despite being present in only 1 of an estimated 16 copies per cell. The metastases harbored several alterations to the PI3K/AKT pathway, including a clonal truncal mutation in PIK3CG and present in all metastatic sites studied. The list of truncal genomic alterations shared by all metastases included homozygous deletion of TP53, hemizygous deletion of RB1 and CHD1, and amplification of FGFR1. If the patient were treated today given this knowledge, use of second-generation androgen-directed therapies, cessation of glucocorticoid administration, and therapeutic inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway or FGFR1 receptor could provide personalized benefit. Three previously unreported truncal clonal missense mutations (ABCC4 p.R891L, ALDH9A1 p.W89R, and ASNA1 p.P75R) were expressed at the RNA level and assessed as druggable. The truncal status of mutations is critical for actionability, and can only be determined through analysis of multiple sites of metastasis. Our findings suggest that a large set of deeply analyzed cases could serve as powerful guide to more effective prostate cancer basic science and personalized cancer medicine clinical trials.

  Dataset EGAD00001001869

• hereditary BrEAst Case CONtrol study (BEACCON)

  The BEACCON study aimed to address the lack of power of previous studies to identify novel BC predisposition genes by performing extensive sequencing in 12,000 women (11,511 analysed following exclusions) and further enhancing power by using an ‘extreme phenotype’ design with enrichment of familial non-BRCA1 and BRCA2 cases, compared with a control population of older women with ongoing confirmation of cancer-free status at June 2019. Three-quarters of the 1303 candidate genes screened were selected based on empiric evidence from local (69 multi-case BC families) or international whole exome sequencing studies, and the remainder were included to provide detailed coverage of functional pathways with established associations with BC.

  Dataset EGAD00001007025

• Germline RUNX1 Variation and Predisposition to Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic

  Somatic mutations of RUNX1, which encodes the myeloid and lymphoid transcriptional factor RUNX1, are common in both B- and T- acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and are associated with poor prognosis of T-ALL. However, there has been no comprehensive investigation of the pattern or prevalence of RUNX1 germline mutation in both B- and T-ALL. Here we report germline RUNX1 variants in 1.23% of B-ALL and 2.11% of T-ALL, identifying 31 unique variants in 62 B-ALL and 18 unique variants in 26 T-ALL children. The majority of frameshift and nonsense variants affected RUNX1 function in transcriptional regulation, hematopoiesis, and cellular proliferation. We identified JAK3 as the most frequent somatic mutation in T-ALL with RUNX1 variants. These results not only identify RUNX1 as a leukemia predisposition gene but also further underline the importance of germline genetic variants to the development of ALL

  Study EGAS00001005403

• From matrimonial practices to genetic diversity in Southeast Asian populations: the signature of the matrilineal puzzle

  This project aims at revisiting the "matrilineal puzzle" from a population genetics' point of view. The dataset consists of 719 individuals from 12 populations sampled in continental Southeast Asia and genotyped at 598764 loci. This dataset can only be accessed and used for non-commercial research purposes with a finality complying with the informed consent provided by donors. For accessing the data, please provide: 1. An explicit title for the project you wish to use the data for. 2. A detailed institutional affiliation of all recipients and users of the data. 3. A summary (500 words) of the research project, with emphasis on its scientific and societal finality, and predicted outputs. If access is granted by the DAC, data cannot be shared with a third party not initially involved in the project, without the third party officially applying for accessing the data.

  Study EGAS00001003727

• Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast clusters linked to immunotherapy resistance in cancer

  A subset of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAF-S1) mediates immunosuppression in breast cancers (BC), but its heterogeneity and its impact on immunotherapy response remain unknown. Here, we identify 8 CAF-S1 clusters by analyzing more than 18000 single CAF-S1 fibroblasts from BC. We validate the 5 most abundant clusters by flow cytometry and in silico analyses in other cancer types, highlighting their relevance. Myofibroblasts from clusters 0 and 3, characterized by extra-cellular matrix proteins and TGF signaling respectively, are indicative of primary resistance to immunotherapies. Cluster 0 up-regulates PD-1 and CTLA-4 protein levels in regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), which in turn increases CAF-S1 cluster 3 cellular content. Thus, our study highlights a positive feedback loop between specific CAF-S1 clusters and Tregs and uncovers their role in immunotherapy resistance.

  Study EGAS00001004030

• Ancestry and somatic profile predict acral melanoma origin and prognosis – RNA

  Acral melanoma, which is not ultraviolet (UV)-associated, is the most common type of melanoma in several low- and middle-income countries including Mexico. Latin American samples are significantly underrepresented in global cancer genomics studies, which directly affects patients in these regions as it is known that cancer risk and incidence may be influenced by ancestry and environmental exposures. To address this, we characterise the genome and transcriptome of 123 acral melanoma tumours from 92 Mexican patients, a population notable because of its genetic admixture. Compared with other studies of melanoma, we found fewer frequent mutations in classical driver genes such as BRAF, NRAS or NF1. While most patients had predominantly Amerindian genetic ancestry, those with higher European ancestry had increased frequency of BRAF mutations and a lower median number of structural variants. The tumours with activating BRAF mutations have a transcriptional profile more similar to cutaneous non-volar melanocytes, suggesting that acral melanomas in these patients may arise from a distinct cell of origin compared to other tumours arising in these locations. KIT mutations were found in a subset of these tumours, and quadruple wild-type samples (non BRAF/NRAS/NF1/KIT) differed from mutated samples in their structural genomic profile and overall and recurrence-free survival patterns. Transcriptional profiling defined three expression clusters; these characteristics were associated with recurrence-free and overall survival. We highlight potential novel low-frequency drivers, such as PTPRJ, NF2 and RDH5. Our study enhances knowledge of this understudied disease and underscores the importance of including samples from diverse ancestries in cancer genomics studies.

  Dataset EGAD00001015756