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• Exome Sequencing of Pleuropulmonary Blastoma

  Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare, aggressive pediatric cancer arising from the lung or pleural cavity. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the exomes of 15 PPB matched tumor and normal pairs. This study is part of a larger effort to characterize pediatric cancers as part of the Slim Initiative for Genomic Medicine (SIGMA) project.

  Study phs000543

• Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of whole-exome sequencing in pediatric patients with rare and undiagnosed diseases in the Czech Republic

  In our single-center study, we have launched a pilot program for pediatric patients with undiagnosed diseases in the second-largest university hospital in the Czech Republic. WES was implemented as a first-line test after inclusion in the study as part of the diagnostic workflow.

  Study EGAS50000000442

• LungMAP: Molecular Atlas of Lung Development - Human Lung Tissue

  Mammalian fetal lung development is a complex biological process. Despite considerable progress, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic regulatory networks that govern postnatal alveolar lung development is still lacking. The purpose of this study as part of the LungMAP consortium (www.lungmap.net) is to understand the transcriptional changes in the process of mammalian lung development.

  Study phs001961

• single nuclei multiomics (ATAC-RNA) of KOLF2.1J human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived differentiated dopaminergic neurons

  We processed nuclei from hIPSCs differentiated optimized protocols for generating dopaminergic neurons. Cells differentiated with a first iteration were RNA and ATAC-sequenced, to understand our protocol caveats to address for optimization. Cells differentiated with a second protocol and in vivo were RNA-sequenced to validate the identities of our cells.

  Study EGAS50000001418

• RNA sequencing of genetically modified human iPSCs modeling patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

  We generated two genetically modified iPSC lines. In each line, a single promoter variant identified in a patient with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was introduced by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These mutant lines were analyzed by RNA-seq together with control lines to assess the impact of the introduced variant.

  Study JGAS000651

• Genomic evolution of pancreatic cancer at single-cell resolution

  This project assesses genomic evolution of pancreatic cancer using the Mission Bio Tapestri platform and Whole Exome Sequencing. The Mission Bio Tapestri platform is a single-cell DNA sequencing platform using a targeted gene panel to assess SNV/CNV. Several samples, including primary and metastatic tissue, were used to investigate changes at single-cell resolution.

  Study EGAS50000001351

• CAGEKID: Cancer Genomics of the Kidney

  The aim of CAGEKID is to carry out comprehensive detection of DNA markers for conventional (clear cell) renal carcinoma. The project includes complete analysis of somatic and constitutional DNA variation, methylation patterns and expression in a large number of constitutional/tumor pairs. CAGEKID is a part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium, ICGC.

  Study EGAS00001000083

• CAGEKID: Cancer Genomics of the Kidney - Targeted Sequencing

  The aim of CAGEKID is to carry out comprehensive detection of DNA markers for conventional (clear cell) renal carcinoma. The project includes complete analysis of somatic and constitutional DNA variation, methylation patterns and expression in a large number of constitutional/tumor pairs. CAGEKID is a part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium, ICGC.

  Study EGAS00001007004

• Ribosome_Profiling_of_Macrophages_during_Salmonella_Infection

  The aim of this study is to assess translational changes in macrophages over a time course of Salmonella infection. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001285

• The WID-BC-index identifies women with primary poor prognostic breast cancer based on DNA methylation in cervical samples

  A surrogate marker based on the epigenome that captures these components in easily accessible epithelial tissue could potentially identify women at risk. The WID-BC-index identifies women with breast cancer based on a DNA methylation signature derived from cervical smear samples.

  Study EGAS00001005055

• Mutant_clone_mapping_in_normal_oesohagus_and_skin_2

  We will use targeted exome sequencing to examine normal appearing oesophageal epithelium and skin to determine the mutational burden. DNA will be extracted from epithelia of a defined size and we will overlay positional information from the epithelial pieces to give clone maps over a wide area. This will be done in both oesophageal epithelium and skin

  Study EGAS00001005659

• COVID-19 Severity of First Wave of Infection for Severe Patients in Madrid

  Through thorough exclusion criteria and deep phenotypic characterisation for a Madrid-based population we intend to find enrichment of gene mutations associated to severity. In addition we will look for statistically overrepresented annotation of particular phenotypes (a controlled vocabulary specifically developed for this project) that associate them to affected genes in our patient sample.

  Study EGAS00001005931

• Finding structural variation from the human skin fibroblast at the single-cell level

  Somatic structural variants (SVs) are widespread in cancer, but their impact on disease evolution is understudied due to a lack of methods to directly characterize their molecular consequences. We present a computational method, scNOVA, that integrates haplotype-resolved SV discovery with nucleosome occupancy analysis using Strand-seq, to functionally characterize SVs in single cells.

  Study EGAS00001006498

• Multiomics analyses of Parkinson's disease midbrains

  Understanding the key pathological mechanisms underlying Parkinson's Disease pathology is fundamental for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, post-mortem human midbrain tissue from a cohort of 13 PD patients and 10 controls was analyzed with a set of multi-omics technologies including small RNA sequencing, transcriptomics and proteomics profiling.

  Study EGAS00001004966

• PhIP-Seq data

  Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), e.g. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. A comprehensive overview of an IBD-specific antibody epitope repertoire is, however, lacking. We leveraged a high-throughput phage-displayed immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq) workflow to identify antibodies against 344,000 antimicrobial, immune and food antigens in 497 IBD patients.

  Study EGAS00001007054

• An MTOR mutation hitchhikes through renal embryogenesis, driving multifocal, multiphenotypic tumours - WGS

  Embryogenesis is a vulnerable time. Mutations in developmental cells can result in the seeding of cells predisposed to disease within mature organs, creating a field effect. We characterise an embryonic cancer mutation that drives multifocal, multiphenotypic renal tumours in a 14-year-old girl. Their shared MTOR mutation, absent from normal tissues, increases protein flexibility which enables a FAT domain hinge to dramatically increase mTORC1 activity. Developmental mutations, not usually detected in traditional genetic screening, have vital clinical importance in guiding prognosis, targeted treatment, and family screening decisions for paediatric tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001011645

• Exome sequencing of matching primary tumor and venous tumor thrombus (VTT) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) samples

  We performed multiregion whole exome sequencing of a total of 37 samples from five consecutive patients (normal tissue, n=5; primary tumors, n=16; tumor thrombi, n=16) to >35-fold target coverage. Matching primary tumor and venous tumor thrombus samples were analyzed. Four patients had a clear cell RCC, one patient had a poorly differentiated type II papillary RCC (RCC-VTT-04). The latter patient had a friable thrombus, the others were of solid consistency.

  Dataset EGAD00001004887

• Whole Transcriptome Analysis + AbSeq + Sample Tag Multiplexing

  Multiomics data for a cohort of 20 COVID-19 patients (10 patients mild, 3 patients moderate, 4 patients severe, 3 patients critical) obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from longitudinally sampled at hospital admission, discharge, and 1 month thereafter. The data has been obtained a multiwell-based single-cell technology (BD Rhapsody) that includes the analysis of PBMCs' whole transcriptome and a set of 52 surface proteins. The samples of the different patients at different collection times were labelled using a cell hashing strategy with the BD Single-Cell Multiplexing Kit (6 samples for each run).

  Dataset EGAD00001011318

• An MTOR mutation hitchhikes through renal embryogenesis, driving multifocal, multiphenotypic tumours - scRNA

  Embryogenesis is a vulnerable time. Mutations in developmental cells can result in the seeding of cells predisposed to disease within mature organs, creating a field effect. We characterise an embryonic cancer mutation that drives multifocal, multiphenotypic renal tumours in a 14-year-old girl. Their shared MTOR mutation, absent from normal tissues, increases protein flexibility which enables a FAT domain hinge to dramatically increase mTORC1 activity. Developmental mutations, not usually detected in traditional genetic screening, have vital clinical importance in guiding prognosis, targeted treatment, and family screening decisions for paediatric tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001011647

• An MTOR mutation hitchhikes through renal embryogenesis, driving multifocal, multiphenotypic tumours - RNA

  Embryogenesis is a vulnerable time. Mutations in developmental cells can result in the seeding of cells predisposed to disease within mature organs, creating a field effect. We characterise an embryonic cancer mutation that drives multifocal, multiphenotypic renal tumours in a 14-year-old girl. Their shared MTOR mutation, absent from normal tissues, increases protein flexibility which enables a FAT domain hinge to dramatically increase mTORC1 activity. Developmental mutations, not usually detected in traditional genetic screening, have vital clinical importance in guiding prognosis, targeted treatment, and family screening decisions for paediatric tumours.

  Dataset EGAD00001011646

• Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (PETAL) Crystalloid Liberal or Vasopressors Early Resuscitation in Sepsis (CLOVERS) (PETAL CLOVERS-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Access to Biospecimens is through the NHLBI Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center (BioLINCC). Biospecimens from PETAL CLOVERS include plasma, and whole blood. Please note that use of biospecimens in genetic research is subject to a tiered consent. Available Data: The data available for request now include Long Term Outcome data.Objectives: To compare the effects of a restrictive fluid strategy (with early use of vasopressors) to a liberal fluid strategy in participants with sepsis-induced hypotension.Background: Intravenous fluid resuscitation is a common therapy used in the initial treatment of participants with septic shock and sepsis-induced hypotension. The goal of initial fluid therapy is to increase depleted or functionally reduced intravascular volume that occurs in sepsis due to a vasodilated vascular network. However, intravenous fluid resuscitation can create dilutional coagulopathy, fluid overload, and pathogenic edema in the lungs and other organs. Vasopressor agents are also commonly used to treat hypoperfusion by inducing constriction of arterioles and venules and increasing cardiac contractility. Vasopressor therapy also comes with risks that include vasoconstriction resulting in tissue ischemia, increased cardiac workload, and arrhythmias. Clinicians have used these strategies, typically in combination, to provide supportive care for participants with sepsis-induced hypoperfusion. However, at the time of the CLOVERS study, there was limited data to guide specific use of these therapies, including fluid volumes, in the early care of participants with sepsis-induced hypotension. The CLOVERS study hypothesized that a restrictive fluid strategy used during the first 24-hours of resuscitation for sepsis-induced hypotension would lead to lower mortality before discharge home by day 90 than a liberal fluid strategy.Participants: A total of 1,563 participants, from 60 medical centers, of the planned 2,230 participants were enrolled, with 782 assigned to the restrictive fluid group and 781 to the liberal fluid group. Enrollment in the trial was ended after the second interim analysis due to a lack of significant difference observed between the two 24-hour strategies.Design: This study was a multi-center, prospective, phase 3 randomized non-blinded interventional trial of fluid treatment strategies in the first 24 hours for participants with sepsis-induced hypotension. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either a restrictive fluid strategy (with early vasopressor use) or a liberal fluid strategy. In each group, the assigned protocol was followed for a period of 24 hours. The restrictive fluid protocol prioritized vasopressors as the primary treatment for sepsis-induced hypotension, with 'rescue fluids' being permitted for prespecified indications that suggested severe intravascular volume depletion. The liberal fluid protocol consisted of a recommended initial 2000-ml intravenous infusion of isotonic crystalloid, followed by fluid boluses administered on the basis of clinical triggers (e.g., tachycardia) with 'rescue vasopressors' permitted for prespecified indications. A protocol amendment implemented in October, 2019, allowed for limiting the initial infusion to 1,000 ml if the participant's blood pressure and heart rate had stabilized and the clinical assessment was that the participant was unlikely to benefit from additional intravenous fluid administration. The clinical team could override the protocol-specified care instructions at any time if it was judged to be in the best interest of the participant.The primary outcome was death from any cause before discharge home by day 90. Secondary outcomes included 28-day measures of the number of days free from ventilator use, days free from renal-replacement therapy, days free from vasopressor use, days out of the ICU, and days out of the hospital. Conclusions: Among participants with sepsis-induced hypotension, the restrictive fluid strategy that was used in this trial did not result in significantly lower (or higher) mortality, or other measures of recovery such as length of hospital stay, before discharge home by day 90 than the liberal fluid strategy.

  Study phs004080

• STAT5 is a therapeutically targetable vulnerability in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

  Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by the infiltration and expansion of mature malignant T-cells into the skin. The disease encompasses distinct variants such as mycosis fungoides a skin resident variant, in which the malignant cells are restricted to skin lesions, and leukemic variant sézary syndrome characterized by circulating malignant T-cells. Here we integrated shallow whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing, on samples from four sézary syndrome patients and two advanced mycosis fungoides patients with blood involvement, to characterize genetic alterations and assess their therapeutic actionability. We identified an elevated copy number of 17q, resulting in increased STAT5 expression and activation, as a key factor in the pathophysiology of the disease.

  Study EGAS00001004719

• Exome trios in patients with gastroschisis (2019-04-08)

  Gastroschisis (MIM 230750) is a herniation of the intestines through a defect of the abdominal wall lateral to the umbilicus (usually on the right side), and it is not covered by a membrane [Ledbetter, 2012]. Gastroschisis is a congenital anomaly with increasing incidence, easy prenatal diagnosis and extremely variable postnatal outcomes. On the basis of clinical manifestations, epidemiologic charateristics, and the presence and type of additional malformations, gastroschisis could be considered a heterogeneous condition with no gene/s discovered yet. This congenital anomaly affects approximately 1-3 infancts per 10,000 live births [Calzolari et al.1995;Parker et al.,2010] Current knowledge about causative mutations/variants. To date, no single gene has been linked to gastroschisis. Some publications have tried to link this malformation to variants in genes (such as AEBP1 (adipocyte enhancer binding protein) gene [Feldkamp et al,. 2012] or the VEGF-NOS3 pathway [Lammer et al., 2008]. Previously, a Scribble mutant mouse model (circletail) was reported to exhibit gastroschisis, however recent studies demonstrated that the Scribble knockout fetus exhibits exomphalos phenotype of gastroschisis [Carnagham et al., 2013]. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-04-08.

  Dataset EGAD00001004942

• Paediatric IBD Mosaicism

  This is a DNA sequencing study investigating genetic mechanisms underpinning childhood inflammatory bowel disease.

  Study EGAS00001002489

• Whole_Exome_Sequencing_of_INTERVAL

  Whole exome sequencing of a subset of participants from the INTERVAL study.

  Study EGAS00001000825

• Genentech - Cell line exome sequencing

  Genentech cell line exome study. A wide variety of cell lines were sequenced.

  Study EGAS00001002554

• Multi-region WGS of a RET fusion positive cancer

  high depth WGS sequencing of 8 sites of a RET fusion tumour

  Dataset EGAD00001006878

• Genetic Basis of Breast Cancer Resistance in BRCA1 Mutation Carrier

  Our study addressed a specific question in NCI RFA-CA-12-022: "What underlying causal events - e.g., genetic, epigenetic, biologic, behavioral, or environmental - allow certain individuals to survive beyond the expected limits of otherwise highly lethal cancers?". A germline mutation in BRCA1 (BRCA1+) is the most penetrant genetic predisposition for breast cancer. Nevertheless, a portion of BRCA1+ carriers does not develop breast cancer in their lifetime, suggesting that the genetic predisposition can be antagonized by resistant factors. BRCA1+ was inherited from an ancestor of the carrier family thousand years ago. We hypothesize that evolution could select certain genetic components to suppress oncogenesis caused by the predisposition. We compared germline variants in all genes in 27 pairs of breast cancer-unaffected and -affected BRCA1+ carriers, each pair inherited the same BRCA1+. We identified 12 deleterious variants enriched in breast cancer-unaffected carriers, all are common variants. A variant rs3735400 is located in ANLN, a cytokinesis-essential gene. Overexpression of variant-containing ANLN and suppressed expression of endogenous ANLN decrease ANLN nuclear localization and delay cell growth. Our findings suggest that common variants can be selected to resist oncogenesis imposed by BRCA1+.

  Study phs001243

• VA APOLLO Project - Research for Precision Oncology (RePOP)

  The Research for Precision Oncology Program (RePOP) is a research activity that establishes a cohort of Veterans diagnosed with cancer and who have had genomic analyses performed on their tumor tissue as part of standard of care. All data relevant to a patient's cancer and cancer care will be collected under RePOP, including patient demographics, co-morbidities, genomic analysis, treatments, medications, lab values, imaging studies, and outcomes. All RePOP participants will have signed/verbal informed consent and signed HIPAA authorization to have their data stored and shared from RePOP's Precision Oncology Program Data Repository (PODR). The Applied Proteogenomics OrganizationaL Learning and Outcomes (APOLLO) network is a collaboration between NCI, the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to incorporate proteogenomics into patient care as a way of looking beyond the genome, to the activity and expression of the proteins that the genome encodes. The emerging field of proteogenomics aims to better predict how patients will respond to therapy by screening their tumors for both genetic abnormalities and protein information, an approach that has been made possible in recent years due to advances in proteomic technology.

  Study phs001374

• CIDR Whole Exome Sequencing in Joubert Syndrome

  The purpose of this study is to identify new genetic causes of neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs) in the Joubert syndrome (JS) spectrum. Joubert syndrome is a recessive disease characterized by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. Our currently funded NINDS award entitled "Molecular characterization of Joubert syndrome" seeks to identify new genetic causes through a variety of molecular strategies. Although our previous strategies involved whole genome SNP-scans, followed by candidate gene sequencing to arrive at identification of new JS causes, we have recently moved to Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) as a highly efficient methodology that is optimized for recessive disease. In this pilot project, CIDR has sequenced DNA on probands from 20 inbred families with JS spectrum disorders in which known causes have been excluded, that have not previously undergone genome-wide SNP scans. These paired end reads will be subject to our established bioinformatics pipeline including HOMOZGYOSITY, SNP and INDEL callers in our lab to identify potentially deleterious sequence changes (PDSC). This is followed by analysis to include testing each PDSC for segregation in the whole pedigree, for occurrence in a ethnically-matched cohort, as well as a defined patient cohort patients, in order to validate new NDD genes.

  Study phs000382

• Integrated Analysis of Multimodal Single-Cell Data

  The simultaneous measurement of multiple modalities, known as multimodal analysis, represents an exciting frontier for single cell genomics and necessitates new computational methods that can define cellular states based on multiple data types. Here, we introduce 'weighted nearest neighbor' analysis, an unsupervised framework to learn the relative utility of each data type in each cell, enabling an integrative analysis of multiple modalities. We apply our procedure to a CITE-seq dataset of hundreds of thousands of human white blood cells alongside a panel of 228 antibodies to construct a multimodal reference atlas of the circulating immune system. We demonstrate that integrative analysis substantially improves our ability to resolve cell states and validate the presence of previously unreported lymphoid subpopulations. Moreover, we demonstrate how to leverage this reference to rapidly map new datasets, and to interpret immune responses to vaccination and COVID-19. Our approach represents a broadly applicable strategy to analyze single-cell multimodal datasets, including paired measurements of RNA and chromatin state, and to look beyond the transcriptome towards a unified and multimodal definition of cellular identity. All CITE-seq and ECCITE-seq raw matrices are available in GEO database under the accession number GEO: GSE164378.

  Study phs002315

• Genomics of Circulating Tumor Cells

  Comprehensive analyses of cancer genomes in clinical settings promise to inform prognoses and guide the deployment of precise cancer treatments. A major barrier, however, is the inaccessibility of adequate metastatic tissue for accurate genomic analysis in prostate and other cancers. A potential solution is to characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs), but this requires overcoming multiple technical hurdles. Here, we report an integrated process to isolate, qualify, and sequence whole exomes of CTCs with high fidelity, using a census-based sequencing strategy. Power calculations suggest that mapping of over 99.995% of the territory accessible in bulk exome sequencing is possible in CTCs. We validated our sequencing process in two prostate cancer patients including one for whom we compared CTC-derived mutations to mutations found in a lymph node metastasis and nine cores of the primary tumor. 51 of 73 CTC mutations (70%) were observed in matched tissue. Moreover, we identified 10 early trunk mutations and 56 metastatic trunk mutations in the non-CTC tumor samples and found 90% and 73% of these, respectively, in CTC exomes. This study establishes a foundation for CTC genomics in the clinic.

  Study phs000717

• Detecting and Subtyping Lung Cancer Through Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA

  Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is among the most aggressive tumors with poor clinical outcomes. Tumors are rarely resected, which is a major barrier to molecular profiling of tumor tissue; therefore, non-invasive approaches using circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from liquid biopsies are needed to help advance research and clinical care for patients with SCLC. We developed a targeted capture panel that profiles SCLC genes and transcriptional regulation sites, including transcription start sites (TSS) and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). This is a single assay that detects genomic mutations and transcriptional regulation activity based on ctDNA fragment patterns reflecting epigenetic nucleosomal positions. We applied this assay to sequence patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and patient plasma samples. We also performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) for a subset of the PDX plasma samples to validate the capture data. We developed new algorithms to quantify activity of key SCLC marker genes of ASCL1, NEUROD1, POU2F3, and ATOH1 and to classify SCLC subtypes based on activity of these markers. Furthermore, we developed a model to classify SCLC from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which has potential important applications for monitoring transdifferentiation and tumor plasticity.

  Study phs003570

• Distinct immune cell infiltration patterns in PDAC exhibit divergent immune cell selection and immunosuppressive mechanisms

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a dismal prognosis. A comprehensive analysis of single-cell multi-omic data from matched tumour-infiltrated CD45+ cells and peripheral blood in 12 patients, and two published datasets, reveals a complex immune infiltrate. Patients have either a myeloid-enriched or adaptive-enriched tumour microenvironment. Lymphocyte enrichment is intrinsically linked with highly distinct B and T cell clonal selection, diversification, and differentiation. Using TCR data, we see the largest clonal expansions in CD8 effector memory, senescent cells, and highly activated regulatory T cells which are induced within the tumour from naïve cells. We identify pathways that potentially lead to a suppressive microenvironement, including targets of immunotherapy and checkpoints including TIGIT/PVR and SIRPA/CD47. PDAC patient tumors from the APACT clinical trial revealed that patients with myeloid enrichment had the shorter overall survival compared to those adaptive cell enrichment. We identify multiple therapeutic targets that should form the basis for rational design including boosting of B cell responses, targeting immunosuppressive macrophages, and specific Treg depletion approaches. The dataset is scRNA-seq data from PDAC patients.

  Study EGAS50000000726

• The genomic basis of childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a high-risk tumor that has eluded comprehensive genomic characterization, in part due to the high frequency of non-coding genomic alterations resulting in oncogenic dysregulation. Here we report integrated genome and transcriptome sequencing of T-ALL tumor and remission samples obtained from over 1300 uniformly treated children with T-ALL, coupled with epigenomic and single cell analysis of malignant and normal T cell precursors. Integrated analysis identified 15 subtypes with distinct genomic drivers, gene expression, developmental state and outcome. Integration with chromatin topology analyses enabled elucidation of multiple mechanisms of enhancer deregulation that involve enhancers and genes in a subtype-specific fashion. We show that the immunophenotypically-described, high-risk entity of early T-cell precursor ALL is superseded by a broader category of leukemias of variable immunophenotype with diverse genomic alterations of a core set of genes encoding regulators of hematopoietic stem cell development. Numerous genetic alterations and disease subtypes emerged as independent predictors of survival and treatment failure in univariable and multivariable outcome models. These findings provide a roadmap for the classification, risk stratification and mechanistic understanding of this disease.

  Study EGAS50000000016

• CSER: Exome Sequencing in Diverse Populations in Colorado and Oregon/CHARM Cancer Health Assessments Reaching Many

  The CHARM (Cancer Health Assessment Reaching Many) study, part of the Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CS.ER2) effort, aimed to assess the utility of clinical exome sequencing and how it affects care in diverse populations. The study population included adults at risk for hereditary cancer syndromes. The primary objective was the implementation of a hereditary cancer risk assessment program in healthy 18-49 year-olds in primary care settings within a vertically integrated health delivery system (Kaiser Permanente) and a federal qualified health center (Denver Health). The investigators aimed to assess clinical exome sequencing implementation and interpretation, as well as tailored interactions for low health literacy including a contextualized consent process, and a modified approach to results disclosure and genetic counseling. The investigators were also assessing the clinical utility (healthcare utilization and adherence to recommended care) and personal utility of primary and additional results from clinical exome sequencing, and evaluate the ethical and policy implications of considering personal utility of genomic information decisions for health care coverage.Sequencing and analysis for CHARM was conducted at the Northwest Clinical Genomics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle (https://nwgc.gs.washington.edu/).

  Study phs002111

• Induction of fetal meiotic oocytes from embryonic stem cells in cynomolgus monkeys

  Human in vitro oogenesis provides a framework for clarifying the mechanism of human oogenesis. To create its benchmark, it is vital to promote in vitro oogenesis using a model physiologically close to humans. Here, we establish a foundation for in vitro oogenesis in cynomolgus (cy) monkeys: cy female embryonic stem cells harboring one active and one inactive X chromosome (Xa and Xi, respectively) differentiate robustly into primordial germ cell-like cells, which in xenogeneic reconstituted ovaries develop efficiently into oogonia and, remarkably, further into meiotic oocytes at the zygotene stage. This differentiation entails a comprehensive epigenetic reprogramming, including Xi reprogramming, yet, as partly observed in vivo, Xa and Xi remain epigenetically asymmetric with incomplete Xi reactivation. In humans and monkeys, the Xi epigenome in pluripotent stem cells functions as an Xi-reprogramming determinant. We further show that developmental-pathway over-activations with suboptimal up-regulation of relevant meiotic genes impede in vitro meiotic progression. Cy in vitro oogenesis exhibits critical homology with the human system, including with respect to bottlenecks, providing a salient model for advancing human in vitro oogenesis.

  Study JGAS000573

• Cryptic Relatedness in the Singapore Living Biobank Project

  The Singapore Living Biobank is a collection of healthy population-based Chinese and Malay individuals, for the purpose of phenotype recall study of high-impact variant carriers. These individuals are sampled from two studies: Multi-Ethnic Cohort (MEC), and the Singapore Health 2012 (SH2012). The MEC is a population-based cohort initiated in 2007 to investigate the genetic and lifestyle factors that affect the risk of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes in the three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays, and Indians). The SH2012 study is a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted in Singapore between 2012 and 2013, with over-sampling of Malays and Indians. Participants in MEC and SH2012 completed a similar set of questionnaire components, health examination, and biochemisty panels. Description of the MEC and SH2012 studies can be found at http://blog.nus.edu.sg/sphs/. We generated whole-exome sequencing data and Illumina OmniExpress array genotyping data for 1,299 Chinese and 1,229 Malays from the Singapore Living Biobank. This study includes a subset of 762 individuals that were found to be closely related (≤3rd degree), including 263 Chinese and 499 Malays.

  Study EGAS00001002619

• Increased mutation accumulation during fetal development in Down syndrome

  Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a high incidence of leukemia, which is preceded by transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in neonates. TMD is characterized by mutations in GATA1 that accumulate during fetal development, indicating that additional mutagenesis is required for leukemogenesis. Abnormalities in chromosome numbers can result in a mutator phenotype. However, it is unknown whether a trisomy of chromosome 21 (T21) results in enhanced mutation accumulation during human development. Here, we determined the mutational consequences of a constitutive T21 in DS fetuses compared to disomy 21 cells (D21) of D21 fetuses. We found that D21 fetal HPSCs had a higher somatic mutation rate compared to healthy adults HSPCs. Moreover, we observed an increase in somatic mutation load in T21 cells of DS fetuses, which was already apparent during the first cell divisions of embryogenesis. The mutation load could be explained by processes that are active during normal fetal development and were similar to those observed in TMD blast cells. Our study shows that T21 causes an increase in somatic load in fetal cells of DS fetuses, which may contribute to leukemia development early in life.

  Study EGAS00001003982

• RNA-sequencing of tumors from 45 patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

  Genomic profiling can provide prognostic and predictive information to guide clinical care. Biomarkers that reliably predict patient response to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibition in gastric cancer are lacking. In this work, we used our machine learning algorithm NTriPath to identify a gastric-cancer specific 32-gene signature. Using unsupervised clustering on expression levels of these 32 genes in tumors from 567 patients, we identified four molecular subtypes that were prognostic for survival. We then built a support vector machine with linear kernel and the binary classifier to generate a risk score that is prognostic for 5-year overall survival and validated the risk score using three independent datasets. We also found that the molecular subtypes predicted response to adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and platinum after gastrectomy and immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. The 32-gene signature is a promising prognostic and predictive biomarker to guide the clinical care of gastric cancer patients and should be validated in a prospective manner. This EGA archive includes both St.Mary hospital cohort samples (n=28) and Yonsei immunotherapy patient samples (n=17).

  Study EGAS00001005588

• Study on the proliferation history of colorectal adenomas

  Mismatch repair (MMR) deficient colorectal adenomas are composed of transformed cells that descend from a common founder and progressively accumulate genomic alterations but their proliferation history is still largely unknown. Here we rebuilt the proliferation history of four MMR deficient colorectal adenomas from male individuals by deep sequencing the X chromosome and mapping the somatic mutations that were progressively acquired during tumor growth. We developed a novel method to call high and low frequency mutations, to cluster them according to their frequencies and rebuild the proliferation trees directly from these mutation clusters using a recursive algorithm. The trees of all four lesions were formed of a dominant subclone that coexisted with other genetically heterogeneous subpopulations of cells. Despite this similar hierarchical organization, however, the growth dynamics varied among and within tumors, likely depending on a combination of tumor-specific genetic and environmental factors. Our study provides insights into the biological properties of individual MMR deficient colorectal adenomas that may influence their growth and also the response to therapy. Extended to other solid tumors, our approach could inform on the mechanisms of cancer progression, thus providing insight into the best choice of cancer treatment methods.

  Study EGAS00001000883

• Comprehensive characterization of cell-free tumor DNA in plasma and urine of patients with renal tumors

  Cell-free tumour-derived DNA (ctDNA) allows non-invasive monitoring of various cancers but its utility in renal cell cancer (RCC) has not been well established. A combination of untargeted and targeted sequencing methods, applied to two independent cohorts of patients (n=90) with various renal tumour subtypes, were used to determine ctDNA content in plasma and urine. Our data revealed lower plasma ctDNA levels in RCC relative to other cancers, with untargeted detection of ~33% for both cohorts. A highly sensitive personalised approach, applied to plasma and urine from select patients (n=22), improved detection to ~50%, including in patients with early stage and even benign lesions. A machine-learning based model, applied to untargeted data, predicted this detection, potentially offering a means of triaging patient samples for personalised analysis. We observed that plasma, and for the first time, urine ctDNA may better represent tumour heterogeneity than a single tissue biopsy. Longitudinal sampling of >200 plasma samples revealed that ctDNA can track disease course. These data highlight low ctDNA levels in RCC but indicate potential clinical utility provided improvement in isolation and detection approaches.

  Study EGAS00001003530

• Germline HAVCR2 mutations altering TIM-3 characterize subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphomas with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytic syndrome

  Sub-cutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphomas (SPTCL), a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, can be associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a life-threatening immune activation which adversely impacts survival1,2. T-cell-immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) is a modulator of immune responses expressed on subgroups of T- and innate immune cells. We identify in ~60% of SPTCL cases germline, loss-of-function, missense variants in highly conserved residues of TIM-3, c.245A>G(p.Y82C) and c.291A>G(p.I97M), each with specific geographic distribution. Y82C-TIM-3 occurs on a potential founder chromosome in patients with East Asian and Polynesian ancestry, while I97M-TIM-3 occurs in Caucasians. Both variants induce protein misfolding and abrogate TIM-3’s plasma-membrane expression leading to persistent immune activation, increased production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-1β, promoting HLH and SPTCL. Our findings highlight HLH/SPTCL as a new genetic entity and showcase TIM-3 mutations as the first causative genetic defect in SPTCL. While TIM-3-mutant HLH/SPTCL benefit from immunomodulation, therapeutic repression of the TIM-3 checkpoint may have adverse consequences.

  Study EGAS00001002765

• SINGLE_CELL_ANALYSIS_OF_IN_VITRO_ERYTHROPOIESIS

  We are developing a protocol to differentiate mouse and human induced pluripotent stem (IPS) and embryonic stem (ES) cells towards the haematopoietic pathway to generate erythrocytes in vitro. This system has many applications such as the study of the role of specific genes and human polymorphisms in infectious diseases such as malaria, as well as haematological diseases such as myelodysplastic syndrome. The nature of the in vitro differentiation process means that a heterogeneous population of cells is generated. In order to understand the types of cells produced with our protocol, we have performed a single cell analysis, which has the power to reveal the different populations of cells and their characteristics. For this, a cDNA library has been made that needs to be sequenced to obtain the gene expression profiles of the different cells. With this information we will be able to assess the quality of the differentiation protocol and improve it in order to produce better cells for the downstream applications.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000764

• Defective T-cell expansion in RASGRP1 deficiency

  Inherited CTPS1- CD27- and CD70-deficiencies in humans have revealed key factors of T-lymphocyte expansion, that is a prerequisite for an efficient immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. RASGRP1 is a T-lymphocyte specific nucleotide exchange factor known to activate the MAP kinases pathway. A deleterious homozygous mutation in RASGRP1 leading to the loss RASGRP1 expression was identified in two siblings who both developed a persistent EBV infection leading to Hodgkin lymphoma. RASGRP1-deficient T cells exhibited defective MAPK activation and impaired proliferation that was restored by expression of wild-type RASGRP1. Similar defects were observed in T cells from healthy individuals when RASGRP1 was downregulated. RASGRP1-deficient T cells also exhibited decreased CD27-dependent proliferation toward CD70-expressing EBV-transformed B cells, a crucial pathway required for expansion of antigen-specific T cells in anti-EBV immunity. Furthermore, RASGRP1-deficient T cells failed to upregulate CTPS1, an important enzyme required for DNA synthesis. These results show that RASGRP1 deficiency leads to susceptibility to EBV infection, and demonstrate the key role of RASGRP1 at the crossroad of pathways required for the expansion of activated T lymphocytes.

  Study EGAS00001002753

• Androgen deprivation therapy promotes an inflammatory and obesity-like microenvironment in periprostatic fat

  Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death and morbidity worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the cornerstone of management for advanced disease. The use of androgen deprivation therapies is associated with multiple side effects, including metabolic syndrome and truncal obesity. At the same time, obesity has been associated with both prostate cancer development and disease progression, linked to its effects on chronic inflammation at a tissue level. The connection between androgen deprivation therapy, obesity, inflammation, and prostate cancer progression is well-established in clinical settings; however, an understanding of the changes in adipose tissue at the molecular level induced by castrating therapies is missing. Here we investigated the transcriptional changes in periprostatic fat tissue induced by profound androgen deprivation therapy in a group of patients with high-risk tumours compared to a matching untreated cohort. We find that androgen deprivation therapy is associated with a pro-inflammatory and obesity-like adipose tissue microenvironment. This study suggests that the beneficial effect of androgen deprivation therapy may be partially counteracted by metabolic and inflammatory side effects in the adipose tissue surrounding the prostate.

  Study EGAS00001003286

• The molecular basis of T-PLL is an actionable perturbation of TCL1/ATM- and epigenetically instructed damage responses

  T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and poor-prognostic mature T-cell malignancy. To address its incomplete molecular concept, we integrated large-scale profiling data of alterations in gene expression, allelic copy number (CN), and nucleotide sequences in 111 well-characterized patients. Besides prominent signatures of T-cell activation and prevalent clonal variants, we also identified novel hot-spots for CN variability, fusion molecules, alternative transcripts, and progression-associated dynamics. The overall lesional spectrum of T-PLL is mainly annotated to axes of DNA damage responses, T-cell receptor/cytokine signaling, and histone modulation. We formulate a multi-dimensional model of T-PLL pathogenesis centered around a unique combination of TCL1 overexpression with damaging ATM aberrations as initiating core lesions. The effects imposed by TCL1 cooperate with compromised ATM towards a leukemogenic phenotype of impaired DNA damage processing. Dysfunctional ATM appears inefficient in alleviating elevated redox burdens and telomere attrition and in evoking a p53-dependent apoptotic response to genotoxic insults. As non-genotoxic strategies, synergistic combinations of p53 reactivators and deacetylase inhibitors reinstate such cell death execution.

  Study EGAS00001002744

• Cell-free DNA analysis reveals POLR1D-mediated resistance to bevacizumab in colorectal cancer

  Bevacizumab is an approved anti-angiogenic drug for patients with metastasized colorectal cancer (mCRC) targeting VEGF. The survival benefit of anti-VEGF therapy in mCRC patients is limited to a few months and acquired resistance mechanisms are greatly unknown. Using plasma DNA, we studied the evolution of tumor genomes in a cohort of patients with mCRC (n=150) and observed a recurrent focal amplification (8.7% of cases) on chromosome 13q12.2. Analysis of TCGA data (n=619) suggested an association with later stages, which we confirmed by longitudinal plasma analyses. We defined the minimally amplified region and studied the mechanistic consequences of copy number gain of the involved genes. The amplification of one gene, POLR1D, impacted cell proliferation, resulting in upregulation of VEGFA, an important regulator of angiogenesis which has been implicated in the resistance to bevacizumab. In several patients, we observed the emergence of this 13q12.2 amplicon under bevacizumab treatment, which was invariably associated with evolution of therapy resistance. Hence, we describe a novel resistance mechanism against a widely applied treatment in mCRC patients which will impact clinical management

  Study EGAS00001003791

• Massively parallel functional dissection of schizophrenia associated non-coding genetic variants

  Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder affecting 1% of the world population. SCZ is characterized by an underlying genetic architecture that is highly polygenic. Genome wide association studies have identified thousands of genetic variants that are statistically linked to the disease. However, the translation of these associations into insights on the pathomechanisms has been challenging because the causal genetic variants, their molecular function, and their target genes remain largely unknown. To address these questions, we combined induced pluripotent stem cell technology with a massively parallel variant annotation pipeline (MVAP) to functionally characterize 35,000 SCZ associated non-coding genetic variants. This approach identified a set of 620 (1.7%) single nucleotide polymorphisms as functional on the molecular level in a highly cell type and condition specific fashion. Subsequent multi-modal integration of epigenomic data combined with CRISPR screening in human neurons enabled us to systematically translate SCZ variant associations into target genes, biological processes, and ultimately alterations of neuronal physiology. These results provide a new high-resolution map of functional variant-gene combinations and offer comprehensive biological insights into the developmental context and stimulus dependent molecular processes modulated by SCZ genetic variation beyond statistical association.

  Study EGAS00001007542

• Poly(A) RNA sequencing of hepatocellular carcinoma tumors and their matched noncancerous liver tissues

  Background & Aims: The differentiation of distinct multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): multicentric disease vs. intrahepatic metastases, in which the management and prognosis varies substantively, remains problematic. We aim to stratify multifocal HCC and identify novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers by performing whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, as part of a multi-omics strategy Methods: A complete collection of tumour and somatic specimens (intrahepatic HCC lesions, matched non-cancerous liver tissue and blood) were obtained from representative patientswith multifocal HCC exhibiting two distinct postsurgical courses. Whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing with genotyping were performed for each tissue specimen to con-trast genomic alterations, including hepatitis B virus integrations, somatic mutations, copy number variations, and structural variations. We then constructed a phylogenetic tree to visualise individual tumour evolution and performed functional enrichment analyses on select differentially expressed genes to elucidate biological processes involved in multifocal HCC development. Multi-omics data were integrated with detailed clinicopathological information to identify HCC biomarkers, which were further validated using a large cohort of HCC patients (n = 174).Results: The multi-omics profiling and tumour biomarkers could successfully distinguish the two multifocal HCC types, while accurately predicting clonality and aggressiveness. The dual specificity protein kinase TTK, which is a key mitotic checkpoint regulator with links to p53 signaling, was further shown to be a promising overall prognostic marker for HCC in the large patient cohort.Conclusions: Comprehensive multi-omics characterisation of multifocal tumour evolution may improve clinical decision-making, facilitate personalised medicine, and expedite identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC.

  Study EGAS00001002337

• A unidirectional histone code in bidirectional promoters across cell types

  Recent studies indicate that thousands of genes are expressed from bidirectional promoters (BDPs). Gene regulation at BDPs is poorly understood, in particular how the cell is able to regulate them differently. Here we investigate the effect of histone Modifications in BDP regulation. In this study, we model the gene activity using different gene expression assays, such as RNA-Seq, GRO-cap, and CAGE around the BDP transcription start sites (TSSs) using different histone modifications in various cell types. We develop a new statistical approach that links histone modifications to gene expression at BDPs. It improves over previous methods, because it is able to capture spatial dependencies of histone modifications along a promoter and leads to more interpretable results. We predict a general histone code that is independent of transcript orientation, cell type, and promoter configuration. The histone code at BDPs reveals that promoters are regulated unidirectionally, such that the majority of histone marks associated with gene expression occur downstream of the gene's TSS. By contrasting associations of histone marks with steady-state levels of capped RNAs in CAGE and nascent capped RNAs in GRO-cap, we show which histone marks have a preference for initiating polymerases and actively elongating polymerases. Using single-cell data we show that the bidirectional histone signal of activating marks is often due averaging of a heterogeneous cell population. Our results have implications for other experiments where the relationship between histone modification and gene initiation or gene elongation is investigated on a genome-wide scale.

  Study EGAS00001001656

• WES HCC-neuro

  WES data of a HCC with neuroendocrine differentiation (HCC-NED), normal and organoid from a 74-year-old man.

  Dataset EGAD00001008430

• WGS data from a GBM patient PT-MS8478

  WGS data from a GBM patient PT-MS8478

  Dataset EGAD00001008524

• WGS data from a GBM patient PT-SB3465

  WGS data from a GBM patient PT-SB3465

  Dataset EGAD00001008528

• A model for predicting response to PD-1 inhibitors in NSCLC

  Whole exome sequencing was used to examine the impact of human leukocyte antigen B44 in a non-small cell lung cancer cohort treated with single agent pembrolizumab with over five years of follow-up.

  Study phs002244

• Heterogeneity and evolution of DNA mutation rates in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer

  A mutation accumulation experiment in colorectal cancer (CRC) derived tumoroids. A sequential single-cell cloning approach was adopted to measure the mutation rate in eight tumoroids obtained from five patients. WGS was also performed on their matched normal tissue and on standard tumoroids cultures without any cloning step. This is a 150x depth sequencing for 7 samples.

  Dataset EGAD50000000616

• Whole-genome sequencing of tumour, germline and plasma samples from a BRCA1-mutant breast cancer patient

  This data set contains the fastq files from whole-genome sequencing of temporally matched tumour (fresh frozen biopsies), blood germline and plasma samples collected from a BRCA1-mutant breast cancer patient to directly compare mutation signature analysis using gold-standard tumour-germline paired variant calling with a novel ctDNA-based method (MisMatchFinder).

  Dataset EGAD50000000811

• Whole-genome sequencing with complement C1s deficiency linked to systemic lupus erythematosus

  This dataset includes two FASTQ files (R1 and R2) from an Illumina germline nuclear DNA whole-genome sequencing run of a single sample. The sample corresponds to a 34-year-old male with a rare deficiency in complement component C1s, linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Genomic analysis revealed two novel mutations in the C1S gene.

  Dataset EGAD50000000988

• Whole-exome and RNA sequencing data from a uveal melanoma patient with multi-regional sampling

  This dataset includes whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a uveal melanoma patient. Tumor samples were obtained from three distinct regions, each with matched RNA-seq and WES data. Additionally, WES data from the patient’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is provided as a germline reference.

  Dataset EGAD50000001422

• M116 CHIP Amplicon Sequencing

  Genomic DNA was obtained from M116 peripheral blood sample and was used for targeted deep sequencing (TDS) studies. Barcoded libraries were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions, using a probe-based panel (KAPA HyperCap, Roche®) targeting frequently mutated regions of 50 myeloid-related genes. Samples were run on a MiSeq (Illumina®) sequencer for paired-end 2x75 bp reads with a mean coverage of 1000X.

  Dataset EGAD50000001287

• A complex chromosomal rearrangement (CCR) was resolved at the nucleotide level by whole genome long read sequencing using PacBio sequencing platform.

  A complex chromosomal rearrangement (CCR) involving 7 chromosomes and 11 breakpoints was resolved at the nucleotide level by whole genome long read sequencing using PacBio sequencing platform.

  Study EGAS00001008133

• University of Utah Pelvic Organ Prolapse Disorder Study

  The overall purpose of this University of Utah Pelvic Organ Prolapse Disorder Study was to identify and localize predisposition genes contributing to pelvic organ prolapse (POP). POP cases recruited for this study were identified by one of three methods: high-risk POP pedigree cases, POP sister pairs, and surgically-treated POP cases reporting a family history of POP. High-risk POP pedigree cases were identified using the Utah Population Database (UPDB), a genealogy database of residents in Utah that has been linked to diagnostic ICD9 and CPT codes in medical records at the University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare. We identified families with a significant excess number of POP cases compared to matched population rates and targeted these individuals for recruitment as well as any other POP cases in the family. POP sister pair cases were identified at the University of Utah Urogyncology clinic for women who had undergone POP surgery and also self-reported one or more sisters who were also surgically treated for POP. POP affection status of all sisters was confirmed either by physical examination or by chart review. Surgically treated-POP cases reporting a family history of POP were identified at the University of Utah Urogyncology clinic by self-report of a family history of POP. Efforts were made to recruit other affected family members and confirm affection status. To obtain DNA, subjects provided either a blood specimen or saliva. Medical records were reviewed by a urogynecologist and diagnostic information for pelvic organ prolapse and stress and overactive bladder were obtained. Collected DNA was genotyped and analyzed. To maintain confidentiality of the familial data, genetic data from only one subject per family has been submitted to dbGaP. Use of the University of Utah Pelvic Organ Prolapse Disorder Study data is limited to investigators studying pelvic floor disorders. These pelvic floor disorders include pelvic organ prolapse, urinary and anal incontinence, and other conditions related to weakening or injury to the muscles and connective tissue in the pelvis as a result of pelvic surgery, pregnancy, or vaginal delivery of a child. These data will be used only for research purposes related to pelvic floor disorders. They will not be used to determine the individual identity of any person or their relationship to another person or for research on non-disease traits.

  Study phs001439

• Integrative analysis reveals a macrophage-predominant, immunosuppressive immune microenvironment and subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities in advanced salivary gland cancer

  Background Salivary gland cancers (SGC) are rare and heterogeneous malignant tumors. Advanced SGC lack established treatment options and show poor response to immunotherapy. Here, an integrative multi-omics analysis in a large cohort of advanced SGC revealed insights into the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) and distinct mechanisms of immune evasion. Methods A total of 104 patients with recurrent/metastatic SGC from the DKTK MASTER program were included in this study. Whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing and RNA-sequencing was performed on fresh frozen tumor tissue. The tumor immune microenvironment was analyzed using CIBERSORT deconvolution analysis and immune gene expression scores in bulk RNA-sequencing data. Single-nuclei sequencing and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed in selected samples. Results were validated in bulk RNA-sequencing data of a previously published independent dataset. Results Bulk transcriptome analysis revealed an immune-deserted TIM in the majority of advanced SGC samples. Immune exclusion was most prominent in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) subgroup 1 exhibiting a downregulation of the antigen processing machinery. Only a small subset of advanced SGC, including few adenoid cystic carcinoma, exhibited T-cell inflammation, which was correlated with tumor mutational burden in Non-ACC samples. Subtype specific expression of immune checkpoints as well as cancer testis antigens were identified with prominent expression of VTCN1 in luminal cells within ACC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing and bulk RNA-seq deconvolution analysis validated immune cell exclusion and revealed a TIM that was dominated by M2 macrophages across SGC subtypes. Among evaluable patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a high T-cell to macrophage ratio was associated with clinical benefit. Conclusions These data support biomarker-based development of immune-checkpoint inhibition and the development of novel immune-checkpoint inhibitors and cellular therapies in SGC.

  Study EGAS50000000809

• A prospective study identifies MisMatch Repair genes as candidate predisposing genes for uveal melanoma.

  Objective: The aim of this study is to identify new predisposing genes for uveal melanoma (UM), the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Design: Prospective cohort study from Institut Curie. Participants: 381 unselected patients diagnosed with UM between July 2021 and February 2023 at Institut Curie. Methods: All patients received genetic counseling and consented to extended genetic testing. A panel of 122 genes was analyzed by targeted sequencing on germline DNA from these patients. Main outcomes measures: UM was diagnosed by ophthalmologists at Institut Curie, and a senior pathologist confirmed the diagnosis when tumor or biopsy was available. Classification of the germline genetic variants was performed according to the ACMG guidelines. Results: We identified at least one pathogenic variant (PV) in 79 patients. Among those variants, 20 were found in clinically relevant genes for the patient’s follow-up and genetic counseling. We found a significant enrichment of germline pathogenic variants in Mismatch Repair (MMR) MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 genes in this UM cohort, suggesting that MMR germline alterations could predispose to UM. From this cohort, one tumor was available from a patient carrying a MLH1 germline mutation. The tumor was characterized by a monosomy 3, in line with a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of MLH1, located on chromosome 3. Loss of expression of MLH1 and PMS2 was observed by immunohistochemistry, and MMR mutational signatures SBS6, ID1 and ID2 were identified from the whole genome sequencing of the tumor. These data suggest that MLH1 is implicated in the oncogenesis of this UM. Conclusions: This study is the largest prospective constitutional study performed on UM patients, and the first demonstrating that MMR germline alterations are significantly enriched among these patients. Further analyses will be needed to estimate the risk of developing UM for patients with Lynch syndrome

  Study EGAS50000000914

• Molecular Tumor Board to Inform on Personalized Medicine for a Man with Advanced Prostate Cancer

  Purpose: Molecular profiling of cancer is increasingly common as part of routine care in oncology, and germline and somatic profiling may provide insights and actionable targets for men with metastatic prostate cancer. However, all reported cases are of deidentified individuals without full medical and genomic data available in the public domain. Patient and Methods: We present a case of whole genome tumor and germline sequencing in a patient with advanced prostate cancer, who has agreed to make his genomic and clinical data publicly available in an accompanying personal testimonial. Results: We describe an 84-year-old Caucasian male with a Gleason 10 oligometastastic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Whole-genome sequencing provided insights into his tumor’s underlying mutational processes and the development of an SPOP mutation. It also revealed an androgen-receptor dependency of his cancer which was reflected in his durable response to radiation and hormonal therapy. Potentially actionable genomic lesions in the tumor were identified through a personalized medicine approach for potential future therapy, but at the moment, he remains in remission, illustrating the hormonal sensitivity of his SPOP-driven prostate cancer. We also placed this patient in the context of a large prostate-cancer cohort from the PCAWG (Pan-cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes) group. In this comparison, the patient's cancer appears typical in terms of the number and type of somatic mutations, but it has a somewhat larger contribution from the mutational process associated with aging. Conclusion: We combined the expertise of medical oncology and genomics approaches to develop a molecular tumor board to integrate the care and study of this patient, who continues to have an outstanding response to his combined modality treatment. This identifiable case potentially helps overcome barriers to clinical and genomic data sharing.

  Study EGAS00001004648

• WGS and WTS data of patient diagnosed with HSTCL

  WGS and WTS data of a single patient diagnosed with HSTCL. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed for the tumor-normal sample. Genomic DNA from tumor tissue was extracted with QIAamp DNA Mini Kit. The DNA for the matching normal was obtained from blood or buccal swabs and purified by Blood and Cell Culture DNA Mini kit or E.Z.N.A. Tissue DNA Kit (Omega Bio-tek) according to manufacturer’s instructions. The quantity and quality were assessed by Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit (Invitrogen) and agarose gel electrophoresis. All sequencing libraries were prepared using TruSeq Nano DNA Library Prep Kit (Illumina). Paired-end sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq 4000 2x151 bp read length. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (WTS): Total RNA from snap frozen EITL tumor samples was extracted using TRIzol (Invitrogen) and purified with RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer’s instructions. The integrity of RNA was determined by electrophoresis using 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies). 500 ng of total RNA was reverse transcribed with iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Quantification was performed using SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix and CFX96 Real-Time PCR System (both Bio-Rad). Sequencing libraries were prepared using the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Library Prep Kit with Ribo-Zero (Illumina) and WTS was performed on Illumina HiSeq 2500 with 2x101 bp read length.

  Dataset EGAD00001005229

• Genomics and Modification of Pain: A peripheral component identified using iPSCs with the S241T mutation

  We have capitalized on inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) as a well-characterized genetic model of chronic pain, and studied IEM patients carrying Nav1.7 mutations which affect channel activation and often produce hyperexcitability of DRG neurons. Whole exome sequencing was used to discover multiple gene variants that might contribute to neuronal excitability and that might serve as modifiers of sensory neuron firing, and identified the Kv7.2 channel as a contributor to differences in pain profiles between individuals.

  Study phs001724

• Whole Genome Sequencing of HER2-Positive Metastatic Extramammary Paget’s Disease: A Case Report

  Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare cancer that occurs within the epithelium of the skin. Whole genome sequencing of the tumor and matched blood was performed. Whole genome sequencing revealed the underlying copy number variation landscape in HER2-positive metastatic EMPD. The presence of alternative signalling pathways and genetic variants suggests potential interactions with HER2 signalling, which possibly contributed to the HER2 overexpression and observed response to HER2-directed therapy combined with other agents in a comprehensive treatment regimen.

  Study EGAS50000000243

• Neurogenetics_Essen

  Neurogenetic disorders are a clinically heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by an alteration or dysfunction of the central nervous system, resulting from a change encoded in the genome of affected individuals. Most of these conditions are individually rare but collectively frequent (>1-5% of the population), manifesting during development (neurodevelopmental disorders) or during later life (neurological disorders). Currently, genetic alterations in approximately 2,500 genes have been linked to human disorders affecting the brain and collectively explain approximately 50% of patients with neurological disorders with a supposed genetic etiology. We aim to identify new genes and uncover novel mechanisms underlying neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, with a current focus on noncoding regions and complex (repeated) regions. We use a range of complementary approaches that make use of advanced technologies and bioinformatics tools. We combine short-read genome sequencing and long-read technologies, including nanopore sequencing and optical genome mapping, with multi-omics approaches (RNA sequencing, proteomics…) to detect pathogenic variants missed by routine diagnostics and to discover new genetic diseases.

  Dac EGAC50000000329

• Identification of G-Quadruplex Clusters by High-Throughput Sequencing of Whole-Genome Amplified Products with a G-Quadruplex Ligand

  G-quadruplex (G4) is a non-canonical DNA structure that has been found in the genome. To identify clusters of G4-forming sequences in the genome, we performed whole genome amplification (WGA) in the presence or absence of a G4 ligand that inhibits DNA polymerase activity on the G4 forming regions, followed by high-throughput sequencing of the WGA products. As the results, 12254 G4 cultures were identified on HeLa genomic DNA.

  Study phs001450

• Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of corneal and limbal epithelial cells derived from a patient with congenital aniridia

  Aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK) is a progressive condition characterized by conjunctivalization of the cornea, yet its molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to elucidate the transcriptional landscape of AAK by characterizing the gene expression profiles of corneal epithelial cells in a patient with congenital aniridia. Corneal and limbal epithelial tissues were collected from the patient during the cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET) surgery. The tissues were dissociated into single cells and subjected to single-cell RNA-seq.

  Study JGAS000790

• Elucidation of genomic pathology of a patient with concurrent acute myeloid leukemia and mediastinal germ cell tumor

  The occurrence of a mediastinal germ cell tumor (GCT) and hematological malignancy in the same patient is very rare. Whole exome sequencing was performed for concurrent acute myeloid leukemia (acute megakaryoblastic leukemia) and mediastinal germ cell tumor. Somatic mutations, such as TP53 or PTEN, were commonly identified in both acute myeloid leukemia and mediastinal germ cell tumor, suggesting the common founder clone. Normal buccal cells were used as a control. Illumina NextSeq 500 platform were used.

  Study JGAS000211

• Neuroblastoma relapse trio series from the AMC

  The majority of neuroblastoma patients have tumors that initially respond to chemotherapy, but a large proportion of patients will experience therapy-resistant relapses. The molecular basis of this aggressive phenotype is unknown. Whole genome sequencing of 23 paired diagnostic and relapsed neuroblastomas showed clonal evolution from the diagnostic tumor with a median of 29 somatic mutations unique to the relapse sample. Eighteen of the 23 relapse tumors (78%) showed RAS-MAPK pathway mutations. Seven events were detected only in the relapse tumor while the others showed clonal enrichment. In neuroblastoma cell lines we also detected a high frequency of activating mutations in the RAS-MAPK pathway (11/18, 61%) and these lesions predicted for sensitivity to MEK inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Our findings provide a rationale for genetic characterization of relapse neuroblastoma and show that RAS-MAPK pathway mutations may function as a biomarker for new therapeutic approaches to refractory disease.

  Dataset EGAD00001001360

• Phase II Therapeutic Trial of Mexiletine in Non-Dystrophic Myotonia (IND #77,021)

  Non-dystrophic myotonias are a group of rare muscle disorders caused by abnormalities in different muscle cell membrane proteins. Patients experience delayed muscle relaxation that causes impaired physical activity, stiffness, and pain. Mexiletine has been shown to be beneficial for symptoms of myotonia in case reports of patients with non-dystrophic myotonia, however, current management of these patients primarily depends on individual practitioners' preference. This study is a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over treatment trial using mexiletine in non-dystrophic myotonias. The results, if positive, will permit the identification of mexiletine as an effective therapy for myotonia, making it a first-line therapy for patients with non-dystrophic myotonia. The specific aim of this proposal is to perform a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study to assess whether mexiletine improves both quantitative and qualitative measures of myotonia in patients with non-dystrophic myotonia. Given the rarity of non-dystrophic myotonia, large randomized controlled treatment trials in these disorders have not been feasible in the past. Primary Outcome Measure: Patient-assessed symptom: stiffness as measured by an Interactive Voice Response Diary (IVR). Secondary Outcome Measures: a) patient-assessed pain, weakness, and fatigue as measured by IVR; b) clinical myotonia assessment; c) quality of life as measured by INQoL, SF36; d) a quantitative measure of grip myotonia; e) measurement of CMAP after short and long exercise; f) grading of myotonia on needle EMG.

  Study phs001311

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of Renal Cell Carcinoma in African Americans

  The NCI GWAS of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in African Americans was undertaken to provide insight into genetic loci affecting susceptibility to this malignancy in a racial group known to be at elevated risk. We genotyped 1,136,723 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 255 cases and 375 controls of African ancestry from the NCI Kidney Cancer Study, and further investigated 16 SNPs in a replication set consisting of 140 cases and 543 controls from a case-control study conducted at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The variant rs10771279 located on 12p11, 77kb from a European-ancestry RCC risk marker, was associated with RCC risk in the GWAS (P=1.2 x 10-7) but did not replicate (P=0.99). The variant 7105934 on 11q13.3, previously associated with RCC in a GWAS using European-ancestry samples, was associated with risk in both studies [meta-analysis odds ratio (OR)=0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.64-0.91; P=0.0022]. The frequency of this allele was higher than that observed in the European-ancestry GWAS (0.56 and 0.07 respectively among controls). The rs7105934 association was stronger for clear cell RCC (ccRCC: OR=0.56; P=7.4 x 10-7) and absent for cases of other or unknown histology (OR=1.02; P=0.86). In conclusion, this study provides evidence that rs7105934 is a susceptibility locus for RCC, and clear-cell RCC in particular, among African Americans.

  Study phs000863

• Indexing Genes Impacted by Copy Number Variation in Developmental Disorders

  A challenge in clinical genomics is to predict whether copy number variation (CNV) affecting a gene or multiple genes will manifest as disease. Increasing recognition of gene dosage effects in neurodevelopmental disorders prompted us to develop a computational approach based on critical-exon (highly expressed in brain, highly conserved) examination for potential etiologic effects. Using a large CNV dataset, our updated analyses revealed significant (P < 1.64 x 10-15) enrichment of critical-exons within rare CNVs in cases compared to controls. Separately, we used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to construct an unbiased protein module from prenatal and adult tissues and found it significantly enriched for critical exons in prenatal (P < 1.15 x 10-50, OR = 2.11) and adult (P < 6.03 x 10-18, OR = 1.55) development. WGCNA yielded 1,206 proteins for which we prioritized the corresponding genes as likely to have a role in neurodevelopmental disorders. We compared the gene lists obtained from critical-exon and WGCNA analysis and found 438 candidate genes associated with CNVs annotated as pathogenic, or variants of uncertain significance (VOUS), from among 10,619 developmental delay cases. We identified genes containing CNVs previously considered to be VOUS, to be new candidate genes for neurodevelopmental disorders (GIT1, MVB12B and PPP1R9A) demonstrating the utility of this strategy to index the clinical effects of CNVs. Reprinted from Uddin et al, 2016, with permission from Scientific Reports.

  Study phs001154

• Genetic Basis for Clinical Response to CTLA-4 Blockade in Melanoma

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective cancer treatments, but molecular determinants of clinical benefit are unknown. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Anti-CTLA-4 treatment prolongs overall survival in patients with melanoma. CTLA-4 blockade activates T cells and enables them to destroy tumor cells. We obtained tumor tissue from patients with melanoma who were treated with ipilimumab or tremelimumab. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on tumors and matched blood samples. Somatic mutations and candidate neoantigens generated from these mutations were characterized. Neoantigen peptides were tested for the ability to activate lymphocytes from ipilimumab-treated patients. Malignant melanoma exomes from 64 patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade were characterized with the use of massively parallel sequencing. A discovery set consisted of 11 patients who derived a long-term clinical benefit and 14 patients who derived a minimal benefit or no benefit. Mutational load was associated with the degree of clinical benefit (P = 0.01) but alone was not sufficient to predict benefit. Using genomewide somatic neoepitope analysis and patient-specific HLA typing, we identified candidate tumor neoantigens for each patient. We elucidated a neo-antigen landscape that is specifically present in tumors with a strong response to CTLA-4 blockade. We validated this signature in a second set of 39 patients with melanoma who were treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Predicted neoantigens activated T cells from the patients treated with ipilimumab.

  Study phs001041

• Genome-Wide Association Study in Systemic Sclerosis

  The Scleroderma Family Registry and DNA Repository (Registry) was initially developed as a registry and bio-specimen repository of patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), family members and unaffected healthy controls. A case-control design was later adopted due to the lack of availability of many parents in this adult-onset disease, which precluded a linkage approach. In addition to collecting demographic data, the registry included the collection of disease-pertinent, cross-sectional, clinical information from medical records of affected participants. Registry participants were >/= 18 years of age at enrollment. On the basis of medical record review, all cases were verified by the principal investigator to meet the eligibility criteria. 800+ blood samples from verified affected cases of European ancestry were selected for a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). These genetic data, as well as phenotypic data, are available in dbGaP. DNA, serum and plasma from Registry participants, which are currently being stored in the University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Scleroderma Registry Genetic Repository, are available for research purposes. However, not all of the 800+ registry participants who submitted a blood sample currently have DNA available due to depletion of some samples. In addition to including SNP data from the genome-wide (first study release) and immunochip (second study release) scan on the 800+ samples, the dbGaP database provides a set of data tables with phenotypic information collected from the participants in the registry.

  Study phs000357

• Reference Standards for Mosaic Variant Detection

  After conception, postzygotic mutations continuously occur throughout life in humans, causing somatic mosaicism in an individual. The variant type, time of origination, and locations of the mosaic mutations result in unique mosaic patterns in a combinatorial manner and further affect phenotypes, including various noncancerous diseases. Several efforts have, thus, been made to identify the mutational landscape and mechanisms underlying the mosaic mutations. From a technical aspect, the accurate detection of mutations is at the core of the mosaicism research, and the construction of a standard reference is a critical first step to serve as the basis for analytical validation and benchmarks for germline and somatic mutation detection. Furthermore, a reference standard for mosaic mutations is urgently needed to enable more advanced research.Herein, we generated robust, large-scale, and cell line mixture-based reference standards that contain abundant mosaic SNVs and INDELs along with wild-type sites and germ line variants. Moreover, the whole reference standard set mimics the cumulative aspect of mosaic variant acquisition in the early developmental stage through a progressive cell line mixing with confirmed genotypes. It can be used for optimizing the current use of mosaic variant detection strategies, as well as developing algorithms for future improvements.We previously generated an NCBI BioProject (PRJNA758606) to release much of these data. Only the data that are subject to authorized access constraints have been included in this submission to dbGaP. The two data sources are thus, complementary to each other.

  Study phs003399

• Targeted Linked-Read DNA-seq Analysis of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancers

  Androgen receptor (AR) inhibition is standard of care for advanced prostate cancer (PC). However, its efficacy is limited by progression to castration-resistant PC (CRPC), usually due to AR re-activation via mechanisms that include AR amplification and structural rearrangement. These two classes of AR alterations often co-occur in CRPC tumors, but it is unclear whether this reflects intercellular or intracellular heterogeneity of AR. It is important to resolve the mechanisms of AR genomic rearrangements to develop new therapies and predictive biomarkers for PC. We developed a targeted linked-read DNA sequencing assay to interrogate alterations in AR and a panel of genes known to be amplified or mutated in CRPC. Linked-read DNA-sequencing libraries were generated using the 10X Genomics Chromium platform and subjected to hybridization enrichment using a custom-designed Agilent SureSelect bait panel. Post-capture DNA-seq libraries were pooled and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 using 2x150 bp settings. This targeted linked-read DNA-seq assay was used to interrogate a set of 6 benchmarking samples harboring known AR gene rearrangements and other alterations in AR, as well a panel of 6 patient-derived xenograft CRPC tumors and 23 clinical CRPC tumors. In this cohort, we identified a subset of samples that developed complex, multiply-rearranged AR gene structures in conjunction with very high AR copy number. The data that will be made available through dbGaP are raw FASTQ files.

  Study phs003343

• Center for Sub-Cellular Genomics

  A cell is a highly complex system with distributed molecular physiologies in structured sub-cellular compartments whose interplay with the nuclear genome determine the functional characteristics of the cell. A classic example of distributed genomic processes is found in neurons. Learning and memory require modulation of individual synapses through RNA localization, localized translation, and localized metabolites, such as those from dendritic mitochondria. Dendrites of neurons integrate distributed synaptic signals into both electrical and nuclear transcriptional response. Dysfunction of these distributed genomic functions in neurons can result in a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric diseases such as bipolar and depressive disorders, autism, among others. The Center for Sub-Cellular Genomics' (CSG) mission is to develop new technologies to enable the dissection of complex genomic interactions within a single cell. New technologies include methods to target DNA and RNA sampling at sub-cellular resolution in live cells; high-throughput isolation and microfluidics chemistry for sub-cellular fractions; sub-cellular resolution mass-spectrometry; and computational tools for analysis of sub-cellular genomics data. The new technologies developed by CSG will enable the broader genomics community to associate sub-cellular processes to cell function and dysfunction. These technologies will be utilized in the center to generate a comprehensive atlas of genomic signatures of sub-cellular compartments in the mammalian neuron system. The technologies and neuron-focused data obtained here will be relevant to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, depression, autism spectrum disorder, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's.

  Study phs002120

• The circulating cell-free DNA landscape in sepsis is dominated by impaired liver clearance

  Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a promising molecular biomarker. However, its utility in severe infection remains poorly understood. Here, we isolated cfDNA from sepsis patients and controls, demonstrating a 41-fold increase in the amount of cfDNA in circulation during disease. We used sequencing to reconstruct cfDNA methylomes, fragmentation profiles, and nucleosome footprints across 58 samples. We observed no difference in cfDNA composition between patients and controls, challenging the idea that cfDNA increases due to higher immune cell death during sepsis. Instead, we suggest that liver dysfunction prevents efficient clearance of cfDNA during disease. This was supported by fragmentation and end-motif patterns, both of which showed evidence of cfDNA being exposed to circulating nucleases for a prolonged period, proportionally to the extent of liver dysfunction. Variation in cfDNA of megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor origin was also a significant contributor in sepsis, increasing over time. Moreover, we showed that cfDNA retains nucleosome footprints with cell type-specific gene activity information. We developed a novel approach to study nucleosome phasing that successfully recovers tissue-specific signatures. By combining this with single-cell data, we demonstrated that sepsis patients with liver dysfunction have higher amounts of cfDNA derived from Kupffer cells and the liver parenchyma. In conclusion, we present the first high-throughput multi-modal study of cfDNA during sepsis, which will serve as a reference point for future studies on the role of this biomarker in critical illness.

  Study EGAS50000001033

• First datasets available in the Federated EGA Network

  In February 2024, a great milestone was reached for the human omics data community: the first datasets are now available in the Federated European Genome-phenome Archive (FEGA). These datasets - hosted by national nodes in Poland, Norway, and Sweden - are discoverable in the EGA portal and accessible according to national laws. These datasets include: From FEGA Poland - The Genomic Map Of Poland From FEGA Norway - CRCbiome: Gut metagenome of Norwegian screening participants using FIT sampling Also from FEGA Norway - Single cell transcriptomics in expanded Tregs of APS-1 patients From FEGA Sweden - A Combined Omics and Tissue Biobank for Paediatric Cancers The establishment of these datasets represents a significant step towards achieving the broader objectives of the FEGA; to facilitate the sharing of high-quality human genomic and phenotypic data across borders. “The value for users is twofold: it becomes easier to make data available securely compared to storing data locally, and data becomes easier to find for other researchers. The possibility of reuse improves the chances of both verifying scientific discoveries and reaching groundbreaking conclusions, of benefit to the research community and later also patients,” said Anna Hagwall, project manager and head of human data at FEGA Sweden, NBIS. About Federated EGA FEGA was launched in 2022 as a network to store and lawfully share sensitive human omics data safely. It relies on the technology originally developed by the EGA and support from ongoing collaborations with ELIXIR - a European life sciences infrastructure. FEGA has contributed to and benefitted from the implementation of community standards for sensitive data management including those developed by the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH). “The FEGA concept and the development of the Nordic FEGA nodes have been made possible thanks to several projects coordinated by NeIC,” said Kjell Petersen, FEGA Norway technical lead. Managing human omics data is challenging due to its sheer size and privacy concerns, often resulting in restrictions on how and where sensitive data can be shared. The FEGA network follows a federated data access model whereby sensitive data is stored securely within a local or national jurisdiction, while discovery across the network for data of interest is enabled via a central portal. As of February 2024, the FEGA network comprises seven European national nodes with tens of additional national partners working towards establishing a FEGA node. As the FEGA network continues to onboard nodes from around the world, populated with more and more data, we move closer to a vision of a truly global resource for discovery of and access to sensitive human omics data to accelerate disease research and improve human health. "The Federated EGA network is entering a key phase where the first research datasets are now available across the network. In coming years, we look forward to expanding these datasets to cover key areas such as cancer and rare diseases for the benefit of patients" said Thomas Keane, Group Leader at EMBL-EBI.

  Blog first-datasets-available-in-Federated-EGA

• Whole exome sequencing of an invasive diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma sampled from different sites

  The lateral ventricle subventricular zone (SVZ) is a frequent site of high-grade glioma (HGG) spread and tumor invasion of the SVZ is a predictor of a worse clinical prognosis. A range of HGG types invade the stem cell niche of the SVZ, including both adult glioblastoma and pediatric high-grade gliomas such as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating this frequent invasion of the SVZ are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that neural precursor cell (NPC):glioma cell communication underpins the propensity of glioma to colonize the SVZ. SVZ NPCs secrete chemoattractant signals toward which glioma cells home. Biochemical and proteomic analyses of factors secreted by SVZ NPCs revealed a discrete list of candidate proteins. Necessity and sufficiency testing implicated the neurite outgrowth-promoting factor pleiotrophin, along with three required binding partners (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), SPARC-like protein 1, and heat shock protein 90B), as key mediators of this chemoattractant effect. Pleiotrophin protein expression is strongly enriched in the SVZ, and knockdown of pleiotrophin expression starkly reduced glioma invasion of the SVZ in the adult murine brain. Pleiotrophin, in complex with the three binding partners, activated the Rho/ROCK pathway in DIPG cells, and inhibition of ROCK resulted in decreased DIPG invasion toward SVZ neural precursor cell-secreted factors. These findings demonstrate a pathogenic role for neural precursor cell – glioma interactions and potential therapeutic targets to limit glioma invasion.

  Study EGAS00001002326

• Massively parallel nanowell-based single-cell gene expression profiling

  Technological advances have enabled transcriptome characterization of cell types at the single-cell level providing new biological insights. New methods that enable simple yet high-throughput single-cell expression profiling are highly desirable. Here we report a novel nanowell-based single-cell RNA sequencing system, ICELL8, which enables processing of thousands of cells per sample. The system employs a 5184-nanowell-containing microchip to capture ~1300 single cells and process them. Each nanowell contains preprinted oligonucleotides encoding poly-d(T), a unique well barcode, and a unique molecular identifier. The ICELL8 system uses imaging software to identify nanowells containing viable single cells and only wells with single cells are processed into sequencing libraries. Here, we report the performance and utility of ICELL8 using samples of increasing complexity from cultured cells to mouse solid tissue samples. Our assessment of the system to discriminate between mixed human and mouse cells showed that ICELL8 has a low cell multiplet rate (< 3%) and low cross-cell contamination. We characterized single-cell transcriptomes of more than a thousand cultured human and mouse cells as well as 468 mouse pancreatic islets cells. We were able to identify distinct cell types in pancreatic islets, including alpha, beta, delta and gamma cells. Overall, ICELL8 provides efficient and cost-effective single-cell expression profiling of thousands of cells, allowing researchers to decipher single-cell transcriptomes within complex biological samples.

  Study EGAS00001002320

• 33 patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) had whole exome sequencing performed. Cells were sorted by FACSAria using CD138, CD19 and CD56 to obtain a pure abnormal plasma cell population. Generated somatic variants were compared to a previous study of 463 multiple myeloma patients.

  Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant precursor of multiple myeloma (MM) with a 1% risk of progression per year. Although targeted analyses have shown the presence of specific genetic abnormalities such as IGH translocations, RB1 deletion, 1q gain, hyperdiploidy or RAS genes mutations, little is known about molecular mechanism of malignant transformation. We have performed whole exome sequencing together with SNP array analysis in 33 flow-cytometry separated abnormal PC samples of MGUS patients to describe somatic gene mutations and chromosome changes at the genome-wide level. Non-synonymous mutations (NS-SNVs) and copy number alterations (CNAs) were present in 97.0% and in 63.6% of cases, respectively. Importantly, the number of somatic mutations was significantly lower in MGUS compared to MM (p<10-4) and we have identified 6 myeloma significantly mutated genes which are KRAS, NRAS, DIS3, HIST1H1E, EGR1 and LTB in the MGUS dataset. We also found a positive correlation with increasing chromosome changes and somatic mutations. IGH translocations were present in 27.3% of cases comprising t(4;14), t(11;14), t(14;16) or t(14;20) and were in a similar frequency to MM, which corresponded with primary lesion hypothesis. Data from this study showed MGUS is a genetically comprehensive disease, however overall genetic instability is significantly lower compared to MM.

  Study EGAS00001001658

• Small variants in mtDNA Canary Islands - WES Illumina (ITER)

  The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is of interest for a range of fields including evolutionary, forensic, and medical genetics. Human mitogenomes can be classified into evolutionary related haplogroups that provide ancestral information and pedigree relationships. Because of this and the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology, there is a diversity of bioinformatic tools for haplogroup classification. We present a benchmarking of the 11 most salient tools for human mtDNA classification using empirical whole-genome (WGS) and whole-exome (WES) short-read sequencing data from 36 unrelated donors. Besides, because of its relevance, we also assess the best performing tool in third-generation long noisy read WGS data obtained with nanopore technology for a subset of the donors. We found that, for short-read WGS, most of the tools exhibit high accuracy for haplogroup classification irrespective of the input file used for the analysis. However, for short- read WES, Haplocheck and MixEmt were the most accurate tools. Based on the performance shown for WGS and WES, and the accompanying qualitative assessment, Haplocheck stands out as the most complete tool. For third-generation HTS data, we also showed that Haplocheck was able to accurately retrieve mtDNA haplogroups for all samples assessed, although only after following assembly-based approaches (either based on a referenced-based assembly or a hybrid de novo assembly). Taken together, our results provide guidance for researchers to select the most suitable tool to conduct the mtDNA analyses from HTS data.

  Study EGAS00001005678

• Small variants in mtDNA Canary Islands - WGS Illumina (ITER)

  The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is of interest for a range of fields including evolutionary, forensic, and medical genetics. Human mitogenomes can be classified into evolutionary related haplogroups that provide ancestral information and pedigree relationships. Because of this and the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology, there is a diversity of bioinformatic tools for haplogroup classification. We present a benchmarking of the 11 most salient tools for human mtDNA classification using empirical whole-genome (WGS) and whole-exome (WES) short-read sequencing data from 36 unrelated donors. Besides, because of its relevance, we also assess the best performing tool in third-generation long noisy read WGS data obtained with nanopore technology for a subset of the donors. We found that, for short-read WGS, most of the tools exhibit high accuracy for haplogroup classification irrespective of the input file used for the analysis. However, for short- read WES, Haplocheck and MixEmt were the most accurate tools. Based on the performance shown for WGS and WES, and the accompanying qualitative assessment, Haplocheck stands out as the most complete tool. For third-generation HTS data, we also showed that Haplocheck was able to accurately retrieve mtDNA haplogroups for all samples assessed, although only after following assembly-based approaches (either based on a referenced-based assembly or a hybrid de novo assembly). Taken together, our results provide guidance for researchers to select the most suitable tool to conduct the mtDNA analyses from HTS data.

  Study EGAS00001005679

• Small variants in mtDNA Canary Islands - WGS Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ITER)

  The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is of interest for a range of fields including evolutionary, forensic, and medical genetics. Human mitogenomes can be classified into evolutionary related haplogroups that provide ancestral information and pedigree relationships. Because of this and the advent of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology, there is a diversity of bioinformatic tools for haplogroup classification. We present a benchmarking of the 11 most salient tools for human mtDNA classification using empirical whole-genome (WGS) and whole-exome (WES) short-read sequencing data from 36 unrelated donors. Besides, because of its relevance, we also assess the best performing tool in third-generation long noisy read WGS data obtained with nanopore technology for a subset of the donors. We found that, for short-read WGS, most of the tools exhibit high accuracy for haplogroup classification irrespective of the input file used for the analysis. However, for short- read WES, Haplocheck and MixEmt were the most accurate tools. Based on the performance shown for WGS and WES, and the accompanying qualitative assessment, Haplocheck stands out as the most complete tool. For third-generation HTS data, we also showed that Haplocheck was able to accurately retrieve mtDNA haplogroups for all samples assessed, although only after following assembly-based approaches (either based on a referenced-based assembly or a hybrid de novo assembly). Taken together, our results provide guidance for researchers to select the most suitable tool to conduct the mtDNA analyses from HTS data.

  Study EGAS00001005677

• Direct Comparative Analysis of 10X Genomics Chromium and Smart-seq2

  Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is widely used for profiling transcriptomes of individual cells. The droplet-based 10X Genomics Chromium (10X) approach and the plate-based Smart-seq2 full-length method are two frequently-used scRNA-seq platforms, yet there are only a few thorough and systematic comparisons of their advantages and limitations. Here, by directly comparing the scRNA-seq data by the two platforms from the same samples of CD45- cells, we systematically evaluated their features using a wide spectrum of analysis. Smart-seq2 detected more genes in a cell, especially low abundance transcripts as well as alternatively spliced transcripts, but captured higher proportion of mitochondrial genes. The composite of Smart-seq2 data also resembled bulk RNA-seq data better. For 10X-based data, we observed higher noise for mRNA in the low expression level. Despite the poly(A) enrichment, approximately 10-30% of all detected transcripts by both platforms were from non-coding genes, with lncRNA accounting for a higher proportion in 10X. 10X-based data displayed more severe dropout problem, especially for genes with lower expression levels. However, 10X-data can better detect rare cell types given its ability to cover a large number of cells. In addition, each platform detected different sets of differentially expressed genes between cell clusters, indicating the complementary nature of these technologies. Our comprehensive benchmark analysis offers the basis for selecting the optimal scRNA-seq strategy based on the objectives of each study.

  Study EGAS00001003973

• Ultra-long sequencing for contiguous haplotype resolution of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus

  Genetic diversity within the human immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus influences the expressed antibody repertoire and susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases. However, repetitive sequences and complex structural variation pose significant challenges for large-scale characterization. Here, we introduce a method that combines Oxford Nanopore ultra-long sequencing and adaptive sampling with a bioinformatic pipeline to produce haplotype-resolved, annotated IGH assemblies. Notably, our strategy overcomes prior limitations in phasing resolution, enabling single-contig haplotype assemblies that span the entire IGH locus. We applied this method to four individuals and validated the accuracy of the IGH assemblies using Pacific Biosciences HiFi reads, demonstrating near-complete sequence congruence, detecting only indels with a high degree of confidence. Moreover, when applied to the reference material HG002, our pipeline revealed no base differences and a limited number of indels compared with the Telomere-to-Telomere genome benchmark across the IGH region. Importantly, in the four individuals, our approach uncovered 30 novel alleles and previously uncharacterized large structural variants, including a 120 kb duplication spanning IGHE to IGHA1 and an expanded seven-copy IGHV3-23 gene haplotype. These findings underscore the power of our method to resolve the full complexity of the IGH locus and uncover previously unrecognized variants that may affect immune function and disease susceptibility. Thus, our method provides a strong basis for future immunological research and translational applications.

  Study EGAS50000001042

• Duplex sequencing

  A total of 387 buccal swab samples were subjected to error-corrected sequencing (duplex sequencing).

  Study EGAS50000000054

• DETECT-A protein data

  This dataset includes all protein biomarker measurements from the DETECT-A study. All protein biomarkers were evaluated with Luminex bead-based immunoassays obtained from Millipore.

  Dataset EGAD50000000444

• Genome sequence data from a GBM patient PT-FR7453

  Genome sequence data from a GBM patient PT-FR7453

  Dataset EGAD00001004236

• Single Cell RNA-Sequencing of BCG Naive and Recurrent Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Reveals a CD6/ALCAM-Mediated Immune-Suppressive Pathway

  Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents 70–80% patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains a cornerstone treatment for intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC to prevent disease recurrence and progression. However, a significant number of patients experience recurrence after their first course of BCG, posing significant challenges in the management of the disease. We conducted single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) on freshly collected NMIBC samples, distinguishing between those naive to BCG treatment and those that recurred post-BCG treatment. We observed a clear activation of inflammatory pathways across cell types during recurrence, but these were not associated with canonical immune checkpoint or T cell exhaustion phenotypes. Analysis of cell-to-cell communication revealed enhanced interactions between T cells and urothelial cells in BCG-recurrence, predominantly modulated by CD6 and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). Furthermore, we found CD6hi T cells to be immunosuppressed and enriched in recurrent samples, suggesting a potential role for CD6 as an immune evasion signal in NMIBC.

  Study phs003742

• A multicenter study of susceptibility genes to type 1 diabetes

  The first genome-wide association study of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus was performed in Japanese individuals. As previously reported using a candidate gene approach, a strong association was observed with multiple SNPs in the HLA region, and the strongest association was seen for rs9268853 in the class II DR region (P=1.56 x 10-23, odds ratio [OR] 3.18). In addition, rs11170445 in CSAD/lnc-ITGB7-1 on chromosome 12q13.13 showed an association at a genome-wide significance level (P=7.58 x 10-9, OR 1.96). Fine mapping of the region revealed that rs3782151 in CSAD/lnc-ITGB7-1 showed the lowest P value (P=4.60 x 10-9, OR 1.97 [95% CI 1.57-2.48]). The risk allele of rs3782151 is a cis-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) for ITGB7 that significantly increases the expression of this gene. CSAD/lnc-ITGB7-1 was strongly associated with the susceptibility to fulminant, but not classical autoimmune, type 1 diabetes, implicating this locus in the distinct phenotype of fulminant type 1 diabetes.

  Study JGAS000144

• How to encrypt files with Crypt4gh

  File preparation Due to the processes used at the EGA for file archival the use of non-alphanumeric characters in a filename will cause issues in archival. By convention whitespaces in filenames are to be avoided and should be replaced with the underscore character (_). Before encrypting your files please make sure that any files that will be uploaded to EGA do not use special characters such as # ? ( ) [ ] / \ = + < > : ; " ' , * ^ | & Crypt4gh EGACryptor Files encrypted with Crypt4gh must be uploaded via INBOX Before uploading If you are not a registered EGA user, you will first need an EGA user account. Please note that it may take a few days for your account to be activated, as it needs to be vouched for by the EGA Helpdesk. Once your account is validated you will be able to request a submitter role. Meanwhile, you can create and add your public key to your EGA account profile. This option is not available for old submission accounts (e.g. ega-box-NNN). As soon as you have been granted a submitter role, you will be able to connect with your username and password to the EGA inbox using the SFTP protocol. If you have also registered a public key in your profile, you can also connect using this key. Encrypting your files Please note that you can also encrypt your files by uploading them directly to the "to-encrypt" folder in your upload area If your connection is unstable, please encrypt them using Crypt4gh The EGA encryption of this inbox is based on Crypt4GH. You can install a python implementation of it, with pip install crypt4gh or directly from the Github repository pip install git+https://github.com/EGA-archive/crypt4gh.git Save now the following Crypt4GH public key, into a file, say ingestion.pubkey. __EGA_INGESTION_PUBKEY__ Encrypt a given file with the following command: crypt4gh encrypt --recipient_pk ingestion.pubkey < file_to_encrypt > encrypted_file.c4gh The command reads the file from stdin (with < ) and output the encrypted version to stdout (with > ). Replace file_to_encrypt and encrypted_file.c4gh with the appropriate filenames but make sure to not use the same filename for both reading and writing because your SHELL would then truncate both files before you even read or write.

  Documentation submission/data/file-preparation/crypt4gh

• ABO: a 3D stroma-supported culture platform enabling full human B lymphopoiesis for disease modeling and gene therapy development

  Defective B-cell development underlies a large proportion of inborn errors of immunity, but progress in understanding disease mechanisms and of developing therapies has been limited by inadequate human in vitro models. Here, we establish a 3D aggregate culture platform composed of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and mouse bone marrow stromal cells as an assay for efficient B-cell output (the ABO platform). ABOs supported progression through pro-B, pre-B, immature, and transitional B-cell stages, with a transcriptional profile and B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire diversity closely resembling human bone marrow B-cell ontogeny. ABO-derived B cells exhibited functional signaling and differentiated into class-switched memory and antibody-secreting B cells following CD40-mediated stimulation. The ABO platform reproduced the arrest in B-cell development observed in RAG1-SCID patient–derived HSPCs, which was corrected by lentiviral RAG1 gene therapy. Thus, ABOs provide a clinically relevant platform for modeling B-cell immunodeficiencies and evaluating therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS50000001693

• “Castration-persistence” is a distinct state of tolerance to androgen receptor targeting therapies in prostate cancer

  Androgen receptor (AR) signalling is important in prostate cancer progression, and therapies that specifically target this pathway are the mainstay of treatment for advanced disease. Treatment however is non-curative, and resistance develops inevitably with time. Although the mechanisms that drive progressive ‘castration resistant’ disease are reasonably well characterized, how tumours survive acute pathway inhibition is unclear. We performed a neo-adjuvant study of a novel combination of AR targeting therapies, and noted that the objective response to treatment was highly variable. To determine what was driving tumour persistence in poorly responding patients, we comprehensively characterised pre- and post-treatment samples were using both whole genome and RNA-sequencing. We find that ‘castration-persistence’ is a distinct state from ‘castration-resistance’, and is mediated by global transcriptional reprogramming leading to transitional EMT state, which is shared with benign luminal epithelial cells. This appears to be AP-1 and KLF driven, and represents and integration of multiple signalling pathways, particularly IGF2, offering a number of tractable strategies to improve clinical response to AR targeting therapies.

  Study EGAS00001003172

• This study explored and validated the clinical application of targeted NGS of circulating tumor DNA in identifying tumor-specific mutations and uncovering clinical actionable targets in a variety of solid tumors in large patient cohorts.

  Cancer is a disease of genetic alterations. Comprehensive genetic diagnosis is needed to match each patient to appropriate cancer therapy. However, acquisition of representative tumor samples is invasive and often infeasible. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a promising non-invasive biomarker for cancer mutational profiling. Here we implemented targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) with a customized pan-cancer gene panel on 605 clinical ctDNA samples in multiple cancer types. Overall, tumor-specific mutations were identified in 87% of ctDNA samples, with mutation spectra highly concordant with their matched tumor tissues. 71% of patients have at least one clinical actionable mutation with 76% of which have suggested drugs approved or in clinical trials. In particular, our study reveals a unique mutation spectrum in Chinese lung cancer patients, which could be used to guide treatment decision and monitor the appearance of drug-resistant mutations. Taken together, our study demonstrated the clinical utility of target NGS-based ctDNA mutational profiling to guide cancer treatment decision.

  Study EGAS00001002251