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• Exome sequencing of patient samples from study

  Exome sequencing data from FFPE preserved patient samples and patient-derived cultures. The goal of the study is to validate patient-derived cultures. Additional goal is to understand the relationship between omics and drug response.

  Study EGAS50000000171

• Whole transcriptome seq from patient samples

  Exome sequencing data from FFPE preserved patient samples and patient-derived cultures. The goal of the study is to validate patient-derived cultures. Additional goal is to understand the relationship between omics and drug response.

  Study EGAS50000000172

• Epigenetic Control of Topoisomerase 1 by MacroH2A1.1

  DNA transactions introduce torsional constraints that pose an inherent risk to genome integrity. While topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) activity is essential for removing DNA supercoiling, aberrant stabilization of TOP1:DNA cleavage complexes (TOP1ccs) can result in cytotoxic single-stranded DNA lesions (SSLs). What protects the genome from aberrant TOP1 activity remains unknown. Using a combination of CUT&RUN and TOP1 Covalent Adduct Detection (CAD) Seq in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC), we identified chromatin context as an essential means to ensure TOP1cc resolution at TOP1 hot spots. Through its ability to bind poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a protein modification required for TOP1cc repair, the histone variant macroH2A1.1 establishes a TOP1-permissive chromatin environment, while the alternatively spliced macroH2A1.2 isoform is unable to bind PAR or protect from TOP1ccs. MacroH2A1 isoform-specific analyses were based on reconstitution of macroH2A1.1 knockout cells with wild-type or PAR binding-deficient FLAG-tagged macroH2A1.1 in human breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, we find that macroH2A1.1 facilitates the recruitment of the TOP1cc repair factor XRCC1 in response to both endogenous and drug-induced topological stress. Impaired macroH2A1.1 splicing, a frequent cancer feature, was predictive of increased sensitivity to TOP1 poisons in a pharmaco-genomic screen in breast cancer cells, and macroH2A1.1 inactivation mirrored this effect in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Consistent with this, low macroH2A1.1 expression correlated with improved survival in cancer patients treated with TOP1 inhibitors (TOP1i). We propose that macroH2A1 alternative splicing serves as an epigenetic modulator of TOP1-associated genome maintenance and a potential cancer vulnerability.

  Study phs003729

• APOBEC3 mutagenesis drives therapy resistance in breast cancer

  Acquired genetic alterations commonly drive resistance to endocrine and targeted therapies in metastatic breast cancer, however the underlying processes engendering these diverse alterations are largely uncharacterized. To identify the mutational processes operant in breast cancer and their impact on clinical outcomes, we utilized a well-annotated cohort of 3,880 patient samples with paired tumor-normal sequencing data. The mutational signatures associated with apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) enzymes were highly prevalent and enriched in post-treatment compared to treatment-naïve hormone receptor-positive (HR+) cancers. APOBEC3 mutational signatures were independently associated with shorter progression-free survival on antiestrogen plus CDK4/6 inhibitor combination therapy in patients with HR+ metastatic breast cancer. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of breast cancer models and selected paired primary-metastatic samples demonstrated that active APOBEC3 mutagenesis promoted resistance to both endocrine and targeted therapies through characteristic alterations such as RB1 loss-of-function mutations. Evidence of APOBEC3 activity in pre-treatment samples illustrated a pervasive role for this mutational process in breast cancer evolution. The study reveals APOBEC3 mutagenesis to be a frequent mediator of therapy resistance in breast cancer and highlights its potential as a biomarker and target for overcoming resistance.

  Study EGAS50000000875

• Adult Eosinophilic Esophagitis Registry Atlas

  Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) arises in the setting of type 2 cytokine-driven inflammation, is characterized by the infiltration of eosinophils in the esophageal mucosa, and is associated with dysphagia and fibrostenotic complications. Disease development and progression involve complex interactions between epithelial cells, stromal cells and immune cells. Indeed, increased epithelial permeability is consistently found in EoE, potentially leading to increased antigen exposure and inflammation. Persistent inflammation can in turn lead to fibroblast activation and fibrosis, which, together with the mediators produced by eosinophils and mast cells, leads to dysmotility. To decipher the interactions between these cell types across distinct disease states, we obtained biopsies from 7 healthy controls and 15 EoE subjects, including both active disease and clinical remission, to perform single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq).Each biopsy sample was enzymatically digested within 3 hours of collection with collagenase/dispase to generate a single cell suspension. Suspensions were then loaded on a 10x Chromium controller, and libraries were generated with the 3' Chemistry pipeline (v2 or v3) before sequencing on an Illumina sequencer. The resulting sequence data was demultiplexed and analyzed with the CellRanger pipeline to generate raw fastq files and processed gene-count matrices for each sample. Altogether, our study generated transcriptomic profiles from 421,312 individual cells after quality control and filtering.Our analyses reveal 60 cell subsets and functional alterations in cell states, compositions, and interactions that highlight previously unknown features of EoE. Active disease displayed enrichment of ALOX15+ macrophages, novel PRDM16+ dendritic cells expressing the EoE risk gene ATP10A, and cycling mast cells, with concomitant reduction of TH17 cells. Receptor–ligand expression uncovered eosinophil recruitment programs, increased fibroblast interactions in disease, and IL-9+IL-4+IL-13+TH2 and endothelial cells as potential mast cell interactors. Resolution of inflammation-associated signatures included mast and CD4+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell contraction and cell type-specific downregulation of eosinophil chemoattractant, growth, and survival factors.

  Study phs003574

• RNA sequencing data of 257 samples from the CORALLEEN trial

  Early-stage Luminal B breast cancer is frequent and is a major cause of breast cancer death due to its poor prognosis. Our proposal aims to study the biology behind the sensitivity and resistance of Luminal B breast cancer to chemotherapy (CHT) or a non-CHT regimen composed of hormone therapy in combination with ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor. To accomplish this, we first completed the SOLTI-1402 CORALLEEN phase II trial, a study where 106 patients with early-stage Luminal B breast cancer were randomized to standard neoadjuvant CHT for 6 months, or neoadjuvant letrozole and ribociclib for 6 months. After treatment, patients underwent surgery. The primary results of the study, which showed that the response rate to letrozole+ribociclib was similar to CHT, was reported (Prat et al; Lancet Oncol). Tumor biopsies were available at baseline, week 3 and surgery. A total of 257 samples were analyzed using the Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA w/Ribo Zero Gold with MiSeq in TGL (Sequencer NovaSeq S4/PE/100x)

  Dataset EGAD00001010121

• The genomic complexity of early T-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  CREST The accurate identification of structural variations using whole-genome DNA sequencing data generated by next-generation sequencing technology is extremely difficult. To address this challenge, we have developed CREST, an algorithm that uses sequencing reads with partial alignments to the reference human genome (so-called soft-clipped reads) to directly map the breakpoints of somatic structural variations. We applied CREST to paired tumor/normal whole genome sequencing data from five cases of T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). A total of 110 somatic structural variants were identified, >80% of which were validated by genomic PCR and Sanger sequencing. The validated structural variants included 31 inter-chromosomal translocations, 19 intra-chromosomal translocations, one inversion, 22 deletions and 16 insertions. A comparison of the results generated with CREST to those obtained using the traditional paired-end discordant mapping methods demonstrate CREST to have a much higher sensitivity and specificity. In addition, application of CREST to publicly available whole-genome sequencing data from the human melanoma cancer cell line COLO-829 demonstrated the identification of 50 novel structural variations not detected using the standard methods, 20 of which were selected for validation with a 90% success rate. These data demonstrate that direct mapping of soft-clipped reads offers an improved method for detecting structural variants at the nucleotide level of resolution. T-ALL Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ETP ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of unknown genetic basis. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 12 ETP ALL cases and assessed the frequency of the identified somatic mutations in 94 T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cases. ETP ALL was characterized by activating mutations in genes regulating cytokine receptor and RAS signalling (67% of cases; NRAS, KRAS, FLT3, IL7R, JAK3, JAK1, SH2B3 and BRAF), inactivating lesions disrupting haematopoietic development (58%; GATA3, ETV6, RUNX1, IKZF1 and EP300) and histone-modifying genes (48%; EZH2, EED, SUZ12, SETD2 and EP300). We also identified new targets of recurrent mutation including DNM2, ECT2L and RELN. The mutational spectrum is similar to myeloid tumours, and moreover, the global transcriptional profile of ETP ALL was similar to that of normal and myeloid leukaemia haematopoietic stem cells. These findings suggest that addition of myeloid-directed therapies might improve the poor outcome of ETP ALL.

  Study phs000340

• Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC): Case-only RNA-Seq Study

  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 82 T1D cases from the T1DGC study were fractionated by positive selection on magnetic beads into CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD19+ B cells. RNA purification, library preparation and sequencing to an average of 50 million reads per sample were performed by the HudsonAlpha Genome Services Laboratory. The resulting dataset includes 82 subjects with data from at least one cell type; sequence data from all 3 cell types is available from 79 subjects. The individuals in this study can be linked to the phs000911 T1DGC ImmunoChip study via subject ids to obtain both genotypic and phenotypic information, including genotypes used for expression quantitative trait locus analysis.

  Study phs001426

• Amplicon sequencing of various tumors

  In our previous studies on advanced esophageal, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas, measurement of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in terms of variant allele frequency (VAF) in blood suggested: (1) patients with high VAF have a high chance of relapse; (2) VAF changes in response to treatment; and (3) ctDNA VAF elevation precedes imaging diagnosis of relapse. It is thus necessary to investigate whether these findings can be generalized in a wide cancer spectrum, types of treatment, and relapse phenotypes across cancer types. In the present study, we conduct a non-interventional observational study in a wide cancer spectrum on the basis of technical establishment for ctDNA using our unique digital PCR probe library.

  Study JGAS000366

• Genomic characterization of co-existing biliary tract intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma lesions reveals distinct evolutionary paths of gallbladder cancer

  Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common cancer of the biliary tract with dismal survival largely due to delayed diagnosis. Biliary tract intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) is the common benign tumor that is suspected to be precancerous lesions. However, the genetic and evolutionary relationships between BilIN and carcinoma remain unclear. Here we performed whole-exome sequencing of coexisting low-grade BilIN (adenoma), high-grade BilIN, and carcinoma lesions, and normal tissues from the same patients.

  Study EGAS00001005402

• CCOC WGS for the study Genomic consequences of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms stratify ovarian cancer histotypes

  For CCOC cohorts, OvCaRe cases were reviewed, including frozen material, by at least two expert gynecopathologists prior to inclusion in the sequencing cohort who provided the confirmation on final selected cohort. Frozen H&E from Tokyo were also used for evaluation along with representative H&E photos and review done at the Jikei School of Medicine. All CCOC tumours are primary tumour samples. Library construction and sequencing Frozen specimens with >50% tumour cellularity (based on initial slide review) were used for cryosectioning and subsequent nucleic acid extraction. Patient tumour and normal blood samples derived from primary, untreated fresh frozen tumour specimens harvested at diagnosis during standard of care debulking surgery. Germline DNA was provided from peripheral blood buffy coat on all specimens except 13 from Tokyo, where non-cancer frozen tissue was used as a germline source. DNA extraction from both matched normal (blood) and tumour samples (frozen tissue) were performed using the QIAamp Blood and Tissue DNA kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Qbit fluorometer and reagents (high-sensitivity assay). Three lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 v4 chemistry for normal samples and five lanes for tumour samples were obtained. The PCR-free protocol was adopted to eliminate the PCR-induced bias and improve coverage across the genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001003265

• GCT WGS for the study Genomic consequences of aberrant DNA repair mechanisms stratify ovarian cancer histotypes

  For GCT cohorts, OvCaRe cases were reviewed, including frozen material, by at least two expert gynecopathologists prior to inclusion in the sequencing cohort who provided the confirmation on final selected cohort. Frozen H&E from Tokyo were also used for evaluation along with representative H&E photos and review done at the Jikei School of Medicine. All GCT tumours are primary tumour samples. Library construction and sequencing Frozen specimens with >50% tumour cellularity (based on initial slide review) were used for cryosectioning and subsequent nucleic acid extraction. Patient tumour and normal blood samples derived from primary, untreated fresh frozen tumour specimens harvested at diagnosis during standard of care debulking surgery. Germline DNA was provided from peripheral blood buffy coat on all specimens except 13 from Tokyo, where non-cancer frozen tissue was used as a germline source. DNA extraction from both matched normal (blood) and tumour samples (frozen tissue) were performed using the QIAamp Blood and Tissue DNA kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a Qbit fluorometer and reagents (high-sensitivity assay). Three lanes of Illumina HiSeq 2500 v4 chemistry for normal samples and five lanes for tumour samples were obtained. The PCR-free protocol was adopted to eliminate the PCR-induced bias and improve coverage across the genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001003267

• Genetics of Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in N08C1 and N08CB

  Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and potentially dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapy treatment. CIPN severity varies widely between cancer patients, and previous studies had found evidence of genes and single nucleotide variants (SNV) being associated with CIPN. The goal of this study was to further identify genetic markers and pathways associated with CIPN severity using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of participants in two clinical studies which collected longitudinal patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of CIPN. NCCTG/Alliance study N08C1 was a prospective cohort study of the natural history of paclitaxel-associated acute pain syndrome (P-APS) and CIPN. NCCTG/Alliance trial N08CB was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and magnesium for prevention of oxaliplatin-induced sensory neuropathy in which the treatment had no significant effect on either acute pain or sensory neuropathy. Both N08C1 and N08CB collected patient assessments of CIPN symptoms before each cycle of chemotherapy using the EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 instrument. For this study, CIPN cases were selected from each of N08C1 and N08CB as those patients with the most severe CIPN symptoms (assessed longitudinally). CIPN controls were selected as those with the least severe symptoms. WGS was obtained for N08C1 samples (WES had been obtained and analyzed previously), and WES was obtained for N08CB samples.

  Study phs001480

• Induction Failure in Childhood and Young Adult T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

  We carried out WGS and RNAseq on a cohort of 48 children and young adults with induction failure in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) to identify genomic drivers of treatment resistance. The study includes WGS for 33 tumour/normal pairs and 15 tumour-only samples. In addition, there is RNAseq data for 37 cases.

  Dataset EGAD00001009058

• Single_Cell_Targeted_Sequence_Capture

  This study is to ascertain whether it is feasible to extract single cell from a tumour, perform amplification, generate a library and sequence a targeted pulldown.

  Study EGAS00001000435

• Acral Melanoma PDXs from the admixed Brazilian Population - Tumour VCF files with somatic SNV and INDELs - Whole exome sequencing data

  Raw, flagged and annotated VCF files with somatic calls made with CavEMan and Pindel for Acral Tumours. Variant effect prediction was run with Ensembl VEP v103.Acral melanoma (AM) is an aggressive melanoma subtype with limited therapeutic options and poor outcomes. In non-European descent and admixed populations, like in Latin America, it can account for a significant proportion of cutaneous melanoma cases. Here, we performed comprehensive genomic and functional profiling of AM from a uniquely diverse Brazilian cohort. Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on both tumours and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. The PDX were obtained from a comprehensive collection of patient-derived xenograft (AM-PDX) models that we established which faithfully retained the histopathological and genomic features of the original tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001015741

• Combined hereditary and somatic mutations of replication error repair genes result in rapid onset of ultra-hypermutated cancers

  DNA replication-associated mutations are repaired by two components: polymerase proofreading and mismatch repair. The mutational consequences of disruption to both repair components in humans are not well studied. We sequenced cancer genomes from children with inherited biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (bMMRD). High-grade bMMRD brain tumors exhibited massive numbers of substitution mutations (>250/Mb) – higher than all childhood and most cancers (>7000 analyzed). All ultra-hypermutated bMMRD cancers acquired early somatic driver mutations in DNA polymerases epsilon or delta. The ensuing mutation signatures and numbers are unique and diagnostic of childhood germline bMMRD (p<10e-13). Sequential tumor biopsy analysis revealed that bMMRD/polymerase mutant cancers rapidly amass an excess of simultaneous mutations (~600 mutations/cell division), reaching but not exceeding ~20,000 exonic mutations in <6 months. Thus implying a threshold compatible with cancer cell survival. We suggest a new mechanism of cancer progression in which mutations develop in a rapid burst after ablation of replication repair.

  Study EGAS00001001112

• The Gut Microbiome of renal transplant recipients – Cross-sectional

  TransplantLines is designed as a single-center, prospective cohort study and biobank including all different types of solid organ transplant recipients as well as living organ donors. In the TransplantLines gut microbiome study the gut microbiome of solid organ transplant recipients is characterized and linked to clinical phenotypes. This batch contains the cross-sectional data from renal transplant recipients is.

  Study EGAS00001006257

• Characterization and clinical relevance of the genomic alterations defining invasive lobular breast cancer

  Background: Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILBC) is the second most common histological subtype after ductal breast cancer (IDBC). In spite of significant clinical and pathological differences, ILBC is still treated as IDBC. Here, we aimed at identifying recurrent genomic alterations in ILBC with potential clinical implications.Methods: Starting from 630 ILBC primary tumors with a median follow up of 10 years, we interrogated oncogenic substitutions and indels of 360 cancer genes and genome-wide copy number alterations in 413 and 170 ILBC samples, respectively, and correlated those findings with clinical, pathological, and outcome features. The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used for comparison of frequency estimates.Results: Besides the high mutation frequency of CDH1 in 65% of the tumors, alterations in one of the three key genes of the PI3K pathway, PIK3CA, PTEN and AKT1, were present in more than half of the cases. ERBB2 and ERBB3 were mutated in 5.1 and 3.6% of the tumors. FOXA1 mutations and ESR1 copy number gains were detected in 9% and 25% of the samples. All these alterations were more frequent in ILBC than IDBC. The histological diversity of ILBC was associated with specific genomic alterations, such as enrichment for ERBB2 mutations in the mixed, non-classic subtype, and for ARID1A mutations and ESR1 gains in the solid subtype. Finally, ERBB2 and AKT1 mutations were associated with short-term risk of relapse, and chromosome 1q and 11p gain with increased and decreased breast cancer free survival, respectively.Conclusion: ERBB2, ERBB3 and AKT1 mutations represent high prevalence therapeutic targets in ILBC. FOXA1 mutations and ESR1 gains urgently deserve dedicated clinical investigation, especially in the context of endocrine treatment.

  Dataset EGAD00001001395

• RNA sequencing of undifferentiated sarcomas

  mRNA sequencing of 50 undifferentiated sarcoma tumour samples and 5 adjacent muscle tissue samples. BAM files are provided, with metadata specifying which samples are tumour/normal.

  Dataset EGAD00001004439

• Warm_Autopsy_Single_Cell_X10

  Study of cell lineage and embryogenesis using biopsy samples from sites across the whole body (post mortem). Sample donors are recruited sensitively through the Phoenix study and consent to samples being taken after their death for both the Phoenix study and this WTSI study.

  Dataset EGAD00001003240

• Cambridge Neoadjuvant Cancer of the Prostate (CANCAP03): A Window Study into the Effects of Olaparib ± Degarelix in Primary Prostate Cancer.

  Study: Cambridge Neoadjuvant Cancer of the Prostate (CANCAP03): A Window Study into the Effects of Olaparib ± Degarelix in Primary Prostate Cancer. EudraCT Number: 2014-004417-86 Clinicaltrials.gov Number: NCT02324998 Purpose: Investigate combined PARP and androgen inhibition in primary prostate cancer. Aim: To understand the biological mechanism(s) underlying clinical efficacy, especially in the absence of mutations in homologous recombination (HR) repair pathways. Dataset: Single-nuclear RNA sequencing data from post-treatment radical prostatectomy tissue cores for six patients, 3 from each of olaparib and olaparib and degarelix cohorts. Samples were processed for nuclear isolation and extraction, prior to single-nuclear RNA sequencing. 10x libraries were constructed using the 10x supplied protocol, briefly: individual nuclei were trapped into droplets with a single bead, and poly A transcripts were barcoded during reverse transcription. Complementary DNA was amplified, and libraries were prepared for sequencing on NovaSeq 6000 using S4 flow cell (100k reads per cell). FASTQ files were processed using CellRanger pipeline (10X Genomics). Outputs from the CellRanger pipeline were analysed using the Seurat package (v4.9.9.9049) in R (v4.2.0). Processed data is provided as a Seurat object.

  Study EGAS50000000880

• Sequencing_of_patient_samples_who_received_immune_checkpoint_inhibition___WES___NKI

  DNA and RNA isolated from FFPE blocks of patients who received immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) are sequenced with the aim to identify therapeutically tractable vulnerabilities in tumors to prevent ICI resistance.

  Study EGAS00001003154

• Transcriptome study of differential expression in schizophrenia

  Schizophrenia is a common and severe psychotic disorder. While some common SNPs and rare copy number variants have been identified as being significantly associated with disease risk, the biological mechanisms remain undefined. To identify gene expression abnormalities in schizophrenia, we generated whole-genome gene expression profiles using microarrays on lymphoblastoid cell lines from a total of 413 cases and 446 controls. Regression analysis identified 95 transcripts differentially expressed by affection status at a genome-wide false discovery rate of 0.05, while simultaneously controlling for confounding effects. These transcripts represented 89 genes with functions such as neurotransmission, gene regulation, cell cycle progression, differentiation, apoptosis, and immunity. The observed differential expression of extended major histocompatibility complex region genes converges with the genetic evidence from schizophrenia genome-wide association studies, which find the same region to be the most significant schizophrenia susceptibility locus. Our analysis also provides novel candidate genes for further study to assess their potential contribution to schizophrenia.

  Study phs000775

• Human islet 3D chromatin maps provide insights into type 2 diabetes

  The transcriptional output of each cell type is controlled by thousands of enhancers, many of which contain genetic risk variants for common diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). To gain insight into how enhancer variation influences diabetes risk, we created promoter capture Hi-C maps in human pancreatic islets. This linked diabetes-associated islet enhancers with their target genes, often located hundreds of kilobases away. We identified hubs that show spatial and functional connections between enhancersand target genes related to islet function and diabetes. We demonstrate that genetic variants distributed across hub enhancers have a major impact on T2D heritability, and use this knowledge to identify individuals in whom islet regulatory variation has a prominent role in T2D risk. Our results demonstrate the importance of 3D chromatin architecture for molecular interpretation of T2D genetic association signals, and define genomic spaces that harbor a distinct component of the T2D polygenic burden.

  Study EGAS00001002917

• HSC_colony_many_years_post_allogeneic_bone_marrow_transplant_TGS

  This study looks at human donors and recipients of allogeneic blood & marrow marrow transplantation. Each transplant "pair" (donor & recipient) underwent the transplant procedure 10 -30 years prior to sampling - the majority for an underlying diagnosis of leukemia. We will perform whole-genome sequencing on tens to hundreds of single HSPC (haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell)-derived colonies per individual. We will infer the phylogeny of these cells (those from both donor & recipient within a pair) by analysing the somatically acquired mutations within each cell. The structure of the phylogeny will allow estimates of hitherto unknown parameters such as the number of HSCs that engraft long-term, the dynamics of the engraftment process on the HSC level, and the additional mutation burden acquired through the arduous transplant procedure. This TGS part of the study is used for assessing the contribution of clones to mature blood subsets, and better timing mutations relative to transplantation.

  Study EGAS00001005298

• HSC_colony_many_years_post_allogeneic_bone_marrow_transplant___Bait_set_2

  This study looks at human donors and recipients of allogeneic blood & marrow marrow transplantation. Each transplant "pair" (donor & recipient) underwent the transplant procedure 10 -30 years prior to sampling - the majority for an underlying diagnosis of leukemia. We will perform whole-genome sequencing on tens to hundreds of single HSPC (haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell)-derived colonies per individual. We will infer the phylogeny of these cells (those from both donor & recipient within a pair) by analysing the somatically acquired mutations within each cell. The structure of the phylogeny will allow estimates of hitherto unknown parameters such as the number of HSCs that engraft long-term, the dynamics of the engraftment process on the HSC level, and the additional mutation burden acquired through the arduous transplant procedure. This TGS part of the study is used for assessing the contribution of clones to mature blood subsets, and better timing mutations relative to transplantation.

  Study EGAS00001005534

• HSC_colony_many_years_post_allogeneic_bone_marrow_transplant___Bait_set_3

  This study looks at human donors and recipients of allogeneic blood & marrow marrow transplantation. Each transplant "pair" (donor & recipient) underwent the transplant procedure 10 -30 years prior to sampling - the majority for an underlying diagnosis of leukemia. We will perform whole-genome sequencing on tens to hundreds of single HSPC (haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell)-derived colonies per individual. We will infer the phylogeny of these cells (those from both donor & recipient within a pair) by analysing the somatically acquired mutations within each cell. The structure of the phylogeny will allow estimates of hitherto unknown parameters such as the number of HSCs that engraft long-term, the dynamics of the engraftment process on the HSC level, and the additional mutation burden acquired through the arduous transplant procedure. This TGS part of the study is used for assessing the contribution of clones to mature blood subsets, and better timing mutations relative to transplantation.

  Study EGAS00001006572

• Single molecule molecular inversion probe capture developed using the CIViC database

  This study evaluated the use of the Clinical Interpretations of Variants in Cancer database (CIViC) to develop an Open-sourced CIViC Annotation Pipeline (OpenCAP). OpenCAP is a resource that allows users to develop a clinical capture panel that can be linked back to clinical summaries within the CIViC database. This method for capture panel development and variant annotation was tested using 27 cancer samples from 5 tumor subtypes with original exome or genome sequencing. Specifically, using OpenCAP, 111 variants were identified as relevant for the capture panel and 2,027 smMIPs were designed to target these variants. The smMIPs panel design was employed on all samples to validate the capture panel design. When compared to original sequencing, the CIViC smMIPs capture panel demonstrated a 95% sensitivity for variant detection (n = 61 variants). Additionally, the CIViC smMIPs capture panel identified 182 additional clinically relevant variants that had been missed on original sequencing.

  Study phs001890

• RNA-seq dataset for two NUP98-Rearranged Acute Myeloid Leukemia PDX samples

  This dataset includes RNA-seq of two patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples with NUP98-Rearranged Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Bam files are provided for each sample.

  Dataset EGAD50000001564

• EUROBATS RNAseq BAM files for LCLs

  These analysis are the BAM files for the LCLs samples of the EUROBATS samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001086

• Chromatin Profiling in Twins (2019-08-21)

  50 lymphoblastoid cell lines of adult female Twins which are part of the MuTHER study, subjected to Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using an antibody for H3K4me1. H3K4me1 peaks mark distal regulatory elements. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-08-21.

  Dataset EGAD00001005274

• Molecular Characterization of Prostate Cancer Specimens by Bulk and Single Cell Analysis

  Version 1: We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of fresh biopsies from metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Additionally, where available, we performed matched bulk whole exome sequencing (WXS; tumor and normal paired) and whole transcriptome sequencing for the same individuals. We also performed bulk whole exome (WXS) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) from FFPE pre-treatment biopsies from patients with clinically localized high-risk prostate cancer.Version 2: We added data from a randomized phase 2 trial of radium-223 with or without pembrolizumab in patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) to bone. After enrollment, study participants underwent bone biopsy and were randomized 2:1 to receive radium-223 at 55 kBq/kg every 4 weeks + pembrolizumab at 200 mg every 3 weeks (Arm A, R223+P) or radium-223 at 55 kBq/kg every 4 weeks alone (Arm B, R223). Stratification factors were alkaline phosphatase ≥220 vs. Data generated includes bulk whole exome sequencing (WXS), ultra-low pass whole genome sequencing (WGS) at 0.1X coverage, and targeted-capture sequencing. The ultra-low pass sequencing was used as part of the selection criteria for the target capture sequencing. Note: Two subjects in this study are linked to phs001577 and phs000915 respectively.

  Study phs001988

• PPGL RNA-Seq dataset

  Dataset includes fastq files for RNA-Seq experiments for tumor samples of PPGL patients. Single end reads fastq files are available for 102 different samples

  Dataset EGAD00001008578

• Basal-to-Inflammatory Transition Contributes to Basal Cell Carcinoma Therapy Resistance via Crosstalk with a Pro-Inflammatory Stromal Niche

  Overcoming tumor evolution and inducible resistance states remain the main challenge to creating successful anti-tumor therapies. The body's cancer-associated inflammatory response is a double-edged sword having ill-defined pro- and anti-tumor properties. Our group previously identified a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tumor-intrinsic resistance pathway called basal to squamous cell carcinoma transition (BST). However, tumor resistance driven through the complex dynamics of tumor interactions with the inflammatory response remains poorly studied. Here, employing a multipronged approach combining human tumor single-cell transcriptomics, single-cell chromatin accessibility (scATAC-Seq) study, CODEX multiplexed imaging, spatial transcriptomic along with functional validation, we have identified a surprising inflammation-associated SMOi therapy enriched tumor epithelial cell state we term basal-to-inflammatory transition (BIT). Marked by CHI3L1, TAGLN, ITGAV, and VCAM1, BIT arises in spatially distinct neighborhoods from BST in a subset of naive BCCs. While BST tumor epithelium occurs within the central cores of tumor nodules, BIT tumor epithelium arises in a specialized inflammatory environment defined by a tumor associated TREM1 myeloid signature. IL1 and OSM secreted by TREM1 myeloid cells activate the inflammatory NF-kB family of transcription factors within the BIT tumor epithelium. Strikingly, IL1 and OSM ligands are sufficient not only in inducing the BIT tumor state in vitro and in vivo in a synergistic fashion but also in lowering the sensitivity of human BCC explant tumors to SMOi treatment. This work provides critical insights into the BIT-resistant state as a novel targetable tumor state driven by a specialized inflammatory microenvironment.

  Study phs003437

• Circulating tumor cell copy-number heterogeneity in ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer resistant to ALK inhibitors

  Gatekeeper mutations are identified in only 50% of the cases at resistance to Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are relevant tools to identify additional resistance mechanisms and can be sequenced at the single-cell level. Here, we provide in-depth investigation of copy number alteration (CNA) heterogeneity in phenotypically characterized CTCs at resistance to ALK-TKIs in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

  Study EGAS00001005301

• Detection of ctDNA in Plasma of Patients with Clinically Localised Prostate Cancer is Associated with Rapid Disease Progression

  Purpose: DNA originating from degenerate tumour cells can be detected in the circulation in many tumour types, where it can be used as a marker of disease burden as well as to monitor treatment response. Although circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) measurement has prognostic/predictive value in metastatic prostate cancer, its utility in localised disease is unknown. Patients and Methods: We performed whole genome sequencing of tumour-normal pairs in eight patients with clinically localised disease undergoing prostatectomy, identifying high confidence genomic aberrations. A bespoke DNA capture and amplification panel against the highest prevalence, highest confidence aberrations for each individual was designed and used to interrogate ctDNA isolated from plasma prospectively obtained pre- and post- (24 hours and 6 weeks) surgery. In a separate cohort (n=189) we identified the presence of ctDNA TP53 mutations in pre-operative plasma in a retrospective cohort, and determined its association with biochemical- and metastasis-free survival. Results: Tumour variants in ctDNA were positively identified pre-treatment in two of eight patients, which in both cases remained detectable postoperatively. Patients with tumour variants in ctDNA had extremely rapid disease recurrence and progression compared to those where variants could not be detected. In terms of aberrations targeted, single nucleotide and structural variants outperformed indels and copy number aberrations. Detection of ctDNA TP53 mutations was associated with a significantly shorter metastasis-free survival (6.2 vs. 9.5 years (HR 2.4; 95% CIs 1.2-4.8, p = 0.014)). Conclusions: CtDNA is uncommonly detected in localised prostate cancer but its presence portends more rapidly progressive disease.

  Study EGAS00001004636

• Genentech whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of four hepatocellular carcinoma patients

  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study we sequenced the whole genome (~80X) and transcriptome of tumor and non-tumor samples from four HCC patients and identified over two hundred HBV integration sites. We found significant clonal expansion of HBV-integrated hepatocytes specifically in the tumor samples. We observed a diverse collection of genomic perturbations near viral integration sites, including gene disruption, viral promoter-driven human transcription, viral-human transcript fusion and DNA copy number alteration. We also sequenced one patient at ultra-high coverage (~240X) to build the most comprehensive HBV-integration landscape yet attempted. Our data suggest that the viral integration significantly expands carcinogenic opportunities in HBV-infected individuals.

  Study phs000384

• A Cultured Leukemia Stem Cell Model Enables Validation of CDK6 as a Stemness Target Against Acute Myeloid Leukemia

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a group of aggressive hematological malignancies, the clinical management of which is made challenging due to the persistence of rare and therapy resistant leukemia stem cells (LSCs) which serve as a source of disease relapse and poor outcomes. There are currently a paucity of methods to reliably enrich and study LSCs, hindering the development of therapies that specifically target LSCs. In this study, we deeply characterize the OCI-AML8227 culture model, which maintains a functional stemness hierarchy originating from its highly primitive CD34⁺CD38⁻ cells, to elucidate LSC biology and uncover LSC-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities. We analyzed both bulk and single-cell proteomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics to generate a LSC protein-protein interaction network, which was then integrated with an LSC-focused small molecule screen using this model. From these findings, CDK6 was discovered as a therapeutic vulnerability specific to LSCs, which was validated in findings from the BEAT-AML cohort and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) panel of AML samples through palbociclib treatment. Taken together, our studies validate CDK6 as a druggable vulnerability in LSCs, and authenticate OCI-AML8227 cells as a LSC target discovery engine.

  Dataset EGAD50000001156

• Melanoma Brain Metastasis Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Atlas

  Melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) frequently occurs in patients with advanced melanoma, yet our understanding of the underlying salient biology is rudimentary. Here, we performed single-cell/nucleus RNA-seq in 22 treatment-naive MBM (scRNA-seq n=5; snRNA-seq n=17) and 10 extracranial melanoma metastases (ECM; all snRNA-seq), and matched spatial single-cell transcriptomics (n=16) and T cell receptor (TCR)-seq (n=5). Key observations were validated in matched bulk RNA- and ATAC-seq of isogenic MBM/ECM cell culture models (n=24; including triplicates (labeled as *-A, -B and -C) of 4 MBM- and 4 ECM-derived patient cell lines with 2 matched pairs). This work provides comprehensive insights into MBM biology and serves as a foundational resource for further discovery and therapeutic exploration.

  Study phs002944

• Genomic Analyses in Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy-Treated Head and Neck Cancers

  This is a phase 2 multicenter interventional trial involving the preoperative (neoadjuvant) administration of pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) agent, to patients with pathologically confirmed, surgically resectable advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Participating centers were Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The trial (NCT02296684) consisted of two cohorts: Cohort 1 enrolled and treated patients received one dose of pembrolizumab prior to surgical resection with curative intent, and adjuvant pembrolizumab was planned for patients with high risk pathological features (positive margins and/or extranodal extension) in the surgical specimen. Cohort 2 enrolled and treated patients received 2 doses of pembrolizumab prior to surgical resection with curative intent. Adjuvant treatment was not dictated by the trial protocol for Cohort 2. The primary endpoint was rate of at least 50% pathological tumor response (pTR), defined as the presence of tumor necrosis/keratinous debris in the tumor bed following neoadjuvant pembrolizumab. pTR was graded as follows: pTR0 (<10%), pTR1 (10-49%) and pTR2 (≥50%). Baseline, pre-treatment tumor biopsy and post-neoadjuvant pembrolizumab surgically resected tumor specimens were dissociated, and CD3+CD45+ cells were analyzed for T cell receptor (TCR) expression and 5' gene expression analysis using single cell sequencing technologies for a subset of patients.

  Study phs002864

• UK10K_RARE_HYPERCHOL

  In the UK10K project we propose a series of complementary genetic approaches to find new low frequency/rare variants contributing to disease phenotypes. These will be based on obtaining the genome wide sequence of 4000 samples from the TwinsUK and ALSPAC cohorts (at 6x sequence coverage), and the exome sequence (protein coding regions and related conserved sequence) of 6000 samples selected for extreme phenotypes. Our studies will focus primarily on cardiovascular-related quantitative traits, obesity and related metabolic traits, neurodevelopmental disorders and a limited number of extreme clinical phenotypes that will provide proof-of-concept for future familial trait sequencing. We will analyse directly quantitative traits in the cohorts and the selected traits in the extreme samples, and also use imputation down to 0.1% allele frequency to extend the analyses to further sample sets with genome wide genotype data. In each case we will investigate indels and larger structural variants as well as SNPs, and use statistical methods that combine rare variants in a locus or pathway as well as single-variant approaches.Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a condition where the affected person has a consistently high level of LDL which can lead to early clogging of the coronary arteries. All patients selected for this study will have been found not to carry the common APOB and PCSK9 mutations, and to have no detectable LDLR mutations by testing for 18 common mutations. For further information with regard to this cohort please contact Steve Humphries(steve.humphries@ucl.ac.uk).

  Study EGAS00001000129

• Whole exome sequencing of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Chinese population

  Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Here we submitted the sequencing results for PTC using 91 tumor-normal pairs through exome sequencing in the Chinese Han population.

  Study EGAS00001001268

• TCELL_PILOT_ATAC_SEQ

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000758

• Preclinical_evolution_of_haematological_malignancies_

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002128

• Lymphocyte_RNA_profiling

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000564

• CELM

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002261

• Characterization_of_iPSC_derived_macrophages___cardiovascular_pilot

  This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000876

• Acral Melanoma PDXs from the admixed Brazilian Population - Tumour and unfiltered PDX sample CRAM files - Whole exome sequencing data

  CRAM files containing the whole exome data for Tumours, and unfiltered Patient Derived Xenograft samples mapped to build GRCh38. Acral melanoma (AM) is an aggressive melanoma subtype with limited therapeutic options and poor outcomes. In non-European descent and admixed populations, like in Latin America, it can account for a significant proportion of cutaneous melanoma cases. Here, we performed comprehensive genomic and functional profiling of AM from a uniquely diverse Brazilian cohort. Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing was performed on both tumours and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) samples. The PDX were obtained from a comprehensive collection of patient-derived xenograft (AM-PDX) models that we established which faithfully retained the histopathological and genomic features of the original tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001015740

• Alopecia and Vitiligo

  exome sequencing data captured with agilent v4 (71k) and sequenced on illumina technology. data from a total of 40 samples, of which 14 are vitiligo cases with familial history of vitiligo or immune disease, and the remaining are alopecia areata cases.

  Dataset EGAD00001005289

• CAF-S3 subset in human breast and ovarian cancers

  Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are key players in the tumor microenvironment. By combining 6 well-known stromal markers, we identify four CAF subsets (CAF-S1 to CAF-S4) in human breast and ovarian cancers.

  Study EGAS00001003344

• Whole-genome sequencing of paired tumor and blood samples from 65 bladder cancer patients

  65 paired tumor and normal whole-genome sequencing samples from urothelial bladder carcinomas (UBC, the most common type of bladder cancer) are used to uncover the whole-genome mutational landscape of UBC. Recurrent mutations in noncoding regions affecting gene regulatory elements and structural variations leading to gene disruptions are prevalent in this type of cancer.

  Dataset EGAD00001004545

• Determining genome-wide binding of ETS2 by CUT&RUN in primary human macrophages

  This dataset consists of sequencing data from an ETS2 CUT&RUN experiment in primary inflammatory (TPP) macrophages (n = 2). Pre-cultured TPP macrophages were harvested and processed immediately using the CUT&RUN Assay kit (Cell Signaling) according to the manufacturer’s instructions with the following modifications (essentially, avoiding the use of ConA-coated beads). Anti-ETS2 (ThermoFisher) or IgG control (Cell Signaling) antibodies were used for targeted digestion of chromatin. For each donor, 5x10^5 cells were pelleted, washed in Wash Buffer, and resuspended in Antibody Binding buffer. Cells were incubated with antibodies (1:100 dilution for anti-ETS2) for 2h at 4°C. After washing in Digitonin Buffer, cells were incubated with pA/G-MNase for 1h at 4°C. Cells were washed twice in Digitonin Buffer, resuspended in the same buffer and cooled for 5 minutes on ice. Calcium chloride was added to activate pA/G-MNase digestion and cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 4°C before Stop Buffer was added, and cells were incubated for 10 min at 37°C to release cleaved chromatin fragments. Supernatants were collected by centrifugation and DNA extracted using DNA Purification Buffers and Spin Columns (Cell Signaling). Library preparation was performed according to a protocols.IO protocol (dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bagaibse) using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit. Size selection was performed using AMPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter) and fragment sizes were determined using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (High Sensitivity DNA kit). Equimolar pools of indexed libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 (100bp PE reads). Raw data are provided as 100 bp paired-end Illumina reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001011349

• Immune heterogeneity in small cell lung cancer and vulnerability to immune checkpoint blockade

  Following the pivotal Phase III IMpower133 study, atezolizumab (anti–PD-L1), combined with carboplatin and etoposide (CE), was the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for first-line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) and is now a standard of care. A clearer understanding of therapeutically relevant SCLC subsets is needed to improve outcomes and to identify rational combination strategies. Transcriptomic analyses and nonnegative matrix factorization were conducted on 271 pre-treatment patient tumor samples from IMpower133 and four subsets with general concordance to previously reported SCLC subtypes were identified. Deeper investigation into the immune heterogeneity relevant to clinical outcomes uncover two subsets with differing neuroendocrine (NE) versus non-neuroendocrine (non-NE) phenotypes that demonstrated hallmarks of immune cell infiltration. The balance of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) to T-effector signals distinguished these inflamed subsets. Tumors with low TAM but high T-effector signals had a NE phenotype and demonstrated longer overall survival with PD-L1 blockade and CE versus CE alone than did tumors with high TAM and high T-effector signal, which had a non-NE phenotype. The delineation of SCLC immune heterogeneity offers a clinically relevant approach to discriminate SCLC patients likely to benefit most from immunotherapeutic approaches and highlights the complex mechanisms underlying response and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. 

  Study EGAS50000000138

• Targeted sequencing (paired) of HR genes in primary and metastatic patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of colorectal cancer (CRC)

  The dataset includes DNA targeted paired-wise (2 FASTQ per sample) sequencing of a manually curated panel of 44 genes with a documented role in homologous recombination (HR), a pathway of DNA damage response. Sequencing was conducted in 69 tumors from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after serial passaging in mice (patient-derived xenografts, PDXs). For each PDX model profiled for HR gene mutations, therapeutic annotation of response to FOLFIRI (a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of the combination of 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan) is available.

  Dataset EGAD50000000107

• Multimodal cell-free DNA whole-genome TAPS is sensitive and reveals specific cancer signals

  This study presents a methodology for detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) using deep whole-genome TET-Assisted Pyridine Borane Sequencing (TAPS), a less destructive alternative to bisulphite sequencing. The method enables simultaneous analysis of genomic and methylomic data for multi-cancer detection and monitoring minimal residual disease. In a diagnostic accuracy study across various cancer types, it achieved 85.3% sensitivity and 88.8% specificity, with validation done using matched tumour biopsies. Additionally, in silico validation showed strong discrimination at low ctDNA levels. The approach also successfully tracks tumour burden and ctDNA shedding from precancerous lesions post-treatment, making it ready for further clinical testing.

  Study EGAS50000000715

• Mutations in the SIX1/2 pathway and the DROSHA/DGCR8 miRNA microprocessor complex underlie high-risk blastemal type Wilms tumors

  Blastemal histology in chemotherapy-treated pediatric Wilms tumors (nephroblastoma) is associated with adverse prognosis. In order to find novel therapeutic leads for this subgroup of patients, we analyzed 58 such Wilms tumors by exome and transcriptome analysis and validated our findings in larger independent cohorts. Recurrent mutations identified either somatically or in the germline included a hotspot mutation (Q177R) in the homeodomain of SIX1 and SIX2 in tumors with high proliferative potential, mutations in microprocessor genes like DROSHA, DGCR8, DICER1 and DIS3L2, and alterations in IGF2, MYCN, and TP53, the latter being strongly associated with dismal outcome. DROSHA and DGCR8 mutations had a strong effect on miRNA profiles in tumors, which we confirmed in cell lines transfected with mutant DROSHA.

  Study EGAS00001000906

• ProHealth: Kaiser Permanente Genome-wide Association Study of Prostate Cancer

  A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of prostate cancer (PCa) was conducted in Kaiser Permanente (KP) Northern California health plan members (7,783 cases, 38,595 controls; 80.3% non-Hispanic white, 4.9% African-American, 7.0% East Asian, and 7.8% Latino) [PMID: 26034056]. The data for these members were drawn from three KP cohort studies: Research Program in Genes, Environment and Health (RPGEH) ProHealth, and California Men's Health Study (CMHS) (described further under Study History). Four custom arrays were designed for genotyping, one for each of the four major race-ethnicity groups in the RPGEH cohort: African Americans, East Asians, Latinos, and Non-Hispanic Whites. The number of SNPs and SNP content varied by array, with SNP content designed to maximize the genome-wide coverage of low frequency and more common variants specific to the different race-ethnicity groups, including newly identified SNPs from sequencing projects, and SNPs with established associations with disease phenotypes and risk factors [PMIDs: 21565264, 21903159]. Within the total study cohort, n=34,736 completed a consent which permitted deposition of data to NIH. Genotyping followed the same general procedure described in [PMIDs: 26092718, plus additional quality control (QC) steps for the additional men, in order to control for potential batch and kit effects, described in [PMID: 26034056. Briefly, we first repeated the filters described in [PMID: 26092718] for all four arrays (EUR, LAT, EAS, AFR). Then, on an array-wise basis, we removed SNPs with MAF<0.01, with a call rate<95%, or with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) p-value in homogeneous groups<1x10ˆ-5. Furthermore, on the EUR array, to adjust for potential kit effect, we conducted a GWAS of kit, and removed those kit associated SNPs with p<1x10ˆ-6; we also re-genotyped each of the new samples (those not genotyped with the original GERA data) with some of the original GERA data, and removed SNPs with >13/1,268 (1%) mismatches. For the AFR array, to adjust potential plate batch issues, we conducted a GWAS of whether an individual was in the original GERA data vs. in the newly genotyped data and removed those batch-associated SNPs with p<0.05 (we used a stronger threshold than that used for the EUR array because there were fewer individuals on the AFR array); we also re-genotyped each of the new samples with the original GERA data and removed SNPs with >2/78 (2.6%). After the QC described above, imputation was performed as described in [PMID: 26034056]. Imputation was performed on an array-wise basis, pre-phasing with SHAPE-IT v2.5 [PMID: 22138821], and imputing from the 1000 Genomes Project October 2014 release as a cosmopolitan reference panel with IMPUTE2 [PMID: 22384356]. In addition to the GWAS described above, a nested exome-wide association study (EWAS) of PCa was also conducted (7,489 cases, 7,323 controls; 78% non-Hispanic white, 9% African-American, 3% East Asian, 6% Latino, 4% Other). A custom EWAS array primarily focused on rare variants was designed for genotyping that complemented the GWAS arrays [PMID: 26034056]. The EWAS array content included missense and loss-of-function mutations, and rare exonic mutations from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and dbGaP prostate cancer tumor exomes [PMID: 26544944; PMID: 26544944]. Much of the EWAS array design content overlapped with the probesets on the UK Biobank Affymetrix Axiom array [PMID: 30305743]. Genotyping and QC steps taken to filter out samples exhibiting low quality and variants with low call rates are described in Emami et al., 2020 [biorXiv]. The resulting EWAS array genotypes are provided here.

  Study phs001221

• RNA-Seq Profiles from the CheckMate-577 Clinical Trial

  The dataset contains RNAseq profiles of 386 patients from the CheckMate-577 (CA209-577) clinical trial whose ICF allows data deposition into a public repository. The Allprep DNA/RNA FFPE kit was used to simultaneously purify genomic DNA and total RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. RNA was analyzed using the Illumina TruSeq RNA Access method for library preparation, followed by sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform with a 50bp paired-end strategy and a target read depth of 50M per sample. Fastq files are included.

  Dataset EGAD50000002394

• PanelSeq IDC samples

  PDX samples of breast cancer IDC mouse models created from patient tumor material of the NKI. Genomescan prepared the samples according to the procedure for Hybridization Capture using an Agilent SureSelect custom 0.5-2.9Mb kit. The prepared libraries were sequenced with Illumina sequencing technology. The samples are in fastq format and consist of the following PDX samples: IDC025, IDC026, IDC029, IDC031, IDC032, IDC038, IDC057, IDC062, IDC065, IDC069, IDC072, IDC090B, IDC092, IDC097, IDC099, IDC107, IDC113, IDC117, IDC143, IDC152, IDC159A, IDC159B, IDC180, IDC186, IDC192, IDC197, IDC198, IDC207, IDC209, IDC216, IDC218, IDC222, IDC229, IDC232, IDC274, IDC282, IDC290, IDC299, IDC307, IDC338, IDC344, IDC346, ILC006, ILC012, ILC083 and ILC248.

  Dataset EGAD50000001149

• Response to Hepatitis B vaccine

  Approximately 5-10% of individuals, who are vaccinated with a hepatitis B (HB) vaccine designed based on the HBV genotype C, fail to acquire protective levels of antibodies. Host genetic factors behind low immune response to the HB vaccine were investigated by GWAS and HLA association tests. GWAS and HLA association tests were carried out using a total of 1,193 Japanese individuals including 107 low responders (HBsAb ?10 mIU/mL), 351 intermediate responders (10 mIU/mL< HBsAb <100 mIU/mL), and 735 high responders (HBsAb ?100 mIU/mL). Classical HLA class II alleles were statistically imputed using the genome-wide SNP typing data. GWAS identified independent associations of HLA-DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes, HLA-DPB1 alleles and BTNL2 gene with immune response to the HB vaccine designed based on the HBV genotype C. Five HLA-DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and two DPB1 alleles showed significant associations with response to the HB vaccine in a comparison of three groups of 1,193 HB vaccinated individuals. When frequencies of DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and DPB1 alleles were compared between low immune responders and HBV patients, significant associations were identified for three DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes, and no association was identified for any of DPB1 alleles. In contrast, no association for DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and DPB1 alleles was identified in a comparison between high immune responders and healthy individuals. The findings in this study clearly show the importance of HLA-DR-DQ (i.e. recognition of a HB vaccine related HBsAg by specific DR-DQ haplotypes) and BTNL2 molecules (i.e. high immune response to the HB vaccine) for response to a HB vaccine designed based on the HBV genotype C.

  Study JGAS000341

• The evolutionary landscape of colorectal tumorigenesis

  The genetic events that cause colorectal adenomas to progress to carcinomas remain largely undetermined. Using multi-region genome/exome sequencing of 24 benign and malignant colorectal tumours, we probe the evolutionary fitness landscape occupied by these neoplasms. Unlike carcinomas, advanced adenomas frequently harbour sub-clonal driver mutations, hence lack selective sweeps, and have relatively high genetic heterogeneity. Carcinomas are distinguished from adenomas not by nucleotide-level mutations (drivers or burden), but by widespread aneusomies that are usually clonal and often accrue in a “punctuated” fashion. Adenomas evolve across an undulating fitness landscape, whereas carcinomas occupy a sharper fitness peak, probably owing to stabilising selection.

  Study EGAS00001003066

• Hofer et al., A specific subpopulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes resistance to chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer by upregulating G0S2 protein

  Chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but the mechanisms of chemoresistance remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the chemotherapy response of TNBC, by combining in vivo analyses of TNBC patients with ex vivo cancer modeling, using tumor-on-chip (ToC) technology. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the proportion of a specific CAF population, the extracellular matrix-producing myofibroblasts (ECM-myCAFs), is reduced after chemotherapy in chemo-sensitive, but not in chemo-resistant TNBC patients. In ToC devices, primary ECM-myCAFs promoted TNBC cell survival under Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel treatment. The mechanism of chemoresistance was elucidated by using single-cell RNA sequencing, advanced cell imaging and functional assays: ECM-myCAFs upregulate the G0/G1 switch 2 (G0S2) protein in TNBC cells, via activation of SRC family kinases. Altogether, our work identifies G0S2 as a new player in CAF mediated chemotherapy resistance in TNBC.

  Study EGAS50000000886

• Genomic analysis of a hypermutated gliosarcoma

  Gliosarcoma is a variant of glioblastoma with equally poor prognosis and characterized by mixed glial and mesenchymal pathology. Metastasis is not uncommon but involvement of the spinal cord is rare, and comprehensive genetic characterization of spinal gliosarcoma is lacking. We describe a patient initially diagnosed with a low-grade brain glioma via biopsy, followed by adjuvant radiation and temozolomide treatment. Nearly two years after diagnosis, she developed neurological deficits from an intradural, extramedullary tumor anterior to the spinal cord at T4, which was resected and diagnosed as gliosarcoma. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of this tumor revealed a hypermutated phenotype, characterized by somatic mutations in key DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway genes, an abundance of C&gt;T transitions within the identified somatic SNVs, and microsatellite stability, together consistent with temozolomide-mediated hypermutagenesis. This is the first report of a hypermutator phenotype in gliosarcoma, which may represent a novel genomic mechanism of progression from lower-grade glioma.

  Study EGAS00001004864

• Transcriptomics for IMMU-SCCHN1 cohort

  The goal of IMMUcan is to understand how the immune system interacts with tumors and how therapeutic interventions influence this interaction. This cohort includes patients with confirmed locally recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) who receive first-line treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) or ICI combined with chemotherapy. This dataset contains transcriptomics data processed with the STAR pipeline. Two sequencing kits were employed: Roche KAPA for high-quality RNA samples and Takara SMART-Seq Stranded for samples with limited RNA quantities.

  Dataset EGAD50000002206

• Patient-derived neuroblastoma model system OHC-NB1

  The dataset is comprised of seven samples, one blood sample (germline control) of the patient, one neuroblastoma metastasis from the bone marrow and five derived cell models. The models include the primary culture, the first xenogenograft passage, a monolayer culture derived from the first xenograft passage and two samples of the fourth xenograft passage, cells and supernatant. For all these samples, whole-exome sequencing data have been generated. The BAM files contain the alignments against the human genome, assembly GRCh37, and also the unaligned reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001004138

• RNAseq and T cell receptor (TCR) profiling of PBMC cells 3 months post Omicron exposure

  This dataset contains RNA-seq and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing files from a cohort (n=20) 3 months post positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 10 hospitalised (samples H1-10) and 10 non-hospitalised (samples NH1-10) are contained within this dataset. RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina Stranded mRNA Prep Ligation kit to investigate the protein coding transcriptome of PBMC cells. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire profiling was performed with the TakaraBio SMART-Seq Human TCR (with UMIs) on PBMC cells to investigate the depth and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 targeting TCRs.

  Dataset EGAD50000001356

• Transcriptomic profiles of tumor samples from patients with stage I-III TNBC treated with anthracycline-taxane chemotherapy plus fasting-mimicking diet plus/minus metformin in the context of the BREAKFAST trial (NCT04248998)

  BREAKFAST is a randomized, non-comparative, phase II trial enrolling stage I-III (cT>1cm) TNBC pts treated with neoadjuvant doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide q3w for 4 cycles, followed by weekly paclitaxel for 12 cycles. Pts were randomized 1:1 to receive: CT + triweekly 5-day FMD cycles (arm A), or CT + FMD + daily metformin (1700 mg) (arm B). The primary study objective was to investigate if one or both experimental treatments were able to increase pCR rates when compared to anthracycline-taxane CT alone according to historical data. Secondary/exploratory endpoints included biomarker analyses based on tumor transcriptomics analyses. Specifically, we collected fresh-frozen tumor samples at baseline and 14-21 days after the first treament cycle and we analyzed the RNA-seq profiles to identify early predictors of treatment activity.

  Study EGAS50000000690

• Multiple Myeloma follow-up sequencing study

  A total of 40 Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients at clinical relapse who progressed during Proteasome Inhibitors (PIs) or Immunomodulating Drugs (IMiDs)-based therapies and who are assigned to antiCD38-based salvage treatments, will be enrolled. We will collect bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) samples from patients at specific timepoints: baseline (BM, PB and buccal swab) every 3 month (PB) achievement of response (≥ Very Good Partial Response (VGPR)) (BM and PB) relapse or refractory status to antiCD38-based treatments (BM and PB) Samples will be processed and stored in the "Hematological Laboratory" located in the University of Turin (Italy) for various proposed analyses: at specific time-points CD138+ (Plasma Cells-PCs) awill be immunomagnetically enriched from the BM mononuclear cells and frozen as viable cells in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); PB mononuclear cells (PBMCs) will be isolated from whole blood by density-gradient centrifugation, and frozen as above; plasma fraction from PB and BM will be obtained by centrifugation and stored frozen; Neutrophils will be obtained at the time of enrollment as a source of control germline DNA and stored frozen.

  Study EGAS00001007092

• Whole exome sequencing of uterine cervical cancer

  We conducted whole-exome sequencing of cervical tissue samples to evaluate HLA loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and B2M gene mutations, which are key mechanisms of immune evasion that allow cancer cells to escape T-cell recognition and antigen presentation.

  Study JGAS000824

• Deep sequencing of the gut microbiome from 946 healthy donors of the Milieu Intérieur cohort

  In this study, we aim to determine, in a thousand healthy donors, how the profile and dynamics of the gut microbiome are affected by host factors such as sex, age and lifestyle parameters.

  Study EGAS00001004437

• RNA-seq bam

  We established 21 patient-derived pHGG orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models and eight matched cell lines from diverse groups of pHGG. Here are all available RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) data from patient tumor, PDOX, and cell lines from our study.

  Study EGAS00001005161

• GoNL release 5 raw SNV calls

  These files contain a total of 20.4M SNVs and the complete information output by the GATK UnifiedGenotyper v1.4 on all 767 GoNL samples. These calls are not trio-aware and all genotypes were reported regardless of their quality. Both filtered and passing calls are reported in these files. Filtered calls include (1) calls failing our VQSR threshold and (2) calls in the GoNL inaccessible genome.

  Dataset EGAD00001000743

• METSIM (METabolic Syndrome In Men) Study

  The METSIM Study includes 10,197 men, aged from 45 to 73 years, randomly selected from the population register of the town of Kuopio, Eastern Finland, and examined in 2005-2010. The aim of the study is to investigate genetic and non-genetic factors associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and insulin resistance-related traits in a cross-sectional and longitudinal setting. Study protocol includes collection of data on CVD risk factors (smoking, exercise, diet, history of chronic diseases including coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiac failure, medication, history of diabetes or early onset coronary heart disease in the family), questionnaire on the FINDRISC Score, measurement of height, weight, waist, hip, blood pressure, and bioimpedance for the evaluation of fat percentage. July 2016 - The first study release (v1) included phenotype and whole exome sequencing (WES) data of n=982 participants in substudy: Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Project 1: Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM) - phs001100.v2.p1. The second study release (v2) included phenotype data for the entire METSIM cohort and made two additional substudies available, phs000919.v1.p1 and phs000752.v1.p1. The third study release (v3) made three subcutaneous adipose biopsy substudies available, phs003385.v1.p1, phs003386.v1.p1, and phs003387.v1.p1.The fourth study release (v4) added phenotype data for the subcutaneous adipose biopsies, made two additional substudies available, phs01579.v1.p1 and phs004033.v1.p1, and is utilized in the following dbGaP sub-studies. To view genotypes, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these sub-studies, please click on the following sub-studies below or in the "Sub-studies" section of this top-level study page phs000743 METSIM Study. phs000752 METSIM FinMetSeq Exome Sequencing phs000919 METSIM GWAS and Exome Chip phs001100 METSIM T2D-GENES Exome Sequencingphs001579 METSIM CCDG Whole Genome Sequencingphs003385 METSIM Subcutaneous Adipose Needle Biopsy RNA-Seq phs003386 METSIM Subcutaneous Adipose Needle Biopsy ATAC-Seq phs003387 METSIM Subcutaneous Adipose Surgical Biopsy RNA-Seqphs004033 METSIM Metabolomics

  Study phs000743

• Cancer Single Cell Sequencing

  This study is to ascertain whether it is feasible to extract a single cell form a Cancer cell line, amplify it and sequence it.

  Study EGAS00001000003

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Bench to Bassinet Program: The Pediatric Cardiac Genetics Consortium (PCGC)

  Multi-center, prospective observational cohort study of individuals with congenital heart defects (CHD). Phenotypic data and source DNA derived from 10,000 probands, parents, and families of interest are being collected to investigate relationships between genetic factors and phenotypic and clinical outcomes in patients with CHD.

  Study phs000571

• CosMX spatial transcriptomics

  This study consists of the spatial transcriptomics analyis data generated by : CosMxTM Human Universal Cell Characterization RNA Panel (1000-plex); NanoString, USA for n=4 SLD-HCC and n=4 non-SLD-HCC. The goal of this data is to compare SLD-HCC vs non-SLD-HCC as well as response to immunotherapy

  Dataset EGAD50000001507

• Targeted deep sequencing data of 386 T-ALL patients

  Targeted deep sequencing data of 386 T-ALL patients in several high-risk T-ALL genes. Samples were prepared according to Agilent's HaloPlex HS Target Enrichment Protocol and sequenced as 75bp paired-end reads. Data is available as paired-end FASTQ files for each sample.

  Dataset EGAD50000001168

• BAM files from capture-based targeted sequencing of 12 agressive B-cell lymphoma tumour samples (IG-MCL-panel)

  This dataset contains BAM files from capture-based targeted sequencing of 12 agressive B-cell lymphoma tumour samples for cases 1 to 6 and 8 to 13. The sequencing panel used is a MCL-oriented panel containing 159 genes.

  Dataset EGAD50000000801

• GATCI whole genome sequence data

  Sequence data in fastq format was aligned to the GRCh38 reference genome with BWA-MEM. Aligned sequence was preprocessed with GATK for Indel Realignment and Base Quality Score Recalibration. Duplicates were marked with Picard Mark Duplicates. Aligned sequence is in bam format. Details of the alignment can be found in the bam header

  Dataset EGAD00001005914

• Single cell TotalSeqC protein data of 20 PMBC pools of HCC patients

  Single cell TotalSeqC protein data serial peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples taken from advanced HCC patients. TotalSeqC is available for 41 out of 72 PBMC samples included in the study, and were combined into 20 pools.

  Dataset EGAD00001011346

• A first-in-human clinical study of an allogenic iPSC-derived corneal endothelial cell substitute transplantation for bullous keratopathy

  iPSC-derived corneal endothelial cell substitutes recover pathological corneal edema. No adverse reactions are observed after one year follow-up. Gene mutations may appear despite whole genome sequencing of the master cell bank. This study contains WGS data.

  Study EGAS50000000672

• Bone morphogenetic protein-9 controls pulmonary vascular growth and remodeling

  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are two distinct vascular diseases linked to impaired signaling through bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor complexes in endothelial cells. Although BMP-9 plays a central role in activating this pathway by binding to ALK1 and BMPR-­II, its precise function in the pulmonary microvasculature has remained unclear. In this study, we uncover a previously unrecognized role for BMP-9 in regulating pulmonary vascular architecture and homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate that BMP-9 signaling intersects with VEGF pathways and contributes to the delicate balance between vascular growth and remodeling in the lungs. We also show that disruption of this pathway can shift vascular responses toward an HHT-­like state, potentially altering disease susceptibility. These insights offer a unique perspective on how BMP-9 and ALK1 shape pulmonary vascular biology and suggest that targeting this axis could inform future strategies for treating complex vascular diseases such as PAH.

  Dataset EGAD50000001496

• Whole genome sequencing of neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine

  This dataset contains whole genome sequences for 13 patients with neuroendocrine (unique/multiple) tumor(s) of the small intestine. There are in total 25 tumor and 12 matched normal genomes. Libraries were prepared using a Illumina DNA PCR Free kit following the manufacturer’s recommendations and sequencing was performed on Illumina Novaseq6000 machine with a 2x151bp paired-end fashion. It contains data for : - 1 patient with 4 tumors and 1 matched normal - 1 patient with 3 tumors and 1 matched normal - 1 patient with 2 tumors, 1 liver metastasis and 1 matched normal - 2 patients with 1 tumor, 1 mesenteric nodule and 1 matched normal - 7 patients with 1 tumor and 1 matched normal - 1 patient with 3 tumors and 1 mesenteric nodule

  Dataset EGAD50000000907

• Selective advantage of mutant stem cells in human clonal hematopoiesis is associated with attenuated response to inflammation and aging

  In this study we characterised the consequences of DNMT3A- and TET2-mutations in human clonal haematopoiesis. We screened 195 bone marrow samples for mutations by targeted DNA sequencing, and sequenced 99 paired peripheral blood samples to compare mutation detection between bone marrow and blood. We performed single-cell analysis with TARGET-seq+ on 13 samples (4 controls and 9 clonal haematopoiesis samples), which combines single-cell genotyping for targeted mutations with whole transcriptome sequencing on FACS sorted cells. Single-cell genotyping and transcriptomes were sequenced separately and linked by common single-cell identifiers.

  Study EGAS00001007358

• Whole Exome Sequencing of DNA from Pre-and Post-Chemotherapy Needle Biopsies of Triple Negative and Inflammatory Breast Cancers Enrolled in the S0800 Trial

  Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the somatic mutation landscape of breast tumors before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The data includes whole exome sequencing of pre- and post- tissues that were collected in the context of an already published clinical trial SWOG S0800 (ZA Nahleh et al. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 158:485-495, 2016). The trial compared the efficacy of sequential nab-paclitaxel followed or preceded by doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide anthracycline chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab as preoperative therapy for stage II-III breast cancer. Experimental Design: 29 pre-treatment biopsies and 9 matching post-treatment surgically resected cancer tissues were available for analysis and were subjected to whole exome sequencing to identify mutational patterns associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The 9 paired samples with residual invasive cancer after therapy were also analyzed to assess changes in mutational patterns in response to therapy. No matching normal tissues were available for germline sequencing and therefore we used n&#61;7 post-treatment breast tissues without residual cancer (i.e. complete eradication of cancer by therapy) as a normal cohort to facilitate somatic variant calling.Conclusion: These results suggest that genomic disturbances in BRCA-related DNA repair mechanisms, reflected by a dominant mutational signature 3, confer increased chemotherapy sensitivity. Cancers that survive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, frequently have alterations in cell cycle regulating genes but different genes are affected in different patients.

  Study phs001883

• Somatic mutations reveal lineage relationships and age-related mutagenesis in human hematopoiesis

  Mutation accumulation during human life can contribute to hematopoietic dysfunction; however, the underlying dynamics are unknown. Somatic mutations in blood progenitors can provide insight into the rate and processes underlying this accumulation, as well as the developmental lineage tree and stem cell division numbers. Here, we catalogue somatic mutations in the genomes of human bone marrow-derived and cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and multipotent progenitor cells (HSPCs) and find that base substitutions accumulate with approximately 17 base substitutions per year in both populations, while insertions and deletions occur sporadically and at low numbers. The majority of mutations in adult HSPCs were acquired after birth and could be explained by the constant activity of various endogenous processes, which also explains the mutation load in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We construct a developmental lineage tree revealing a polyclonal architecture of the hematopoietic progenitor compartment and providing evidence that developmental clones exhibit multipotency, though lineage biases can be detected. Our approach highlights novel features of human native hematopoiesis and its implications for leukemogenesis.

  Study EGAS00001003068

• Epigenetic landscape of mixed phenotype leukemias

  Leukemias with ambiguous lineage comprise a number of loosely defined entities, often without a clear mechanistic basis. Here, we investigated a group of such leukemias with a CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP), previously identified as CEBPA-silenced AML. Transcriptomics and epigenomics analyses revealed a hybrid myeloid/lymphoid epigenetic landscape, whereas genetic alterations were heterogenous. This suggests that CIMP leukemias are defined by their shared epigenetic profile rather than a common genetic lesion. Gene expression enrichment showed strong similarity with ETP-ALL and an early lymphoid progenitor cell of origin. Accordingly, integration of differential methylation and expression revealed widespread silencing of myeloid transcription factors (TFs), among which CEBPA was key for differentiation arrest. Hypermethylation also resulted in loss of CTCF binding, accompanied by a few changes in chromatin interactions involving critical TFs like KLF4. In conclusion, epigenetic dysregulation, and not genetic lesions, explain the mixed phenotype of a group of CIMP leukemias resembling ETP-ALL.

  Study EGAS00001007094

• Inhibition of CDK4/6 Promotes CD8 T Cell Memory

  Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) have been recently deployed for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Despite their success, the mechanism of action of these drugs is unclear. In mice, treatment with a CDK4/6 inhibitor improve T cell memory responses and protect mice against tumor rechallenge. We aimed to identify the correlates of this finding in human subjects. In this study, blood was collected from 5 breast cancer patients before and during treatment with the CDK4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib or palbociclib. Blood was also collected from 2 breast cancer patients who did not receive a CDK4/6 inhibitor. Recently activated CD8 T cells (CD45RO+ CD45RA+) were sorted and subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing.

  Study phs002448

• Combination therapies for personalized cancer medicine

  It is the ambition of the team formed by members of the Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI) and the Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) to unravel the genomic and phenotypic complexity of human cancers in order to identify optimal drug combinations for personalized cancer therapy. Our integrated approach will entail (i) deep sequencing of human tumours and cognate mouse tumours; (ii) drug screens in a 1000+ fully characterized tumour cell line panel; (iii) high-throughput in vitro and in vivo shRNA and cDNA drug resistance and enhancement screens; (iv) computational analysis of the acquired data, leading to significant response predictions; (v) rigorous validation of these predictions in genetically engineered mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. This integrated effort is expected to yield a number of combination therapies and companion-diagnostics biomarkers that will be further explored in our existing clinical trial networks.

  Dataset EGAD00001000869

• Effect of 28-day administration of Urolithin A to sedentary elderly on muscle gene expression

  Urolithin A (UA) is a natural dietary, microflora derived, metabolite shown to stimulate mitophagy and improve muscle health in old animals and pre-clinical models of aging. UA was administered for 28-day in a first-in-human clinical trial to sedentary elderly subjects. Muscle biopsies were collected before the first dosing, and at the end of the 28-day period, under fasted conditions. Gene expression was measured by microarray. Gene-set enrichment analysis of the gene expression data showed that UA increased the transcription of mitochondrial related genesets. These observed effects on mitochondrial biomarkers show that UA induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health following regular oral consumption in humans.

  Study EGAS00001003638

• Evolution and clinical impact of genetic epistasis within EGFR-mutant lung cancers

  The current understanding of tumorigenesis is largely centered on a monogenic driver oncogene model. This paradigm is incompatible with the prevailing clinical experience in most solid malignancies: monotherapy with a drug directed against an individual oncogenic driver typically results in incomplete clinical responses and eventual tumor progression1-7. By profiling the somatic genetic alterations present in over 2,000 cases of lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, we show that combinations of functional genetic alterations, i.e. genetic collectives dominate the landscape of advanced-stage disease. We highlight this polygenic landscape and evolution of advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through the spatial-temporal genomic profiling of 7 distinct tumor biopsy specimens and 6 plasma specimens obtained from an EGFR-mutant NSCLC patient at (1) initial diagnosis of early-stage disease, (2) metastatic progression, (3) sequential treatment and resistance to 2 EGFR inhibitors, (4) death. The comprehensive genomic analysis of this case, coupled with circulating free (cf) tumor DNA profiling of additional advanced-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC clinical cohorts with associated treatment responses uncovered features of evolutionary selection for multiple concurrent gene alterations: including the presence of EGFR inhibitor-sensitive (EGFRL858R;EGFRexon19del) or inhibitor-resistant (EGFRT790M;EGFRC797S) forms of oncogenic EGFR along with cell cycle gene alterations (e.g. in CDK4/6, CCNE1, RB1) and activating alterations in WNT/β-catenin and PI3K pathway genes, which our data suggest can cooperatively impart non-redundant functions to limit EGFR targeted therapy response and/or promote tumor progression. Moreover, evidence of an unanticipated parallel evolution of both EGFR T790M and two distinct forms of oncogenic PIK3CA was observed. Our study provides a large-scale clinical and genetic dataset of advanced-stage EGFR-mutant NSCLC, a rationale for specific polytherapy strategies such as EGFR and CDK4/6 inhibitor co-treatment to potentially enhance clinical outcomes, and prompts a re-evaluation of the prevailing paradigm of monogenic-based molecular stratification for targeted therapy. Instead, our findings highlight an alternative model of genetic collectives that operate through epistasis to drive lung cancer progression and therapy resistance.

  Study EGAS00001002604

• Hyperdiploid Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia RNA-Seq

  Few genetic drivers of children with hyperdiploid precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been identified to date. In an effort to detect novel genomic rearrangements that could be promoting leukemogenesis in this subset of patients, we sequenced ribosomal RNA-depleted transcriptomes isolated from 5 hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples. In addition to looking for novel genomic rearrangements, we also sought to identify transcripts that could be created as a result of a novel posttranscriptional process. Surprisingly, we identified transcripts created as the result of exon circularization. The results of our studies are present in the paper "Circular RNAs Are the Predominant Transcript Isoform from Hundreds of Human Genes in Diverse Cell Types" published in PLoS ONE (PMID: 22319583).

  Study phs000522

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

  Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an unpredictable, potentially catastrophic adverse effect resulting from an immune response to platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with positive functional assay as the outcome. Genetic associations were investigated in a cohort of functional assay-confirmed HIT cases, antibody-positive (function assay-negative) controls, and antibody negative controls. Both PF4-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serotonin release assay (SRA) were positive in every HIT case. GWAS genotyping was performed at the Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). All samples in the discovery and replication cohorts were genotyped using the lllumina&#174; Infinium HumanOmniExpressExome BeadChip, which contains 958,497 markers, including 273,000 functional exonic markers. Quality control was accomplished using sample and marker call rate &#8805;98%, sex mismatch, duplicate concordance, and removal of related samples through identity by descent. Genomic imputation was performed for samples using Minimac4 and the phase3 v5 reference panel data from the 1000 genomes project. The primary GWAS analysis used multivariable logistic regression assuming an additive genetic model with functional assay-confirmed case status as the outcome. Both PF4/heparin antibody negative and antibody positive controls were considered controls in the primary analysis. Logistic regressions were used to generate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) after adjustment for age, sex, and first three principal components.

  Study phs002863

• GWAS for atrial fibrillation in the Japanese population

  We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that utilized 8,180 atrial fibrillation cases and 28,612 controls and followed up in an additional 3,120 cases and 125,064 controls in the Japanese population. We replicated previously reported loci and identified six novel loci. Five of the six novel loci were specifically associated with atrial fibrillation in the Japanese population after comparing our data to individuals of European ancestry, suggesting there might be different susceptibility genetic factors across ancestries. Our study has discovered variants in genes HAND2, KCND3 and NEBL that are relevant to atrial fibrillation susceptibility. The involvement of PPFIA4 and SH3PXD2A in axon guidance also suggested its role in the disease pathogenesis. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of atrial fibrillation susceptibility and pathogenesis.

  Study JGAS000101

• Chromatin accessibility maps of chronic lymphocytic leukemia identify subtype-specific epigenome signatures and transcription regulatory networks

  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by substantial clinical heterogeneity, despite relatively few genetic alterations. To provide a basis for studying epigenome deregulation in CLL, we established genome-wide chromatin accessibility maps for 88 CLL samples from 55 patients using the ATAC-seq assay, and we also performed ChIPmentation and RNA-seq profiling for ten representative samples. Based on the resulting dataset, we devised and applied a bioinformatic method that links chromatin profiles to clinical annotations. Our analysis identified sample-specific variation on top of a shared core of CLL regulatory regions. IGHV mutation status – which distinguishes the two major subtypes of CLL – was accurately predicted by the chromatin profiles, and gene regulatory networks inferred for IGHV-mutated vs. IGHV-unmutated samples identified characteristic differences between these two disease subtypes. In summary, we discovered widespread heterogeneity in the chromatin landscape of CLL, established a community resource for studying epigenome deregulation in leukemia, and demonstrated the feasibility of chromatin accessibility mapping in cancer cohorts and clinical research.

  Dataset EGAD00001002110

• ESGI-Exome sequencing in Circulating Tumor Cells to determine therapy related markers

  The objectives of this project are the identification of markers related to cancer therapy resistance in the blood of breast cancer patients and to study the genetic changes in cancer cells during this development of resistance. Whole genome amplified DNA from Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), selected during the course of systemic treatment from blood of metastatic breast cancer patients, will be exome sequenced . The patients selected for this study did not respond to therapy.

  Dataset EGAD00001001425

• Hyperhaploid Multiple Myeloma

  Hyperhaploid multiple myeloma is a rare numerical aberration group defined by a range of 24-34 chromosomes which is associated with a poor prognosis. Hyperhaploid samples were sequenced by either exome or targeted panel sequencing. Samples had a median of 13 monosomies (range 12-14), which in general were those not associated with trisomies in hyperdiploid samples. The chromosomes traditionally trisomic in hyperdiploid myeloma were disomic in hyperhaploid myeloma with retention of heterodisomy. We examined the hyperhaploid samples for frequently mutated genes and found that 9/9 (100%) hyperhaploid samples had a mutation in TP53, exceeding the overall rate of mutation in newly diagnosed patients (5.5%), indicating an oncogenic dependency in this group. All samples with TP53 mutation also had monosomy of chromosome 17, indicating bi-allelic inactivation of TP53. As such, this high risk group is part of Double-Hit myeloma. DNA was obtained from either CD138+ cells from the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients (tumor) or from stem cell harvests from the same patient (control). 100 ng of DNA was fragmented, end-repaired, and adapters ligated using the HyperPlus kit (KAPA Biosystems). After PCR amplification the libraries were hybridized with probes against either the entire exome (MedExome, Nimblegen) or a targeted panel of 140 genes using SeqCap reagents (Nimblegen). Hybridized libraries underwent further amplification before being sequenced on a NextSeq500 (Illumina) using 75 bp paired end reads.

  Study EGAS00001003203

• Phase Ib of olaparib and capivasertib

  Background: Combining poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibitors is supported by strong preclinical rationale. We sought to assess safety and a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) for the PARPi olaparib combined with the AKT inhibitor, capivasertib, and evaluate molecular markers of response and resistance. Methods: As part of a larger phase 1b trial, we performed a safety lead in of olaparib and capivasertib followed by expansion (n=24) in endometrial, triple negative breast, ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer. Olaparib 300mg orally twice daily and capivasertib orally twice daily on a 4 day on/3 day off schedule were evaluated. Two dose levels (DL) were planned: capivasertib 400mg (DL1); capivasertib 320mg (DL-1). Patients underwent biopsies at baseline and after 28 days.

  Study EGAS00001004930

• Onco-exaptation of an Endogenous Retroviral LTR Drives IRF5 Expression in Hodgkin Lymphoma

  The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is upregulated in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and a key regulator of the aberrant transcriptome characteristic of this disease. Here we show that IRF5 upregulation in HL is driven by transcriptional activation of a normally dormant endogenous retroviral LOR1a long terminal repeat (LTR) upstream of IRF5. Specifically, through screening of RNA-seq libraries, we detected LTR-IRF5 chimeric transcripts in multiple HL cell lines but not in normal B-cell controls. In HL, the LTR was in an open and hypomethylated epigenetic state and we further show the LTR is the site of transcriptional initiation. Among HL cell lines, usage of the LTR promoter strongly correlates with overall levels of IRF5 mRNA and protein, indicating that LTR transcriptional awakening is a major contributor to IRF5 upregulation in HL. Taken together, oncogenic IRF5 overexpression in HL is the result of a specific LTR transcriptional activation. We propose that such LTR derepression is a distinct mechanism of oncogene activation (“onco-exaptation”) and that such a mechanism warrants further investigation in molecular and cancer research.

  Study EGAS00001001205