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• The impact of mutational clonality in predicting the response to anti-PD-L1/PD-L1 in advanced urothelial cancer

  The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has radically changed the management and therapeutic treatment landscape for patients with cancer. It has been shown that the use of these inhibitors can result in long-term complete remissions even in cases with advanced stages of the disease. However, only a small fraction of patients respond to the treatment. A better understanding of which factors could drive this clinical benefit is fundamental to building more accurate predictive biomarkers and developing alternative therapeutic options for patients who are unlikely to benefit. In order to address this issue, we have generated and analyzed whole exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNASeq) data from a cohort of metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients (N = 27) treated with ICI such as anti-PD-(L)1 monoclonal antibodies.

  Study EGAS00001007086

• Integrative Multi-Omics and Drug Sensitivity Profiling Reveals Potential Predictive Biomarkers in Pediatric Solid Tumors from the INFORM Registry

  Cure rates for childhood malignancies using established therapy protocols have increased to an average of 80% but have reached a plateau. Moreover, survival rates are particularly low for some pediatric tumors (such as high-risk Group3 medulloblastomas, osteosarcomas, Ewing sarcomas, high-risk neuroblastomas and high-grade gliomas) and dismal for patients with relapsed malignancies. A functional drug response profiling platform for pediatric solid and brain tumors has been established within the INFORM program to identify patient-specific vulnerabilities, biomarkers and unravel molecular mechanisms associated with drug response profiles for clinical translation. Here, we perform a multi-omics analysis using drug sensitivity profiles, genomic, and transcriptomic data of 81 pediatric solid tumor samples. The integrative analysis revealed two multi-omics signatures with high drug sensitivity predictivity. One signature highlighted neuroblastoma samples with sensitivity to navitoclax (a BCL-2 family inhibitor). A second signature was significantly specific to a subset of Wilms tumors harboring the SIX1 (Q177R) hotspot mutation, which had high expression of MGAM, PTPN14, STAT4 and KDM2B and high sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. A patient-specific causal interaction network analysis elucidated the potential biological mechanism of action between MEK inhibitors and the SIX1 mutation in n = 6 Wilms tumor samples.

  Study EGAS00001008249

• Illumina HiSeqX and HiSeq 2000 whole genome sequence data on 3,001 ALS samples including 212 with known C9orf72 repeat expansions

  Whole genome sequence (WGS) data was generated on 3,001 samples previously quantified for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion (212 expanded and 2,789 wild type), These samples were sequenced using a combination of 2x100bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq2000 and 2x150bp reads on an Illumina HiSeqX sequencer. The repeat expansions were called using ExpansionHunter to demonstrate the ability to call large repeats from high throughput, WGS data. Provided here are all read pairs where at least one of the reads aligns within 1kb of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in addition to reads aligned in pre-determined off target locations where the aligners are known to mis-align reads.

  Study EGAS00001002598

• ProjectMinE :llumina HiSeqX and HiSeq 2000 whole genome sequence data on 3,001 ALS samples including 212 with known C9orf72 repeat expansions

  Whole genome sequence (WGS) data was generated on 3,001 samples previously quantified for the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion (212 expanded and 2,789 wild type), These samples were sequenced using a combination of 2x100bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq2000 and 2x150bp reads on an Illumina HiSeqX sequencer. The repeat expansions were called using ExpansionHunter to demonstrate the ability to call large repeats from high throughput, WGS data. Provided here are all read pairs where at least one of the reads aligns within 1kb of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in addition to reads aligned in pre-determined off target locations where the aligners are known to mis-align reads.

  Study EGAS00001003383

• Mechanism of Action of Vitamin E in NAFLD

  We conducted a single-center prospective mechanistic randomized trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01792115). Adult patients with NAFLD were enrolled between May 2013 and November 2016. All patients underwent a 12 weeks run-in period of lifestyle intervention. Following the run-in phase, patients underwent a baseline evaluation including blood tests, glucose tolerance testing, measurement of liver fat content by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and a percutaneous liver biopsy. Patients with no evidence of NAFLD on the entry liver biopsy ended their participation in the study at that point. Patients with histological confirmation of NAFLD (either NAFL or NASH) on the baseline biopsy were randomized at a 1:1:1 ratio to receive one of 3 doses of natural vitamin E (RRR-alpha-tocopherol, Pharmavite), 200, 400 or 800 IU/d, for 24 weeks, and were followed at a 1-8 week intervals in a parallel assigned design. While on vitamin E treatment, patients were encouraged to continue and adhere to the lifestyle and dietary guidelines of the run-in phase. On week 4 of vitamin E treatment, a repeat MRS and liver biopsy were performed. On week 24, a final MRS was performed to assess treatment response. The primary endpoint was the reduction of liver fat content by MRS from baseline (immediately prior to starting vitamin E) to week 24 of treatment, and a response was defined as a relative reduction of ≥25% in liver fat content by MRS between baseline and week 24. Early changes in the hepatic transcriptome were investigated at week 4 comparing non-responders to responder in a nested design.

  Study phs001930

• CUT&RUN-sequencing identifies PTK7 as a direct Wnt target in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids

  The aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by APC mutations is a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC), but targeting Wnt signaling therapeutically has proven challenging. Deciphering the molecular effects of mutant APC-driven Wnt activation is crucial to enable the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we employ CUT&RUN-sequencing in patient-derived CRC organoids derived from two donors to dissect the transcriptional regulation by β-catenin in CRC. This analysis identified several genes of interest for CRC development as potential β-catenin target genes. Among these, we characterize PTK7, a co-receptor of the Wnt pathway and stem cell marker, as a main transcriptional target of β-catenin in CRC. We confirm that the expression of PTK7 is directly regulated by β-catenin in a comprehensive panel of CRC models. We demonstrate that APC mutations introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 result in the upregulation of PTK7 expression in human colon organoids, underlining the relevance of this upregulation during CRC carcinogenesis. Finally, we show that PTK7 promotes proliferation in CRC models without definitively affecting canonical Wnt signaling. Together, these results suggest that PTK7, which can be potentially targeted by existing drugs, is a Wnt target gene that contributes to oncogenic growth in CRC.

  Study EGAS00001008295

• Epigenetic profiling of human CD4+ memory T cells reveals their proliferative history and argues in favor of a progressive differentiation model driven by epigenetically controlled master regulators.

  A key element of adaptive immunity is the development of long-lived memory cells, which protect against recurring infection by providing a highly enriched pool of antigen-specific cells ready to react to the pathogen. Different classes of memory T cells occur upon primary activation of naive T cells, however, their detailed differentiation pathway is not entirely clear. As part of the IHEC consortium, we generated genome-wide epigenetic maps of a number of CD4+ T cell memory (Tmem) stages including rare subsets such as terminally differentiated (TEMRA) and bone marrow-resident Tmem. We found that CD4+ T cells show progressive global DNA demethylation with differentiation into memory stages, which reflects their proliferative history and likely indicates their decline in differentiation and proliferation potential. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling combined with co-regulation network analyses arranged different Tmem subsets into a successive differentiation pathway. In addition, we identified a number of epigenetically controlled candidate master regulators for Tmem formation, of which we functionally validated a new methylation-sensitive promoter for the known 'naive-keeper' transcription factor Foxp1. Our study highlights the power of epigenomic datasets in the elucidation of the cellular history but also of the functional potential of T cell populations including the identification of epigenetically controlled master regulators.

  Study EGAS00001001624

• Whole exome sequencing of 49 tumor-blood pairs and transcriptome sequencing of 44 tumors for adrenocortical tumors

  Adrenal Cushing syndrome, which leads to type 2 diabetes, obesity and hypertension, is caused by ACTH-independent production of glucocorticoid by adrenocortical tumors. To investigate the genetic origins of cortisol-producing adrenocortical tumors, we performed whole exome sequencing of 49 tumor-blood pairs and transcriptome sequencing of 44 tumors

  Study EGAS00001000712

• Pharmacogenomic analysis of patient-derived tumor cells in gynecologic cancers

  Gynecologic malignancy is one of the leading causes of mortality in female adults worldwide. Comprehensive genomic analysis has revealed a list of molecular aberrations that are essential to tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis of gynecologic tumors. However, targeting such alterations has frequently led to treatment failures due to underlying genomic complexity and activation of various tumor cell survival pathway molecules. A compilation of molecular characterization of tumors with pharmacological drug response is the next step towards clinical application of patient-tailored treatment regimens. Toward this goal, we have established a library of 139 gynecologic tumors including cervical, endometrial, and epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) and uterine sarcomas that were genomically and/or pharmacologically annotated and explored dynamic pharmacogenomic associations against 37 molecularly targeted drugs. We discovered lineage-specific drug sensitivities based on subcategorization of gynecologic tumors and identified TP53 mutation as a molecular determinant that elicit therapeutic response to poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. We further identified transcriptome expression of inhibitor of DNA biding 2 (ID2) as a potential predictive biomarker for treatment response to olaparib. Together, our results demonstrate potential utility of rapid drug screening combined with genomic profiling for precision treatment of gynecologic cancers.

  Study EGAS00001003556

• Target resequencing of LQTS-related 100 genes in Japanese patients

  Some of the fatal familial arrhythmias cause sudden death in seemingly healthy individuals. It is not easy to make a pre-symptomatic diagnosis of these diseases using only clinical examinations such as an electrocardiogram. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the cause of lethal arrhythmia and/or the genetic factors that influence its susceptibility, thereby enabling early diagnosis and selection of effective treatment methods, and preventing sudden death. The most important purpose of this study is to identify the sites of genetic abnormalities and disease-related genes in pre-symptomatic cases. If a genetic abnormality is found, it is expected that the functional abnormality can be evaluated and appropriate measures to prevent sudden death can be taken.

  Study JGAS000579

• Kids First Pediatric Research Study in Familial Predisposition to Hematopoietic Malignancies (SJFAMILY-HM)

  The Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (Kids First) is a trans-NIH effort initiated in response to the 2014 Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act and supported by the NIH Common Fund. This program focuses on gene discovery in pediatric cancers and structural birth defects and the development of the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Data Resource (Kids First Data Resource). All of the WGS and phenotypic data from this study are accessible through dbGaP and kidsfirstdrc.org, where other Kids First datasets can also be accessed. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood tumor and a leading cause of cancer death in children, adolescents and young adults. Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are also important hematologic malignancies (HM) that occur in children. Each are genetic diseases with growing evidence for a germline predisposition of both familial and sporadic cases, however the inherited genetic basis of ALL/lymphoma are poorly understood. Such knowledge is essential to gain mechanistic insight into the basis of tumor formation, and to guide genetic counseling and genetic management. Here we have assembled a large collection of familial HM kindreds, and extended recurrence cohorts of ALL and HL which will be used to identify the genetic basis of familial HM, examine the frequency of germline variants in sporadic ALL and HL, and to integrate inherited and somatic genomic data. These studies have high potential to provide fundamental new insights into the inherited genetic basis of HM, to provide important information to guide clinical management, and to provide an invaluable public resource of genomic data.

  Study phs001738

• A Pilot Trial of Complement Inhibition Using Eculizumab to Overcome Platelet Transfusion Refractoriness in HLA Allo-Immunized Patients

  Platelet transfusion can be a life-saving procedure in preventing or treating serious bleeding in patients who have low and/or dysfunctional platelets. Heavily transfused patients frequently develop human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allo-immunization resulting in platelet transfusion refractoriness and a high risk for life-threatening thrombocytopenia. Data suggest complement activation leading to the destruction of platelets bound by HLA allo-antibodies may play a pathophysiologic role in platelet refractoriness. We conducted a pilot trial to investigate the use of eculizumab to treat platelet transfusion refractoriness in allo-immunized patients with severe thrombocytopenia. We hypothesized that when we treated patients having platelet refractoriness with eculizumab, platelet counts would increase to higher numbers after platelet transfusions, decreasing the risk of bleeding complications associated with having a low platelet count. The response of the treatment was assessed by the corrected platelet count increment (CCI) 10 - 60 min and 18 - 24 h post transfusion, and any requirement for subsequent platelet transfusions following eculizumab. Reference 1 (PMID: 32086819) contains the main results for this trial.

  Study phs003212

• Whole Genome Sequencing in the Inner City Asthma Consortium (ICAC) Cohorts

  We performed whole-genome sequencing on individuals from the Asthma Phenotypes in the Inner City (APIC) and Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma (URECA) study cohorts, which consist of children with asthma who live in low-income neighborhoods across 10 U.S. cities. APIC was a one-year, prospective, observational study of children ages 6-17 with asthma. URECA was a prospective, observational study featuring a birth cohort of children with a high risk of developing asthma based on family history. We performed whole-genome sequencing on 1,035 individuals (ages 5-17 yrs; 67% Black, 25% Hispanic; 66% with MD-diagnosed asthma; APIC=508, URECA=527). Sequence read processing, quality control, and variant calling were performed using the Genome Analysis Toolkit suite (GATK v4). Variant call sites were annotated according to the filters applied in our common variant (minor allele frequency ≥ 1%) association studies, based on predicted false positive rates, genotype quality and depth, and population-adjusted Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Principal components of ancestry were calculated using high quality, linkage-disequilibrium-pruned single-nucleotide variants, accounting for subject relatedness, using PC-Air and PC-Relate.

  Study phs002921

• Understand_Paratyphoid_Disease___host_responses_to_human_challenge_with_S__Paratyphi_A

  This project aims to evaluate the transcriptional response to disease measured in whole blood of participants who developed enteric fever after challenge and, importantly, those who were challenged but stayed well throughout the challenge period. This data will provide unique coverage of the transcriptome and will yield invaluable insight after integration with a wealth of clinical data collected during this trial. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001260

• Ultraviolet radiation drives mutations in a subset of mucosal melanomas

  Although identified as the key environmental driver of common cutaneous melanoma, the role of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage in mucosal melanoma is poorly defined. We present the largest cohort of mucosal melanomas of conjunctival origin to be analyzed by whole genome sequencing and show a predominance of UVR-associated single base substitution signature 7 (SBS7) in the majority of the samples. Our data shows mucosal melanomas with SBS7 dominance have similar genomic patterns to cutaneous melanomas and therefore this subset could benefit from treatments currently used for common cutaneous melanoma.

  Study EGAS00001004697

• Angelman, Rett, Prader-Willi Syndromes Consortium (ARP) Angelman Syndrome Natural History Protocol

  This study is a longitudinal multidisciplinary investigation on the natural history, morbidity and mortality of Angelman Syndrome (AS). We will collect detailed longitudinal data on a cohort of AS individuals to gain a better understanding of the disease progression, and to follow the natural history of the clinical features of this cohort including assessment of quality of life and longevity. The participants to be recruited for the study will include 1) patients who have a documented molecular diagnosis of AS and 2) patients with a clear clinical diagnosis of Angelman Syndrome as determined by the Principal Investigator (PI) and the Co-investigators in this study but who do not have a known molecular defect. One of the goals of the natural history study will be to characterize the phenotypic differences between patients with Class I deletions and those with Class II deletions, particularly with respect to the issue of autism. A blood sample may be collected on the participants in order to create a DNA repository, and in some cases, to establish cell lines if further material is required for molecular studies. Alternatively, DNA may be obtained by buccal mucosa swabs/brushing. In those AS patients with known deletions involving the 15q11-q13 regions, a blood sample will be collected to perform comparative genome hybridization (CGH) microarray studies to characterize the extent of the deletion. No drugs or treatments will be administered through this protocol. In rare instances, a skin biopsy to establish a fibroblast cell line may be requested (using separate consent).

  Study phs000576

• Epigenetic Moderators of Naltrexone Efficacy for Alcohol Use Disorder

  This study was a 16-week randomized controlled trial of oral naltrexone (50 mg daily) vs. placebo among adults with Alcohol Use Disorder. DNA was extracted from peripheral mononuclear cells isolated from a blood sample collected at baseline, prior to study medication ingestion. The Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip was subsequently used to analyze these extracted DNA samples.

  Study phs002424

• Colorectal advanced adenomas NKI-AvL TGO COCOS series

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from normal epithelium, through a benign precursor lesion called adenoma, by accumulation of genetic alterations affecting oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. About 5% of colorectal adenomas are estimated to progress to CRC. However, it is important to identify which adenomas actually carry a high-risk of progression, because these serve as intermediate endpoints for e.g. screening programs. In clinical practice, adenomas with a size of ≥10 mm, villous component and/or high-grade dysplasia, called advanced adenomas, are considered high-risk, although solid evidence for this classification is lacking. Specific DNA copy number changes are associated with adenoma-to-carcinoma progression.For this tissue dataset, we applied low-pass whole genome sequencing to 96 advanced adenomas. Advanced adenomas were classified as lesions with low-risk or high-risk of progression, according to the presence of specific DNA copy number changes (Carvalho et al, CancerPrevRes, 2018).

  Study EGAS00001002952

• NHLBI GO-ESP: Early-Onset Myocardial Infarction (Broad EOMI)

  The NHLBI "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP), a signature project of the NHLBI Recovery Act investment, was designed to identify genetic variants in coding regions (exons) of the human genome (the "exome") that are associated with heart, lung and blood diseases. These and related diseases that are of high impact to public health and individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups will be studied. These data may help researchers understand the causes of disease, contributing to better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, as well as determine whether to tailor prevention and treatments to specific populations. This could lead to more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of side effects. GO-ESP is comprised of five collaborative components: 3 cohort consortia - HeartGO, LungGO, and WHISP - and 2 sequencing centers - BroadGO and SeattleGO. In the Grand Opportunities Exome Sequencing Program Early MI Project (GO ESP - EOMI), we are sequencing cases with extremely early-onset MI drawn from 8 cohorts. These cohorts include five hospital or community-based studies that ascertained individuals based on MI status. These include PennCATH, Cleveland Clinic Genebank, Massachusetts General Hospital Premature Coronary Artery Disease Study (MGH-PCAD), Heart Attack Risk in Puget Sound (HARPS), and Translational Research Investigating Underlying Disparities in Myocardial Infarction Patients' Health Status (TRIUMPH). Cases were selected based on MI occurring in men aged ≤50 years and women aged ≤60 years. In addition, early-MI cases are being drawn from three population-cohort studies including the Framingham Heart Study, the Women's Health Initiative, and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. MI-free controls are being drawn from five population-based cohort studies including the Framingham Heart Study, the Women's Health Initiative, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, and the Jackson Heart Study. Controls were selected based on two factors: (1) highest predicted risk for MI based on Framingham risk score; and (2) absence of prevalent or incident MI despite a high predicted risk.

  Study phs000279

• Exome sequencing of UK Birth Cohorts - Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

  Birth cohort studies involve repeated surveys of large numbers of individuals from birth and throughout their lives. They collect information useful for a wide range of life course research domains, and biological samples which can be used to derive data from an increasing collection of omic technologies. This rich source of longitudinal data, when combined with genomic data, offers the scientific community valuable insights from population genetics to rare disease associations. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)recruited 14,775 babies of predominantly White ethnicity in the Avon county of south-west England between 1991 and 1992. Born in Bradford (BiB) is similarly focused on a particular local area, the city of Bradford in the north of England, and recruited 13,858 babies between 2007 and 2011, of whom ~41% self-report as white British and ~59% as other ethnicities, predominantly Pakistani. Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a national cohort that recruited 18,827 children born between 2000 and 2002, intentionally over-sampling areas with high child poverty, large ethnic minority populations, and smaller UK nations (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) Available here is a subset of exome-sequenced parents and children from these studies (CRAMS and post-QC VCFs) as detailed in https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22697 [doi.org]. Phenotypic data is also available by submitting an application to the corresponding cohort: https://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/our-data/[bristol.ac.uk]

  Dataset EGAD00001015371

• Somatic mutation and clonal evolution in premalignant lung disease - WGS (2020-01-15)

  Cancer is a genetic disease caused by an accumulations of mutations, however many of these mutations have been identified in pathologically normal tissue. We aim to use laser-capture microscopy (LCM) to sample individual clones from the lung tissue of individuals with a variety of lung diseases (COPD, UIP, IPF, Emphysema, pulmonary hypertension). This will allow us to identify whether cancer-associated mutations appear in this normal tissue, assess the mutational burden present, and identify the mutational processes causing these mutations. Smoking is a large risk factor for developing many of these lung diseases so we are particularly keen to determining whether there is evidence of a smoking signature in these patients. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-01-15.

  Dataset EGAD00001005786

• Response​ to Tagraxofusp in Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm

  Tagraxofusp is a CD123-targeted therapy comprised of a recombinant human interleukin-3 (IL-3) fused to a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT) payload. It is the first approved treatment specifically for patients with Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm (BPDCN). In order to identify biomarkers of response, bone marrow samples from 12 BPDCN patients who were treated with tagraxofusp in the pivotal phase II trial (NCT02113982) were profiled longitudinally using gene panel and/or single-cell RNA sequencing. Durable responders had either wildtype or missense TET2 mutations while transient and non-responders had at least one truncating TET2 mutation. Those who had progression at any one point during the treatment course (transient responders) and non-responders had enrichment of the chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5. Residual tumor cells following tagraxofusp treatment were identified in all patients, whose resistance may be due to their lower levels of TXNRD1 possibly preventing the potentiation of tagraxofusp. Thus, response to tagraxofusp may be related to culmination of intrinsic TET2 mutations, levels of TXNRD1, and extrinsic effects of chemokines within bone marrow.

  Study phs003895

• High MAPK Activity Leading to Reduced WNT Signaling Drives Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer

  Colorectal cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality due to distant metastases, is driven by activating mutations in the Wnt and MAPK pathways. Understanding the interplay between these crucial pathways during metastatic progression is essential for developing effective treatments. Here we developed an immunocompetent mouse model of metastatic colorectal cancer using in vivo orthotopic passaging. We demonstrate that highly metastatic tumor cells exhibit chromosomal amplifications in MAPK pathway genes, leading to increased MAPK activity, which in turn suppresses Wnt-associated transcriptional programs, including stem cell-associated genes. Inhibiting mutant KrasG12D effectively reversed this metastatic transcriptional state, reducing MAPK-driven gene expression and restoring Wnt activity. Notably, this treatment significantly curtailed lung metastases and reduced liver metastases during early seeding stages. Analysis of CRC patient data revealed that high MAPK activity and the associated metastatic gene signature correlated with poorer survival outcomes. These findings underscore that the plasticity of metastasis-initiating cells in CRC arises from the opposing roles of MAPK and Wnt signaling, despite their synergistic importance in colon tumor initiation.

  Study EGAS50000001231

• Sequencing Study in COPD cases and controls

  Since smokers with COPD have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, we hypothesized that they carry more mutations in affected tissue. We called somatic mutations in airway brush samples from medium-coverage whole genome sequencing data from healthy never and ex-smokers (n=8), as well as from ex-smokers with variable degrees of COPD (n=4). Owing to the limited concordance of resulting calls between the applied tools we built a consensus, a strategy that was validated with high accuracy for cancer data.

  Study EGAS00001003406

• MPNST - WGS FASTQ

  Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of tumour evolution is crucial for determining the drivers of cancer progression. Here, we comprehensively profile a primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) and its recurrence with a multi-omic and spatial approach at single-cell resolution. Leveraging the extensive heterogeneity in copy number aberrations (CNAs) as a native barcoding system, we fully resolve the evolutionary tree of this tumour revealing multi-furcations suggestive of ongoing chromosomal instability. We show gene dosage effects contribute to phenotypic diversity and are predominantly linear. Using laser capture microdissection, we performed spatial lineage tracing in a human tumour, elucidating the relationship between local expansions and interactions between tumour cells and the microenvironment.

  Study EGAS50000001786

• MPNST - LCM WGS FASTQ

  Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of tumour evolution is crucial for determining the drivers of cancer progression. Here, we comprehensively profile a primary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) and its recurrence with a multi-omic and spatial approach at single-cell resolution. Leveraging the extensive heterogeneity in copy number aberrations (CNAs) as a native barcoding system, we fully resolve the evolutionary tree of this tumour revealing multi-furcations suggestive of ongoing chromosomal instability. We show gene dosage effects contribute to phenotypic diversity and are predominantly linear. Using laser capture microdissection, we performed spatial lineage tracing in a human tumour, elucidating the relationship between local expansions and interactions between tumour cells and the microenvironment.

  Study EGAS50000001789

• Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Terminal Ileal Biopsies Identifies Signatures of Crohn’s Disease Pathogenesis

  Biopsies from the terminal ileum of healthy individuals and terminal ileum of Crohns disease patients are collected and processed single cells and processed for single-cell RNA-sequencing using 10X Genomics 3' v3 and v3.1 and Illumina sequencing. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001015692

• Genetic Association Studies in the Solomon Islanders

  The goal of this study was to determine the genetics underlying blond hair in the Solomon Islands, which has the highest prevalence of blondism outside of Europe. Participants in the study were of self-reported Solomon Islands ancestry and were 6-36 years of age at enrollment. Individuals with blond (N = 43) and dark hair (N = 42) were selected, approximately matched for age, sex and local geography, and spectrophometric measurements of hair pigmentation were made as a single measurement taken from hair at the crown. Individuals with gray, white, thin, bleached or artificially colored hair were excluded from analysis. All 85 participants were evaluated in a genome-wide scan to detected association to hair pigmentation in the Solomon Islands.

  Study phs000493

• Germline Genetics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are part of a heterogeneous and overlapping group of clonal diseases that arise in the hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells and also include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and the hybrid MDS/MPN entities. Individuals with MDS have a high risk of progressing to leukemia, with approximately 30% expected to develop AML. This study evaluates genetic susceptibility to myeloid malignancy using data from population-based case control studies of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia in adults (ages 18-85 years) and pediatric MDS cases with banked samples at the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). Adult cases were identified through the Minnesota Cancer Reporting System and controls were recruited from the State Driver's License/Identification Card list. DNA samples were collected via mouthwash collection kits (AML cases and controls) or Oragene saliva collection kits (adult MDS cases and controls). Pediatric MDS samples were banked at CIBMTR prior to receipt of a transplant and DNA was extracted from isolated T cells or whole blood samples. Genotyping data were generated using the Illumina Global Diversity array and quality control and genotype calling was conducted using established best practices. Our primary analyses investigated the contribution of genetic variation to MDS risk and evaluated the role of the killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) on incidence and survival.

  Study phs002962

• TCELL_PILOT_ATAC_SEQ

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000758

• Lymphocyte_RNA_profiling

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000564

• Preclinical_evolution_of_haematological_malignancies_

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002128

• CELM

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002261

• Characterization_of_iPSC_derived_macrophages___cardiovascular_pilot

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000876

• Autoimmune-wide landscape of circulating CD4+ T cells unveils disease-specific heritability and phenotypic changes

  While CD4+ T cells are involved in autoimmunity, how they contribute to the pathogenesis is unclear due to their cellular heterogeneity. Here, to analyze the heterogeneity, we utilized decomposition-based transcriptome characterization for evaluating non-discrete subsets of CD4+ T cells in addition to canonical clustering strategies. This approach identified 12 independent transcriptional gene programs governing whole CD4+ T cell heterogeneity, which can explain the ambiguity of the canonical clustering.

  Study JGAS000578

• Comprehensive miRNA Sequence Analysis Reveals Survival Differences in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Patients

  Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive disease, with 30-40% of patients failing to achieve complete responses to standard therapy. miRNAs are RNA molecules that attenuate expression of their mRNA targets. To characterize the DLBCL miRNome, we sequenced miRNAs from 92 DLBCL and 15 benign centroblast fresh frozen samples and from 140 DLBCL formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) samples for validation.

  Study EGAS00001001025

• CM067 WES - Clinical Outcomes by Tumor Mutational Burden and Inflammatory Gene Expression With Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Advanced Melanoma

  Purpose Exploratory analyses of CheckMate 066 and 067 trials were conducted to investigate associations of tumor mutational burden (TMB), a 4-gene inflammatory gene expression signature, and BRAF mutation status with tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced melanoma. Patients and Methods Patients with known programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and BRAF mutation status received nivolumab (NIVO) or dacarbazine in CheckMate 066 and either NIVO, ipilimumab (IPI), or NIVO+IPI in CheckMate 067. Whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing were used to determine TMB and inflammatory gene expression signature scores, respectively. These biomarkers were evaluated in terms of their association with PFS and OS. Results In the NIVO, NIVO+IPI, and IPI arms of CheckMate 067, longer survival was associated with high (> median) versus low (≤ median) TMB with hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for PFS of 0.45 (0.30–0.65), 0.55 (0.38–0.81), and 0.60 (0.43–0.82), and for OS of 0.46 (0.30–0.71), 0.53 (0.34–0.82), and 0.52 (0.36–0.74), respectively. For NIVO-treated patients, these results were confirmed in CheckMate 066. A survival benefit was observed with high TMB and absence of BRAF mutation. Survival was associated with high versus low inflammatory signature scores with HRs (95% CI) for PFS of 0.56 (0.34–0.94), 0.40 (0.23–0.72), and 0.43 (0.27–0.70), and for OS of 0.37 (0.20–0.66), 0.38 (0.19–0.74), and 0.46 (0.27–0.79), in the NIVO, NIVO+IPI, and IPI arms, respectively. Weak correlations were observed between PD-L1, TMB, and the inflammatory signature. Conclusions Combined assessment of TMB, inflammatory gene expression signature, and BRAF mutation status may be predictive for response to immunotherapy in advanced melanoma.

  Dataset EGAD00001007573

• Genomic analysis of patient-derived xenograft models reveals intratumor-heterogeneity in endometrial cancer and can predict tumor growth inhibition with talazoparib

  Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is a major gynecological cancer with increasing incidence. It comprised of four molecular subtypes with differing etiology, prognoses, and response to chemotherapy. In the future, clinical trials testing new single agents or combination therapies will be targeted to the molecular subtype most likely to respond. Pre-clinical models that faithfully represent the molecular subtypes of EC are urgently needed, we sought to develop and characterize a panel of novel EC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Methods: Here, we report whole exome or whole genome sequencing of 11 PDX models and the matched primary tumor. Analysis of multiple PDX lineages and passages was performed to study tumor heterogeneity across lineages and/or passages. Based on recent reports of frequent defects in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway in EC, we assessed mutational signatures and HR deficiency scores and correlated these with in vivo responses to the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) talazoparib in six PDXs representing the copy number high/p53-mutant and mismatch-repair deficient molecular subtypes of EC. Results: PDX models were successfully generated with similar histomorphology from all four molecular subtypes of EC and uterine carcinosarcomas. We also observed a wide range of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity across different PDX lineages, however one arm of most PDX models recapitulated the molecular landscape of the primary tumor without major genomic drift. An in vivo response to talazoparib was detected in four copy number high models. Two models (carcinosarcomas) showed a response consistent with stable disease and two models (one copy number high serous EC and another carcinosarcoma) showed significant tumor growth inhibition, albeit one consistent with progressive disease, however all lacked the HR deficiency genomic signature. Conclusions: EC PDX models represent the four molecular subtypes of disease and can capture intra-tumoral heterogeneity of the original primary tumor. PDXs of the copy number high molecular subtype showed sensitivity to PARPi, however, deeper and more durable responses will likely require combination of PARPi with other agents.

  Study EGAS00001004666

• Chromatin remodeling enhances MAP3K8 expression in HAM: a key pathogenesis for therapeutic intervention

  Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy (HAM) is a debilitating neuroinflammatory disease with no available effective treatments. A hallmark of HAM is the transformation of HTLV-1-infected cells into T helper type 1 (Th1)-like cells, characterized by excessive interferon (IFN)-gamma production that drives chronic inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms fuel this aberrant Th1-like transformation and sustained inflammation remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that HAM-characteristic chromatin remodeling plays a pivotal role in the overexpression of key genes driving inflammatory pathogenesis. Using transcriptomic analysis, chromatin accessibility profiling, and biomarker evaluations across HTLV-1-related diseases, we identify MAP3K8 as a key gene that defines the unique inflammatory profile of HAM. MAP3K8 overexpression promotes Th1-like differentiation and constitutively activates the MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we elucidate the mechanism by which HTLV-1 Tax, Fosl2, and c-Jun collaboratively induce HAM-characteristic chromatin remodeling at the enhancer region of the MAP3K8 locus. Crucially, we demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors effectively suppress the MAP3K8-MEK signaling cascade and significantly mitigated inflammatory pathogenesis in an ex vivo culture assay. Our findings provide critical insights into the virus-host interactions underpinning HAM and propose the MAP3K8-MEK-ERK axis as a promising therapeutic target for this challenging condition.

  Study JGAS000835

• The Precision Medicine in Liver Cancer across an Asia-pacific NETwork (PLANET) - Intratumoural immune heterogeneity

  The clinical relevance of immune landscape intratumoural heterogeneity (immune-ITH) and its role in tumour evolution remain largely unexplored. Here, we uncover significant spatial and phenotypic immune–ITH from multiple tumour sectors and decipher its relationship with tumour evolution and disease progression in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Immune–ITH is associated with tumour transcriptomic-ITH, mutational burden, and distinct immune microenvironments. Tumours with low immune–ITH experience higher immunoselective pressure and escape via loss of heterozygosity in human leukocyte antigens and immunoediting. Instead, the tumours with high immune-ITH evolve to a more immunosuppressive/exhausted microenvironment. This gradient of immune pressure along with immune-ITH represents a hallmark of tumour evolution, which is closely linked to the transcriptome-immune networks that contributes to disease progression and immune inactivation. Remarkably, high immune-ITH and its transcriptomic signature are predictive for worse clinical outcome in HCC patients. This in-depth investigation of ITH provides evidence on tumour-immune co-evolution along HCC progression.

  Study EGAS00001003814

• Anaplastic Meningioma WGS-X10

  Anaplastic meningiomas are a rare, malignant variant of meningioma. At present there is no effective treatment for this cancer. The aim of the study is to identify somatic mutations in anaplastic meningiomas. We plan to sequence a set of 500 known cancer genes in 50 anaplastic meningioma and corresponding peripheral blood DNA samples. Bioinformatics will be used to analyse the results to assess the probability of these mutations being causal and so likely of critical importance for the tumour growth. Identification of these mutations will guide selection of appropriate compounds to effectively treat the disease.

  Dataset EGAD00001001267

• Investigating_the_genetics_of_immunity_against_Salmonella_in_humans

  This study entails whole genome sequencing of an interleukin (IL)-12 b-1 receptor-deficient individual who presented with a chronic systemic Salmonella Enteritidis infection that did not resolve with standard IFNg and antibiotic treatment. Whole genome sequencing of the patient’s parents are also included.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001664

• Transcriptomic changes in placenta associated with anesthesia, delivery mode and maternal diabetes

  The goal of this study was to analyse the impact of maternal diabetes and other maternal factors such as birth mode and anaesthesia on placental transcriptomics. Placental tissue samples from both, the villous and the decidua were prepared and RNAseq was conducted; samples were from mothers with Type1 Diabetes or gestational diabetes or from control mothers.

  Study EGAS50000000489

• Similarity and diversity of the tumor microenvironment in multiple metastases: critical implications for overall and progression-free survival of high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

  The tumor microenvironment is pivotal in influencing cancer progression and metastasis. Different cells co-exist with high spatial diversity within a patient, yet their combinatorial effects are poorly understood. We investigate the similarity of the tumor microenvironment of 192 local metastatic lesions in 61 ovarian cancer patients. An ecologically inspired measure of microenvironmental diversity derived from multiple metastasis sites is correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic outcome. We demonstrate a high accuracy of our automated analysis across multiple sites. A low level of similarity in microenvironmental composition is observed between ovary tumor and corresponding local metastases (stromal ratio r = 0.30, lymphocyte ratio r = 0.37). We identify a new measure of microenvironmental diversity derived from Shannon entropy that is highly predictive of poor overall (p = 0.002, HR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.51-6.68) and progression-free survival (p = 0.0036, HR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.41-5.7), independent of and stronger than clinical variables, subtype stratifications based on single cell types alone and number of sites. Although stromal influence in ovary tumors is known to have significant clinical implications, our findings reveal an even stronger impact orchestrated by diverse cell types. Quantitative histology-based measures can further enable objective selection of patients who are in urgent need of new therapeutic strategies such as combinatorial treatments targeting heterogeneous tumor microenvironment.

  Study EGAS00001002065

• Accumulation of copy number alterations and clinical progression across advanced prostate cancer

  The burden of copy number alterations positively associated with radiologically-evident distant metastases at diagnosis (P=0.00006) and showed a non-linear relationship with clinical outcome on univariable and multivariable analysis, characterised by a sharp increase in the relative risk of progression (P=0.003) and death (P=0.045) for each unit increase, stabilising into more modest increases with higher burdens. This association between copy number burden and outcome was similar in each of the four metastatic states. Copy number loss occurred significantly more frequently than gain at the lowest copy number burden quartile (q=4.1X10-6). Loss of segments in chromosome 5q21-22 and gains at 8q21-24, respectively including CHD1 and cMYC, occurred more frequently in cases with higher copy number alteration (for either region: Kolmogorov–Smirnov distance, 0.5; adjusted P<0.0001). Copy number alterations showed variability across tumor regions in the same prostate. This variance associated with increased risk of distant metastases (Kruskal-Wallis test P=0.037).

  Study EGAS00001006251

• Detection of rare mutations, copy number variation, and DNA methylation in the same template DNA molecules

  The analysis of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from plasma offers great promise for the earlier detection of cancer. At present, changes in DNA sequence, methylation, or copy number are the most sensitive ways to detect the presence of cancer. To further increase the sensitivity of such assays with limited amounts of sample, it would be useful to be able to evaluate the same template molecules for all these changes. Here we report an approach, called MethylSaferSeqS, that achieves this goal, and can be applied to any standard library preparation method suitable for massively parallel sequencing. The innovative step was to copy both strands of each DNA-barcoded molecule with a primer that allows the subsequent separation of the original strands (retaining their 5-methylcytosine residues) from the copied strands (in which the 5-methylcytosine residues are replaced with unmodified cytosine residues). The epigenetic and genetic alterations present in the DNA molecules can then be obtained from the original and copied strands, respectively. We applied this approach to plasma from 265 individuals, including 198 with cancers of the pancreas, ovary, lung and colon, and found the expected patterns of mutations, copy number alterations, and methylation. Furthermore, we could determine which original template DNA molecules were methylated and/or mutated. MethylSaferSeqS should be useful for addressing a variety of questions relating genetics and epigenetics in the future.

  Study EGAS00001006839

• Serial TERT rearrangement breakpoint quantification in circulating tumor DNA enables minimal residual disease monitoring in patients with neuroblastoma

  Approximately 30% of high-risk neuroblastomas harbor genomic TERT rearrangements at diagnosis, resulting in high TERT transcript levels and active telomerase. Combined with mutations in the RAS/MAPK/ALK signaling transduction network, these patients have a dismal prognosis. Our objective was to establish a liquid biopsy-based monitoring strategy for this particularly vulnerable patient subgroup, for whom no in-time molecular diagnostic tools exist to date. Detection and quantification of TERT rearrangement breakpoints in cell-free tumor DNA circulating in peripheral blood and bone marrow plasma from patients with TERT-driven neuroblastoma improved minimal residual disease monitoring and early relapse detection in individual patients. TERT rearrangement breakpoints, as a single marker or combined with mutations in the RAS/MAPK/ALK signaling transduction network, can be reliably analyzed from 1ng DNA using droplet digital PCR assays fit for clinical routine use. TERT rearrangement breakpoints are reflected in cell-free tumor DNA and can serve as robust biomarkers for disease activity.

  Study EGAS00001007365

• Exome sequencing of UK Birth Cohorts - Millennium Cohort Study

  Birth cohort studies involve repeated surveys of large numbers of individuals from birth and throughout their lives. They collect information useful for a wide range of life course research domains, and biological samples which can be used to derive data from an increasing collection of omic technologies. This rich source of longitudinal data, when combined with genomic data, offers the scientific community valuable insights from population genetics to rare disease associations. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)recruited 14,775 babies of predominantly White ethnicity in the Avon county of south-west England between 1991 and 1992. Born in Bradford (BiB) is similarly focused on a particular local area, the city of Bradford in the north of England, and recruited 13,858 babies between 2007 and 2011, of whom ~41% self-report as white British and ~59% as other ethnicities, predominantly Pakistani. Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) is a national cohort that recruited 18,827 children born between 2000 and 2002, intentionally over-sampling areas with high child poverty, large ethnic minority populations, and smaller UK nations (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) Available here is a subset of exome-sequenced parents and children from these studies (CRAMS and post-QC VCFs) as detailed in https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22697 [doi.org]. Phenotypic data is also available by submitting an application to the corresponding cohort: https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/cls-studies/millennium-cohort-study/ [cls.ucl.ac.uk]

  Dataset EGAD00001015372

• Phase II Therapeutic Trial of Mexiletine in Non-Dystrophic Myotonia (IND #77,021)

  Non-dystrophic myotonias are a group of rare muscle disorders caused by abnormalities in different muscle cell membrane proteins. Patients experience delayed muscle relaxation that causes impaired physical activity, stiffness, and pain. Mexiletine has been shown to be beneficial for symptoms of myotonia in case reports of patients with non-dystrophic myotonia, however, current management of these patients primarily depends on individual practitioners' preference. This study is a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over treatment trial using mexiletine in non-dystrophic myotonias. The results, if positive, will permit the identification of mexiletine as an effective therapy for myotonia, making it a first-line therapy for patients with non-dystrophic myotonia. The specific aim of this proposal is to perform a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study to assess whether mexiletine improves both quantitative and qualitative measures of myotonia in patients with non-dystrophic myotonia. Given the rarity of non-dystrophic myotonia, large randomized controlled treatment trials in these disorders have not been feasible in the past. Primary Outcome Measure: Patient-assessed symptom: stiffness as measured by an Interactive Voice Response Diary (IVR). Secondary Outcome Measures: a) patient-assessed pain, weakness, and fatigue as measured by IVR; b) clinical myotonia assessment; c) quality of life as measured by INQoL, SF36; d) a quantitative measure of grip myotonia; e) measurement of CMAP after short and long exercise; f) grading of myotonia on needle EMG.

  Study phs001311

• Analysis of transcriptomic landscape of iPSC-derived neurons in Williams Syndrome

  To analyse the transcriptomic changes in iPSC-derived neuronal cells derived from individuals with Williams syndrome vs. controls at different stages of neuronal maturation. This was done to better understand how the deletion responsible for WS alters neuronal development thereby resulting in the characteristic WS phenotype

  Study EGAS50000001214

• Uncovering Inversion Formation in the Human Genome and its Impact to Disease

  The relevance of inversions for disease causation, speciation and adaptation is broadly recognized, although the prevalence of inversions is unknown. In humans, de novo inversions are associated with congenital anomalies in approximately 9.6% of patients. Yet, despite the biological relevance of inversions, their molecular features, formation mechanism, impact to the genomic structure of carriers, as well as their contribution to clinical phenotypes, have not been further explored. Inversions are typically classified as balanced reciprocal events generated by ectopic recombination, although recent studies reveal a distinct picture whereby inversions originate from mechanisms that concomitantly generate copy number variants (CNVs). Surprisingly, those complex inversions underlie as much as 30% of neurodevelopmental-associated CNVs. The hypothesis of this project are: inversions are often generated de novo by mechanisms other than ectopic recombination a relevant fraction of inversions are associated with complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs), often overlooked in sporadic diseases, and inversions are a "hidden" type of structural variation for which contribution to a clinical phenotypes has been under assessed due to the lack of appropriate detection tools. A combined strategy using multiple genomic tools will be applied to characterize inversions and associated genomic alterations in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders and controls: whole genome sequencing (WGS) with short-and long-reads; genome mapping; classical cytogenetics; and array CGH. This project will establish common ground to bridge studies of rare and common diseases, human evolution, and population genetics.

  Study phs002999

• Temporal Dissection of Tumorigenesis in Primary Cancers

  The earliest genetic abnormalities in cancer represent a unique opportunity for timely clinical diagnosis. Classic deep sequencing of tumors identifies many aberrations acquired later in cancer progression. In this study, data regarding simple mutation and chromosomal aberration were integrated to trace the evolution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and ovarian adenocarcinomas. Only after the second allele of TP53 was lost did the genome enter a window of extreme genomic vulnerability, in both cancer types, eventually acquiring more than 100,000 mutations in skin cancers. Inactivating Notch mutations were also identified as prevalent secondary changes. These results add context to the idea of TP53 mutation as dominant negative and occurring later in tumorigenesis.

  Study phs000418

• Whole-genome methylation profiling of menstrual stem cells identifies novel biomarkers for endometriosis

  Endometriosis is a highly prevalent condition that remains underdiagnosed and poorly managed due to the lack of clinically validated biomarkers and limited understanding of its underlying pathophysiology. Although menstrual blood–derived stem cells (MenSCs) have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, their potential as a diagnostic source has not been systematically explored. We conducted a clinical study including 42 women (19 with endometriosis and 23 controls) to evaluate whether DNA methylation profiles from freshly isolated MenSCs could identify disease-specific biomarkers. Whole-genome DNA methylation sequencing identified differentially methylated regions (DMRs) enriched in genes associated with key features of endometriosis, including inflammation, tissue remodelling, and developmental processes. These DMRs robustly discriminated cases from controls, independently of technical and clinical confounders. Machine learning models trained and validated on these regions demonstrated strong diagnostic performance (specificity 83%, sensitivity 79%). Integration with an independent single-cell RNA sequencing dataset suggested that the identified DMRs may influence gene expression, supporting their biological relevance. Collectively, these findings highlight MenSC DNA methylation profiling as a promising, non-invasive strategy for early diagnosis and personalised management of endometriosis. (PubMed IDs will be provided once the manuscript is published.)

  Study EGAS50000001640

• Study of wound response like states in glioblastoma

  In order to investigate wound reponse-like states in glioblastoma, we carried out experiments on primary tissue as well as organoids. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed on core and periphery of three human glioblastoma. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on glioblastoma-derived organoids subject to treatment for 72h with plasma, hypoxia, or both, and analyzed at 0, 24, 72, and 144h.

  Study EGAS50000001442

• DAC for study: "Combination pembrolizumab and radiotherapy induces systemic anti-tumor immune responses in immunologically-cold non-small cell lung cancer."

  This is Data Access Committee will oversee data sharing for sequence data in the EGA study: "Combination pembrolizumab and radiotherapy induces systemic anti-tumor immune responses in immunologically-cold non-small cell lung cancer." This dataset includes 116 bam files from whole exome sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq2500, 102 fastq files from RNA sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000. The samples analyzed include tumor/normal DNA samples and tumor RNA samples from 72 individuals with non-small cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab and SBRT or pembrolizumab alone on the NCT02492568 trial.

  Dac EGAC50000000202

• Genome-Wide Association Studies in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers (Asian)

  This project aims to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in two anatomically different upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer sites in two populations with distinctly different disease rates and genetic profiles. One population has very high rates for both esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) and gastric cancers (GCs) and is comprised of Asians (the "Asian UGI GWAS"), while the other population has low rates of ESCC and GC and includes non-Asians from the Americas, Europe, and Australia (the "Non-Asian UGI GWAS"). Study participants for the Asian UGI GWAS reported here (Illumina 660W Quad chip) were drawn from 2 studies, the Shanxi Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Genetics Project (Shanxi) and the Linxian Nutrition Intervention Trial (NIT), a prospective cohort, and included a total of 1898 ESCCs, 1625 GCs, and 2100 controls. For the 2nd phase (8 TaqMan SNPs), additional subjects from Shanxi and NIT as well as subjects from the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS), the Shanghai Women's Health Study (SWHS), and the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) were also included (217 ESCCs, 615 GCs, 1202 controls). Altogether 2115 ESCCs, 2240 GCs, and 3302 controls were genotyped in this study.

  Study phs000361

• CIDR: Genome Wide Association Study in Familial Parkinson Disease (PD)

  This proposal brings together the two largest NIH funded genetic studies focused on the identification of novel genes that influence the risk of PD. These two studies, PROGENI (PI: Tatiana Foroud; R01NS037167) and GenePD (PI: Richard Myers; R01NS036711) have been evaluating and recruiting families with two or more PD affected members for more than 8 years and represent the largest such cohorts world-wide. The combined sample has more than 1,000 PD families. Each study has used rigorous clinical criteria to assess their study participants. Unlike previous genome wide association studies (GWAS) in PD, all the PD cases in this proposal have a positive family history of disease. In the vast majority of these families, the index PD case has at least one sibling with the disease. Thus, the sample is unique for having substantial evidence for a genetic contribution to disease. The control group for this study consists of samples previously collected and maintained by the NINDS Repository. Genome-wide, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). Data analyses will focus on the identification of SNPs associated with PD susceptibility and the age of onset of disease.

  Study phs000126

• Common origin and somatic mutation patterns of composite lymphomas and leukemias

  The dataset contains six composite lymphomas and leukemias cases (four composite B-cell lymphomas (case 1-4), and two combinations of B-cell and T-cell lymphoma (case 5+6)). Two tumor and one non-tumor (NTC) sample were sequenced from each case after library prep with NEBNext Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit, Exome capturing was done with NimbleGen SeqCap EZ Choice kit, and sequenced on a Illumina HiSeq 2000 HO and given as fastq files. WGA (Qiagen REPLI-g kit) was used for case 2 and 3. Case 1-4 were microdisected, case 5+6 were flow-sorted.

  Dataset EGAD50000001486

• Combining transcription factor binding affinities with open chromatin data for accurate gene expression prediction

  The binding and contribution of transcription factors (TF) to cell specific gene expression is often deduced from open-chromatin measurements to avoid cost and labour intensive TF ChIP-seq assays.It is important to develop reliable and fast computational methods for accurate TF binding prediction in open-chromatin regions (OCRs). Here, we report a novel segmentation-based method, TEPIC, to predict TF binding by combining sets of OCRs with position weight matrices.TEPIC can be applied to various open-chromatin data, e.g. DNaseI-seq and NOMe-seq, using either peaks or footprints as input.In addition to open-chromatin data, also Histone-Marks (HMs) can be used in TEPIC to identify candidate TF binding sites.TEPIC computes TF affinities and uses open-chromatin/HM signal intensity as quantitative measures of TF binding strength.Using machine learning techniques, we show that incorporating low affinity binding sites improves our ability to explain gene expression variability compared to the standard presence/absence classification of binding sites.Further, we show that both footprints and peaks capture essential TF binding events and lead to a good prediction performance.In our application, gene-based scores computed by TEPIC with one open-chromatin assay nearly reach the quality of several TF ChIP-seq datasets.Finally, we show that these scores correctly predict known transcriptional regulators as illustrated by the application to novel DNaseI-seq and NOMe-seq data for primary human hepatocytes and CD4+ T-cells, respectively.

  Study EGAS00001002073

• HCA_Heart_Disease_BHF_DZHK_RNA_

  Cell Atlas of the diseased human heart. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001004566

• Airway Dysbiosis Accelerates Lung Function Decline in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  This repository contains human sample derived microbiome full-length 16S rRNA sequencing data for sputum samples in COPD patients. The project goal is to understand the association of the lung microbiome with accelerated lung function decline in COPD patients.

  Study EGAS00001006444

• Multi-modal spatial characterization of tumor-immune microenvironments in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

  We have leveraged spatial transcriptomics together with proteomic and genomic analysis to investigate the spatial immunology and pathobiology of DLBCL. We define distinct cellular niches that differ in frequency across tumors, related to both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status and the anatomical site of the tumor, and show that residence within different cellular niches is associated with divergent functional states of T-cells and tumor B-cells due to different patterns of cell-cell communication. This provides a framework for understanding stereotyped patterns of spatial organization in DLBCL and immunological interactions associated with heterogeneity in immune cell infiltration and function across patients.

  Study EGAS50000001146

• Somatic Mutations in Individual Skin Cells

  Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary cause of melanoma through the acquisition of driver mutations in melanocytes. It also plays a significant role in oncogenesis in other skin cells, such as keratinocytes. However, the mutational profiles vary widely among different skin cancers, and the early mutational processes in different cell types from the same skin, is not well understood. Additionally, our preliminary studies also suggest that the mutation burden in different skin cells vary significantly based on risk factors such as the anatomical site and the use of tanning beds. To explore this, we employed innovative Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) tools to perform a site-matched comparison of the genomic landscapes of melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. From 20 biopsies of physiologically normal skin, collected from various anatomical sites across 16 donors, we have performed DNA-sequencing on 106 melanocytes, 78 keratinocytes and 13 fibroblasts. Of these samples, we have also simultaneously performed RNA-sequencing on 78 melanocytes, 46 keratinocytes and 9 fibroblasts. For normal bulk DNA, we also performed targeted (UCSF500; n=9) or exome sequencing (n=8) of skin or saliva samples from the donors.

  Study phs003683

• FASTQ files of total RNA-Seq data from the POPS SGA (Small for Gestational Age) samples

  All the samples were obtained from the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction–a prospective cohort study of nulliparous women attending the Rosie Hospital, Cambridge (UK) for their dating ultrasound scan between January 14, 2008, and July 31, 2012. Ethical approval for the study was given by the Cambridgeshire 2 Research Ethics Committee (reference number 07/H0308/163) and all participants provided written informed consent. Cases of preeclampsia (PET) were defined on the basis of the 2013 ACOG criteria and cases of small for gestational age (SGA)infants were confined to severe SGA, i.e. a customized birth weight <5th percentile. Chorionic villi from the corresponding placentas (free from decidua, visible infarction, calcification, hematoma, or damage) were collected and processed within 30 minutes of separation from the uterus. After repeated washes in chilled phosphate buffered saline, the samples were placed in RNA later (Applied Biosystems) and stored at -80°C. Total placental RNA was extracted using mirVana Isolation Kit (Ambion). For each placenta, approximately 5 mg of tissue were homogenized in the Lysis/Binding solution for 20 sec at 6 m/s using a bead beater (FastPrep24) and Lysing Matrix D Tubes (MP Biomedicals). The samples were then spun at 13,000 rpm for 5 min at 4°C and the supernatants recovered. Afterwards, the manufacturer's instructions were followed. Immediately after the RNA extraction, placental RNA samples were DNase-treated using DNA-free DNA Removal Kit (Ambion), aliquoted, and stored in -80°C. Quantity and quality of the RNA samples were assessed using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, the Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent Technologies), and Qubit fluorometer. Libraries were prepared starting with 300-500 ng of good quality total RNA (RIN ≥7.5) using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep Kit with Ribo-Zero Human/Mouse/Rat (Illumina), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The kit contains 96 uniquely indexed adapter combinations in order to allow pooling of multiple samples prior to sequencing. After determining their size (with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and the Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit by Agilent Technologies) and concentration (by qPCR with the KAPA Illumina ABI Prism Library Quantification Kit, Kapa Biosystems), libraries have been pooled and sequenced (single-end, 125 bp) using a Single End V4 Cluster Kit and an Illumina HiSeq2500 or HiSeq4000 instrument.

  Dataset EGAD00001003507

• Illumina RNA sequencing for HLA expression qauntification

  In this study, we quantified mRNA expression levels of HLA class I and II genes from peripheral blood samples of 50 healthy individuals. The gene- and allele-specific mRNA expression was assessed using unique molecular identifiers, which enabled PCR bias removal and calculation of the number of original mRNA transcripts. We identified differences in mRNA expression between different HLA genes and alleles. Our results suggest that HLA alleles are differentially expressed and these differences in expression levels are quantifiable using RNA sequencing technology.

  Study EGAS00001004931

• Discordant_Monozygotic_Twins_ALS(Transcriptomics)

  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron degeneration. Despite known genetic contributions to both familial and sporadic ALS cases, much of ALS heritability remains unexplained, suggesting the involvement of other genetic and epigenetic factors. To address this gap, we used a comprehensive multi-omics approach, in a pair of Italian monozygotic twins discordant for ALS, integrating DNA methylation, transcriptomics, and whole exome sequencing (WES). Here we share transcriptomic data derived from bulk RNA-seq on RNA extracted from PBMCs of the twin pair. This analysis revealed distinct transcriptomic profiles underlying the discordant disease phenotypes.

  Study EGAS50000000909

• Comprehensive molecular and clinicopathological profiling of glioma

  Various molecular profiles are needed to classify malignant brain tumors, including gliomas, based on the latest classification criteria of the World Health Organization, and their poor prognosis necessitates new therapeutic targets. The Todai OncoPanel 2 RNA Panel (TOP2-RNA) is a custom-target RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) using the junction capture method to maximize the sensitivity of detecting 455 fusion gene transcripts and analyze the expression profiles of 1,390 genes. This study aimed to classify gliomas and identify their molecular targets using TOP2-RNA. A total of 124 frozen samples of malignant gliomas were subjected to TOP2-RNA for classification based on their molecular profiles and the identification of molecular targets.

  Study JGAS000671

• ucfDNA workflows for molecular profiling of malignant disease

  Urinary cell-free DNA (ucfDNA) is a promising liquid biopsy analyte obtained by a non-invasive sampling method, particularly valuable in urological cancers due to the proximity of biofluids to the tumor site. However, extremely high fragmentation and low abundance of ucfDNA pose significant analytical challenges. Improper handling and storage can severely affect ucfDNA quality, necessitating optimized pre-analytical workflows for clinical applications. We evaluated multiple pre-analytical workflows, including urine stabilization approaches against unstabilized urine samples. Our results demonstrated that without stabilization, ucfDNA degraded rapidly and minimal quantities remaining after 72 hours. In contrast, urine stabilization preserved ucfDNA integrity, enabling successful downstream analyses, including digital PCR and next-generation sequencing, for mutation detection in cancer-related genes and genome wide copy number profiling. These findings underscore the critical role of stabilization for a reliable ucfDNA analysis and highlight its potential in molecular diagnostics as a complementary tool to plasma-based liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS50000001093

• Therapeutic Trial of Potassium and Acetazolamide in Andersen-Tawil Syndrome

  Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS) is an ion channel disorder that causes episodes of muscle weakness and potentially life-threatening heart arrhythmias. The majority of ATS cases are caused by a mutation in the KCNJ2 gene, which is linked to potassium channels in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle; other cases are presumed to be caused by an undetermined gene lesion. To date, the treatment for ATS has been largely anecdotal, and no treatments have been formally assessed in a controlled clinical trial. This study will determine whether potassium supplements and/or acetazolamide, which is a diuretic medication, affect the duration of muscle weakness and heart rhythm abnormalities in people with ATS. Participation in this study will last about 11 months. Participants will first attend a 3-day inpatient visit that will include a medical history, physical examination, blood work, heart rhythm testing by an electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter monitor, strength testing, a health questionnaire, and daily potassium supplementation. Participants will also track the number and length of weakness episodes that they experience while in the hospital. On the last day of the inpatient visit, participants will be provided with multiple bottles containing either potassium or placebo. Participants will then return home for an 18-week treatment period that will consist of six 3-week-long treatments of either potassium or placebo, with the treatment schedule being randomly determined. Upon completing the first 18-week treatment period, participants will attend a second 3-day inpatient visit that will include the same tests and procedures as the first. The only difference will be that participants will receive acetazolamide along with potassium. This will be followed by a second 18-week treatment period that will consist of six 3-week-long treatments of either acetazolamide or placebo. At the end of the second treatment period, participants will fill out another health questionnaire. Throughout both 18-week treatment periods, participants will phone in daily to track any muscle or heart problems. They will also provide blood samples on a weekly basis. At Weeks 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 of both treatment periods, participants will wear a Holter monitor for 24 hours and then mail it in. A final outpatient visit will occur 8 weeks after the end of the second treatment period and will include heart rhythm testing, muscle strength testing, and blood work.

  Study phs001316

• RNA-Seq files for St. Jude Clinical Pilot

  This dataset contains whole genome sequencing BAM files for 78 tumor-normal pairs (a total of 156 samples) used in the St. Jude Clinical Pilot. Mapping was performed using BWA. This dataset accompanies the paper "Clinical Cancer Genomic Profiling by Three-Platform Sequencing of Whole Genome, Whole Exome and Transcriptome"

  Dataset EGAD00001004280

• Whole exome sequencing files for St. Jude Clinical Pilot

  This dataset contains whole exome sequencing BAM files for 78 tumor-normal pairs (a total of 156 samples) used in the St. Jude Clinical Pilot. Mapping was performed using BWA. This dataset accompanies the paper "Clinical Cancer Genomic Profiling by Three-Platform Sequencing of Whole Genome, Whole Exome and Transcriptome"

  Dataset EGAD00001004287

• Whole genome sequencing files for St. Jude Clinical Pilot

  This dataset contains whole genome sequencing BAM files for 78 tumor-normal pairs (a total of 156 samples) used in the St. Jude Clinical Pilot. Mapping was performed using BWA. This dataset accompanies the paper "Clinical Cancer Genomic Profiling by Three-Platform Sequencing of Whole Genome, Whole Exome and Transcriptome"

  Dataset EGAD00001004290

• Targeted panel somatic variant sequencing dataset for "Molecular counting enables accurate and precise quantification of methylated ctDNA"

  Targeted panel somatic variant sequencing dataset for "Molecular counting enables accurate and precise quantification of methylated ctDNA." This dataset was created by running 60 cfDNA samples from patients with metastatic cancer to the lung through a research-use, tumor-naive, targeted-panel assay for measuring somatic mutations across a panel of 80 genes. All samples were sequenced on Illumina NextSeq 2000 with 150x2 paired end sequencing; files are in fastq.gz format. For the original study, the variant allele fractions of these somatic mutations were compared with the Tumor Methylation Scores calculated from Northstar Response in the same samples.

  Dataset EGAD50000001016

• GEenetic landscape of hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive leukemia characterized by aneuploidy and poor outcome. The genetic basis of hypodiploid ALL is unknown. Here, using complementary genome-wide profiling approaches, we show that hypodiploid ALL comprises two subtypes that differ in the severity of aneuploidy, transcriptional profile and submicroscopic genetic alterations. Near haploid cases with 24-31 chromosomes frequently harbor alterations targeting receptor tyrosine kinase- and Ras signaling (71%) and IKZF3 (AIOLOS; 13%). In contrast, low hypodiploid ALL cases with 32-39 chromosomes are characterized by TP53 alterations, almost half of which are present in non-tumor cells, and have alterations of IKZF2 (HELIOS; 53%) and RB1 (41%). Both near haploid and low hypodiploid tumors exhibit activation of Ras and PI3K signaling pathways, and are sensitive to PI3K inhibition, indicating that these drugs should be explored as a new therapeutic strategy for this frequently lethal form of leukemia.

  Study EGAS00001000380

• Melanoma and Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Short-Term Cultures Derived from Patient Metastases

  The purpose of this study was to obtain tissue specimens derived from patients with melanoma to generate research tools to advance our understanding of the genetics, pathogenesis, and therapeutics of melanoma. Briefly, tissue was obtained from metastatic lesions and used to generate clonal primary cell lines from melanoma cells and fibroblasts from the tumor microenvironment. RNA was extracted from low passage cell lines using Trizol reagent. cDNA libraries were prepared using the TruSeq mRNA sample preparation kit, v2 (Illumina) and sequenced on the HiSeq 2000 platform (Illumina). The submitted files are bam files that contain both unaligned and aligned reads (human genome, build hg19).

  Study phs001115

• A Phenotypic and Genomics Approach in a Multi-Ethnic Cohort to Subtype Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems and varies in severity across different populations. To examine the clinical heterogeneity of SLE, we sought to identify different lupus subtypes within our multi-ethnic cohort using a clustering approach. Additionally, with genome-wide methylation and genotype data generated for our cohort, we applied integrative methods to investigate genetic and epigenetic risk factors. This integrative and computational approach revealed molecular differences associated with phenotypic clusters.

  Study phs001850

• DNA methylation atlas of normal human cell types

  DNA methylation is a fundamental epigenetic mark that governs chromatin organization, cell identity, and gene expression. Here we describe a human methylome atlas, based on deep whole-genome bisulfite sequencing allowing fragment-level analysis across thousands of unique markers for 39 cell types sorted from 205 healthy tissue samples. Replicates of the same cell-type are >99.5% identical, demonstrating robustness of cell identity programs to genetic variation and environmental perturbation. Unsupervised clustering of the atlas recapitulates key elements of tissue ontogeny, and identifies methylation patterns retained since gastrulation. Loci uniquely unmethylated in an individual cell type often reside in transcriptional enhancers and contain DNA binding sites for tissue-specific transcriptional regulators. Uniquely hyper-methylated loci are rare and are enriched for CpG islands, polycomb targets, and CTCF binding sites, suggesting a novel role in shaping cell type-specific chromatin looping. The atlas provides an essential resource for interpretation of disease-associated genetic variants, and a wealth of potential tissue-specific biomarkers for use in liquid biopsies.

  Study EGAS00001006791

• Anaplastic oligodendroglioma exome and RNA sequencing data

  Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOs) are rare primary brain tumors which are generally incurable, with heterogeneous prognosis and few treatment targets identified. Most oligodendrogliomas have chromosome 1p/19q co-deletion and IDH mutation. We analyzed 51 AOs by whole-exome sequencing, identifying previously reported frequent somatic mutations in CIC and FUBP1. We also identified recurrent mutations in TCF12 and in an additional series of 83 AO. Overall 7.5% of AO are mutated for TCF12, which encodes an oligodendrocyte-related transcription factor. 80% of TCF12 mutations identified were in either the bHLH domain, which is important for TCF12 function as a transcription factor, or were frame shift mutations leading to TCF12 truncated for this domain. We show that these mutations compromise TCF12 transcriptional activity and are associated with a more aggressive tumor type. Our analysis provides further insights into the unique and shared pathways driving AO.

  Study EGAS00001001209

• High volume culture initiating in vitro evolution in neuroblastoma cell lines

  Despite the advent of advanced molecular prognostic tools, it is still difficult to predict the course of disease for cancer patients at the individual level. This lack of predictability is also reflected in many experimental cancer model systems, begging the question of whether certain biological aspects of cancer (eg. growth, evolution etc.) can ever be anticipated or if there remains an inherent unpredictability to cancer, similar to other complex biological systems. We demonstrate by a combination of agent-based mathematical modelling, analysis of patient-derived xenograft systems from multiple cancer types, and in-vitro culture that certain conditions may invoke chaotic fluctuations in the clonal landscape of cancer growth. Our findings indicate that under those conditions, the cancer genome may behave as a complex dynamic system, making its long-term evolution inherently unpredictable.

  Study EGAS00001007962

• Asan Medical Center Data Access Committee

  This DAC is responsible for reviewing and approving data access requests to protect the sensitive information of patients. The dataset includes RNA-seq data from CRLM patients treated with FOLFOX, bevacizumab, and atezolizumab, and supports research in gene expression analysis and therapeutic response. Data access requests require an approved ethical research plan, limited to projects related to cancer biology and therapy development.

  Dac EGAC50000000439

• Dataset for NSCLC samples

  This dataset contains 10x scRNA sequencing data of 16 NSCLC samples. Sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq 4000. The sequencing was always paired.

  Dataset EGAD50000000185

• eMERGE Geisinger eGenomic Medicine (GeM) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Project (AAAP)

  A large research cohort of Geisinger Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) patients was created by enrolling and consenting patients of the Geisinger Department of Vascular Surgery. Consented patients provide blood, serum and DNA samples for research and authorize use of data in their medical record for research. They also complete a data questionnaire that asks information about family history of AAA and other vascular diseases, as well as information on known or suspected AAA risk factors, including smoking history, body mass index, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic disease. The AAA cases are 78% male, with a mean age of 74 years; 39% have undergone surgical or endovascular repair; more than 85% or current or past smokers; approximately 20% of cases report a positive family history of AAA. Geisinger AAA patients undergo regular imaging studies, typically every 6 months, to monitor the progression of aneurysm expansion. This allows the growth rates of their aneurysm to be calculated. DNA samples from a total of 910 AAA patients were used for whole genome genotyping; these results are included in the dbGaP.

  Study phs000387

• Dataset of the transcriptomic profiling of skin biopsies from 221 psoriasis patients following treatment with Zasocitinib

  This dataset contains the paired fastq files generated from 221 samples collected from patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio to receive oral Zasocitinib at doses of 2 mg, 5 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg, or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Clinical response was defined as achieving a PASI 75 response at week 12, while histologic response was defined as the absence of KRT16-positive cells in lesional skin after 12 weeks of treatment.

  Dataset EGAD50000002224

• Whole genome sequencing data for Molecular Characterization of ETMRs

  This dataset contains whole genome sequencing data from 59 samples. WGS libraries were prepared using the Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep or TruSeq Nano DNA HT Library Prep Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions. In brief, 100 ng of genomic DNA was fragmented to approximately 350 bp using a Covaris ultrasonicator (Covaris). The fragmented DNA was then end-repaired, size-selected using magnetic beads, extended with an ‘A’ base on the 3′ end and ligated with TruSeq paired-end indexing adapters. Up to four lanes per sample have been sequenced resulting in 222 Fastq files (paired end).

  Dataset EGAD00001006211

• Whole Genome Sequencing Consortium on Frontotemporal Dementia With Underlying TDP-43 Pathology

  Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is one of the leading causes of dementia in individuals younger than 65 years. The FTLD symptoms of most patients are not yet explained by mutations in the known FTLD genes (C9orf72, GRN, MAPT). Identifying genetic risk associated with the disease is key for developing disease models and new therapeutic avenues. We performed short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on 19 neuropathologically normal individuals and 560 patients with FTLD, including 171 pathologically confirmed FTLD patients, 352 clinically diagnosed FTLD patients, and 37 autosomal dominant FTLD patients. Pathologically confirmed FTLD patients include FTLD with TDP43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) and FTLD with FUS inclusions (FTLD-FUS), autosomal dominant FTLD patients include GRN (FTLD-TDP GRN) and C9ORF72 (FTLD-TDP C9ORF72) mutation carriers, clinically diagnosed patients include behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), frontotemporal dementia with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS), frontotemporal dementia with corticobasal syndrome (FTD-CBS), semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), and non-fluent variant of primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA).

  Study phs003309

• Pharmacogenomic Interactions in Glioblastoma Cell Line Models

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal disease without effective treatments. To advance toward effective therapeutic approaches that are biomarker-driven, there is a need for new targeted agents and to develop accurate preclinical models that encompass its cellular and molecular diversity. Historical cell line models poorly represent molecular diversity of GBMs, so we developed a living tissue bank encompassing 103 patient-derived GBM cell lines (PDGCLs) as a platform for preclinical pharmacogenomic investigation at scale. Thirty-four PDGCLs were submitted to a comprehensive molecular characterization of copy number alterations and mutations using whole exome sequencing (WES) and gene expression (microarrays), and tested against a panel of 390 small molecules at sixteen different duplicated concentrations. After integrating and systematically correlating molecular alterations with drug sensitivities, we yielded 8,083,140 pharmacogenomic interactions, and discovered novel drug and biomarker combinations which help to prioritize highly effective novel candidate treatments in GBM. Our findings demonstrate the utility of deep characterization of large numbers of models from a single disease to detect complex predictors of compound sensitivity, and indicate novel therapeutic approaches for a large fraction of patients with GBM.

  Study phs001793

• Distinct immune cell infiltration patterns in PDAC exhibit divergent immune cell selection and immunosuppressive mechanisms

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a dismal prognosis. A comprehensive analysis of single-cell multi-omic data from matched tumour-infiltrated CD45+ cells and peripheral blood in 12 patients, and two published datasets, reveals a complex immune infiltrate. Patients have either a myeloid-enriched or adaptive-enriched tumour microenvironment. Lymphocyte enrichment is intrinsically linked with highly distinct B and T cell clonal selection, diversification, and differentiation. Using TCR data, we see the largest clonal expansions in CD8 effector memory, senescent cells, and highly activated regulatory T cells which are induced within the tumour from naïve cells. We identify pathways that potentially lead to a suppressive microenvironement, including targets of immunotherapy and checkpoints including TIGIT/PVR and SIRPA/CD47. PDAC patient tumors from the APACT clinical trial revealed that patients with myeloid enrichment had the shorter overall survival compared to those adaptive cell enrichment. We identify multiple therapeutic targets that should form the basis for rational design including boosting of B cell responses, targeting immunosuppressive macrophages, and specific Treg depletion approaches. The dataset is scRNA-seq data from PDAC patients.

  Study EGAS50000000726

• The Ultrasound Study of Tamoxifen

  The Ultrasound Study of Tamoxifen is a 12-month longitudinal study to describe volumetric breast density change over time among women with and without tamoxifen exposure. Women were enrolled at the Karmanos Cancer Institute and Henry Ford Health Systems in Detroit, Michigan between 2011-2014. Enrollment included women prescribed tamoxifen for clinical indication (n=82) and a comparison group of women frequency matched on age, race, and menopausal status (n=165). Whole breast ultrasound tomography (UST) scans were used to measure volume averaged sound speed (m/s) as a surrogate of volumetric breast density. Ultrasound tomography (UST) scans were completed at baseline prior to tamoxifen initiation and were repeated at 1-3 months, 4-6 months, and 12 months after tamoxifen initiation. For the comparison group, UST scans were completed at baseline and 12 months. Questionnaires were completed at each scan.

  Study phs003183

• Analysis of four key cell types (epithelial, fbroblast, myeloid and T cells)

  Alterations of the normal prostate epithelial cell genome trigger the emergence of carcinoma, however cancer-only analyses of genomic aberrations have resulted in little clinical translation. A deep understanding of the tumor microenvironment is likely to inform on key drivers of disease progression and novel therapeutic opportunities. We investigated the role of key cell types along disease progression, profiling the RNA abundance of 52 samples from 13 patients enriched for one of four key cell types, spanning a wide CAPRA-S risk score range. Using a novel differential transcription Bayes method, TABI, we avoided a priori patient stratification, and mapped transcriptional alteration events to specific risk scores. The developmental and cell-type resolution yielded a landscape of concurrent transcriptional alterations from the tumour microenvironment, including key hallmarks. These transcriptional signatures permitted the identification of a “high survival” patient cluster in an independent prostate cancer dataset. Most importantly, together with our integrated transcriptional analysis, differential tissue composition analysis provided evidence for a key role for monocytes and macrophages in prostate cancer progression and disease recurrence.

  Study EGAS00001003579

• Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC): ImmunoChip Study

  The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) was formed to address issues of limited sample size and consistency of phenotyping that had limited genetic investigations on risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The T1DGC first collected affected sib pair (ASP) families from four geographic networks (Asia-Pacific, Europe, North America, United Kingdom). In addition, T1D cases and controls were ascertained from existing and de novo collections. The T1DGC assembled 2,601 T1D ASP families and 69 Parent-T1D offspring trios, T1D cases from the UK Genetic Resource Investigating Diabetes (UKGRID, N=6,670), and controls from the British 1958 Birth Cohort (B58BC, N=6,523), the UK National Blood Services collection (NBS, N=2,893) and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre BioResource (CBR, N=2,846). All samples included in this series have reported or self-declared European ancestry. All DNA samples were collected after approval from relevant institutional research ethics committees. Genotyping was performed using a custom Illumina Infinium high-density genotyping array, ImmunoChip (Illumina, Inc; CA) according to manufacturer's protocols. The ImmunoChip was designed to densely genotype, using 1000 Genomes and any other available disease specific resequencing data, immune-mediated disease loci identified by common variant GWAS. The ImmunoChip Consortium selected 186 distinct loci containing markers meeting genome wide significance criteria (P<5x10-8) from twelve such diseases (autoimmune thyroid disease, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, IgA deficiency, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, T1D and ulcerative colitis). All 1000 Genomes Project pilot phase CEU population variants (Sept 2009 release) within 0.1cM (HapMap3 CEU) recombination blocks around each GWAS region lead marker were submitted for array design. No filtering on correlated variants (linkage disequilibrium) was applied. Additional content included regional resequencing data (submitted by several groups) as well as a small proportion of investigator-specific undisclosed content including intermediate GWAS results. After data cleaning and quality control, a total of 154,939 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 186 loci on ImmunoChip were scored. Case-control and family data were analyzed independently and combined by meta-analysis.

  Study phs000911

• Visium Spatial transcriptomics

  This study consists of the spatial transcriptomics data generated by : Visium CytAssist Spatial Gene Expression for FFPE (10x) for steatotic liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (SLD-HCC) (n=7) and non-SLD-HCC (n=5) The goal of this data is to compare SLD-HCC vs non-SLD-HCC as well as response to immunotherapy

  Dataset EGAD50000001506

• RNA-seq data of 370 high grade ovarian tumors from the ICON7 trial

  Collection of RNA-seq, Illumina, paired-end fastq files for 370 archival tissues from a subset of patients with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma enrolled in the phase 3 ICON7 trial. Clinical data and digital pathology information for CD8 is also available.

  Dataset EGAD00001004988

• Epigenetic landscape reorganization and reactivation of embryonic development genes are associated with malignancy in IDH-mutant astrocytoma

  Accurate grading of IDH-mutant gliomas is crucial for determining patient prognosis and guiding treatment decisions. However, histological grading can be challenging, so we aimed to identify objective molecular markers. To this end, we conducted bulk RNA sequencing on primary IDH-mutant astrocytomas (n=138) from the prospective CATNON trial, which evaluated the prognostic impact of adjuvant and concurrent temozolomide. Using this data, we sought to identify molecular markers linked to increased malignancy in IDH-mutant astrocytomas to establish objective grading criteria.

  Study EGAS50000000381

• Transcriptional and DNA binding profiling of CEBPE in REH acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells using shRNA RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq

  ChIP-Seq - CEBPE - REH. The ETV6/RUNX1 translocated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line REH was used to perform ChIP-Seq using a CEBPE antibody. Cells were fixed in 1% formaldehyde for 10mins, prior to preparation of chromatin using Active Motif Express ChIP-IT. 2ug of antibody (anti CEBPE Atlas Antibodies HPA002928)was added to 25ug of chromatin O/N at 4C with rotation. Duplicate reactions were pooled and purified. 10ng of ChIPd and input DNA used for Illumina NGS preparation (NEBNext ChIP-Seq Library kit; New England Biolabs), CEBPE and Input DNA ChIP samples were sequenced on a MiSeq using 150bp Kit v3 paired end and a HiSeq 2500 using 2x101 version 4 paired end (Illumina) respectively. Reactions performed in duplicate. shCEBPE RNA-Seq - REH. REH cells were lentivirally transduced with a pTRIPZ shRNA vector for transcriptional profiling of CEBPE. Two controls (empty and non-targeting) and two CEBPE shRNAs (V3THS_150517(A13), V3THS_404312(G3) Dharmacon, GE) were transduced into REH cells. Cells were treated with 1ug/ml doxycyclin for 144hrs and total RNA purified. Libraries were prepared using NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit and sequenced on an Illuimna HiSeq 2500 using 2x101 version 4 paired end chemistry. 3 biological replicates of each samples were prepared.

  Study EGAS00001002877

• EXCEED Study

  EXCEED is a longitudinal population-based cohort which facilitates investigation of genetic, environmental and lifestyle-related determinants of a broad range of diseases and of multiple morbidity through data collected at baseline and via electronic healthcare record linkage. Recruitment has taken place in Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland since 2013 and is ongoing, with approximately 10,000 participants aged 30-69 to date. The population of Leicester is diverse and additional recruitment from the local South Asian community is ongoing.

  Study EGAS00001003499

• Discovery of immunotherapy targets for pediatric solid and brain tumors by exon-level expression

  Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells for pediatric solid and brain tumors is constrained by available targetable antigens. Cancer-specific exons present a promising reservoir of targets; however, these have not been explored and validated systematically in a pan-cancer fashion. To identify cancer specific exon targets, we analyze 1,532 RNA-seq datasets from 16 types of pediatric solid and brain tumors for comparison with normal tissues using a newly developed workflow. We find 2,933 exons in 157 genes encoding proteins of the surfaceome or matrisome with high cancer specificity either at the gene (n=148) or the alternatively spliced isoform (n=9) level. Expression of selected alternatively spliced targets, including the EDB domain of fibronectin 1, and gene targets, such as COL11A1, are validated in pediatric patient derived xenograft tumors. We generate T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors specific for the EDB domain or COL11A1 and demonstrate that these have antitumor activity. The full target list, explorable via an interactive web portal (https://cseminer.stjude.org/), provides a rich resource for developing immunotherapy of pediatric solid and brain tumors using gene or AS targets with high expression specificity in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001007766

• A Unifying Paradigm for Transcriptional Heterogeneity and Squamous Features in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  Pancreatic cancer expression profiles largely reflect a classical or basal-like phenotype. The extent to which these profiles vary within a patient is unknown. We integrated evolutionary analysis and expression profiling in multiregion sampled metastatic pancreatic cancers, finding that squamous features are the histologic correlate of an RNA-seq defined basal-like subtype. In patients with coexisting basal/squamous and classical/glandular morphology, phylogenetic studies revealed that squamous morphology represented a subclonal population in an otherwise classical/glandular tumor. Cancers with squamous features were significantly more likely to have clonal mutations in chromatin modifiers, intercellular heterogeneity for MYC amplification, and entosis. These data provide a unifying paradigm for integrating basal-type expression profiles, squamous histology, and somatic mutations in chromatin modifier genes in the context of clonal evolution of pancreatic cancer.  

  Study EGAS00001003974

• Long read sequencing of 5 Intellectual Disability (ID) trios with PacBio Sequel. Dataset of samples: T2P, T2F and T2M

  5 trios were whole genome sequenced with PacBio Sequel to a depth of 15X (Trios 1-4) or 40X (Trio 5). For each trio the child was affected with severe ID, and the parents were unaffected. Dataset consists of Trio 2 samples: T2P, T2F and T2M

  Dataset EGAD00001006050

• Atezolizumab monotherapy following dCRT indicated a promising cCR rate in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (EPOC1802)

  The objective is to analyze tumor and normal cell exome sequencing of esophageal cancer patients participating in the Tenergy trial before treatment and RNA sequencing specimens of tumor biopsy specimens at three points before treatment, after radiation chemotherapy, and after atezolizumab administration, in order to search for biomarkers to predict treatment response. Exome sequencing of pretreatment tumor tissue (27 specimens) and normal tissue (27 specimens) from esophageal cancer patients participating in the Tenergy trial, and RNA sequencing of tumor biopsy specimens at three time points before treatment (28 specimens), after radiation chemotherapy (25 specimens) and after atezolizumab administration (25 specimens).

  Study JGAS000708

• Combined gene expression and digital pathology identifies molecular mediators of T cell exclusion and immune suppression in ovarian cancer

  Close proximity between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumour cells is required for effective immunotherapy. However, what determines the spatial distribution of T cells in the tumour microenvironment is not well understood. Coupling digital pathology and transcriptome analysis on a large ovarian tumour cohort, we develop a machine learning approach to molecularly classify and characterize tumour-immune phenotypes. Our study identifies two important hallmarks characterizing T cell excluded tumours: 1) loss of antigen presentation on tumour cells and 2) upregulation of TGFb and activated stroma. Furthermore, we identify TGFb as a key mediator of T cell exclusion. TGFb reduces MHC-I expression in ovarian cancer cells in vitro; TGFb also activates fibroblasts and induced extracellular matrix (ECM) production as a potential physical barrier to hinder T cell infiltration. Our findings indicate that targeting TGFb may represent a promising strategy to overcome T cell exclusion and improve clinical benefits of cancer immunotherapy.

  Study EGAS00001003487