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• Truncated FOS impairs osteogenic differentiation and induces prostaglandin and NFkB signalling in an in vitro cell-of-origin model for osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma

  The effect of FOS truncation on osteogenic differentiation and proliferation was investigated in an in vitro model for osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma. In this model, truncated FOS (FOSΔ) was overexpressed in human foetal mesenchymal stem cells through a lentiviral vector. Osteogenic differentiation - assessed by measuring mineralization, ALPL expression and ALP activity - and proliferation rate were reduced in cells overexpressing FOSΔ compared to mesenchymal stem cells with an empty lentiviral vector (pLV). Transcriptome-sequencing and differential gene expression analysis revealed decreased gene expression of genes in pathways involving cell cycling and mitosis, and osteogenic differentiation, including WNT signalling, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in FOSΔ as compared to empty vector cells, indicating decreased proliferation and osteogenesis.

  Study EGAS50000001291

• Comprehensive survey for the construction of an integrated database of food, gut microbiome, and health information (the "Sukoyaka Health Survey"). A study on the relationship between food and health and genetic background.

  We conducted a cohort-based study to investigate the association between the genetic background and diet/lifestyle in 50 healthy Japanese. We analyzed some participants living in Miyazaki. The SNP array (Japonica Array v2) was used for genotyping. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal microbiome and metabolome of feces and blood were analyzed.

  Study JGAS000679

• Spatial transcriptome analysis for elucidating progression of early lung adenocarcinoma

  In this study, we performed spatial transcriptome analysis of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) to identify molecular events which occur during progression of ealry lung adenocarcinoma. For the analysis, we used cancer tissues which were precisely classified by Noguchi classification. Using the obtained data, we elucidated key molecular changes during tumor cell progression and their associated microenvironment statuses.

  Study JGAS000677

• PD-associated regulatory variants in human dopaminergic neurons reveals modulators of SCARB2 and BAG3 expression

  SNPs have been associated with the risk of Parkinson’s disease but not in regulatory regions. While those potentially disrupt TFBS altering gene expression and contributing to cis-regulatory variation. To study changes in A and B compartment interactions and in topologically associated domains (TADs), we sequenced: - 3D chromatin contact using LowC, 6 samples. 3 replicates for each condition: smNPC (controls) cells and differentiated neurons after 30 days. Resulting paired-end are provided as BAM files. In order to confirm the predicted impact of the PD-associated allele of rs144814361 on BAG3 promoter, we proceeded with genome editing of the TH-REP1 cell line by using prime editing to insert the “T” allele at the position chr10:119651405 in the BAG3 promoter. - Chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq, 9 samples of derived cell line TH-REP1. 3 replicates for each condition: 1) iPSC Wild Type 2) SNP-BAG3 variant in iPSC 3) SNP-BAG3 variant in smNPC. BAG3 variant: heterozygous for the SNP variant: rs144814361 (chr10 119651405) Resulting sequencing are provided as paired-end FASTQ files.

  Dataset EGAD50000002258

• A Multiethnic Genome-wide Scan of Prostate Cancer

  Multiple GWA studies of prostate cancer conducted in European White populations are ongoing. These studies will continue to have a dramatic impact on our understanding of the contribution of common genetic variation on inter-individual susceptibility to this common cancer. Important questions that will remain unanswered, however, are whether all common risk alleles for prostate cancer will be revealed in studies limited to populations of European ancestry. A comprehensive examination of common genetic variation in men of Japanese, Latino, and African ancestry will be required to understand population differences in disease risk and to reveal the full spectrum of causal alleles that exist in these populations. Further, genetic and environmental diversity is likely to contribute to ethnic heterogeneity of genetic effects. Elucidating gene x gene and gene x environment interactions is also likely to provide knowledge that may be critical for understanding the contribution of genetic susceptibility to racial/ethnic disparities in prostate cancer incidence and for translating the findings from GWA studies into interventions. In this study we plan to undertake a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of prostate cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study. We propose the following hypotheses: (a) that inherited DNA variation influences risk of prostate cancer; (b) that many of the causal alleles will be outside known "candidate genes" requiring an agnostic, comprehensive search; and (c) that performing this search in a multi-ethnic cohort is more powerful than a study limited to a single population to reveal the full range of causal alleles relevant to the U.S. population. The version 1 release of this dataset will include genotype data for the Japanese and Latino populations in the study. The version 2 release will include data for the African ancestry population along with the Japanese and Latino subjects. The version 3 release will include fully-cleaned genotype data for all three populations. This study is part of the Gene Environment Association Studies initiative (GENEVA, http://www.genevastudy.org) funded by the trans-NIH Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative (GEI). The overarching goal is to identify novel genetic factors that contribute to prostate cancer through large-scale genome-wide association studies of a well-characterized multi-ethnic cohort. Genotyping was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, a GENEVA genotyping center and at the University of Southern California. Data cleaning and harmonization were performed at the GEI-funded GENEVA Coordinating Center at the University of Washington. As an add-on to this GWAS we performed a targeted re-sequencing of all known prostate cancer risk loci in the samples from the MEC. Sequencing was performed in Dr. Reich's lab at Harvard Medical School.

  Study phs000306

• NGS-based targeted exome sequencing of osteosarcoma

  The present study aimed to identify potential genomic markers for the prediction of chemosensitivity in patients with OS using a genomic approach.

  Study JGAS000282

• WTCCC2 Bacteraemia Susceptibility (BS) samples

  A WTCCC2 project genome-wide association study for bacteraemia susceptibility in 4924 individuals from Kenya, genotyped on the Affymetrix 6.0 array.

  Study EGAS00001001756

• GENCORD2_GENOTYPES

  204 individuals were genotyped with the Illumina 2.5M Omni chip. Filtered genotypes were imputed into the 1000 genomes project European panel SNPs. Beagle R2 is indicated in VCF files for further filtering. See Materials and Methods in publication for details.

  Dataset EGAD00001000428

• Cram files for study entitled Compound heterozygous variants in LAMC3 in association with posterior periventricular nodular heterotopia

  This dataset contains three cram files for paired end sequencing of a trio, sequenced with Illumina Hiseq 2500

  Dataset EGAD00001006578

• Reference exome data for a Northern Brazilian population

  Here we provide a catalogue of variants called after sequencing the exomes of 45 babies from the State of Rio Grande do Nord in Brazil. Our data set provides a useful reference point for diagnosis of rare diseases in Brazil.

  Dataset EGAD00001006407

• DNA WGS Long Read Sequence (PromethION) for manuscript titled: "Performance of Somatic Structural Variant Calling in Lung Cancer using Oxford Nanopore Sequencing Technology"

  DNA WGS Long Read Sequence (PromethION) for manuscript titled: "Performance of Somatic Structural Variant Calling in Lung Cancer using Oxford Nanopore Sequencing Technology"

  Dataset EGAD00001015400

• GWAS for Membranous Nephropathy

  Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare autoimmune cause of kidney failure. This dataset is from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) designed to identify novel genetic risk loci for MN. The provided cohort (named as European-1 Cohort) is composed of 611 cases of primary MN and 1,246 healthy controls of European ancestry. This cohort was used in the GWAS meta-analysis, as described in the manuscript entitled "Genetic architecture of membranous nephropathy and its potential diagnostic implications" (Nature Communications 2020, in press).The genome-wide summary statistics, including trans-ethnic meta-analysis across 8 GWAS cohorts of European and East Asian ancestry and ethnicity specific meta-analyses, are freely available for download on the Kiryluk lab website: http://www.columbiamedicine.org/divisions/kiryluk/resources.php.

  Study phs001984

• Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) MetaboChip Study

  The Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study is a study site of the larger Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) I study.  EAGLE accessed two data resources during the course of study: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and BioVU, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center biorepository linked to de-identified electronic health records.The EAGLE MetaboChip Study, also known as EAGLE BioVU in the literature, is a data resource of Illumina MetaboChip genotypes for ~15,000 DNA samples from African American/Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients in BioVU (PMID: 26201699). Several EAGLE BioVU and PAGE I study phenotypes were extracted using structured and unstructured data available in de-identified electronic health records linked to the DNA samples. 

  Study phs002767

• Center for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG) - Cardiovascular: BioImage Cohort

  The genetic basis of cardiovascular disease in individuals of non-European ancestry remains largely unknown. Availability of ethnically diverse study populations is essential to fully investigate the underlying causes of disease. The BioImage Study enrolled adults aged 55-80 in a prospective observational study. Subjects had no prior history of cardiovascular disease, but were identified to be at intermediate to high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events (PMID: 25790876). The recruiting target was a cohort with similar demographics to the US population in terms of race and ethnicity. Produced as part of the NHGRI Centers for Common Disease Genomics, this study contains whole genome sequence data and variant calls from 922 African American participants of the BioImage Study.

  Study phs002325

• HV31 - Read identifier list for local CCS, CLR, ONT and MGI reads

  This file contains read identifiers for local CCS, CLR, ONT and MGI reads for each of the eight selected genomic regions (HLA, KIR, IGH, IGK, IGL, TRA, TRD, andTRG). We extracted these reads by aligning whole-genome sequencing data to a draft whole-genome de novo assembly, and selecting reads that map to contigs representing each region. These reads were involved in the polishing and validation of the HV31 assembly. Please refer to the relevant manuscript (https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.03.429586) for additional details. Read identifiers are stored in JSON format. Along with the full FASTQ files, this file enables convenient re-analysis of the HV31 sequencing data in the eight selected regions.

  Dataset EGAD00001007761

• A comprehensive proteogenomic pipeline for neoantigen discovery to advance personalized cancer immunotherapy

  The accurate identification and prioritization of antigenic peptides is crucial for the development of personalized cancer immunotherapies. Publicly available pipelines to predict clinical neoantigens do not allow direct integration of mass spectrometry immunopeptidomics data, which can uncover antigenic peptides derived from various canonical and non-canonical sources. To address this, we present an end-to-end clinical proteogenomic pipeline, called NeoDisc, that combines state-of-the-art publicly available and in-house software for immunopeptidomics, genomics and transcriptomics with in-silico tools for the identification, prediction, and prioritization of tumor-specific and immunogenic antigens from multiple sources, including neoantigens, viral antigens and high-confidence tumor-specific antigens.

  Study EGAS50000000228

• Offspring Sex Impacts DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Placentae from Women with Diabetes during Pregnancy

  Exposure to diabetes in utero is known to increase the offspring's likelihood of developing metabolic disease in adulthood, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. It has been proposed that early exposure to hyperglycemia and elevated insulin levels may lead to malprogramming of the fetus leading to the subsequent development of diabetes and obesity. Epigenetic modifications of the genome including DNA methylation, provide a plausible mechanism that allows for permanent propagation of gene activity states from one generation of cells to the next. The placenta, a fetal tissue easily accessible for study, is a complex organ that is essential in regulating fetal growth. The changes in placental nutrient transport associated with diabetes during pregnancy (DDP) have significant effects on the developing fetus, indicating that the placenta plays a critical role in fetal programming. The aim of our study was to investigate whether exposure to DDP alters genome-wide DNA methylation in the placenta obtained from term pregnancies resulting in differentially methylated loci of metabolically relevant genes and downstream changes in RNA and protein expression.

  Study phs001535

• Developing Allelic Imbalance Analysis from Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq Data

  Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is emerging as a powerful tool for understanding gene function across diverse cells. Recently, this has included the use of allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis to better understand how variation in the human genome affects RNA expression at the single-cell level. We reasoned that, because intronic reads are more prevalent in single-nucleus RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq) and introns are under lower purifying selection, and are thus enriched for genetic variants, that snRNA-seq should facilitate single-cell analysis of ASE. Here we demonstrate how experimental and computational choices can improve the results of allelic imbalance analysis. We explore how experimental choices, such as RNA source, read length, sequencing depth, genotyping, etc., impact the power of ASE-based methods. We developed a new suite of computational tools to process and analyze scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq for ASE. As hypothesized, we extracted more ASE information from reads in intronic regions than those in exonic regions and show how read length can be set to increase power. Additionally, hybrid selection improved our power to detect allelic imbalance in genes of interest. We also explored methods to recover allele-specific isoform expression levels from both long- and short-read snRNA-seq. Overall, we provide an end-to-end experimental and computational approach for future studies.

  Study phs003749

• The Federated EGA network

  In the last 10 years, most human omics data has been generated in the context of research consortia while recently there has been an emergence of large cohorts of human data generated by healthcare initiatives. Many countries in Europe now have nascent personalised medicine programmes. Thus, human genomics is shifting from being predominantly research-driven to being funded through healthcare systems. Genetic data generated in a healthcare context is subject to more stringent information governance than research data and nonetheless all data must adhere to national data protections laws. In this context, EGA identified the need for the development of a federated network to enable secure sharing of data whilst enabling genetic data to remain within the jurisdiction in which it was generated. The Federated EGA is designed to support national data management requirements for genomic and clinical data collected from citizens as part of healthcare or biomedical research projects. It includes a secure authorised access mechanism to support research use of these data across Europe and worldwide. We have engaged with over 14 ELIXIR countries to develop the federation model. The EGA federated configuration is composed of Central EGA, Federated EGA nodes and Community EGA nodes: Central EGA offers international submissions and helpdesk support, currently EGA co-managed by EMBL-EBI and CRG, Federated EGA nodes offer EGA services to researchers within their national jurisdiction, Community EGA nodes are individual institutions or initiatives with human genetic data intended to be shared with the research community. Key services available in the Federated EGA structure are: Central EGA Federated EGA node Community EGA nodes Data submission Offers international submissions service Offers submission service in a particular jurisdiction Does not offer an external submissions service Helpdesk support Provides external international helpdesk Provides helpdesk support for submitters in its jurisdiction and for approved users of data managed at its facilities Provides helpdesk support only for approved users of data managed at its facilities Data distribution Manages worldwide distribution for data hosted at Central EGA Manages worldwide distribution for data hosted at Federated EGA node Distribution for data hosted at Community EGA node EMBL-EBI and CRG have prepared a series of documents describing the overall governance and coordination framework. These describe the Federated EGA structure, the rights and responsibilities of the different parties and governing committees, and node operation guidelines. The federation governance proposal is under review by the first countries invited to join as Federated nodes, with further interested countries likely to join in the coming years. The Central EGA team has been working closely with many ELIXIR partners, including ELIXIR Finland, Luxembourg, Germany, Norway, Spain and Sweden.

  Blog the-federated-ega-network

• MRCA and MRCE SNP genotypes

  Gene expression levels can be an important link DNA between variation and phenotypic manifestations. Our previous map of global gene expression based on approximately 400K SNPs and 50K transcripts in 400 sib pairs from the MRCA family panel has been widely used to interpret the results of GWAS. Here, we more than double the size of our initial dataset with expression data on 550 additional individuals from the MRCE family panel using the Illumina whole genome expression array. We have used new statistical methods for dimension reduction to account for non-genetic effects in estimates of expression levels and we have also included SNPs imputed from the 1000 Genomes Project. Our methods reduced false discovery rates and increased the number of eQTLs mapped either locally or at a distance (i.e. in cis or trans) from 1,534 in the MRCA dataset to 4,452 (with <5% FDR). Imputation of 1000 Genomes SNPs further increased the number of eQTLs to 7,302. Using the same methods and imputed SNPs in the newly acquired MRCE dataset we identified eQTLs for 9000 genes. The combined results identify strong local and distant effects for transcripts from 14,177 genes. Our eQTL database (http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/liming-liang/software/eqtl/) based on these results is freely available to help define the function of disease-associated variants.

  Study EGAS00000000137

• UK10K NEURO ASD TAMPERE

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches. The Tampere Autism sample set consists of samples from Finnish subjects with ASD (autism spectrum disorders) with IQs over 70 recruited from a clinical centre for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD. For further information on this cohort please contact either Terho Lehtimaki (terho.lehtimaki@uta.fi) or Kaija Puura (kaija.puura@pshp.fi).

  Study EGAS00001000115

• Northwestern NUgene Project: Type 2 Diabetes

  The ability to correlate genetic variation with disease susceptibility and response to drug therapy depends on genotype or sequence analysis of large numbers of richly characterized DNA samples. Eight years agoWe are a part of NHGRI&#39;s electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network, whose goal is to conduct genome-wide association studies in thousands of individuals using EMR-derived phenotypes and DNA from linked biorepositories. For eMERGE, Northwestern University (NU) is studying type 2 diabetes as a phenotype. In addition, in order to explore race differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, NU collaborated with Vanderbilt University to study a mix of both Caucasian and African-Americans. Northwestern University: In 2002, Northwestern committed to the development of a DNA repository to serve as a platform for the identification and validation of genotype-phenotype associations that will impact healthcare. The NUgene Project is a repository with longitudinal medical information from participating patients at affiliated hospitals and outpatient clinics from the Northwestern University Medical Center. Participants&#39; DNA samples are coupled with data from a questionnaire (2 versions were used, 1 before and 1 after February 2006, both are included) and continuously updated data from our Electronic Medical Record (EMR) representing actual clinical care events. Northwestern has a state-of-the art, comprehensive inpatient and outpatient EMR system of over 2 million patients. NUgene has broad access to participant data for all outpatient visits as well as inpatient data via a consolidated data warehouse. NUgene participants consent to distribution and use of their coded DNA samples and data for a broad range of genetic research by third-party investigators. Vanderbilt University: BioVU, Vanderbilt&#39;s DNA databank, is an enabling resource for exploration of the relationships among genetic variation, disease susceptibility, and variable drug responses, and represents a key first step in moving the emerging sciences of genomics and pharmacogenomics from research tools to clinical practice. BioVU acquires DNA from discarded blood samples collected from routine patient care. The biobank is linked to de-identified clinical data extracted from Vanderbilt&#39;s EMR, which forms the basis for phenotype definitions used in genotype-phenotype correlations.

  Study phs000237

• Drug screening of patient-derived organoids from colorectal peritoneal metastases

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with peritoneal metastases (CRPM) have limited treatment options and the lowest CRC survival rates. We trialed the possibility of organoid directed precision treatment for CRPM patients. CRPM organoids (peritonoids) isolated from patients underwent next-generation sequencing and medium-throughput drug panel testing ex vivo to identify specific drug sensitivities for each patient. We measured the utility of such a service including: success of peritonoid generation, time to cultivate peritonoids, reproducibility of the medium-throughput drug testing, and documented changes to clinical therapy as a result of the testing. Peritonoids were successfully generated and validated from 68% (19/28) of patients undergoing standard care. Genomic and drug profiling was completed within 8 weeks and a formal report ranking drug sensitivities was provided to the medical oncology team upon failure of standard care treatment. This resulted in a treatment change for 2 patients, one of whom had a partial response despite previously progressing on multiple rounds of standard care chemotherapy. The barrier to implementing this technology in Australia is the need for drug access and funding for off-label indications. In conclusion, our approach is feasible, reproducible and can guide novel therapeutic choices in this poor prognosis cohort, where new treatment options are urgently needed. This platform is relevant to many solid organ malignancies.

  Study phs002023

• First datasets available in the Federated EGA Network

  In February 2024, a great milestone was reached for the human omics data community: the first datasets are now available in the Federated European Genome-phenome Archive (FEGA). These datasets - hosted by national nodes in Poland, Norway, and Sweden - are discoverable in the EGA portal and accessible according to national laws. These datasets include: From FEGA Poland - The Genomic Map Of Poland From FEGA Norway - CRCbiome: Gut metagenome of Norwegian screening participants using FIT sampling Also from FEGA Norway - Single cell transcriptomics in expanded Tregs of APS-1 patients From FEGA Sweden - A Combined Omics and Tissue Biobank for Paediatric Cancers The establishment of these datasets represents a significant step towards achieving the broader objectives of the FEGA; to facilitate the sharing of high-quality human genomic and phenotypic data across borders. “The value for users is twofold: it becomes easier to make data available securely compared to storing data locally, and data becomes easier to find for other researchers. The possibility of reuse improves the chances of both verifying scientific discoveries and reaching groundbreaking conclusions, of benefit to the research community and later also patients,” said Anna Hagwall, project manager and head of human data at FEGA Sweden, NBIS. About Federated EGA FEGA was launched in 2022 as a network to store and lawfully share sensitive human omics data safely. It relies on the technology originally developed by the EGA and support from ongoing collaborations with ELIXIR - a European life sciences infrastructure. FEGA has contributed to and benefitted from the implementation of community standards for sensitive data management including those developed by the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH). “The FEGA concept and the development of the Nordic FEGA nodes have been made possible thanks to several projects coordinated by NeIC,” said Kjell Petersen, FEGA Norway technical lead. Managing human omics data is challenging due to its sheer size and privacy concerns, often resulting in restrictions on how and where sensitive data can be shared. The FEGA network follows a federated data access model whereby sensitive data is stored securely within a local or national jurisdiction, while discovery across the network for data of interest is enabled via a central portal. As of February 2024, the FEGA network comprises seven European national nodes with tens of additional national partners working towards establishing a FEGA node. As the FEGA network continues to onboard nodes from around the world, populated with more and more data, we move closer to a vision of a truly global resource for discovery of and access to sensitive human omics data to accelerate disease research and improve human health. "The Federated EGA network is entering a key phase where the first research datasets are now available across the network. In coming years, we look forward to expanding these datasets to cover key areas such as cancer and rare diseases for the benefit of patients" said Thomas Keane, Group Leader at EMBL-EBI.

  Blog first-datasets-available-in-Federated-EGA

• Whole exome sequencing of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Chinese population

  Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Here we submitted the sequencing results for PTC using 91 tumor-normal pairs through exome sequencing in the Chinese Han population.

  Study EGAS00001001268

• MB_COMICS_Methylome

  Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It is a neuroectodermal tumor located in the cerebellum. International consensus recognizes four distinct subgroups of MBs including Wingless (WNT), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 (G3), and Group 4 (G4) with distinct molecular characteristics, prognoses, and mortality rates in patients. Here, we have compiled and evaluated a large international MB cohort for which we generated methylome data for 369 primary MB patient samples.

  Dataset EGAD00010002669

• The contribution of POT1 variants to sporadic melanoma development (2018-06-06)

  A case-control series of melanoma cases from Leeds, UK have been sequenced in the Fluidigm platform to identify genetic variants associated with sporadic melanoma development. Samples in which potentially contributing variants have been detected are being sequenced in an orthogonal platform for variant confirmation. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-06-06.

  Dataset EGAD00001004151

• PROP1_study

  The dataset for the PROP1 study consists of samples of patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency due to two most prevalent mutations in the PROP1 gene (c.301_302delGA and c.150delA) and healthy relatives and controls. All subjects were genotyped for 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms surrounding the PROP1 gene in order to assess the potential ancestral origin of the respective mutations. The genotype data are displayed in the vcf format.

  Dataset EGAD00001001303

• Whole-Genome Sequencing of Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

  Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) of the salivary glands are challenging to understand, treat, and cure. To better understand the genetic alterations underlying the pathogenesis of these tumors, we performed comprehensive genome analyses of 25 fresh-frozen tumors, including whole genome sequencing, expression and pathway analyses. In addition to the well-described MYB-NFIB fusion which was found in 11 tumors (44%), we observed five different rearrangements involving the NFIB transcription factor gene in seven tumors (28%). Taken together, NFIB translocations occurred in 15 of 25 samples (60%, 95%CI=41–77%). In addition, mRNA expression analysis of 17 tumors revealed overexpression of NFIB in ACC tumors compared with normal tissues (p=0.002). There was no difference in NFIB mRNA expression in tumors with NFIB fusions compared to those without. We also report somatic mutations of genes involved in the axonal guidance and Rho family signaling pathways. Finally, we confirm previously described alterations in genes related to chromatin regulation and Notch signaling. Our findings suggest a separate role for NFIB in ACC oncogenesis and highlight important signaling pathways for future functional characterization and potential therapeutic targeting.

  Study EGAS00001002812

• Molecular and phenotypic data for patients enrolled in the IMmotion150 trial

  Tumor transcriptome and whole exome sequencing data (matched tumor/normal for somatic mutation calling) along with key phenotypic information are provided for patients enrolled in the phase 2 IMmotion150 trial, assessing efficacy of atezolizumab monotherapy or combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab versus standard of care (sunitinib) in 1L renal cell carcinoma. This data set accompanies the respective Nature Medicine publication (PMID: 29867230).

  Dataset EGAD00001004183

• Coding and regulatory somatic profiling of triple-negative breast cancer in Sub-Saharan African patients

  The burden of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) may be shaped by genetic factors, particularly inherited and somatic mutation profiles. However, data on this topic remain limited, especially for the African continent, where a higher TNBC incidence is observed. In the age of precision medicine, cataloguing TNBC diversity in African patients becomes imperative. We performed whole exome sequencing, including untranslated regions, on 30 samples from Angola and Cape Verde, which allowed to ascertain on potential regulatory mutations in TNBC for the first time. A high somatic burden was observed for the African cohort, with 86% of variants being so far unreported. Recurring to predictive functional algorithms, 17% of the somatic single nucleotide variants were predicted to be deleterious at the protein level, and 20% overlapped with candidate cis-regulatory elements controlling gene expression. Several of these somatic functionally-impactful mutations and copy number variation (mainly in 1q, 8q, 6 and 10p) occur in known BC- and all cancer-driver genes, enriched for several cancer mechanisms, including response to radiation and related DNA repair mechanisms. TP53 is the top of these known BC-driver genes, but our results identified possible novel TNBC driver genes that may play a main role in the African context, as TTN, CEACAM7, DEFB132, COPZ2 and GAS1. These findings emphasize the need to expand cancer omics screenings across the African continent, the region of the globe with highest genomic diversity, accelerating the discovery of new somatic mutations and cancer-related pathways.

  Study EGAS50000001013

• Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Cohort

  MESA The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a study of the characteristics of subclinical cardiovascular disease (disease detected non-invasively before it has produced clinical signs and symptoms) and the risk factors that predict progression to clinically overt cardiovascular disease or progression of the subclinical disease. MESA researchers study a diverse, population-based sample of 6,814 asymptomatic men and women aged 45-84. Thirty-eight percent of the recruited participants are white, 28 percent African-American, 22 percent Hispanic, and 12 percent Asian, predominantly of Chinese descent. Participants were recruited from six field centers across the United States: Wake Forest University, Columbia University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Minnesota, Northwestern University and University of California - Los Angeles. Each participant received an extensive physical exam to determine coronary calcification, ventricular mass and function, flow-mediated endothelial vasodilation, carotid intimal-medial wall thickness and presence of echogenic lucencies in the carotid artery, lower extremity vascular insufficiency, arterial wave forms, electrocardiographic (ECG) measures, standard coronary risk factors, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, and psychosocial factors. Selected repetition of subclinical disease measures and risk factors at follow-up visits allows study of the progression of disease. Blood samples have been assayed for putative biochemical risk factors and stored for case-control studies. DNA has been extracted and lymphocytes cryopreserved (for possible immortalization) for study of candidate genes and possibly, genome-wide scanning, expression, and other genetic techniques. Participants are being followed for identification and characterization of cardiovascular disease events, including acute myocardial infarction and other forms of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and congestive heart failure; for cardiovascular disease interventions; and for mortality. In addition to the six Field Centers, MESA involves a Coordinating Center, a Central Laboratory, and Central Reading Centers for Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, and Electrocardiography (ECG). Protocol development, staff training, and pilot testing were performed in the first 18 months of the study. The first examination took place over two years, from July 2000 - July 2002. It was followed by four examination periods that were 17-20 months in length. Participants have been contacted every 9 to 12 months throughout the study to assess clinical morbidity and mortality. MESA Family The general goal of the MESA Family Study, an ancillary study to MESA funded by a grant from NHLBI, is to apply modern genetic analysis and genotyping methodologies to delineate the genetic determinants of early atherosclerosis. This is being accomplished by utilizing all the current organizational structures of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and Genetic Centers at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and University of Virginia. In the MESA Family Study, the goal is to locate and identify genes contributing to the genetic risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), by looking at the early changes of atherosclerosis within families (mainly siblings). 2128 individuals from 594 families, yielding 3,026 sibpairs divided between African Americans and Hispanic-Americans, were recruited by utilizing the existing framework of MESA. MESA Family studied siblings of index subjects from the MESA study and from new sibpair families (with the same demographic characteristics) and is determining the extent of genetic contribution to the variation in coronary calcium (obtained via CT Scan) and carotid artery wall thickness (B-mode ultrasound) in the two largest non-majority U.S. populations. In a small proportion of subjects, parents of MESA index subjects participating in MESA Family were studied but only to have blood drawn for genotyping. The MESA Family cohort was recruited from the six MESA Field Centers. MESA Family participants underwent the same examination as MESA participants during May 2004 - May 2007. DNA was extracted and lymphocytes immortalized for study of candidate genes, genome-wide linkage scanning, and analyzed for linkage with these subclinical cardiovascular traits. While linkage analysis is the primary approach being used, an additional aspect of the MESA Family Study takes advantage of the existing MESA study population for testing a variety of candidate genes for association with the same subclinical traits. Genotyping and data analysis will occur throughout the study. MESA Air The general goal of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (&#39;MESA Air&#39;) is to prospectively examine the relation between an individual level assessment of long-term ambient air pollution exposures (including PM2.5 and the progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease in a multi-city, multi-ethnic cohort. MESA Air will also prospectively examine the relationship between an individual level assessment of long-term ambient air pollution exposures and the incidence of cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. MESA AIR is funded by a grant from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to the University of Washington and subcontracts from the UW to other participating institutions. MESA Air will assess if ambient air pollution is associated with changes over time in subclinical measures of atherosclerosis and plasma markers of inflammation, oxidative damage, and endothelial activation in a longitudinal data model, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and specific cardiovascular risk factors (such as diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and diet). The study will similarly assess if the incidence of cardiovascular events is associated with long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, using a proportional hazards model. The study includes refinement of statistical tools, and explores joint/independent effects of acute and long-term pollutant exposure in the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. The MESA Air study is built on the foundation of the ongoing MESA study. The parent MESA Study cohort is located in six geographic areas (&#39;Field Centers&#39;) that capture tremendous exposure heterogeneity, comparable to or greater than the variability in locations of prior U.S. cohort studies. In addition to the six Field Centers, the study involves a Coordinating Center, a Central Laboratory, and Reading Centers for Computed Tomography (CT), ultrasound and air pollution data. The cohort for the MESA Air study currently includes 6226 subjects: 5479 enrolled in the parent MESA study; 257 recruited specifically for this study, and 490 recruited from the MESA Family study. The entire MESA Air cohort will be followed over a 10-year project period for the occurrence of cardiovascular disease events. On two occasions over the ten-year study period, 3600 subjects from the MESA Air cohort, residing in nine locales, will undergo computed tomography scanning to assess presence and extent of coronary artery calcification (CAC), and ultrasound of the carotid artery to determine intima-media thickness (IMT). We will also repeatedly assess plasma markers of inflammation, oxidative damage, and endothelial function in 720 subjects. MESA Air adds state-of-the-art air pollution exposure assessment information to the MESA cohort study, and introduces new subjects and outcome measures to achieve our aims. The study will assess long-term individual-level exposure to ambient air pollutants for each subject using community-scale monitoring, outdoor spatial variation, subject proximity to pollution sources, pollutants&#39; infiltration efficiency, and personal time-activity information. The exposure models will be validated using detailed monitoring in a subset of subjects. The MESA Cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP substudies. To view genotypes, analysis, expression data, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these substudies, please click on the following substudies below or in the "Substudies" box located on the right hand side of this top-level study page phs000209 MESA Cohort. phs000420 MESA SHARe phs000283 MESA CARe phs000403 MESA ESP Heart-GO

  Study phs000209

• DAC for human-derived clonal organoid studies

  This is the DAC for human-derived clonal organoid culture studies. It includes the study to investigate the clonal evolution of metastatic CRC at the single-cell level, where we performed WGS in 58 clonal organoids and 18 fresh-frozen (FT) bulk-tissue samples from surgically resected primary and metastatic tumors before and after anticancer therapies in 6 patients. This approach enabled detailed phylogenetic reconstruction of individual clones. We discovered the timing and burden of treatment-related mutations as well as the heterogeneous evolution in driver mutations and genomic rearrangements in late-stage clonal evolution under anticancer therapies in metastatic CRC.

  Dac EGAC50000000628

• Hereditary Cancer Diagnostics with I2HCP gene panel

  Germline blood DNA sequencing data generated in routine diagnostics of hereditary cancer using the I2HCP gene panel (~135 genes). There are 130 samples sequenced in a MiSeq machine and 108 sequenced in a HiSeq machine. There is a partial overlap between those two sets, meaning that some samples were sequenced in both machines. There is a strong enrichment in samples with copy-number variants (CNV), both single- and multi-exon, since this dataset was compiled for a benchmarking effort of CNV calling tools for genetic diagnostics.

  Dataset EGAD00001006171

• Reproductive Health in Men and Women with Vasculitis

  The purpose of this study is to learn about reproductive health, including fertility and pregnancies, in people with vasculitis. All patients enrolled in the Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium&#39;s Contact Registry will be invited via email to participate in this study. The Contact Registry includes people who self-identify as having one of 11 vasculities: Beh&#231;et&#39;s disease, central nervous system vasculitis, drug-induced vasculitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss), giant cell arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener&#39;s), Henoch-Schoenlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa, or Takayasu arteritis. People voluntarily enroll in this Registry with the understanding that they will receive information about clinical studies for which they might be eligible. The introductory email included basic information about the study and all of the required elements for informed consent in a brief format. Once participants agreed to participate in the study, they were directed to an online questionnaire.

  Study phs001382

• WFS1 mutation screening in a large series of Japanese hearing loss patients: Massively parallel DNA sequencing-based analysis

  A heterozygous mutation in the Wolfram syndrome type 1 gene (WFS1) causes autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss, DFNA6/14/38, or Wolfram-like syndrome. To date, more than 40 different mutations have been reported to be responsible for DFNA6/14/38. In the present study, WFS1 variants were screened in a large series of Japanese hearing loss (HL) patients to clarify the prevalence and clinical characteristics of DFNA6/14/38 and Wolfram-like syndrome. Massively parallel DNA sequencing of 68 target genes was performed in 2,549 unrelated Japanese HL patients to identify genomic variations responsible for HL. The detailed clinical features in patients with WFS1 variants were collected from medical charts and analyzed. We successfully identified 13 WFS1 variants in 19 probands: eight of the 13 variants were previously reported mutations, including three mutations (p.A684V, p.K836N, and p.E864K) known to cause Wolfram-like syndrome, and five were novel mutations.

  Study JGAS000123

• Immune profiling reveals enrichment of distinct immune signatures in high-risk oral potentially malignant disorders

  Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) associates with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Changes in the immune landscape of OED that accompany transformation remain understudied. We evaluated gene co-expression in benign lesions (fibroepithelial polyps; FEP), high-risk OED (mod-sev OED) and early stage OSCC. We demonstrate that transcripts indicating immune responses are enriched in high-risk OED. In particular, immune signatures representing high lymphocyte infiltration and cytotoxic responses are prominent, indicating active immunosurveillance. Expression of immune checkpoint molecules was enriched in high-risk OED and further increased in early stage OSCC. Seventy percent of high-risk OED displayed a T cell-inflamed phenotype histology suggesting that they might be responsive to anti-PD-1 immunoprevention. Other immunoprevention strategies are required for the 30% of high-risk OED are not immune-enriched. Overall, our data point the way for new approaches to non-surgical management of OED.

  Study EGAS00001005520

• Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Follow-Up Study: Research Studies in Hong Kong

  The ~52,000 sample Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing project is a collaboration of six consortia with various funding mechanisms that have joined together to investigate genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the largest T2D case/control sample set compiled to date. This includes samples from: Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes (GoT2D) Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas (SIGMA) Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCAMP) Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDIGY) This data generated from the Hong Kong cohort was part of the T2D-GENES (Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples) consortium, which is a NIDDK-funded international research consortium that seeks to identify genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) through multiethnic sequencing studies. The T2D-GENES Project is a multi-ethnic sequencing study designed to assess whether less common variants play a role in T2D risk and to assess similarities and differences in the distribution of T2D risk variants across ancestry groups. The individuals were obtained from over 20 cohorts across the 6 consortia that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of individuals, 24,991 with T2D and 24,953 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. The T2D-GENES, ProDIGY and SIGMA studies, sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent or Illumina Rapid Capture on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, two of the cohorts below are not in dbGaP, due to the samples not being consented for deposition. This includes the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study and Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) study. The Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) was deposited in dbGaP as part of their initial study and the phs numbers for that project can be found here: https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases. Table 1. 52,000 sample T2D Case/Control Whole Exome Sequencing Studies Ancestry Consortia Study Countries of Origin # Cases # Controls African American T2D-GENES Project 1 Jackson Heart Study US 500 526 African American T2D-GENES Project 1 Wake Forest School of Medicine Study US 518 530 African American ESP Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) US 467 1374 African American T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study BioMe Biobank Program (BioMe) US 1297 1256 East Asian T2D-GENES Project 1 Korea Association Research Project Korea 526 561 East Asian T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program Singapore (Chinese) 1486 1568 East Asian T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study Korea SNUH South Korea 450 475 East Asian T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study Research Studies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong) Hong Kong 493 485 European T2D-GENES Project 1 Ashkenazi US, Israel 506 352 European T2D-GENES Project 1 Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) Finland 484 498 European GoT2D Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study Finland 472 476 European GoT2D Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) Germany 97 90 European GoT2D UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D) UK 322 320 European GoT2D Malm&#246;-Botnia Study Finland, Sweden 478 443 European LuCamp Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) Denmark 997 997 European ESP Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) US 390 2843 European T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS) Scotland, UK 960 966 European T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study Framingham Heart Study (FHS) US 396 596 Hispanic T2D-GENES Project 1 San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component US 272 218 Hispanic T2D-GENES Project 1 and SIGMA v2 Starr County, Texas US 1762 1738 Hispanic SIGMA v1 Mexico City Diabetes Study Mexico 281 549 Hispanic SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2 Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) US 1476 1443 Hispanic SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2 UNAM/INCMNSZ Diabetes Study (UIDS) Mexico 1998 1977 Hispanic SIGMA v1 and SIGMA v2 Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS) Mexico 1522 1546 Multiethnic ProDIGY Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) US 3097 0 Multiethnic ProDIGY SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) US 553 0 South Asian T2D-GENES Project 1 London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP) UK (Indian Asian) 531 538 South Asian T2D-GENES Project 1 and Follow-Up Study Singapore Indian Eye Study Singapore (Indian Asian) 1640 1478 South Asian T2D-GENES Follow-Up Study Pakistan Risk of Myocardial Infarction Study (PROMIS) Pakistan 914 932 The research studies in Hong Kong contributed 493 cases and 485 controls to T2D-GENES Follow-Up study.

  Study phs001504

• NCT03343197: Clinical Biomarker Data

  Patients with IDH1-mutated low-grade glioma were treated with AG-120 (ivosidenib), AG-881 (vorasidenib), or Placebo for 28 days before surgical resection. A portion of the surgical sample was submitted for exome capture-based transcriptome sequencing (Personalis ACE Whole Transcriptome). Following surgery, subjects had the option to continue (or initiate) treatment with AG-120 or AG-881.This dataset comprises next-generation sequencing data from biopsies obtained in the clinical trial: NCT03343197 (Study of AG-120 and AG-881 in Subjects with Low Grade Glioma).

  Study phs003148

• Segmental Overgrowth/Vascular Anomalies/Dermatologic Disorders

  This study was designed to determine the molecular etiology of disorders characterized by segmental overgrowth, vascular anomalies, or dermatologic conditions that are part of the diagnostic criteria for Proteus syndrome or PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS). Somatic variants in AKT1 or PIK3CA have been identified as causative for Proteus syndrome and PROS respectively, and this study aimed to determine the extent of allelic and genetic heterogeneity in individuals who fully met the diagnostic criteria, had some aspects of, or had isolated manifestations of either syndrome.

  Study phs002006

• UW TAN Study of Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma

  Patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated at our institution, who elected to undergo rapid autopsy at the time of death, are included in this study. These patients agreed to submit their tissue (normal samples for germline analysis [kidney or liver] as well as primary and metastatic tumor sites [urothelial carcinoma]) and the time of autopsy. Each patient signed consent to allow study of these tissues including histologic, sequencing (DNA/RNA), and implantation in to animals as able for future study.

  Study phs001797

• A Large-Scale, Consortium-Based Genomewide Association Study of Asthma

  We carried out a genomewide association study by genotyping 10,365 persons with physician-diagnosed asthma and 16,110 unaffected persons, all of whom were matched for ancestry. We used random-effects pooled analysis to test for association in the overall study population and in subgroups of subjects with childhood-onset asthma (defined as asthma developing before 16 years of age), later-onset asthma, severe asthma, and occupational asthma.

  Study EGAS00000000077

• WES sequencing of metastatic colorectal cancer patient-derived xenografts with known response to irinotecan.

  Chemotherapy is the standard-of-care treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and benefits some patients, but what distinguishes responders from non-responders is unclear. In this study, we expand a pre-existing collection (https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-24-0556) of molecularly annotated patient-derived xenografts to uncover functional predictors of response to 5-FU and irinotecan combination therapy (FOLFIRI) in mCRC. We complemented previous mutational profiles with whole exome sequencing for 46 xenografts with known response to irinotecan.

  Study EGAS50000001484

• Bulk RNA sequencing of metastatic colorectal cancer patient-derived xenografts with known response to irinotecan

  Chemotherapy is the standard-of-care treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and benefits some patients, but what distinguishes responders from non-responders is unclear. In this study, we expand a pre-existing collection (https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-24-0556) of molecularly annotated patient-derived xenografts to uncover functional predictors of response to 5-FU and irinotecan combination therapy (FOLFIRI) in mCRC. We complemented previous expression profiles with bulk RNAseq for 38 xenografts with known response to irinotecan.

  Study EGAS50000001485

• Transcriptome HCCO Hypoxia and Doxorubicin resistance

  We hypothesized that HCCO-intrinsic determinants of response to hypoxia or doxorubicin could be reflected in the gene expression profiles of the HCCOs. Therefore, we selected for comparative transcriptomic analysis two sets of 4 HCCO lines that were severely (hypoxia-sensitive) or barely affected (hypoxia-resistant) by hypoxia in an ATP-based proliferation assay or two sets of 4 HCCO lines whose doxorubicin response curves were clearly separated both under normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions for comparative transcriptomic analysis.

  Study EGAS50000000042

• Genomic_landscape_of_liver_cirrhosis

  We are interested in the genomic landscape of liver cirrhosis and its potential manifestations for liver physiology and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Previous work in CASM has shown that there is a strong element of clonality within cirrhotic nodules and that some recurring mutations have been identified. However how this relates to the overall liver is not known and therefore by taking geographically disparate biospies, we aim to correlate our findings and make conclusions as to the characteristics of the overall genomic landscape.

  Study EGAS00001004329

• PAX4 loss of function increases diabetes risk by altering human pancreatic endocrine cell development

  The coding variant (p.Arg192His) in the transcription factor PAX4 is associated with an altered risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in East Asian populations. In mice, Pax4 is essential for beta cell formation but its role on human beta cell development and/or function is unknown. Participants carrying the PAX4 p.His192 allele exhibited decreased pancreatic beta cell function compared to homozygotes for the p.192Arg allele in a cross-sectional study in which we carried out an intravenous glucose tolerance test and an oral glucose tolerance test. In a pedigree of a patient with young onset diabetes, several members carry a newly identified p.Tyr186X allele. In the human beta cell model, EndoC-βH1, PAX4 knockdown led to impaired insulin secretion, reduced total insulin content, and altered hormone gene expression. Deletion of PAX4 in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived islet-like cells resulted in derepression of alpha cell gene expression. In vitro differentiation of hiPSCs carrying PAX4 p.His192 and p.X186 risk alleles exhibited increased polyhormonal endocrine cell formation and reduced insulin content that can be reversed with gene correction. Together, we demonstrate the role of PAX4 in human endocrine cell development, beta cell function, and its contribution to T2D-risk.

  Dataset EGAD50000000516

• Hydroxyurea to Prevent Organ Damage in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia (BABY HUG) Phase III Clinical Trial and Follow-Up Observational Studies I and II

  Sickle cell anemia is associated with substantial morbidity from acute complications and organ dysfunction beginning in the first year of life. In 1995, the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea (MSH) (dbGaP phs002348) demonstrated that, in adults, hydroxyurea is effective in decreasing the frequency of painful crises, hospitalizations for crises, acute chest syndrome, and blood transfusions by 50%. The phase I/II study of hydroxyurea in children (HUG KIDS) demonstrated that children have a response to hydroxyurea similar to that seen in adults in terms of increasing fetal hemoglobin levels and total hemoglobin, and decreasing complications associated with sickle cell anemia. In addition, this study demonstrated that the drug does not adversely affect growth and development between the ages of 5 and 15. A pilot study of hydroxyurea (HUSOFT) given to children between the ages of 6 months and 24 months demonstrated that the drug was well tolerated and that the fetal hemoglobin levels rose and remained elevated compared to baseline with continued hydroxyurea administration. A Special Emphasis Panel (SEP) met on April 12, 1996 to review the results of the MSH trial and the progress to date of the HUG KIDS study. The SEP recommended that NHLBI undertake the BABY HUG trial. The BABY HUG Randomized Controlled Trial concluded that hydroxyurea treatment in very young children seemed to have an acceptable safety profile and to reduce complications of sickle cell anemia. However, more data were needed on the long-term safety of hydroxyurea use in very young children. As a result, follow-up studies were initiated. The Follow-Up Study II provided longer follow-up than Follow-Up Study I, and included more assessment types than Follow-Up Study I.The BABY HUG program consisted of three related studies, each of which has associated datasets and bio-specimens. A randomized controlled trial comparing hydroxyurea to placebo in very young children with sickle cell anemia (BABY HUG Randomized Controlled Trial) The first observational follow-up study of children from the randomized controlled trial (BABY HUG Follow-Up Study I). All children in Follow-Up Study I were offered the option of taking open-label hydroxyurea, with treatment decisions made by the family and the clinical team caring for the child. The second observational follow-up study of children from BABY HUG Follow-Up Study I. All children in Follow-Up Study II were offered the option of taking open-label hydroxyurea, with treatment decisions made by the family and the clinical team caring for the child.The purpose of the Randomized Controlled Trial was to determine if hydroxyurea can safely prevent early end organ damage in very young children with sickle cell anemia. The purpose of the BABY HUG Follow-up Study I was to provide structured follow-up of the children enrolled in the BABY HUG Randomized Controlled Trial, in order to characterize the long-term toxicities and unexpected risks (if any) associated with treatment with hydroxyurea at an early age. The objective of Follow-Up Study II was to obtain additional data about the long-term safety and efficacy of hydroxyurea use in children with Sickle Cell Anemia through at least the first decade of life.Instructions for requesting individual-level data are available on BioData Catalyst at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/data/. Apply for data access in dbGaP. Upon approval, users may begin accessing requested data in BioData Catalyst. For questions about availability, you may contact the BioData Catalyst team at https://biodatacatalyst.nhlbi.nih.gov/contact.

  Study phs002415

• University of Washington Developmental Single Cell Atlas

  We set out to generate a human cell atlas of both gene expression and chromatin accessibility using tissues obtained during development. In this study, we applied an assay for single cell profiling of gene expression based on three-level combinatorial indexing (sci-RNA-seq3) to 121 fetal tissue samples representing 15 organs, altogether profiling transcription in over 4 million single cells. In parallel, we devised an improved assay for single cell profiling of chromatin accessibility also based on three-level combinatorial indexing (sci-ATAC-seq3). We applied this method to 53 fetal tissue samples representing 15 organs, altogether profiling on the order of one million single cells. From these data, we identify and characterize diverse human cell types and annotate them with respect to marker genes, expression and regulatory modules. These data comprise a rich resource for the exploration of human biology.

  Study phs002003

• Whole Genome Sequencing of Harvard University Embryonic Stem Cell Lines 63 and 64

  In this study we used next generation deep sequencing technologies to analyze the genomes of Harvard University Stem Cell lines 63 and 64. We performed 101-bp paired-end whole genome sequencing of the two cell lines using Illumina HiSeq platforms. The sequence reads obtained were analyzed for copy number and used for replication timing analysis. Our data suggests that read depth profiles can be used to map replication timing in Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs). Further we observe that replication profiles are highly correlated across ESCs but distinct from those of other cell types such as Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (LCLs). These results demonstrated that read depth data from whole genome sequencing can be used to study variation in replication timing within the human population and across different cell types. Whole genome sequences from HUES63 and HUES64 used for this study are being submitted.

  Study phs000825

• OncoArray: Oral and Pharynx Cancer

  Genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to head and neck cancer and could also explain differences in response to treatment and outcome. The goal of this project is to investigate genetic variation involved in oral and oropharyngeal cancer susceptibility by performing the largest GWAS on these diseases, using a novel genotyping tool specifically designed for cancer studies by the OncoArray Network. This project encompasses data from approximately 6000 oral and pharynx cancer cases and 4000 controls derived from 12 epidemiological studies most of case-control design. The genotyping was centralized at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), and the epidemiological data harmonization and analysis were completed at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This study was supported by National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) with direct funding to CIDR.

  Study phs001202

• DNA and RNA sequencing of single human haploid germ cells

  Our goal was to look at allele-specific gene expression in single spermatids from two human donors. We first genotyped and phased each donor using a combination of linked-read sequencing (one sample per donor, 10X Chromium), and single haploid whole genome sequencing (53 spermatids for the first donor, and 19 for the second).&nbsp;We then sequenced mRNA from single spermatids (302 from the first donor, and 164 from the second), using the Smart-Seq2 protocol. We used these gene expression data, in combination with the haplotype data, to look for gene products that exhibit allele-specific bias reflecting the haploid genotype of the cell.&nbsp;We find a large class of human genes that show such allele-specific bias in spermatids, indicating that these gene products are not fully shared across the cytoplasmic bridges that connect spermatids. We term these genes &#8220;genoinformative markers&#8221; (GIMs).

  Study phs002279

• Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium (PPTC)

  The Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium (PPTC) is addressing the unmet need of streamlining the development of new therapies for childhood cancers. The PPTC seeks to develop robust biomarkers of anticancer drug activity, and the majority of these are predicted to be genetic mutations that can be detected in tumor DNA and/or RNA. In order to design the most impactful experiments that can be rapidly translated to the clinic, PPTC investigators require a complete genomic characterization of the patient-derived xenograft tumor models that are utilized across the consortium. This will not only allow for the most robust experimental design, but also will increase the engagement of industry partners who seek collaborators poised to provide the proof-of-concept necessary for drugs in their development pipelines. All data and models will be made available to academically qualified investigators.

  Study phs001437

• Platinum Pedigree Consortium Long-Read Sequencing

  Platinum Pedigree Consortium includes whole genome sequencing of blood-derived DNA using five technologies on a 4-generation family. This is the CEPH-Utah (CEU) family 1463 and includes 4 grandparents from 1st generation, 2 parents from 2nd generation, 5 children from 3rd generation, 9 individuals from the 4th generation representing 2 branches of the 3rd generation, and their 2 additional parents. Family was not selected for disease, rather large size to study genetic transmission and human variation.Data available through dbGaP include raw sequence data: PacBio HiFi reads in unaligned BAM formats, Ultra-Long Oxford Nanopore (ONT) reads in FASTQ formats, Illumina sequencing, strand-seq and Element sequencing data in FASTQ format. Additionally, alignment files for HiFi reads mapped to the GRCh38 and CHM13v2.0 reference genomes, as well as de novo genome assemblies generated for this project are included.

  Study phs003793

• Therapeutic Targeting of Ependymoma as Informed by Oncogenic Enhancer Profiling

  Genomic sequencing has driven precision-based oncology therapy; however, genetic drivers remain unknown or non-targetable for many malignancies, demanding alternative approaches to identify therapeutic leads. Ependymomas are chemotherapy-resistant brain tumours, which, despite genomic sequencing, lack effective molecular targets. Here, we mapped active chromatin landscapes in 42 primary ependymomas in two non-overlapping primary ependymoma cohorts. Enhancer regions revealed novel oncogenes, molecular targets, and pathways, which when subjected to small molecule inhibitor or shRNA treatment, increased survival and slowed proliferation in mouse and neurosphere patient-derived models of ependymomas. This study represents one of the largest enhancer mapping study of any cancer type to date, and provides a framework for target and drug discovery for other cancers recalcitrant to therapeutic development because of their lack of known genetic drivers.

  Study EGAS00001002696

• Molecular Signature of Saudi Thyroid Cancer Using whole exome sequencing

  In Saudi Arabia, thyroid cancer ranked second only to breast cancer among females, eleventh among males and this increased incidence is prevalent in other Gulf Council Countries also. Differentiated thyroid cancer, which includes papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular subtypes, accounts for 90% of all thyroid malignancies. Currently, there are no clinical or molecular diagnostic tools to predict recurrence and aggressiveness of a subset of PTC. With the goal of better understanding the pathobiology of thyroid carcinogenesis we will use Whole Exome Sequencing to decipher the molecular and genetic signature of Saudi PTC based on International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) Guidelines. The study will provide a better understanding of PTC and should have important clinical implications in the development of new and better strategies for targeted therapeutic intervention for the treatment of Saudi Arabian PTC

  Study EGAS00001000680

• Human breast transcriptome analysis

  Obesity is a risk factor for the development of post-menopausal breast cancer and is associated with a worse breast cancer prognosis. Here we carried out transcriptome profiling on nontumorous breast tissue to define the molecular changes that occur related to excess body fat and adipose inflammation. A second goal was to determine if blood biomarkers reflect molecular changes in the breast. Increases in a variety of pathways linked to tumor development and progression were found. Moreover, increased expression of several drug targets including aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme for estrogen biosynthesis, and PD-1 was observed. Various blood biomarkers that are associated with either elevated risk of breast cancer or worse prognosis were altered and correlated with molecular changes in the breast. Collectively, this study helps to explain both the link between obesity and breast cancer and the utility of blood biomarkers for determining risk and prognosis.

  Study EGAS00001004665

• Search for Susceptibility Genes for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes (GoKinD study participants and parents), NIDDK

  Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study is an initiative aimed at identifying susceptibility genes for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. A large number of individuals with type 1 diabetes were screened to identify two subsets, one with clear-cut kidney disease and another with normal renal status despite long-term diabetes. Those who met additional entry criteria and consented to participate were enrolled. When possible, both parents were also enrolled to form family trios. Altogether, GoKinD includes 3043 participants comprising 931 cases, 944 singletons, 268 pairs of parents of cases, and 316 pairs of parents of control. Accessible as a GAIN database are 905 of the cases, 890 of the controls, 10 pairs of parents of cases and 10 pairs of parents of controls (dbGaP phs000018 Search for Susceptibility Genes for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes (GoKinD study participants), GAIN). The other parents and the remaining cases and controls are available by a separate application process through NIDDK. Interested investigators may request the DNA collection and corresponding clinical data for GoKinD participants using the instructions and application form available at http://www.niddkrepository.org or by contacting the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.

  Study phs000088

• CIDR: Genome Wide Association Study in Familial Parkinson Disease (PD)

  This proposal brings together the two largest NIH funded genetic studies focused on the identification of novel genes that influence the risk of PD. These two studies, PROGENI (PI: Tatiana Foroud; R01NS037167) and GenePD (PI: Richard Myers; R01NS036711) have been evaluating and recruiting families with two or more PD affected members for more than 8 years and represent the largest such cohorts world-wide. The combined sample has more than 1,000 PD families. Each study has used rigorous clinical criteria to assess their study participants. Unlike previous genome wide association studies (GWAS) in PD, all the PD cases in this proposal have a positive family history of disease. In the vast majority of these families, the index PD case has at least one sibling with the disease. Thus, the sample is unique for having substantial evidence for a genetic contribution to disease. The control group for this study consists of samples previously collected and maintained by the NINDS Repository. Genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Data analyses will focus on the identification of SNPs associated with PD susceptibility and the age of onset of disease.

  Study phs000126

• Search for Susceptibility Genes for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes (GoKinD study participants), GAIN

  Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study is an initiative aimed at identifying susceptibility genes for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. A large number of individuals with type 1 diabetes were screened to identify two subsets, one with clear-cut kidney disease and another with normal renal status despite long-term diabetes. Those who met additional entry criteria and consented to participate were enrolled. When possible, both parents were also enrolled to form family trios. Altogether, GoKinD includes 3043 participants comprising 931 cases, 944 singletons, 268 pairs of parents of cases, and 316 pairs of parents of control. Accessible as a GAIN database are 905 of the cases, 890 of the controls, 10 pairs of parents of cases and 10 pairs of parents of controls. The other parents and the remaining cases and controls are available by a separate application process through NIDDK (dbGaP phs000088 Search for Susceptibility Genes for Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 1 Diabetes (GoKinD study participants and parents), NIDDK). Interested investigators may request the DNA collection and corresponding clinical data for GoKinD participants using the instructions and application form available at Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Consent groups and participant set Diabetic complications only (DCO): 1825 (904 cases, 881 controls, 40 others)

  Study phs000018

• DEMENTIA-SEQ: WGS in Lewy Body Dementia and Frontotemporal Dementia

  Lewy body dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia, and multiple system atrophy are age-related, neurodegenerative syndromes that are poorly understood. Delineating the genetic risk that is driving the pathophysiology of these neurological diseases is fundamental for understanding disease mechanisms and for developing disease-modifying treatments. In version 1 of the study/dbGaP deposition, we performed a whole-genome sequencing study consisting of 7,403 total samples, including 2,633 genomes from patients with Lewy body dementia, 2,641 frontotemporal dementia patients, and 1,980 neurologically healthy controls. Of these, 6,907 were uploaded to dbGaP as the basis of the DementiaSeq, phs001963 dataset. The data relating to these samples are available on dbGaP. In version 2 of this study/dbGaP deposition, we made much of these data available on Anvil. More specifically, data for 6,254 of these samples were also uploaded to the ALS Compute platform on AnVIL. The data for the remaining 653 samples are only available on dbGaP. The dbGaP/AnVIL Table lists the availability of dbGaP and AnVIL for each individual sample: phd008475.In version 3 of the study/dbGaP deposition, we added whole-genome sequence data generated using DNA samples obtained from 683 patients diagnosed with multiple system atrophy.

  Study phs001963

• Identification of biomarkers of response to preoperative talazoparib monotherapy in treatment naïve gBRCA+ breast cancers

  Germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 exist in ~2-7% of breast cancer patients, which has led to the approval of PARP inhibitors in the advanced setting. We have previously reported a phase II neoadjuvant trial of single agent talazoparib for patients with germline BRCA pathogenic variants with a pathologic complete response (pCR) rate of 53%. As nearly half of the patients treated did not have pCR, better strategies are needed to overcome treatment resistance. To this end, we conducted multi-omic analysis of 13 treatment naïve breast cancer tumors from patients that went on to receive single-agent neoadjuvant talazoparib. We looked for biomarkers that were predictive of response (assessed by residual cancer burden) after 6 months of therapy. We found that all resistant tumors exhibited either the loss of SHLD2, expression of a hypoxia signature, or expression of a stem cell signature. These results indicate that the deep analysis of pre-treatment tumors can identify biomarkers that are predictive of response to talazoparib and potentially other PARP inhibitors, and provides a framework that will allow for better selection of patients for treatment, as well as a roadmap for the development of novel combination therapies to prevent emergence of resistance.

  Study EGAS00001005676

• Whole Exome Characterization of Squamous Cell Lung Cancers (Lung SQCC) from Appalachian Kentucky (APPKY)

  This is a pilot study of squamous cell lung cancer and matched normal tissue pairs collected (convenience sample) from patients from Central Appalachia, in Southeastern Kentucky. This study performed whole exome sequencing on tumor and matched normal DNA samples from 51 lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) subjects from Appalachian Kentucky (AppKY). Somatic genomic alteration profiles were compared between the AppKY and TCGA SQCC cohorts. We found that IDH1 and PCMTD1 had higher mutation rates in AppKY versus TCGA. These findings suggest population differences in the genetics of lung SQCC between AppKY and US populations that have implications for personalized treatment for this disease.

  Study phs001651

• Characterization of Prostate Cancer Organoids

  Using models from the LuCaP series as well as those generated at the National Cancer Institute, we have established organoids for in vitro mechanistic testing, including drug screening and genetic manipulation. The major findings from these continuing studies is the durability of organoids for maintaining complex subpopulation and intratumoral heterogeneity and the parallels between in vitro testing and patient outcomes. Existing data from prior releases includes whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, single-cell and bulk RNA-seq, single-cell ATAC-seq, and SNP array. New data in this release is ChIP-seq data from three models and RNA-seq data from one model.

  Study phs001587

• RNA seq of intestinal biopsies and blood cells from patients with celiac disease and controls

  This study presents RNA sequenced from several intestinal phenotypes such as from patients with damaged intestinal mucosa as well as from those without a damaged intestine but still an autoantibody response to tissue transglutaminase (“potential celiac disease”) or those with treated celiac disease. By combining phenotypes in a much larger number of tissue samples from both peripheral blood and mucosal biopsies, we found highly differentially expressed genes, but also identify genes involved in controlling and triggering celiac disease associated changes. This study identifies molecular mechanisms involved in celiac disease and new possible targets for treatment and for identification of individuals at risk.

  Study EGAS50000001104

• Single-cell atlas of penile cancer reveals TP53 mutations as driver for an aggressive phenotype, irrespective of HPV status, and provides clues for treatment personalization

  Our aim was to identify molecular differences in the microenvironment of penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) stratified by TP53 loss-of-function (TP53LOF) mutations and HPV-status. Hence, we present a first single-cell transcriptomic atlas of PSCC. Stratification based on TP53 and HPV-status uncovered differences in CSS and underlying molecular pathways. Our data indicate that TP53LOF tumors are characterized by worse biological behavior regardless of HPV-status. These findings and further research are essential for trial design in PSCC, allowing us to move away from the current one-size-fits-all approach.

  Study EGAS50000000217

• Understanding Rare Variant Contributions to autism: Lessons from Dystrofin-Deficient Model

  This project generated a whole-exome sequencing (WES) dataset of 83 boys with a pathogenic variant in the DMD gene, along with WES data from the parents of 38 of them, totaling 159 samples. Pathogenic DMD variants, besides causing dystrophinopathies, are also known risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the low penetrance of NDDs in individuals with dystrophinopathies suggests that additional factors contribute to their manifestation. This study aimed to: (1) characterize ASD in males with dystrophinopathies; (2) determine the relevance of additional de novo and inherited rare risk variants for their neurodevelopmental phenotype; and (3) clinically and functionally characterize the identified risk variants.

  Study EGAS50000000754

• Methylation-based classification of human mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

  We applied methylome and copy number profiling to a set of 45 well characterized MCS cases to evaluate their potential diagnostic value. Notably, the findings were reproducible also when analysing the round cell and cartilaginous component separately. Furthermore, four outliers were identified by methylome profiling for which the diagnosis had to be revised. Methylome profiling represents a sensitive, specific and reliable tool to support the diagnosis of MCS, particularly if only the round cell component is obtained in a biopsy and the diagnosis is not suspected. It can furthermore aid in confirming the diagnosis in case RNA sequencing for the HEY1::NCOA2 fusion transcript is not available.

  Study EGAS00001007042

• Whole-genome sequencing of rare disease patients in a national healthcare system

  Most patients with rare diseases do not receive a molecular diagnosis and the aetiological variants and mediating genes for more than half such disorders remain to be discovered. We implemented whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in a national healthcare system to streamline diagnosis and to discover unknown aetiological variants, in the coding and non-coding regions of the genome. In a pilot study for the 100,000 Genomes Project, we generated WGS data for 13,037 participants, of whom 9,802 had a rare disease, and provided a genetic diagnosis to 1,138 of the 7,065 patients with detailed phenotypic data. We identified 95 Mendelian associations between genes and rare diseases, of which 11 have been discovered since 2015 and at least 79 are confirmed aetiological. Using WGS of UK Biobank1, we showed that rare alleles can explain the presence of some individuals in the tails of a quantitative red blood cell (RBC) trait. Finally, we reported 4 novel non-coding variants which cause disease through the disruption of transcription of ARPC1B, GATA1, LRBA and MPL. Our study demonstrates a synergy by using WGS for diagnosis and aetiological discovery in routine healthcare.

  Dataset EGAD00001006065

• Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Cardiac Epidemiologic Registry (Cardiac Epistry) Versions 1 and 2 (ROC-Cardiac Epistry 1 and 2-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the &#8220;Authorized Access&#8221; section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Available Data: The ROC Cardiac Epistry versions 1 and 2 include all cardiac arrest cases entered into the ROC database from December 1, 2005 to April 1, 2011. ROC Cardiac Epistry 3 includes cardiac arrest cases captured between 2011 and 2015, and introduced significant changes in how and which data were collected.For ROC traumatic injury Epistry data, please see: ROC-Trauma Epistry Objectives: To build a prospective population-based registry of participants with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest responded to by Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Specific aims: to establish whether the results of Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) trials can be generalized to the larger population of participants that experience cardiac arrest;to more fully establish the burden of cardiac arrest; and to examine the relationships between variation in EMS structure and process, regional and periodic factors, and participant outcomes.Background: Cardiac arrest is a common, serious, debilitating and costly public health problem. Although there has been a steady decline in morbidity and mortality from most cardiovascular diseases, high mortality rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests continue to pose a challenge for healthcare providers and a significant public health burden. The Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) was established in 2004 to conduct clinical research in the areas of cardiopulmonary arrest and life-threatening traumatic injury with the overall goal of improving resuscitation outcomes. Participant and care characteristics can predict favorable outcomes in cardiac arrests, but there is still a wide variation in outcomes that is not well understood. EMS factors such as service level, number of responding providers, use of procedures or drugs in the field, training, quality assurance/feedback, and response time intervals also vary significantly by region. Variations in geographic, socioeconomic and periodic factors may also be associated with differences in outcomes.Prior to ROC Cardiac Epistry, there were no North American population-based registries for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Therefore there was a need for standardized data collection of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in diverse geographic locations in order to identify the independent effects of prognostic or treatment factors accounting for variations in survival. Participants: The registry included 109,326 cardiac arrest events from 264 EMS agencies transporting to 287 acute care hospitals from the following regional centers: Birmingham, Alabama; Dallas, Texas; Iowa City, Iowa; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Portland, Oregon; San Diego, California; Seattle/King County, Washington; Ottawa, Ontario; Toronto, Ontario; and Vancouver, British Columbia.Design: ROC Epistry collected standardized data regarding episode-specific factors, participant demographics, clinical information, pre-hospital interventions and disposition, hospital information, and participant outcome for all out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the ROC regions. Each ROC site had to ensure capture of all eligible cases within the EMS service areas. Out-of-hospital data were extracted from existing databases whenever possible and augmented with targeted review of EMS reports. Hospital data were abstracted directly from the hospital file in most cases. Alternative methods included linkage to death registries and obituaries if the death occurred within 30 days. Sites submitted data using a web-based interface or batch uploads. Participants were not contacted directly.

  Study phs003803

• Long-read Nanopore and Ion Torrent sequencing data for BRCA1/2 variant detection

  This dataset contains long-read sequencing data generated using Oxford Nanopore Technologies for the analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 variants in individuals referred for hereditary breast cancer genetic testing. The study includes samples previously analyzed using Ion Torrent sequencing, enabling comparison between short-read and long-read sequencing approaches.

  Study EGAS50000001783

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute SNP Health Association Asthma Resource Project (SHARP)

  SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) Asthma Resource project (SHARP) is conducting a genome-wide analysis in adults and children who have participated in National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute&#39;s clinical research trials on asthma. This includes 1041 children with asthma who participated in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP), 994 children who participated in one or five clinical trials conducted by the Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) network, and 701 adults who participated in one of six clinical trials conducted by the Asthma Clinical Research Network (ACRN). There are three study types. The longitudinal clinical trials can be subsetted for population-based and/or case-control analyses. Each of the childhood asthma studies has a majority of children participating as part of a parent-child trio. The ACRN (adult) studies are probands alone. Control genotypes will be provided for case-control analyses.

  Study phs000166

• Characterization of X Chromosome Inactivation Using Integrated Analysis of Whole-Exome and mRNA Sequencing

  This study of DNA and RNA sequencing of 5 parent-offspring trios is a single center study. The goal of this study is to characterize X chromosome inactivation (XCI) ratio in females using phased genomic variations obtained through whole genome or exome sequencing in trios, followed by allele-specific expression analysis of the phased, heterozygous alleles in the mRNA of the female offspring, and to apply this method to clinical diagnosis. The distribution of allele ratios across X obtained from mRNA sequencing allows for the estimation of X inactivation status of inherited X chromosomes, and the parameters of each parental allele distributions in the offspring&#39;s mRNA data can be used as determinants for XCI ratio. This approach was used to evaluate the contribution of skewed XCI ratio to phenotypic heterogeneity in an undiagnosed, mild neurological condition.

  Study phs000816

• NHLBI TOPMed: Boston Early-Onset COPD Study

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States and the only leading cause of death that is steadily increasing in frequency. This project collected a set of extended pedigrees ascertained through subjects with severe, early-onset COPD. This study has enrolled subjects with severe COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) &lt; 40% predicted) at an early age (&lt; 53 years) without alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (a known Mendelian risk factor for COPD). Extended pedigrees are enrolled, primarily in New England, although some more geographically distant subjects have been included. This study has been used for epidemiological studies, familial aggregation analysis, linkage analysis, and candidate gene association analysis. Approximately 80 of the severe, early-onset COPD probands will undergo whole genome sequencing in this project with sequencing data available through dbGaP.

  Study phs000946

• Hereditary Cancer Diagnostics with I2HCP gene panel

  This dataset contains targetted DNA sequencing data generated in the context of genetic diagnostics of hereditary cancer. Target enrichment was performed with the I2HCP, a custom hereditary cancer gene panel based in Agilent SureSelect and developed by the Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain). After the enrichment, 108 samples were sequenced in Illumina HiSeq machines and 130 in MiSeq machines. Some of the samples were sequenced on both platforms. The dataset also includes MLPA validation data for all identified copy-number alterations, annotated with exon resolution and information about negative MLPA results. All this data was generated in the context of routine diagnostics and compiled together with MPLA validation data for a genetic diagnostics oriented benchmark of germline CNV calling tools.

  Study EGAS00001004316

• Multi-omic Profiling of Central Nervous System Leukemia Identifies mRNA Translation as a Therapeutic Target

  Central nervous system (CNS) dissemination of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has poor prognosis and remains a therapeutic challenge. Here we performed targeted DNA sequencing, transcriptional and proteomic profiling of paired leukemia infiltrating cells in the bone marrow (BM) and CNS of xenografts. Genes governing mRNA translation were upregulated in CNS leukemia, and subclonal genetic profiling confirmed this in both BM-concordant and BM-discordant CNS mutational populations. CNS leukemia cells were exquisitely sensitive to the translation inhibitor omacetaxine mepesuccinate, which reduced xenograft leptomeningeal disease burden. Proteomics demonstrated greater abundance of secreted proteins in CNS infiltrating cells including complement component 3 (C3) and drug targeting of C3 influenced CNS disease in xenografts. CNS infiltrating cells also exhibited selection for stemness traits and metabolic reprogramming. Overall, our study identifies therapeutic targeting of mRNA translation as a novel therapeutic approach for B-ALL leptomeningeal disease.

  Study EGAS00001005647

• Genetic Modifiers of Syndromic Orofacial Clefts

  Reduced penetrance and variable expressivity are common, but poorly understood, features of most monogenic diseases. Genetic modifiers are possible factors to contribute to this phenotypic variability and blur the traditional distinction between monogenic and complex disease. This study focuses on the most common orofacial cleft syndrome (Van der Woude syndrome, VWS) and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs), which intersect both in phenotype and in genetic etiology, as a model to understand reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. VWS occurs in 1 in 35,000 individuals and accounts for 2% of all OFCs. The features of VWS include an OFC and/or lower lip pits, but 15% of VWS patients present with an isolated OFC, making them indistinguishable from nonsyndromic OFC patients. Mutations in the genes IRF6 or GRHL3 cause VWS, but approximately 20% of VWS patients currently lack a molecular diagnosis. Furthermore, there are few genotype-phenotype correlations for known mutations and patient phenotypes. By contrast, GWAS of nonsyndromic OFCs have identified a number of risk factors, some of which we have shown increase risk for specific types of OFCs or act as modifiers of OFC subtypes. Whole genome sequencing will be used to identify the remaining genetic mutations for VWS, determine the relationship between those genes/regions with nonsyndromic OFCs, and identify rare and common modifiers of VWS and OFC phenotypes. These analyses will provide further insight into the genetic architecture of VWS and OFCs and will serve as a model for exploring links between other Mendelian disorders that share phenotypes with complex traits.

  Study phs002221

• Study for establishment for effective screening and diagnosis of Lynch syndrome

  The purpose of this study is to establish efficient diagnostic procedure of the Lynch syndrome in Japan and to determine the MMR gene mutation spectrum and clinicopathologic characteristics.The person who is suspected Lynch Syndrome and gives informed consent for participation in this study .To carry out the project ?Construction of clinical and genetic integral information database to help Lynch syndrome management?, the following three are required. 1) screening for Lynch syndrome-suspected cases, 2) genetic testing to define Lynch syndrome, 3) integration of detailed clinical data of Lynch syndrome, and 4) The case which has not been diagnosed Lynch syndrome, is investigated causing gene.

  Study JGAS000638

• CONSERTING: integrating copy number analysis with structural variation detection

  We developed Copy Number Segmentation by Regression Tree in Next Generation Sequencing (CONSERTING), a novel algorithm for detecting somatic copy number alteration (CNA) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. CONSERTING performs iterative analysis of segmentation by read depth change and localized structural variation detection to achieve high accuracy and sensitivity. Analysis of 43 pediatric and adult cancer genomes revealed novel oncogenic CNAs, complex re-arrangements and subclonal CNAs missed by alternative approaches. This study contains all data for "CONSERTING: an accurate method for detecting somatic DNA copy number alterations in whole genome sequencing data", which was previously split between EGAS00001001202 and EGAS00001001050.

  Study EGAS00001001202

• Genome-wide genetic and epigenetic dataset of pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas

  Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive exocrine tumor with largely unknown biology. To identify potential targets for personalized treatment, integrative genome- and epigenome-wide analyses were performed. The results show frequently aberrant DNA methylation, abundant chromosomal amplifications and deletions, and mutational signatures suggesting defective DNA repair. In contrast to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, no recurrent point mutations are known. The tumor suppressors ID3, ARID1A, APC, and CDKN2A are frequently impaired also on the protein level and thus potentially affect ACC tumorigenesis. Consequently, this work identifies potential novel therapeutic targets in ACC for drugs recently approved for precision cancer therapy.

  Study EGAS00001002533

• Field studies of Cryptosporidiosis and Enteropathogens in Bangladesh

  Cryptosporidiosis causes severe diarrhea in infants in the developing world. There is no vaccine to prevent it, and little in the way of treatment. This study on Bangladeshi urban slum children aims to support the design of a vaccine, both by determining how the immune system protects from infection and by identifying the genotypes of the parasite that should be included in a vaccine, as well as aid in development of therapies by identifying human genes that control infection. The primary objective of the study was to determine the incidence and contribution to disease of the different species and genotypes of cryptosporidia. Secondary objectives were designed to determine acquired immune response to cryptosporidiosis and identify human genes that influence susceptibility to cryptosporidiosis. This is an observational study. Children were recruited from Mirpur Dhaka slum (Cohort 1) and rural Mirzapur (Cohort 2) and followed for cryptosporidium infection longitudinally from birth through age 4 years in Cohort 1 and birth through age 2 years in Cohort 2. Biweekly household visits for diarrheal surveillance were made in addition to anthropometric measurements of mother and child, blood samples collected two times each year from the child, a work-up of diarrheal stools and non-diarrheal surveillance stools for cryptosporidium and other enteropathogens, and blood and breast milk samples from the mother. A detailed description of the study design and procedures can be obtained from publication: Kevin L Steiner, et al., 2018, PMID: 29897482.

  Study phs001665

• Machine Learning Signal Enrichment for Ultrasensitive Plasma Tumor Burden Monitoring

  In solid tumor oncology, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is poised to transform care through accurate assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) and therapeutic response monitoring. To overcome the sparsity of ctDNA fragments in low tumor fraction (TF) settings and increase MRD sensitivity, we previously leveraged genome-wide mutational integration through plasma whole genome sequencing (WGS). We now introduce MRD-EDGE, a composite machine learning-guided WGS ctDNA single nucleotide variant (SNV) and copy number variant (CNV) detection platform designed to increase signal enrichment. MRD-EDGESNV uses deep learning and a ctDNA-specific feature space to increase SNV signal-to-noise enrichment in WGS by 300X compared to previous WGS error suppression. MRD-EDGECNV also reduces the degree of aneuploidy needed for ultrasensitive CNV detection through WGS from 1 Gb to 200 Mb, thereby expanding its applicability to a wider range of solid tumors. We harness the improved performance to identify MRD following surgery in multiple cancer types, track changes in tumor burden in response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and demonstrate ctDNA shedding in precancerous colorectal adenomas. Finally, the radical signal-to-noise enrichment in MRD-EDGESNV enables de novo mutation calling in melanoma and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) without matched tumor, yielding clinically informative TF monitoring for patients on immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI).

  Study EGAS00001007451

• Machine learning guided signal enrichment for ultrasensitive plasma tumor burden monitoring

  In solid tumor oncology, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is poised to transform care through accurate assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) and therapeutic response monitoring. To overcome the sparsity of ctDNA fragments in low tumor fraction (TF) settings and increase MRD sensitivity, we previously leveraged genome-wide mutational integration through plasma whole genome sequencing (WGS). We now introduce MRD-EDGE, a composite machine learning-guided WGS ctDNA single nucleotide variant (SNV) and copy number variant (CNV) detection platform designed to increase signal enrichment. MRD-EDGESNV uses deep learning and a ctDNA-specific feature space to increase SNV signal-to-noise enrichment in WGS by 300X compared to previous WGS error suppression. MRD-EDGECNV also reduces the degree of aneuploidy needed for ultrasensitive CNV detection through WGS from 1 Gb to 200 Mb, thereby expanding its applicability to a wider range of solid tumors. We harness the improved performance to identify MRD following surgery in multiple cancer types, track changes in tumor burden in response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and demonstrate ctDNA shedding in precancerous colorectal adenomas. Finally, the radical signal-to-noise enrichment in MRD-EDGESNV enables de novo mutation calling in melanoma and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) without matched tumor, yielding clinically informative TF monitoring for patients on immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI).

  Study EGAS00001007545

• NHLBI and NIDDK Sponsored GWAS in Benign Ethnic Neutropenia/Leukopenia (BEN) in African-Americans (age >45 yrs old) from the REGARDS

  Benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN) is a clinical condition more commonly observed in African-Americans. It is characterized by a relative reduction in neutrophil count by about 1000 cells per microliter, leading to a decrease in total leukocyte count by similar decrement. Previous reports of this condition showed that there was neither higher frequency nor increased severity of infections in affected individuals. Bone marrow examinations showed normal white cell maturation; and ex vivo culture of marrow cells showed low normal or slightly reduced number of myeloid colonies. Under physiologic stress, the increases in neutrophil and leukocyte counts of BEN individuals are slightly lower, compared to normal African-Americans or Caucasians. These clinical observations suggest that BEN results from a lower &#39;set point&#39; for cell number in the marrow. Additionally, case reports of familial BEN, the persistence of BEN over many decades in the US, UK, and Africa, and the recent report of Duffy antigen and chemokine receptor (DARC) being associated with neutropenia, all suggest a strong genetic association to neutropenia/leukopenia. Our initial look into microarray analyses in a pilot trial of subjects showed that there were no significant differences in mRNA signals between BEN and normal subjects. Therefore, we are now proposing a larger study, utilizing Illumina Omni Express chips, to look for genetic associations. We have partnered with the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (REGARDS), where nearly half of the cohort are African-Americans. This will be one of the few GWAS being performed in only African-Americans, and will provide valuable genetic information to link with neutropenia and possibly other conditions/diseases. Genotyping was performed by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Quality control of the genotypic and phenotypic data was performed through a collaboration between CIDR and the Genetics Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics at the University of Washington, which is funded by a federal contract supported by 14 NIH Institutes (HHSN268200782096C).

  Study phs000507

• DMET Genes, Nicotine Metabolism and Prospective Abstinence

  This study (DA033813; PI: Andrew W Bergen; PMID:26132489) includes samples from two laboratory studies of nicotine metabolism. The Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine Metabolism in Twins study (PKTWIN; PI: Gary E Swan; PMID: 15527659) was based on recruitment from a twin registry (PMID: 23084148). The Integrated Research Project on Tobacco Use and Dependence (IRP; PI: Gary E Swan; PMID: 14578134) was based on recruitment from a pedigree-based longitudinal study of risk factors for substance use, the Smoking in Families study (SMOFAM; DA03706; PI: Hy Hops). These two laboratory studies (PKTWIN and IRP/SMOFAM) served as the Stage I dataset to interrogate Drug Metabolizing Enzyme and Transporter genes with a targeted SNP array for association with the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (NMR, ratio of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and cotinine), an established biomarker of nicotine metabolism. In addition to the laboratory studies, samples from eight RCTs (PMID: 23249876) with the NMR and smoking-related measures used to test SNPs identified in Stage I (PMID: 26132489). In a third stage, a lung cancer meta-analysis database (PMID: 24880342) was used to assess association of SNPs identified in Stage II with lung cancer. The objectives of the study were to identify novel genes and SNPs contributing to nicotine metabolism (Stage I), and to validate PK SNPs associated with the NMR from individuals participating in a clinical laboratory protocol with the NMR obtained from treatment-seeking smokers, and then to investigate association with prospective smoking cessation (Stage II). This study built upon existing studies of nicotine metabolism and randomized trials of smoking cessation therapies. Enhanced knowledge of the genes influencing nicotine metabolism and prospective abstinence may help personalize smoking cessation treatment and risk assessment for smoking-related diseases. For Stage I, both subject [fixed-dose NMR, covariates (age, BMI, ethnicity, sex, smoking status, and hormone use), and pedigree relationships] and sample (common DMET SNP genotype, genotyping quality control) data are available in this accession. The analysis protocol, quality control summaries, summary genotype, summary phenotype, and analysis results are available for Stage I, II and III samples (PMID: 26132489). Extensive discussion of the prior CYP2A6 association literature with the NMR, abstinence, smoking heaviness and lung cancer risk is available (PMID: 26132489). The NMR has previously been associated with CYP2A6 activity, response to smoking cessation treatments, and cigarette consumption. We searched for drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter (DMET) gene variation associated with the NMR and prospective abstinence in 2,946 participants of laboratory studies of nicotine metabolism and of clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies. Stage I was a meta-analysis of the association of 507 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 173 DMET genes with the NMR in 449 participants of two laboratory studies. Nominally significant associations were identified in ten genes after adjustment for intragenic SNPs; CYP2A6 and two CYP2A6 SNPs attained experiment-wide significance adjusted for correlated SNPs (CYP2A6 PACT=4.1E-7, rs4803381 PACT=4.5E-5, rs1137115, PACT=1.2E-3). Stage II was mega-regression analyses of 10 DMET SNPs with pretreatment NMR and prospective abstinence in up to 2,497 participants from eight trials. rs4803381 and rs1137115 SNPs were associated with pretreatment NMR at genome-wide significance. In post-hoc analyses of CYP2A6 SNPs, we observed nominally significant association with: abstinence in one pharmacotherapy arm; cigarette consumption among all trial participants; and lung cancer in four case:control studies. CYP2A6 minor alleles were associated with reduced NMR, CPD, and lung cancer risk. We confirmed the major role that CYP2A6 plays in nicotine metabolism, and made novel findings with respect to genome-wide significance and associations with CPD, abstinence and lung cancer risk. Additional multivariate analyses with patient variables and genetic modeling will improve prediction of nicotine metabolism, disease risk and smoking cessation treatment prognosis.

  Study phs000931

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) Early Onset Malignancies Initiative (EOMI): Molecular profiling of Breast, Colon, Kidney, Liver, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Populations

  The Early Onset Malignancies Initiative (EOMI) is focused on collecting specimens from racially and ethnically diverse population groups with six different types of cancer (breast, prostate, colon, liver, kidney, and multiple myeloma). This initiative is a partnership between the Center for Research Strategy, the Center for Cancer Genomics and the Division of Cancer (DCP). DCP's NCI Community Oncology Research Program (NCORP) is a critical partner. The acquisition of the cancer and matching normal biospecimens in this initiative are from newly diagnosed early onset cancer patients who identify as Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, or Non-Hispanic White. The Minority/Underserved NCORPs sites will collect the samples for this project. By carrying out this initiative in the NCORP's national network of investigators, cancer care providers, and research institutions, the EOMI will harness the community-based partnerships to improve participation among these racial/ethnic groups. The NCORP investigators, as participants in NCI's clinical trials network, will annotate the biologic samples with clinical information that will enhance the ability to answer questions about molecular determinants of early disease, treatment response, and/or prognosis. The EOMI will be a step forward in addressing racial/ethnic disparities and in understanding cancer in underserved populations.

  Study phs001952

• Allele Balance Bias Identifies Systematic Genotyping Errors and False Disease Associations

  In recent years, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has become a cornerstone of clinical genetics and diagnostics. Many clinical applications require high precision, especially if rare events such as somatic mutations in cancer or genetic variants causing rare diseases need to be identified. Although random sequencing errors can be modeled statistically and deep sequencing minimizes their impact, systematic errors remain a problem even at high depth of coverage. Understanding their source is crucial to increase precision of clinical NGS applications. In this work, we studied the relation between recurrent biases in allele balance (AB), systematic errors and false positive variant calls across a large cohort of human samples analyzed by whole exome sequencing (WES). We have modeled the allele balance distribution for biallelic genotypes in 987 WES samples in order to identify positions recurrently deviating significantly from the expectation, a phenomenon we termed allele balance bias (ABB). Furthermore, we have developed a genotype callability score based on ABB for all positions of the human exome, which detects false positive variant calls that passed state-of-the-art filters. Finally, we demonstrate the use of ABB for detection of false associations proposed by rare variant association studies (RVAS).

  Study EGAS00001003027

• Single cell sequencing of breast cancer T cells reveals a tissue-resident memory subset associated with improved prognosis

  The quantity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer (BC) is a robust prognostic factor for improved patient survival particularly in triple negative and HER2-overexpressing BC subtypes. Whilst T cells are the predominant TIL population, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative differences in T cell subpopulations and patient prognosis remains unknown. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 6311 T cells isolated from human BCs, and show for the first time that significant heterogeneity exists in the infiltrating T cell population. We demonstrated that high TIL BCs contained significant numbers of CD8+ T cells with features of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell differentiation and that these CD8+ TRM cells expressed high levels of immune checkpoint molecules and effector proteins. A CD8+ TRM gene signature developed from the scRNA-seq data was significantly associated with improved patient survival in early-stage triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and provided better prognostication compared with CD8 expression alone. Our data suggests that CD8+ TRM contribute to BC immunosurveillance and are the key targets of modulation through immune checkpoint inhibition. Further understanding of the development, maintenance and regulation of TRM cells will be crucial for successful immunotherapeutic development in BC.

  Study EGAS00001002845

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) - Global Microbiome Conservancy Host Exomes

  The human body is a complex ecosystem, hosting tens of billions of bacteria, primarily in the gut. This community, known as the &#39;gut microbiome&#39;, is vital to human health, affecting functions ranging from metabolism, immunity, and development, to behavior. Conversely, reduced microbiome diversity and other imbalances of the gut community (dysbiosis) are associated with many diseases of the industrialized world, such as metabolic syndrome, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases among others. Microbiome-based interventions thus hold the potential to revolutionize our understanding of, and therapeutic approaches to, many aspects of human health and disease. Despite many advances, current understanding of the human microbiome is largely limited to majority ethnic groups in industrialized nations, and does not reflect the full diversity of human commensal microbiota. In addition to the scientific ramifications of minority underrepresentation, there are significant translational and ethical implications as well: First, failing to capture the full diversity of healthy human microbiota may limit our ability to understand and generate effective therapeutics for many microbiome-associated diseases. Second, underrepresented groups are less likely to benefit from microbiome-based medical advances tailored to well-studied populations, propagating healthcare inequities. The window of opportunity to characterize human microbiome diversity is closing rapidly. Human gut microbial diversity is diminishing around the globe, due to the spread of Westernized diets and lifestyles, which are associated with reduced microbiome biodiversity. The Global Microbiome Conservancy (GMbC) is a non-profit collaboration between scientists and communities around the world that aims to 1) preserve the full biodiversity of the human gut microbiome, 2) characterize its evolution across populations and host lifestyles and 3) investigate its interactions with the human host. We are collecting gut microbiome and human DNA samples from diverse populations around the world, from isolated groups to urbanized populations, to culture and study this essential biodiversity and to preserve it in a living "seed bank" as a long-term safeguard against future extinctions. The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has funded a collaborative large-scale genome sequencing effort to comprehensively identify rare risk and protective variants contributing to multiple common disease phenotypes. Called the Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG), this initiative will explore a range of diseases with the ultimate goal of: Undertaking variant discovery for enough different examples of disease architectures and study designs to better understand the general principles of the genomic architecture underlying common, complex inherited diseases. Understanding how best to design rare variant studies for common disease. Developing resources, informatics tools, and innovative approaches and technologies for multiple disease research communities and the wider biomedical research community. The initial focus of the CCDGs will be in cardiovascular disease (early-onset coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, hemorrhagic stroke), neuropsychiatric disease (epilepsy, autism), and autoimmune/inflammatory disease (type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease). The Broad Institute is one of four selected CCDG project centers. Both exome and genotyping information of GMbC participants will help understanding how recruited human populations are structured and genetically related. This human genetic structure will be analyzed in light of gut microbiome compositional and genomic differences to illuminate associations between specific microbiome traits and human groups and the evolutionary processes involved in the co-evolution of human hosts and their gut microbiome. It will also provide variant information for critical genes shaping the composition of microbiomes, such as genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity (e.g. antimicrobial peptides) or in the regulation of the immune response (e.g. Nod2). Association studies between specific variants in these genes and microbiome features will be performed, which will then be validated with in vitro and in vivo experiments. Human data from GMbC cohorts will also increase the genetic diversity of human populations, providing additional variant information for many susceptible loci that were found to be associated with Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis. The whole genome sequencing data generated is comprised of samples from diverse and indigenous populations. Raw sequencing data, metadata, vcf and phenotype data at the individual level for a subset of the cohort&#39;s samples are available at https://anvilproject.org/data. For questions about availability, contact help@lists.anvilproject.org. Microbiome data for the samples sequenced in this study can be found in phs002235 Global Microbiome Conservancy Sequence Data.

  Study phs002205

• Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG) - Whole Genome Sequencing in Type 1 Diabetes (T1DGC)

  The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) was established to collect resources (biological samples and data) and conduct research to better understand the genetic basis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Collection was initiated by ascertaining affected sib-pair families (both parents, two affected siblings and, when available, an unaffected sibling), collected from five geographic regions through four recruitment networks (Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, United Kingdom). In addition, the T1DGC collected trio families (both parents and affected child) and cases and controls from low-prevalence populations (African-American, with four grandparents self-reporting as African ancestry; Mexican-American, with four grandparents self-reporting as ancestry from Mexico). The T1DGC also served as a repository for contributed collections from other studies, all meeting the broad data-sharing policy of the T1DGC, for inclusion in the genetic studies. These collections include T1D case samples ascertained from the UK Genetic Resource Investigating Diabetes (UK GRID) cohort, SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH), The Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD), and control samples obtained from the British 1958 Birth Cohort, the UK National Blood Services collection, CLEAR (Consortium for the Longitudinal Evaluation of African-Americans with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis), the New York Cancer Project (NYCP), and other cohorts. For the NHGRI-funded Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG) project, participants with T1D and ancestry-matched controls were identified through the T1DGC, either through direct ascertainment or by contribution from other sources to the T1DGC. As the CCDG has focused initially on non-Caucasian populations for whole genome sequencing, T1DGC participants of African, Mexican and Asian ancestry (targeting ~1200 cases and ~1200 controls in each ancestral group) and a small group of participants of Northern European ancestry (~100 cases, ~100 controls) were to be contributed to the study. Whole genome sequencing of T1DGC samples would be conducted at Washington University McDonnell Genome Institute and based upon matching case-control status within an ancestry group and prioritization by the CCDG.

  Study phs001222

• The International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics Genome Wide Association Study of Familial Prostate Cancer

  Initially, the ICPCG focused largely on high-risk prostate cancer pedigrees using linkage analysis. However, association studies have also been informative to find prostate cancer susceptibility variants in the genome. We hypothesize that genome-wide (GW) association studies of familial cases of prostate cancer will have the power to identify rarer and perhaps less penetrant risk variants associated with prostate cancer than have been identified to date. Our approach will be to examine evidence for association in selected, independent cases from high-risk pedigrees; we hypothesize that they represent a more homogeneous set of cases with potentially different associations. Use of the 5M plus exome SNP platform will allow us to include in our search more rare variants in our search than have ever been investigated for prostate cancer. Aim 1. Identify a set of independent prostate cancer cases selected from ICPCG high-risk prostate cancer pedigrees that have 3 or more related prostate cancer cases and have an average age at diagnosis &#8804; 75 years. Identify appropriate matched controls from participating ICPCG groups/ populations. Aim 2. Perform GW SNP genotyping with the Illumina 5M plus exome SNP set on the set of independent prostate cancer cases and controls described in Aim 1. Aim 3. Perform association analyses appropriately matching controls for different ICPCG populations and groups. There will be a two-stage design for confirmation. Aim 4. Test reported associations using the extensive sample set available to us by collaboration with the PRACTICAL consortium that has access to 50 000 DNA samples from 34 groups internationally (over 7,000 of whom are positive for prostate cancer family history).

  Study phs000733

• Immune control of functional memory CD8 T cells in normal-appearing vitiligo skin

  This study aimed to characterize immune cell states in nonlesional (NL) and perilesional (PL) skin of patients with vitiligo using single-cell RNA sequencing. Shared CD8⁺ T cell clusters were detected in both regions, with PL-derived cells enriched for immune activation pathways and NL skin showed stronger infiltration of regulatory T cells. These findings reveal functional T cell heterogeneity in vitiligo and highlight regulatory mechanisms that may limit depigmentation in NL skin.

  Study EGAS50000001317

• Prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in patients with heart failure and no left ventricular hypertrophy

  The study prospectively enrolled patients admitted for HF with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50% and LV wall thickness &lt;12 mm. TTR cardiac amyloidosis was diagnosed according to accepted criteria, which include positive cardiac 99-Tc-DPD scintigraphy in the absence of monoclonal protein expansion in blood. In a cohort of patients with HFpEF without LVH, the prevalence of TTR cardiac amyloidosis was 5%. Transthyretin gene sequencing was performed in positive patients.

  Study EGAS00001005398

• Genetic regulation of RNA splicing in human pancreatic islets

  Genetic variants that influence transcriptional regulation in pancreatic islets play a major role in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). For many susceptibility loci, however, the mechanisms are unknown. To this end, we examined splicing and gene expression QTLs (sQTLs and eQTLs) in pancreatic islets from 399 human donors from publicly available cohorts and in-house data. Here we provide newly generated RNA-seq data and genotyping array data from 101 donors.

  Study EGAS00001006440

• Next Generation Mendelian Genetics: Congenital Hyperinsulinism

  The NHGRI Next Generation Mendelian Genetics project uses exome resequencing to identify variants in unsolved Mendelian diseases. Congenital Hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in the newborn and it is due to mutations in 8 different genes (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH, SLC16A1, HNF4A and UCP2). It is a heterogeneous disease with variable onset (birth to adulthood) and a persistent, intermittent, or transient course with possible later conversion to non-autoimmune diabetes. Although mutations in the two subunits of the KATP channel (ABCC8 and KCNJ11) account for 50% of the cases, the other half is still genetically unexplained. CHI can be inherited in a dominant or recessive and can also present as a &#39;de novo&#39; mutation. We became part of this study when we submitted 8 DNA samples for exome sequencing, from patients with CHI of Caucasian ancestry, which had no mutations identified in ABCC8 or KCNJ1, with the goal to identify new mutations in known genes or new mutations in new genes or genetic variants.

  Study phs000539

• 99 Cases of Small Cell Lung Cancer Study

  Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease with poor survival. A few sequencing studies performed on limited number of samples have revealed potential disease-driving genes in SCLC, however, much still remains unknown, particularly in the Asian patient population. Here we conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) and transcriptomic sequencing of primary tumors from 99 Chinese SCLC patients. Dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1 was observed in 82% and 62% of SCLC patients, respectively, and more than half of the SCLC patients (62%) harbored TP53 and RB1 mutation and/or copy number loss. Additionally, Serine/Arginine Splicing Factor 1 (SRSF1) DNA copy number gain and mRNA over-expression was strongly associated with poor survival using both discovery and validation patient cohorts. Functional studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that SRSF1 is important for tumorigenicity of SCLC and may play a key role in DNA repair and chemo-sensitivity. These results strongly support SRSF1 as a prognostic biomarker in SCLC and provide a rationale for personalized therapy in SCLC. The manuscript has been accepted by Plos Genetics.

  Study phs001083

• IL-27 promotes tumour control by enhancing cytotoxic T cell function

  Cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) are essential for anti-tumour immunity but are frequently dysfunctional in established tumours. Here, we show that expression of a CTL signature is strongly associated with IL-27 expression in diverse human and murine tumours. In mice, IL-27 acts directly on tumour-specific CTL to promote their persistence and effector function in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, treatment with inducible IL-27 overexpression or a half-life-extended IL-27 protein in vivo is well tolerated, induces regression of large established tumours, drives an enhanced cytotoxic program in anti-tumour CTL, and synergizes with PD-L1 blockade. In cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy, high expression of IL-27 is associated with improved clinical response. Finally, IL-27 increases cytotoxicity and limits terminal differentiation of human CD8+ T cells during chronic antigen exposure. Our data demonstrate that endogenous IL-27 is essential for anti-tumour immunity and that IL-27 receptor agonism can safely improve anti-tumor T cell responses alone or in combination with PD-L1 blockade.

  Study EGAS50000000694

• Mortality and risk of progression to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis

  Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 causes the functionally debilitating disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL). Although there were concerns that the mortality of HAM/TSP could be affected by the development of ATLL, prospective evidence was lacking in this area. In this 5-year prospective cohort study, we determined the mortality, prevalence, and incidence of ATLL in 527 HAM/TSP patients. The standard mortality ratio of HAM/TSP patients was 2.25, and ATLL was one of the major causes of death (5/33 deaths). ATLL prevalence and incidence in these patients were 3.0% and 3.81 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. To identify patients at a high risk of developing ATLL, flow cytometry, Southern blotting, and targeted sequencing data were analyzed in a separate cohort of 218 HAM/TSP patients. In 17% of the HAM/TSP patients, we identified an increase in T-cells positive for cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), a marker for ATLL and HTLV-1 infected cells. Genomic analysis of these patients revealed that somatic mutations of HTLV-1 infected cells were seen in 90% of the cases and 11% of them had dominant clone and developed ATLL in the longitudinal observation. In this study, we were able to demonstrate for the first time that the increased mortality in patients with HAM/TSP and a significant effect of ATLL on their prognosis. Having dominant clonal expansion of HTLV-1- infected cells with ATLL-associated somatic mutations may be important characteristics of patients with HAM/TSP who are at an increased risk of developing ATLL.

  Study JGAS000226

• Method to Assess Lung Water Accumulation During Exercise

  The goal of this non-significant risk medical device study is to test the initial technical feasibility of a 0.55T MRI in healthy volunteers by technical optimization of scanner protocols, and to test accuracy of standard MR measurements in adult patients with known stable disease. Exercise-induced lung water is a key feature in heart failure. Dynamic quantitative lung water imaging during exercise stress is therefore of interest to unmask latent heart failure. We developed a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method using a proton density weighted ultrashort echo time MRI sequence along with a time-resolved and respiratory motion compensated image reconstruction for exercise lung water imaging. We validated our method in a porcine model of dynamic lung water accumulation (n=5), and tested its feasibility for use in humans using 12 healthy subjects, 1 patient with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and 1 patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Data suggest the novel imaging method is capable of dynamically imaging lung water accumulation during exercise stress. Reference 1 (PMID: 37288601) contains the main results for this study.

  Study phs003346

• Harnessing Epigenetic Regulators to improve HSC-based lentiviral gene therapy

  Curative benefits of autologous and allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been proven for various diseases. However, the low number of true HSCs that can be collected from patients and subsequently in vitro maintenance and expansion of true HSCs for genetic correction remain challenging. Addressing this issue, we here focused on optimizing culture conditions to improve the ex vivo expansion of true HSCs for gene therapy purposes. In particular, we explore the use of epigenetic regulators to enhance the effectiveness of HSC-based lentiviral (LV) gene therapy. The HDAC inhibitor Quisinostat and the bromodomain inhibitor CPI203 each promote ex vivo expansion of functional HSCs, as validated by xenotransplantation assays and single cell RNA-sequencing analysis. We confirmed the stealth effect of LV transduction on the loss of HSC numbers in commonly used culture protocols, while addition of Quisinostat or CPI203 improved expansion of HSCs in transduction protocols. Of note, we demonstrated that addition of Quisinostat improved LV transduction efficiency of HSCs and early progenitors. Our suggested culture conditions highlight the potential therapeutic effect of epigenetic regulators in hematopoietic stem cell biology and their clinical applications to advance HSC-based gene correction.

  Study EGAS50000000175