4955 results for "*oma"

in 37.41 milliseconds.

• Application of high-throughput, high-depth, targeted single-nucleus DNA sequencing in pancreatic cancer

  Despite insights gained by bulk DNA sequencing of cancer it remains challenging to resolve the admixture of normal and tumor cells, and/or of distinct tumor subclones; high throughput single-cell DNA sequencing circumvents these and brings cancer genomic studies to higher resolution. However, its application has been limited to liquid tumors or a small batch of solid tumors, mainly because of the lack of a scalable workflow to process solid tumor samples. Here we optimized a highly automated nuclei extraction workflow that achieved fast and reliable targeted single-nucleus DNA library preparation of 38 samples from 16 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients, with an average library yield per sample of 2867 single nuclei. We demonstrate that this workflow not only performs well using low cellularity or low tumor purity samples but reveals novel genomic evolution patterns of PDAC as well.

  Study EGAS00001006024

• Single cell analyses of transcriptome and epigenome in neuroblastoma infiltrated bone marrow

  We report transcriptional and genome-wide ATAC-seq analyses at single cell resolution of 16 bone marrow samples with and without neuroblastoma infiltration. Our samples span across several neuroblastoma models, including MYCN amplified, ATRX mutated, and sporadic (lacking either alteration).

  Study EGAS00001006106

• Oncogenic chimeric transcription factors drive tumor-specific transcription, processing, and translation of silent genomic regions

  Many cancers are characterized by gene fusions encoding oncogenic chimeric transcription factors (TFs) such as EWS::FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma (EwS). Here, we find that EWS::FLI1 induces the robust expression of a specific set of novel spliced and polyadenylated transcripts within otherwise transcriptionally silent regions of the genome. These neogenes (NGs) are virtually undetectable in large collections of normal tissues or non-EwS tumors and can be silenced by CRISPR interference at regulatory EWS::FLI1-bound microsatellites. Ribosome profiling and proteomics further show that some NGs are translated into highly EwS-specific peptides. More generally, we show that hundreds of NGs can be detected in diverse cancers characterized by chimeric TFs. Altogether, this study identifies the transcription, processing, and translation of novel, specific, highly expressed multi-exonic transcripts from otherwise silent regions of the genome as a new activity of aberrant TFs in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001006293

• Conserved features of TERT promoter duplications reveal an activation mechanism that mimics hotspot mutations in cancer

  Mutations in the TERT promoter are the single most common non-coding mutation in cancer and represent the genetic underpinnings of tumor cell immortality. Beyond the two most common point mutations, G228A and G250A, which selectively recruit the ETS factor GABP to activate TERT, the significance of other variants in the TERT promoter are unknown. We identified duplications of wildtype sequence within the core promoter region of TERT in 7 different cancer types that have strikingly similar features including size, insertion position, and inclusion of one of the native ETS motifs. Each duplication activates the TERT promoter to a similar level as G228A and G250A and is critically dependent on the insertion site. The GABP tetramer binds to the TERT duplicated promoter sequence by virtue of the native ETS motif and its duplicated version with precise spacing, and it is necessary for the transcriptional activation by all duplications tested. Spatiotemporal analysis in a multifocal glioblastoma shows the duplication is clonal and its activation of TERT is readily detectable at the single cell level and in bulk tumor tissue. We conclude that recurrent TERT promoter duplications of the native ETS sequence are functionally and mechanistically equivalent to the hotspot mutations that confer tumor cell immortality. The shared mechanism of these divergent somatic genetic alterations suggests a strong selective pressure for recruitment of the GABP tetramer to activate TERT.

  Study EGAS00001006118

• Single cell multi-omic data of glioblastoma evolution under therapy

  We report a single-cell multi-omics atlas of GBM longitudinal specimens that represents decades of biobanking. We identify novel cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic targets for therapy development which we validate in situ and in low-passage patient-derived cell lines. We identify novel genetic correlates of the mesenchymal cellular phenotype. These studies integrate disparate findings in the literature around hypermutation status and immunogenicity as well as the source of the mesenchymal shift at recurrence.

  Study EGAS00001004909

• DNA methylation-based prognostic subtypes of chordoma tumors in tissue

  Chordomas are rare malignant bone cancers of the skull-base and spine. Patient survival is variable and not reliably predicted using clinical factors or molecular features. This study identifies prognostic epigenetic chordoma subtypes that are detected noninvasively using plasma methylomes. Methylation profiles of 68 chordoma surgical samples were obtained between 1996 and 2018 across three international centers along with matched plasma methylomes where available. Consensus clustering identified two stable tissue clusters with a disease-specific survival difference that was independent of clinical factors in a multivariate Cox analysis (HR = 14.2, 95%CI: 2.1–94.8, P = 0.0063). Immune-related pathways with genes hypomethylated at promoters and increased immune cell abundance were observed in the poorperforming “Immune-infiltrated” subtype. Cell-to-cell interaction plus extracellular matrix pathway hypomethylation and higher tumor purity were observed in the better-performing “Cellular” subtype. The findings were validated in additional DNA methylation and RNA sequencing datasets as well as with immunohistochemical staining. Plasma methylomes distinguished chordomas from other clinical differential diagnoses by applying fifty chordoma-versusother binomial generalized linear models in random 20% testing sets (mean AUROC = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.52–1.00). Tissue-based and plasma-based methylation signals were highly correlated in both prognostic clusters. Additionally, leave-one-out models accurately classified all tumors into their correct cluster based on plasma methylation data. Here, we show the first identification of prognostic epigenetic chordoma subtypes and first use of plasma methylome based biomarkers to noninvasively diagnose and subtype chordomas. These results may transform patient management by allowing treatment aggressiveness to be balanced with patient risk according to prognosis.

  Study EGAS00001006406

• MGP Panel: a comprehensive targeted genomics panel for molecular profiling of multiple myeloma patients

  We designed a comprehensive multiple myeloma (MM) targeted sequencing panel to identify common genomic abnormalities in a single assay and validated it against known standards. The panel comprised 228 genes/exons for mutations, 6 regions for translocations, and 56 regions for copy number abnormalities (CNAs). Toward panel validation, targeted sequencing was conducted on 233 patient samples and further validated using clinical fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (translocations), multiplex ligation probe analysis (MLPA) (CNAs), whole genome sequencing (WGS) (CNAs, mutations, translocations) or droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) of known standards (mutations). Canonical IgH translocations were detected in 43.2% of patients by sequencing, and aligned with FISH except for one patient. CNAs determined by sequencing and MLPA for 22 regions were comparable in 103 samples and concordance between platforms was R2=0.969. VAFs for 74 mutations were compared between sequencing and ddPCR with concordance of R2=0.9849. In summary, we have developed a targeted sequencing panel that is as robust or superior to FISH and WGS. This molecular panel is cost effective, comprehensive, clinically actionable and can be routinely deployed to assist risk stratification at diagnosis or post-treatment to guide sequencing of therapies.

  Study EGAS00001006222

• Melanoma_post_mortem_analysis

  This is a targeted pulldown validation in support of the existing whole-genome sequencing study of melanoma metastases (Canapps ID:1888). We are studying the genomic evolution of cutaneous melanoma metastases. In this pulldown analysis we are specifically sequencing the subclonal variants that we believe account for the variability between the metastases.

  Study EGAS00001003531

• Longitudinal ctDNA in Uveal Melanoma

  Assess the efficacy of using multi-modal ctDNA analysis to detect relapse in patients with uveal melanoma

  Study EGAS00001006373

• Combination of CDK4/6 with BET-bromodomain and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in medulloblastoma in vitro and in vivo

  Despite improvement in the treatment of medulloblastoma (MB) over the last years, numerous patients with MYC- and MYCN-driven tumors still fail the current therapeutic regimen. The retinoblastoma (RB) pathway is often compromised in MB with RB remaining intact suggesting that CDK4/6 inhibition might represent a therapeutic strategy for which drug combination remains understudied. Using tumor lines grown in stem cell conditions referred as tumorspheres as well as tumor cells freshly dissociated from the brain of mice harboring intracranial patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of Group3 (G3) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) MB, we conducted high throughput drug combination screens using the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) ribociclib as an anchor and 87 oncology drugs approved by FDA or currently in clinical trials. Bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors potentiated ribociclib’s inhibition of proliferation in G3 and SHH MB. A reverse combination screen using BET inhibitor JQ1 as the anchor, revealed the three FDA approved CDK4/6i as the most potentiating drugs. Those synergistic combinations were tested in vivo in mice intracranially implanted with G3 and SHH MB tumor cells. Ribociclib showed single agent activity in several in vivo MB models. However, despite in vitro synergy, combinations of ribociclib with JQ1 and ribociclib with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor paxalisib failed to improve the survival of MB bearing mice compared to ribociclib alone. Our data illustrates the difficulty in translating in vitro findings to in vivo for brain tumors partly due to insufficient free brain concentration and altered signaling pathways activation in vitro compared to in vivo.

  Study EGAS00001006286

• OAC WGS

  Please see our related publication, 'Molecular profiling to predict immunochemotherapy outcomes in esophageal adenocarcinoma'

  Study EGAS00001006470

• RP-1843 Arcagen - Gastrointestinal rare cancers (GI)

  Arcagen is an EORTC/SPECTA pan-European project that aims to recruit 1000 rare cancer patients from different tumour domains of EURACAN. This study collected samples from advanced or metastatic rare cancer from patients older than 12, and analysed them using Foundation Medicine next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels (FoundationOne CDx for FFPE samples or FoundationOne Liquid CDx for blood samples). Here we are submitting two datasets that contain NGS files from gastrointestinal rare cancers (n=119): - Dataset 1 (32 patients): Mesothelioma of the peritoneum (n=21) and Pseudomyxoma peritonei/mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix (n=11) - Dataset 2 (87 patients): Intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n=47), Extra-hepatic, cholangiocarcinoma (n=16), Not specified Cholangiocarcinoma (n=9), Small bowel adenocarcinoma (n=6) and other rare GI cancer (n=9)

  Study EGAS00001006299

• Clonal relationships of ductal carcinoma in situ and recurrent invasive breast cancers defined by genomic analysis

  Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) is the most common form of pre-invasive breast cancer and despite treatment a small fraction (5-10%) of DCIS patients present with invasive disease many years later. A fundamental biologic question is whether the invasive disease recurring in the same breast is established by tumor cells in the initial DCIS or represents new unrelated disease. To address this question, we performed genomic analyses on the initial pure DCIS lesion and paired invasive recurrent tumors in 95 patients together with single cell DNA sequencing in a subset of cases. Our data shows that in 75% the invasive recurrence was clonally related to the initial DCIS, suggesting that the tumor cells were not eliminated during the initial treatment with surgery +/- radiotherapy. Surprisingly however, 18% were clonally unrelated to the DCIS, representing new independent lineages, and 7% of cases were ambiguous. Our findings show that although DCIS is often the precursor of invasive recurrence, a significant fraction of invasive recurrences are unrelated to the initial DCIS. This knowledge is essential for accurate risk evaluation of DCIS treatment de-escalation strategies and the identification of predictive biomarkers.

  Study EGAS00001006306

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__clear_cell_renal_cell_carcinoma___2

  The Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001003542

• Placebo-only arm transcriptomic analysis of the phase 3 PROTECT clinical trial

  It is poorly understood how the tumor immune microenvironment influences disease recurrence in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here we perform whole-transcriptomic profiling of 236 tumors from patients assigned to the placebo-only arm of a randomized, adjuvant clinical trial for high-risk localized ccRCC. Unbiased pathway analysis identifies myeloid-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a key mediator. Furthermore, a novel myeloid gene signature strongly correlates with disease recurrence and overall survival on uni- and multivariate analysis and is linked to TP53 inactivation across multiple datasets.

  Study EGAS00001006344

• Brain tumor sequencing data

  This study contains tumor DNA (with matched normal) for 1 medulloblastoma and 1 ependymoma patient. Tumor RNA sequencing data is also present for the medulloblastoma patient

  Study EGAS00001006352

• Glioma sequencing data

  This study contains sequencing data for various glioma subtypes (astrocytoma, glioblastoma, diffuse midline glioma).

  Study EGAS00001006355

• Clonal dominance defines metastatic dissemination in pancreatic cancer

  Using patient-derived cells from a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we created orthotopic clonal replica tumors to trace in an unbiased fashion clonal lineage dynamics of unperturbed tumor expansion and dissemination over time. The model revealed the complex multifaced nature of tumor clonal expansion and uncovered brisk changes in fitness that lead to a continuous reshuffling of tumor clonal architecture and alternating clonal dominance as a distinct feature of cancer growth. Paired analysis of clonal lineages in primary and secondary sites revealed fitness in the primary tumor as a major contributor to dissemination, although other clonal intrinsic and extrinsic factors may contribute to metastatic process. Molecular characterization of lineages with differential metastatic potential identified actionable strategy to suppress dissemination at the subclonal level.

  Study EGAS00001006358

• Reliable assessment of telomere maintenance mechanisms in neuroblastoma

  Telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM) are a hallmark of high-risk neuroblastoma, and are conferred by activation of telomerase or alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). However, detection of TMM is not yet part of the clinical routine, and consensus on TMM detection, especially on ALT assessment, remains to be achieved. We here propose a workflow to reliably detect TMM in neuroblastoma. We show that unambiguous classification is feasible following a stepwise approach that determines both, activation of telomerase and ALT. The workflow proposed in this study can be used in clinical routine and provides a framework to systematically and reliably determine telomere maintenance mechanisms for risk stratification and treatment allocation of neuroblastoma patients.

  Study EGAS00001006510

• Genomic landscape and molecularly-informed therapy in thymic carcinoma and other advanced thymic epithelial tumors (H021, HIPO)

  The molecular landscape of malignant thymic epithelial tumors (TET) is largely unknown. To better understand and target these clinically challenging entities, we characterize 81 patients harboring 46 thymus carcinomas (TC), 8 neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus (NET) and 27 thymomas using WGS/WES, transcriptome and methylome analysis. TC harbor different molecular alterations compared to thymoma and NET and have higher tumor mutational burden than thymomas. 14/76 TET patients show (likely) pathogenic germline alterations. Composite biomarker analysis indicates homologous repair deficiency in a subset of patients. We identify immunologically hot and cold TC. Cold TC show significantly shorter overall survival. 71/81 patients receive molecularly-informed therapy recommendations, which are applied in 28/71 cases leading to a DCR of 60% and an ORR of 24% (both n=25). 8/23 patients reach PFS ratios > 1.3, seven of them having TC.

  Study EGAS00001006408

• Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumors From S-TRAC trial (NCT00375674) Whole Transcriptome Sequencing

  We report a comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of tumor samples from 171 patients at high risk for recurrent renal cell carcinoma post nephrectomy from the S-TRAC trial (NCT00375674). We identify gene expression signatures, including STRAC11 (derived from the sunitinib-treated population). The overlap in key elements captured in these gene expression signatures, which include genes representative of the tumor stroma microenvironment, regulatory T cell, and myeloid cells, suggests they are likely to be both prognostic and predictive of the anti-angiogenic effect in the adjuvant setting. These signatures also point to the identification of potential therapeutic targets for development in adjuvant renal cell carcinoma, such as MERTK and TDO2. Finally, our findings suggest that while anti-angiogenic adjuvant therapy might be important, it may not be sufficient to prevent recurrence and other factors such as immune response and that tumor environment may be of greater importance.

  Study EGAS00001006528

• Detection and genomic analysis of BRAF fusions in Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma through the combination and integration of multi-omic data

  Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma (JPAs) are highly vascular tumors and show pervasive immune infiltration, which can lead to low tumor cell purity in clinical samples. In some instances, this results in gene fusions that are difficult to detect with conventional omics approaches including RNA-Seq. To this effect, we applied RNA-Seq as well as linked-read whole-genome sequencing and in situ Hi-C as new approaches to detect and characterize low-frequency gene fusions at the genomic, transcriptomic and spatial level. Overall, we demonstrate the power of integrating multi-omic datasets to identify low frequency fusions and characterize the JPA genome at high resolution.

  Study EGAS00001006388

• Whole-Transcriptomic Profiling of Sorted Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Immune Populations

  It is poorly understood how the tumor immune micro-environment influences disease progression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Here we performed whole-transcriptomic profiling of immune cell populations which were derived from RCC patients representing distinct flow-sorted immune lineages.

  Study EGAS00001006593

• Ovarian carcinosarcoma genomics and eribulin response

  Ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS) is an aggressive and rare tumour type with limited treatment options. OCS is hypothesised to develop via the combination theory, with a single progenitor resulting in carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, or alternatively via the conversion theory, with the sarcomatous component developing from the carcinomatous component through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we analysed DNA variants from isolated carcinoma and sarcoma components to show that OCS from 18 women is monoclonal. RNA sequencing indicated the carcinoma components were more mesenchymal when compared with pure epithelial ovarian carcinomas, supporting the conversion theory and suggesting that EMT is important in the formation of these tumours.

  Study EGAS00001006555

• Dedifferentiated_Melanoma_RNAseq

  De- and transdifferentiation of melanoma is a rare histopathological phenomenon that has not be characterised genetically. In this project we plan to sequence the genomes of de and transdifferentiated cases so as to define their genetic make-up.

  Study EGAS00001003601

• Proteogenomics reveals two distinct biological pilocytic astrocytoma subgroups

  Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common pediatric brain tumor and driven by aberrant MAPK signaling, typically mediated by BRAF alterations. While five-year overall survival rates exceed 95%, tumor recurrence constitutes a major clinical challenge in incompletely resected tumors despite chemotherapeutic or radiation based therapies. Therefore, we used proteogenomics to discern the biological heterogeneity of PA to improve classification of this tumor entity and identify novel therapeutic targets. Our proteogenomics approach integrates RNA sequencing and LC/MS-based proteomic profiling data from a cohort of 58 confirmed, primary PA samples. An integrative genomics approach was conducted to discern the biological heterogeneity of PA and to identify aberrant pathway activation in these biological subgroups. In summary, Pilocytic astrocytomas segregate into two groups where younger patients are significantly associated with Group 1. Importantly, we validate the two distinct biological subgroups in two non-overlapping cohorts. The biological heterogeneity seen here may improve biological classification and reveal novel therapeutic targets specifically useful for non-resectable tumors with high risk of recurrent or progressive disease.

  Study EGAS00001006402

• in silico drug target prediction for melanoma

  The in silico single gene deletion step was adapted to simulate the knock-out of all targets of a drug on an objective function such as growth or energy balance. Based on publicly available and in-house large scale transcriptomic data, metabolic models for melanoma were reconstructed, enabling the prediction of 28 candidate drugs and estimating their respective efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001006463

• Repurposing azacitidine and carboplatin to prime immune checkpoint blockade-resistant melanoma for anti-PD-L1 re-challenge

  Purpose: Drug repurposing offers the opportunity for chemotherapy to be used to re-establish sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here we investigated the clinical and translational aspects of an early phase II study of azacitidine and carboplatin priming for anti-PDL1 immunotherapy (Avelumab) in patients with advanced ICB-resistant melanoma. Experimental Design: 20 participants with ICB resistant metastatic melanoma received 2 x 4-week cycles of azacitidine and carboplatin followed by ICB re-challenge with anti-PD-L1 avelumab. The primary objective was overall response rate after priming and ICB re-challenge. Secondary objectives were Clinical benefit rate (CBR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Translational correlation analysis of HLA-A and PD-L1 expression, RNA-seq and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) of biopsies at baseline, after priming and after 6 cycles of avelmuab was performed. Results: The ORR determined after azacitidine and carboplatin priming was 10% (2/20) with 2 partial responses (PR). The ORR determined after priming followed by 6 cycles of avelumab (week 22) was 10%, with 2/20 participants achieving iPR. The CBR for azacitidine and carboplatin priming was 65% (13/20) and after priming followed by 6 cycles of avelumab CBR was 35% (n = 7/20). The median PFS was 18.0 weeks (95% CI: 14.87 – 21.13 weeks) and the median OS was 47.86 weeks (95% CI: 9.67 – 86.06 weeks). Translational correlation analysis confirmed HLA-A generally increased after priming with azacitidine and carboplatin, particularly if it was absent at the start of treatment. Average methylation of CpGs across the HLA-A locus was decreased after priming and T-cells, in particular CD8+, showed the greatest increase in infiltration. Conclusions: Priming with azacitidine and carboplatin can induce disease stabilization and re-sensitisation to ICB for metastatic melanoma.

  Study EGAS00001006419

• Repurposing azacitidine and carboplatin to prime immune checkpoint blockade-resistant melanoma for anti-PD-L1 re-challenge

  Purpose: Drug repurposing offers the opportunity for chemotherapy to be used to re-establish sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here we investigated the clinical and translational aspects of an early phase II study of azacitidine and carboplatin priming for anti-PDL1 immunotherapy (Avelumab) in patients with advanced ICB-resistant melanoma. Experimental Design: 20 participants with ICB resistant metastatic melanoma received 2 x 4-week cycles of azacitidine and carboplatin followed by ICB re-challenge with anti-PD-L1 avelumab. The primary objective was overall response rate after priming and ICB re-challenge. Secondary objectives were Clinical benefit rate (CBR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Translational correlation analysis of HLA-A and PD-L1 expression, RNA-seq and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) of biopsies at baseline, after priming and after 6 cycles of avelmuab was performed. Results: The ORR determined after azacitidine and carboplatin priming was 10% (2/20) with 2 partial responses (PR). The ORR determined after priming followed by 6 cycles of avelumab (week 22) was 10%, with 2/20 participants achieving iPR. The CBR for azacitidine and carboplatin priming was 65% (13/20) and after priming followed by 6 cycles of avelumab CBR was 35% (n = 7/20). The median PFS was 18.0 weeks (95% CI: 14.87 – 21.13 weeks) and the median OS was 47.86 weeks (95% CI: 9.67 – 86.06 weeks). Translational correlation analysis confirmed HLA-A generally increased after priming with azacitidine and carboplatin, particularly if it was absent at the start of treatment. Average methylation of CpGs across the HLA-A locus was decreased after priming and T-cells, in particular CD8+, showed the greatest increase in infiltration. Conclusions: Priming with azacitidine and carboplatin can induce disease stabilization and re-sensitisation to ICB for metastatic melanoma.

  Study EGAS00001006420

• Whole exome-sequencing of pediatric and adult H3-K27M diffuse midline glioma

  H3-K27M mutant difffuse midline gliomas across different age groups and anatomical locations were profiled by WES.

  Study EGAS00001006431

• ctDNA quantification in Ewing sarcoma patients

  Background. Treatment stratification and response assessment in pediatric sarcomas has relied on imaging studies and surgical/histopathological evidence of vital tumor cells. Such studies and evidence collection processes often involve radiation and/or general anesthesia in children. Cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection in blood plasma is one available method of so-called liquid biopsies that has been shown to correlate qualitatively and quantitatively to some extent with the existence of vital tumor cells in the body. Our clinical observational study focused on the utility and feasibility of ctDNA detection in pediatric Ewing sarcoma (EWS) as a marker of minimal residual disease (MRD). Patients and Methods. We performed whole genome sequencing to identify the exact breakpoints in tumors known to carry the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene. Patient-specific fusion breakpoints were tracked in peripheral blood plasma using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) before, during, and after therapy in six consecutive children and young adults with EWS. Presence and levels of fusion breakpoints were correlated with clinical disease courses. The genetic changes in the tumors were defined, and inter- and intra-individual changes in the tumor DNA copy loads were observed over time. Results. We show that the detection of ctDNA in the peripheral blood of EWS patients i) is feasible in the clinical routine and ii) allows for the longitudinal real-time monitoring of MRD activity in children and young adults. Although changing ctDNA levels correlated well with clinical outcome within patients, between patients, a high variability was observed (inter-individually) for the six patients described here. Conclusions. ctDNA detection by ddPCR is a highly sensitive, specific, feasible, and highly accurate method that can be applied in EWS for follow-up assessments as an additional surrogate parameter for clinical MRD monitoring and, potentially, also for treatment stratification in the near future.

  Study EGAS00001006433

• A living biobank of patient-derived ductal carcinoma in situ Mouse-INtraDuctal xenografts identifies factors associated with risk of invasive progression

  Create a living biobank of patient-derived ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Mouse-INtraDuctal (MIND) xenografts to find factors explaining invasive growth. Samples exist of both primary and pdx samples. Invasive growth was scored in the pdx.

  Study EGAS00001006554

• T cell reactivity of MHC epitopes

  By using >36,000 immunogenicity assay results, we developed a method to identify peptide-MHC complexes whose structural alignment facilitates T cell reaction. Our method accurately predicted neoepitopes for MHC II as well as MHC I that were responsive to checkpoint blockade when applied to >1,200 samples of various tumor types and on-therapy melanoma samples. To investigate selection by spontaneous immunity at the single epitope level, we analyzed the frequency spectrum of >25 million mutations in >9,000 treatment-naïve tumors in association with >100 immune phenotypes. MHC II immunogenicity specifically lowered variant frequencies in tumors under high immune pressure particularly with high TCR clonality and MHC II expression.

  Study EGAS00001006445

• Molecular Profiling Reveals Unique Immune and Metabolic Features of Melanoma Brain Metastases

  There is a critical need to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of -melanoma brain metastases (MBM). Thus, we performed RNA sequencing on 88 resected MBMs and 42 patient-matched extracranial metastases; tumors with sufficient tissue also underwent whole-exome sequencing, T-cell receptor sequencing, and IHC. MBMs demonstrated heterogeneity of immune infiltrates that correlated with prior radiation and post-craniotomy survival. Comparison with patient-matched extracranial metastases identified significant immunosuppression and enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in MBMs. Gene-expression analysis of intracranial and subcutaneous xenografts, and a spontaneous MBM model, confirmed increased OXPHOS gene expression in MBMs, which was also detected by direct metabolite profiling and [U-13C]-glucose tracing in vivo IACS-010759, an OXPHOS inhibitor currently in early-phase clinical trials, improved survival of mice bearing MAPK inhibitor-resistant intracranial melanoma xenografts and inhibited MBM formation in the spontaneous MBM model. The results provide new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of MBMs.

  Study EGAS00001003672

• Characterizing the tumor immune microenvironment of ependymomas using targeted gene expression profiles and RNA-sequencing the pros and cons

  RNA sequencing data of a collection of 6 pediatric ependymoma cases

  Study EGAS00001006535

• Genomic insights into the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by whole-genome and targeted amplicon-based sequencing

  Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS) constitutes a distinct clinicopathological entity in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification, yet its genomic features remain sparsely characterized. Combining whole-genome sequencing (WGS), targeted amplicon sequencing (tNGS) and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) of tumours from 47 cases of EBV+ DLBCL we delineate the genomic landscape of this rare disease. Interrogating WGS data by sequential gene-set enrichment and network-diffusion we describe an accumulation of mutations affecting the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway (CSNK2A2, CARD10), IL-6/JAK/STAT (SOCS1/3, STAT3) and WNT signalling (FRAT1, SFRP5) alongside aberrations in immunological processes like interferon-response. Further, WGS uncovered structural aberrations including 6q deletions (5/8 patients), which were subsequently validated by FISH (14/32 cases). Integrated WGS and tNGS analysis emphasized a profile distinct from EBV-negative DLBCL enriched for mutations in ARID1A (45%), KMT2A/D (32/30%), ANKRD11 (32%), NOTCH2 (32%). Expanding on previous reports, we identified recurrent alterations in CCR6 (15%), DAPK1 (15%), TNFRSF21 (13%), CCR7 (11%) and YY1 (6%). Our comprehensive description of the mutational landscape in EBV+ DLBCL substantiates the evidence of its pathobiological independence. Further, these observations aid in the refinement of the molecular taxonomy for aggressive lymphomas and guides future therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS00001004941

• Integrative genomic analysis identifies key pathogenic mechanisms in primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma

  Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) represents a clinically and pathologically distinct subtype of large B-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, molecular studies, including global gene expression profiling, have provided evidence that PMBL is more closely related to classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Although targeted sequencing studies have revealed a number of mutations involved in PMBL pathogenesis, a comprehensive description of disease-associated genetic alterations and perturbed pathways is still lacking. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 95 PMBL tumors to inform on oncogenic driver genes and recurrent copy number alterations. The integration of somatic gene mutations with gene expression signatures provides further insights into genotype-phenotype interrelation in PMBL. We identified highly recurrent oncogenic mutations in the JAK-STAT and NF-kB pathways, and provide additional evidence of the importance of immune evasion in PMBL (CIITA, CD58, B2M, CD274, PDCD1LG2). Our analyses highlight the IRF-pathway as a putative novel hallmark with frequent alterations in multiple pathway members (IRF2BP2, IRF4, IRF8). In addition, our integrative analysis illustrates the importance of JAK1, RELB and EP300 mutations driving oncogenic signaling. The identified driver genes were significantly more frequently mutated in PMBL as compared to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, whereas only a limited number of genes were significantly different between PMBL and cHL, emphasizing the close relationship between these entities. Our study, performed on a large cohort of PMBL, highlights the importance of distinctive genetic alterations for disease taxonomy with relevance for diagnostic work-up and therapeutic decision-making.

  Study EGAS00001003746

• SPECIAL: Dissecting the melanoma ecosystem one cell at the time during immunotherapy

  The aim of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of response to immunotherapy (anti-PD1-based) as well as gain understanding of the biological mechanism of therapy resistance (either intrinsic or acquired) in melanoma patients. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed from pre- and on-treatment (2-3 weeks after immunotherapy) metastatic biopsies from stage III and IV melanoma patients.

  Study EGAS00001006488

• Colorectal cancer study

  Matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP11) is an enzyme with proteolytic activity against matrix and non-matrix proteins. Although most MMPs are secreted as inactive proenzymes and they are later activated extracellularly, MMP11 is activated intracellularly by furin within the constitutive secretory pathway. It is a key factor in physiological tissue remodeling and its alteration may play an important role in the progression of epithelial malignancies and other diseases. TCGA colon and colorectal adenocarcinoma data showed that upregulation of MMP11 expression correlates with tumorigenesis and malignancy. Here, we provide evidence that a germline variant in the MMP11 gene (NM_005940: c.232C>T; p.(Pro78Ser)), identified by whole exome sequencing, can increase the tumorigenic properties of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. P78S is located in the prodomain region, which is responsible for blocking MMP11’s protease activity. This variant was detected in the proband and all the cancer-affected family members analyzed, while it was not detected in healthy relatives. In silico analyses predict that P78S could have an impact on the activation of the enzyme. Furthermore, our in vitro analyses show that the expression of P78S in HCT116 cells increases tumor cell invasion and proliferation. In summary, our results show that this variant could modify the structure of the MMP11 prodomain, producing a premature or uncontrolled activation of the enzyme that may contribute to an early CRC onset in these patients. The study of this gene in other CRC cases will provide further information about its role in CRC development, which might improve patient treatment in the future.

  Study EGAS00001006489

• scRNA-seq of patient-derived PDAC organoids and matched CAFs

  We established direct three-dimensional (3D) co-cultures of primary PDAC organoids and patient-matched CAFs. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed for three organoid/CAF pairs in mono- and co-culture to uncover transcriptional changes induced by tumor-stroma interaction. Single-cell RNA sequencing data evidenced induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in CAFs in co-cultures. Organoids showed increased expression of genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in co-cultures and several potential receptor-ligand interactions related to EMT were identified, supporting a key role of CAF-driven induction of EMT in PDAC chemoresistance.

  Study EGAS00001006661

• Immune microenvironment and lineage tracing help deciphering Rosette-forming GlioNeuronal Tumors: a multi-omic analysis of 9 cases

  Rosette-forming GlioNeuronal Tumor (RGNT) is a rare central nervous system neoplasm containing two components, glial and neuronal. The delineation of histological diagnosis of RGNT from similar low-grade tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and ganglioglioma (GG) may be challenging. We performed here a comprehensive molecular analysis of a cohort of tumors with same histology features to identify molecular characteristics of RGNT. A cohort of 9 rosette-forming tumors histologically-diagnosed were analyzed at molecular level using multimodal approaches as Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), RNAseq and methylome. In our cohort, 3 tumors were plotted within the Methylation Class-RGNT (MC-RGNT) characterized by FGFR1 mutation associated with PIK3CA or NF1 mutations. Transcriptome analysis was performed in 7 cases. RNAseq identified a “Hot” and a “Cold” transcriptomic group; the latter includes the 3 MC-RGNT and 1 MC-Pilocytic Astrocytoma and exhibited a “Cold” immune tumor microenvironment in comparison with the “Hot” group. The distinct immune cell content of both groups was confirmed by quantitative immunostainings. Get Set Enrichment Analysis showed that the “Cold” group had upregulated NOTCH pathway and mainly oligodendrocyte precursor cell and neuronal phenotypes while the “Hot” group exhibited predominantly astrocytic and neural stem cell phenotypes. In silico deconvolution identified the cerebellar granule cell lineage as a putative origin and as the cell context to understand the effects of genetic alterations and NOTCH signaling. Histological diagnosis of rosette-forming tumors encompasses heterogeneous tumor entities. Our study identified distinct tumor cell contexts and microenvironments as key features to better understand and manage these neoplasms.

  Study EGAS00001006502

• DERMATLAS__Tubular_adenoma

  IVirtually no other tumour type is associated with so many different forms as skin cancer. Histologically, tumours of the skin may arise from epithelium, including epidermis, hair follicle, sebaceous or sweat gland, melanocytes, dermal-associated mesenchymal structures or tissue resident immune cells, making for a diversity of clinical presentations. Importantly, many skin tumour types have an extremely poor prognosis. Many skin tumour subtypes have never undergone molecular profiling, or if they have, targeted sequencing has been used and the number of cases analyzed has been so limited that deriving firm conclusions about the profile of driver genes, DNA mutational signatures and germline alleles has not been possible For 70 key skin tumour subtypes defined by the World Health Organization, that have not undergone extensive genetic analysis previoulsy, we propose to perform whole exome and transcriptome sequencing, from a range of body sites, to build a genomic atlas of dermatological tumours, including detailed maps of SNVs, copy number alterations, genome-wide methylation and expression profiles. The cases in this cohort are tubular adenomas.

  Study EGAS00001006686

• Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumors From S-TRAC trial (NCT00375674) Exome Sequencing

  We report a comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of tumor samples from 171 patients at high risk for recurrent renal cell carcinoma post nephrectomy from the S-TRAC trial (NCT00375674). We identify gene expression signatures, including STRAC11 (derived from the sunitinib-treated population). The overlap in key elements captured in these gene expression signatures, which include genes representative of the tumor stroma microenvironment, regulatory T cell, and myeloid cells, suggests they are likely to be both prognostic and predictive of the anti-angiogenic effect in the adjuvant setting. These signatures also point to the identification of potential therapeutic targets for development in adjuvant renal cell carcinoma, such as MERTK and TDO2. Finally, our findings suggest that while anti-angiogenic adjuvant therapy might be important, it may not be sufficient to prevent recurrence and other factors such as immune response and that tumor environment may be of greater importance.

  Study EGAS00001006529

• Characterization of MCSP+ melanoma DCC and MelDCC lines

  To dissect the sequence of genotypic and phenotypic progression during early metastatic colonization, we searched for the earliest detectable disseminated cancer cells (DCC) and identified MCSP+ melanoma cells as strong candidates for metastasis founder cells (MFC) in lymph nodes. We isolated MCSP+ DCC from various stages of metastatic colony-formation, performed scRNA-seq and unravelled their phenotypic progression. Further we performed bulk sequencing on patient-derived DCC models (MelDCC) and showed that they exhibit an immunosuppressive activity on CD8 T cells.

  Study EGAS00001006702

• Significant and pervasive effects of RNA degradation on Nanopore direct RNA sequencing

  Abstract Oxford Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (DRS) is capable of sequencing complete RNA molecules and accurately measuring gene and isoform expression. However, as DRS is designed to profile intact RNA, expression quantification may be more heavily dependent upon RNA integrity than alternate RNA-seq methodologies. It is currently unclear how RNA degradation impacts DRS or if it can be corrected for. To assess the impact of RNA integrity on DRS we performed a degradation time-series using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Our results demonstrate that degradation is a significant and pervasive factor that can bias DRS measurements, including a reduction in library complexity resulting in an overrepresentation of short genes and isoforms. Degradation also biases differential expression analyses; however, we find explicit correction can almost fully recover meaningful biological signal. In addition, DRS provided less biased profiling of partially degraded samples than nanopore cDNA-PCR sequencing. Overall, we find samples with RIN > 9.5 can be treated as undegraded and samples with RIN > 7 can be utilised for DRS with appropriate correction. These results establish the suitability of DRS for a wide range of samples, including partially degraded in-vivo clinical and post-mortem samples, whilst limiting the confounding effect of degradation on expression quantification.

  Study EGAS00001006542

• Immuno-genomic landscape of osteosarcoma

  Osteosarcoma is an orphan disease affecting children and young adults that has seen little to no progress in survival outcomes for >30 years. Despite having heavily rearranged genomes, to date, clinical trials with immunotherapy have shown no benefit for patients with osteosarcoma. In this study, we conducted the first multi-platform immune profiling (whole genome, transcriptome, T-cell receptor sequencing, immunohistochemistry and reverse phase protein array) on every available pediatric and adult osteosarcoma patients from our institution (N = 48) with the goal of describing immune features that may contribute to immunotherapy resistance.

  Study EGAS00001003887

• Long-read sequencing for cell-free DNA analysis (human pacbio)

  8 pregnant women at the 3rd trimesters, 4 hepatitis B carriers, and 4 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

  Study EGAS00001006609

• Uncovering tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate hepatocellular carcinoma growth using patient derived xenograft assays

  Several major factors limit our understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, human HCCs are infrequently biopsied for diagnosis and thus are not often biologically interrogated. Second, HCC initiation and progression are strongly influenced by the cirrhotic microenvironment, and the exact contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic tumor factors are unclear. A powerful approach to examine the personalized biology of liver cancers and the influence of host tissues is with patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. In Asia, HCCs from hepatitis B virus patients have been efficiently converted into PDXs, but few parallel efforts from the west have been reported. In a large-scale analysis, we implanted 93 HCCs and 8 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) to systematically analyze host factors and to define an optimized platform for PDX development from both surgical and biopsy samples. NSG mice that had undergone partial hepatectomy (PHx) represented the best combination of engraftability, growth, and passageability, but overall rates were low and indicative of a unique intrinsic biology for HCCs in the US. PDX models preserved the histology and genetic features of parental tumors, and ultimately, 9 new models were usable for pre-clinical studies. Intriguingly, HCC PDXs were differentially sensitive to regorafenib and sorafenib and CCA PDXs were also highly sensitive to regorafenib. PDX models functionalize early and advanced stage HCCs and revealed unique biological features of liver cancers from the US.

  Study EGAS00001004020

• Whole transcriptome profiling of liquid biopsies from tumour xenografted mouse models: validation cohort

  While cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in liquid biopsies is widely being used and investigated, free circulating RNA (extracellular RNA, exRNA) has the potential to improve therapy response monitoring and cancer detection due to its dynamic nature. A fundamental open question hampering the initiation of large-scale liquid biopsy collections for tumour exRNA analysis is that it remains unclear in which blood subcompartment tumour-derived exRNAs primarily reside. We set out to develop a host-xenograft deconvolution framework, exRNAxeno, with cDNA mapping strategies to either a combined human-mouse reference genome or both species genomes in parallel, that can be applied to exRNA sequencing data from liquid biopsies of human xenograft mouse models, enabling to distinguish (human) tumoural RNA from (murine) host RNA, and as such to specifically analyse tumour-derived exRNA. Subsequently, the preferred exRNAxeno combination pipeline was applied to total exRNA sequencing data from blood platelets and three plasma fractions from a breast cancer patient-derived and neuroblastoma cell line-derived xenograft mouse model. We show that tumoural exRNA concentrations are not determined by plasma platelet levels, while host exRNA concentrations increase with platelet content. Furthermore, a large variability in exRNA levels and gene content across individual mice is observed. In general, the tumoural gene detectability in plasma is correlated with the RNA expression levels in the tumour tissue or cancer cell line. Our results unravel new aspects of tumour-derived exRNA biology in xenograft mouse models.

  Study EGAS00001006582

• Genomic_characterisation_of_MGUS__

  he hematological malignancy multiple myeloma (MM), also called Kahler’s disease or plasma cell (PC) myeloma, is characterized by a clonal expansion of PCs originating in the bone marrow (BM). The expansion of these cells leads to an overproduction of antibodies and results in typical symptoms such as anemia, renal failure and bone lesions. All cases of MM are preceded by the asymptomatic, non-malignant pre-stage monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Of all MGUS patients, only 1% per year will progress to MM. Despite efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the MGUS-to-MM progression, its pathogenesis still remains largely unknown. Additionally, the genetic profiles of MGUS patients have only been limitedly investigated due to the only incidental finding of MGUS, the difficulties in BM sampling and isolating a sufficient number of aberrant PCs from the BM aspirates of MGUS patients. Consequently, reliable biomarkers to individually predict which MGUS patients will progress to MM and which will not, are lacking. Therefore, it is highly required to study the molecular pathogenesis of MGUS and the role of genetic events in relation to the malignant transformation to MM.

  Study EGAS00001004124