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• A Multi-Gene Mutation Classification of 468 Colorectal Cancers Reveals a Prognostic Role for APC

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, for which prognosis has been relegated to clinic-pathologic staging for decades. There is a need to molecularly stratify subpopulations of CRC to better predict outcome and assign therapies. Here we report targeted exome sequencing of 1,321 cancer-related genes on 468 tumor specimens, which identified a subset of 17 genes that best classify CRC, with APC (Gene ID: 324) playing a central role in predicting overall survival. APC may assume 0, 1, or 2 truncating mutations, each with a striking differential impact on survival. Tumors lacking any APC mutation carry a worse prognosis than single APC mutation tumors, but tumors with two APC mutations and KRAS (Gene ID: 3845) and TP53 (Gene ID: 7157) mutations confer the poorest survival among all the subgroups examined. Our study demonstrates a substantial prognostic role for APC and suggests that sequencing of APC may have clinical utility in the routine staging and potential therapeutic assignment for CRC.

  Study phs001111

• Bacterial SNPs in the human gut microbiome associate with host BMI

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionized the field of genetics, providing numerous associations between human SNPs and health traits. Likewise, metagenome-wide association studies (MWAS) between bacterial SNPs and human traits can suggest mechanistic links between the microbiota and its host. However, very few such studies have been done to date, in part due to the large number of samples required to address the variable coverage of bacteria across samples and the fact that most bacteria are present in only a subset of the population. Here, we devised an MWAS framework to detect SNPs and associate them with host phenotypes systematically. We recruited and obtained gut metagenomic samples from a cohort of 7,190 healthy individuals and discovered 1,358 statistically significant associations between a bacterial SNP and host body mass index (BMI). To address the possible effects of population structure and linkage disequilibrium, we applied a clumping procedure, and found 40 independent associations between SNPs and host BMI. We uncovered BMI-associated SNPs in the genomes of 27 bacterial species, even though the relative abundance of 12 of these species was not associated with the phenotype. We separated genome-wide sub-species variations from local associations in individual SNPs, and demonstrated how this framework can highlight specific bacterial functions of interest. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering nucleotide-level diversity in microbiome studies and pave the way toward a better understanding of interpersonal gut microbiome differences and their health implications.

  Study EGAS00001007204

• DAC-2020-03-26-Lemola (DAC-039))

  This is only the location. For the raw data and any check if the dataset may be relevant please refer to the Harvard Dataverse (https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/lemola).

  Study EGAS50000000635

• International Age-Related Macular Degeneration Genomics Consortium - Exome Chip Experiment

  Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, with limited therapeutic options. To further our understanding of AMD genetics, we examined the contribution of common and rare genetic variation in the International AMD Genomics Consortium that included ~50,000 samples of 26 AMD case - control cohorts that were jointly genotyped. Analyzing 16,144 patients with late stage AMD and 17,832 controls, we identified 52 independently associated common and rare variants distributed across 34 loci. Besides these single variant signals, we also observed gene-based enrichment of very rare coding variants (frequency < 0.1%) in cases that implicated causal roles for CFH, CFI and TIMP3 in three of the known AMD risk loci. Our results support the hypothesis that rare coding variants can pinpoint causal genes within known genetic loci and illustrate that applying the approach systematically to detect new loci requires extremely large sample sizes.

  Study phs001039

• Immune microenvironment and lineage tracing help deciphering Rosette-forming GlioNeuronal Tumors: a multi-omic analysis of 9 cases

  Rosette-forming GlioNeuronal Tumor (RGNT) is a rare central nervous system neoplasm containing two components, glial and neuronal. The delineation of histological diagnosis of RGNT from similar low-grade tumors such as pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and ganglioglioma (GG) may be challenging. We performed here a comprehensive molecular analysis of a cohort of tumors with same histology features to identify molecular characteristics of RGNT. A cohort of 9 rosette-forming tumors histologically-diagnosed were analyzed at molecular level using multimodal approaches as Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), RNAseq and methylome. In our cohort, 3 tumors were plotted within the Methylation Class-RGNT (MC-RGNT) characterized by FGFR1 mutation associated with PIK3CA or NF1 mutations. Transcriptome analysis was performed in 7 cases. RNAseq identified a “Hot” and a “Cold” transcriptomic group; the latter includes the 3 MC-RGNT and 1 MC-Pilocytic Astrocytoma and exhibited a “Cold” immune tumor microenvironment in comparison with the “Hot” group. The distinct immune cell content of both groups was confirmed by quantitative immunostainings. Get Set Enrichment Analysis showed that the “Cold” group had upregulated NOTCH pathway and mainly oligodendrocyte precursor cell and neuronal phenotypes while the “Hot” group exhibited predominantly astrocytic and neural stem cell phenotypes. In silico deconvolution identified the cerebellar granule cell lineage as a putative origin and as the cell context to understand the effects of genetic alterations and NOTCH signaling. Histological diagnosis of rosette-forming tumors encompasses heterogeneous tumor entities. Our study identified distinct tumor cell contexts and microenvironments as key features to better understand and manage these neoplasms.

  Study EGAS00001006502

• Base modification analysis using single molecule real-time sequencing

  This dataset was generated using single-molecule real-time sequencing for both training and testing purposes. The DNA samples isolated from human buffy coats or placenta of healthy individuals (n=4,) were prepared in a way that four types of base modifications were incorporated, including unmodified controls, 5mC, 5hmC, and 6mA. The sequence data for each sample consists of subreads produced by single-molecule real-time sequencing and stored in a bam format. Details of the specific experiments conducted in this study are outlined in our manuscript.

  Dataset EGAD50000000541

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] Neuropsychiatric: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) – Whole Exomes

  The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has funded a collaborative large-scale genome sequencing effort to comprehensively identify rare risk and protective variants contributing to multiple common disease phenotypes. Called the Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG), this initiative will explore a range of diseases with the ultimate goal of 1) undertaking variant discovery for enough different examples of disease architectures and study designs to better understand the general principles of the genomic architecture underlying common, complex inherited diseases, 2) understanding how best to design rare variant studies for common disease, and 3) developing resources, informatics tools, and innovative approaches and technologies for multiple disease research communities and the wider biomedical research community. The initial focus of the CCDGs will be in cardiovascular disease (early-onset coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, hemorrhagic stroke), neuropsychiatric disease (epilepsy, autism), and autoimmune/inflammatory disease (type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease). The Broad Institute is one of four selected CCDG project centers. The goal of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) program is to work together to utilize dramatic new advances in DNA sequencing technology to reveal the genetic architecture of autism through comprehensive examination of the exotic sequence of all genes.

  Study phs002502

• Peripheral blood DNA transcriptomics of vedolizumab treatment response in patients with Crohn's disease

  Data pertains longitudinal transcriptomic data measured from blood obtained from patients with Crohn's disease that were starting treatment with vedolizumab. Samples were obtained prior to treatment and approximately 26 weeks into treatment during response assessment. At response assessment, patients were classified as responders (R) or non-responders (NR) based on a strict combination of endoscopic, biochemical and clinical criteria: ≥50% reduction in the endoscopic SES-CD score, corticosteroid-free clinical remission (≥3 point drop98 in HBI or HBI ≤4 and no systemic steroids) and/or biochemical response (C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin reduction ≥50% or ≤5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin ≤250 µg/g). Modified response was defined as a combination of corticosteroid-free clinical- (HBI ≤4) and biochemical (CRP ≤5 mg/L and/or fecal calprotectin ≤250 µg/g) remission between week 26-52 without treatment change through week 52. Transcriptomic analyses was conducted through RNA sequencing, wherein mRNA was extracted utilizing the QIAsymphony system, converted into cDNA and sequenced in a paired-end format on the Illumina NovaSeq6000 at the Amsterdam UMC Core Facility Genomics, generating a dataset comprising 40 million 150 bp-reads.

  Dataset EGAD50000000385

• Peripheral blood DNA transcriptomics of ustekinumab treatment response in patients with Crohn's disease

  Data pertains longitudinal transcriptomic data measured from blood obtained from patients with Crohn's disease that were starting treatment with ustekinumab. Samples were obtained prior to treatment and approximately 26 weeks into treatment during response assessment. At response assessment, patients were classified as responders (R) or non-responders (NR) based on a strict combination of endoscopic, biochemical and clinical criteria: ≥50% reduction in the endoscopic SES-CD score, corticosteroid-free clinical remission (≥3 point drop98 in HBI or HBI ≤4 and no systemic steroids) and/or biochemical response (C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin reduction ≥50% or ≤5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin ≤250 µg/g). Modified response was defined as a combination of corticosteroid-free clinical- (HBI ≤4) and biochemical (CRP ≤5 mg/L and/or fecal calprotectin ≤250 µg/g) remission between week 26-52 without treatment change through week 52. Transcriptomic analyses was conducted through RNA sequencing, wherein mRNA was extracted utilizing the QIAsymphony system, converted into cDNA and sequenced in a paired-end format on the Illumina NovaSeq6000 at the Amsterdam UMC Core Facility Genomics, generating a dataset comprising 40 million 150 bp-reads.

  Dataset EGAD50000000386

• All counts

  This dataset is the expression profiling by high throughput sequencing, including all counts of genes for all samples in two groups. It includes 26 samples totally (Lean healthy group includes 12 samples: s001/SR01_Bright, s002/SR01_Dim, s004/SR02_Bright, s005/SR04_Dim, s006/SR04_Bright, s007/SR05_Dim, s008/SR05_Bright, s009/SR06_Bright, s011/SR07_Dim, s012/SR07_Bright, s013/SR08_Bright, s014/SR08_Dim; DM2 group includes 14 samples: s015/SR201_Bright, s017/SR202_Bright, s018/SR202_Dim, s019/SR203_Bright, s020/SR203_Dim, s021/SR204_Bright, s022/SR204_Dim, s023/SR205_Dim, s025/SR206_Dim, s026/SR206_Bright, s027/SR207_Dim, s028/SR207_Bright, s029/SR208_Bright, s030/SR208_Dim). It is a TAB file.

  Dataset EGAD50000001715

• Sequencing data for oesophageal and related samples - ICGC DCC release 26 (WGS)

  WGS sequencing for 303 cases (620 samples) from the ICGC ESAD-UK project Tumours 50x Normals 30x HiSeq X BAM files These samples are all available in ICGC release 26

  Dataset EGAD00001003580

• FEGA Sweden Helpdesk

  FEGA Sweden is an archive for storing and sharing all kinds of data resulting from biomedical research projects. As a national node of the Federated European Genome-phenome Archive (FEGA), we enable researchers to store their data in Sweden in a way that meets the requirements of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Any data submitted to the archive is subject to controlled access, meaning access to the data only will be granted after a formal application procedure. Using FEGA Sweden for storing and sharing data is free of charge for academic users affiliated with a Swedish university. However, the university must have a signed Data Processing Agreement (DPA) with Uppsala University. The current list of universities with a signed DPA can be found here: https://fega.nbis.se/submission/complying-with-gdpr.html. FEGA Sweden is hosted by the National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), which legally is part of Uppsala University. NBIS forms the bioinformatics platform at SciLifeLab and constitutes the Swedish node of the European organisation ELIXIR. Contact the FEGA Sweden Helpdesk at fega-sweden@nbis.se for further questions.

  Dac EGAC50000000077

• QUANTitative Chest Computed Tomography UnMasking Emphysema Progression in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

  AAT deficiency is a genetic disorder associated with emphysema. Spirometry, the lung function test that measures how well the lungs exhale air, is used to diagnose and track the progression of emphysema. Some studies have suggested that forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) measurements, a type of spirometry test, may lack accuracy in detecting disease progression in cases of severe AAT deficiency. Another method, high resolution chest CT scans, may be more accurate at measuring the progression of emphysema. The purpose of this study is to determine if high resolution CT scans are better at detecting the progression of emphysema than lung function tests. Results from this study may lead to the development of a more accurate way to assess lung tissue loss and may improve the understanding of lung destruction in AAT deficiency. This study will last 4 years and will enroll people with AAT deficiency who have nearly normal lung function test results. Study visits, each lasting about 4 hours, will occur at baseline and months 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36. At each visit, participants will undergo lung function tests, a CT scan, blood collection, and a physical exam. Female participants will have urine collected for a pregnancy test. All participants will also complete questionnaires to assess health status and lung function. Study researchers will call participants every 2 months to collect information on lung disease symptoms and medication changes.

  Study phs000698

• Genetic analysis of HLA and immune escape genes in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

  We performed genetic analysis of HLA and immune escape genes in samples from 44 patients sequenced by whole exome sequencing (34 tumor samples, 32 normal samples) and whole genome sequencing (10 tumor samples, 12 normal samples). We also performed HLA targeted sequencing in 26/44 patients (26 tumor samples, 26 normal samples).

  Dataset EGAD00001007565

• Feasibility and safety of a multi-cancer blood test for screening and intervention

  We evaluated the feasibility and safety of blood testing for cancer in an interventional study of 10,006 women. Positive tests for DNA or protein were independently confirmed and diagnostic PET-CT imaging was used to localize disease. During the study, 26 cancers were first detected by blood testing, 24 more by standard-of-care screening, and 46 by neither approach. Surgicalexcision of the primary tumors was performed on 12 cancers first detected by blood testing.1.0% of participants underwent PET-CT imaging based on false positive blood tests, and 0.22% underwent a futile invasive diagnostic procedure. These data demonstrate that multi-cancer blood testing, when followed by PET-CT localization, can be safely incorporated into routineclinical care, in some cases leading to surgery with intent to cure. Further studies will be required to determine the clinical validity and utility of multi-cancer blood testing.

  Study EGAS00001004372

• M116 scRNA-seq

  scRNA-seq was performed using Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3’ Kit v3.1 (10X Genomics) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, M116's PBMCs were thawed and quantified in order to calculate the number of cells to be loaded. Then, barcoded Single Cell 3ʹ Gel Beads, a master mix containing PBMCs, and Partitioning Oil were combined onto the Chromium Next GEM Chip G to generate Gel Beads-In-Emulsion (GEMs), where polyadenylated mRNAs were reverse transcribed. This way, all generated cDNAs from the same cell shared a common 10X Barcode. Following the reverse transcription, GEMs were broken and cDNAs were amplified and cleaned up with SPRIselect beads (Beckman Coulter®). Next, a portion of these cDNAs were enzymatically fragmented and subjected to adaptor ligation before using them as a PCR template for the incorporation of i5/i7 indexes. Finally, libraries were purified with SPRIselect beads, quantified and quality checked by using the 2200 TapeStation (Agilent®), and subjected to paired-end 150-bp sequencing (Novaseq systems, Illumina®) following standard practices at external facilities (Novogene®). Files types included in this dataset are raw Fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD50000001289

• Genetic mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer

  Resistance towards chemotherapy is one of the main causes of treatment failure and deathamong breast cancer patients.The main objective of this project is toidentify genetic mechanisms causing some breast cancer patients not torespond to a particluar type of chemotherapy (epirubicin) while otherpatients respond very well to the same treatment. In the project wewill perform genome / exome sequencing of a selection of breast cancerpatients (n=30). These patients are drawn from a cohort where allpatients have recieved treatment with epirubicin monotherapy before surgical removal of alocally advanced breast tumour, and where all patients have beensubjected to objective evaluation of the response to thetherapy. Subsequent to sequencing, we will analyse the data andcompare with the clinical data for each patient (object response totherapy). The main aim being to identify mutations that are associatedwith resistance to epirubicin. Identification of mutations with strongpredictive value, may have a direct impact on cancer treatment sinceit opens the possibility for genetic testing of a tumour, and desicionon which drug is likely to work best, prior to treatment start.

  Dataset EGAD00001000264

• Metadata Public API

  Metadata Rest Endpoints Common Aspects Functionality Identifiers Requests and Responses Request Response Querying Querying by Object Cross-Querying by Object Common Aspects Functionality The Metadata REST API allows EGA users to request metadata from the EGA. Using this api you will be able to obtain the publicly available information from EGA study, sample, experiment, run, analysis, policy, dac and dataset. The API also allows for objects to be cross-referenced in order to obtain for example all the datasets linked to a dac. Identifiers EGA objects can be identified by their unique accession. These are ID's displayed everywhere, shared among all EGA locations and specific for each data type (More information on the list below) EGA Accession ID EGA Object description EGAS EGA Study Accession ID EGAC EGA DAC Accession ID EGAP EGA Policy Accession ID EGAN EGA Sample Accession ID EGAR EGA Run Accession ID EGAX EGA Experiment ID EGAZ EGA Analysis Accession ID EGAD EGA Dataset Accession ID EGAB EGA Submission ID EGAF EGA File Unique Accession ID Server Request and Response Request All the endpoints implement these two HTTP methods, GET and HEAD. Moreover, there is an authentication layer that allows to disclose the private information about each object if the user runs the endpoint with their token and has permissions to the related dataset. HTTP Method Description GET Returns the objects and their public information (including private information if the user has permissions) HEAD Returns the count of objects to be returned Response API responses are diverse but they always return a status call. Below you have a summary on what these codes mean and some tips that can help you troubleshooting them: HTTP Status Code Description Resolution 200 OK No error handling necessary 206 Partial Content Expected status code when paginating the results. No error handling necessary 400 BAD REQUEST Request incorrectly formulated 401 UNAUTHORISED/FORBIDDEN You do not have permissions over the object you are trying to access. / The authorised user is not permitted to make the given request. 404 NOT FOUND The object/resource you are trying to access does not exist. 500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR This is a server-side error, try later. If the issue persists, contact the Heldpesk. Querying Querying by Object In the below documentation, worked examples can be found on how to use the API, to query about each unique EGA object. https://metadata.ega-archive.org/analyses/{id} https://metadata.ega-archive.org/dacs/{id} https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasets/{id} https://metadata.ega-archive.org/runs/{id} https://metadata.ega-archive.org/samples/{id} https://metadata.ega-archive.org/studies/{id} Worked example for the EGA data access committee(DAC) EGAC00001000514 https://metadata.ega-archive.org/dacs/EGAC00001000514 Points to notice Please, be advised that all EGA objects can be queried by using the same endpoint. For example: https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasets Returns all the datasets registered at the EGA. https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasets?limit=5&offset=15 Returns 5 results skipping the initial 15 results. Cross-Querying by Object The EGA REST API Metadata also allows for the crossquerying of public metadata. For example, should I want to query the datasets included in the ICGC DAC: https://metadata.ega-archive.org/dacs/EGAC00001000010/datasets Below, you can find worked examples on how to perform the call to the API. https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00001000645/analyses https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasetsEGAD00001000645/files https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00001000620/runs https://metadata.ega-archive.org/datasets/EGAD00001000620/samples https://metadata.ega-archive.org/samples/EGAN00001092114/datasets https://metadata.ega-archive.org/files/EGAF00000056146/dacs https://metadata.ega-archive.org/files/EGAF00000056146/datasets https://metadata.ega-archive.org/files/EGAF00000056146/studies There are more endpoints included in this category. Please, find all the possibilities (green tick) in the table below. Table The table displays in a ordered fashion the objects that can be crossreferenced using the metadata API. BY Analysis Dac Dataset Experiment Policy Run Sample Study File Analysis ✔ ✔ Dac ✔ ✔ Dataset ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Experiment ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Policy ✔ Run ✔ ✔ ✔ Sample ✔ ✔* ✔ Study ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔* File ✔ *: These cross queries do not include data from Array-File submissions. Check out the SPEC

  Documentation discovery/metadata/public-metadata-api

• Reconstituting the transcriptome and DNA methylome landscapes of human implantation at single-cell resolution

  Implantation is a milestone event during mammalian embryogenesis. Due to the extreme difficulty of obtaining in vivo human early post-implantation embryos, the gene regulatory network and epigenetics controlling human embryo implantation remains elusive. Here, combining an in vitro culture system for human post-implantation development and single-cell omics sequencing technologies, over 10,000 single cells at five representative stages of pre/post-implantation development were systematically analyzed. Unsupervised dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithm of the transcriptome data show stepwise implantation routes for the epiblast, primitive endoderm, and trophectoderm lineages, suggesting preparation for the establishment of a mother-to-offspring connection after implantation. Female embryos showed asynchronous progress of dosage loss of X chromosomes during implantation. Furthermore, using the single cell trio-Seq (scTrio-Seq) strategy, re-methylation of the genomes of all the three lineages was unambiguously revealed. Surprisingly, the genome re-methylation of PE lineage were much slower than both EPI and TE lineages during the implantation process, indicating distinct methylome features between EPI and PE although both of which were derived from ICM. Collectively, our work paves the way for understanding the complex molecular mechanisms that regulate human embryo implantation, informing new insights and future efforts in early embryonic development and reproductive medicine.

  Study EGAS00001003443

• Single_Cell_Sequencing_of_Sperm__scSperm_

  The aim of this project is to genotype and sequence single spermatozoa from two men, one in his twenties and the other in his seventies. The resulting data is used to quantify the mutations that have arisen in the gametes of both individuals in order to better understand the effect of aging on mutation rates and modes.Project Outline. In order to quantify mutations, semen from two individuals are sequenced. 48 single sperm cells are isolated from each individual, and their DNA is extracted. The resulting genomes are amplified using PicoPlex, GenomiPhi MDA, Repli-G MDA, and MALBAC. QC step is applied to check the quality of WGA DNA using standard Sequenom plex (26 SNPs). A subset of 32 amplification products which pass the intiall QC, are genotyped using Affymetrix SNP6 chips. 12 of the genotyped amplification products are also sequenced. In addition, one multi-cell sample per individual is sequenced as a reference and for validation purposes.Altogether, 12 single cell sperm genomes and two multi-cell genomes are sequenced, coming to a total of 14 genomes. Of the single cell sperm genomes, 2 are sequenced to 50x coverage, and the other 10 to 25x coverage. Both multi-cell genomes are sequenced to 25x coverage.

  Study EGAS00001000935

• Clinical significance of novel subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the context of minimal residual disease-directed therapy

  We evaluate clinical significance of recently identified subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in 598 children treated with minimal residual disease (MRD)-directed therapy. Among the 16 B-ALL and 8 T-ALL subtypes identified by next generation sequencing, ETV6-RUNX1, high-hyperdiploid and DUX4-rearranged B-ALL had the best five-year event-free survival rates (95% to 98.4%); TCF3-PBX1, PAX5alt, T-cell, ETP, iAMP21, and hypodiploid ALL intermediate rates (80.0% to 88.2%); and BCR-ABL1, BCR-ABL1-like and ETV6-RUNX1-like and KMT2A-rearranged ALL the worst rates (64.1% to 76.2%). All but three of the 142 patients with day-8 blood MRD <0.01% remained in remission. Among new subtypes, intensified therapy based on day-15 MRD≥1% improved outcome of DUX4-rearranged, BCR-ABL1-like, and ZNF384-rearranged ALL, and achievement of day-42 MRD<0.01% did not preclude relapse of PAX5alt, MEF2D-rearranged and ETV6-RUNX1-like ALL. Thus, new subtypes including DUX4-rearranged, PAX5alt, BCR-ABL1-like, ETV6-RUNX1-like, MEF2D-rearranged and ZNF384-rearranged ALL have important prognostic and therapeutic implications.

  Study EGAS00001005084

• Variant calling dataset from the whole-exome study of familial pulmonary fibrosis in the Canary Islands-VCF files

  Sequence reads were obtained from a set of 13 families with familial pulmonary fibrosis in the Canary Islands, Spain, using Illumina paired-end reads, respectively, at the Institute of Technology and Renewable Energy (ITER). Briefly, we used bcl2fastq v2.18 to perform sample demultiplexing and BWA-MEM v0.7.15 (https://github.com/lh3/bwa) to align reads to GRCh37/hg19 reference. Resulting BAM files were assessed with SAMtools v1.3 (http://www.htslib.org) and Picard v2.10.10 (https://broadinstitute.github.io/picard/) for quality control steps. Small insertions/deletions (< 50 bp) and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified using an in-house bioinformatics pipeline based on GATK HaplotypeCaller v3.8 (https://gatk.broadinstitute.org/hc/en-us/articles/360037225632-HaplotypeCaller). This pipeline follows the Best Practices recommendations for germline variant calling and its description is publicly available (https://github.com/genomicsITER/benchmarking/tree/master/WES).

  Dataset EGAD50000001152

• Genetics of Glucose Regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G) Cohort - Placenta Transcriptomics RNA Sequencing

  The overarching goals of Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G) are to increase our understanding of biological, environmental, and genetic determinants of glucose regulation during pregnancy and their impact on fetal/child development. Gen3G is a prospective cohort study: we initially recruited 1,024 pregnant women between 2010-2013 at Blood Sampling in Pregnancy Clinic during the first trimester of pregnancy (median 9 weeks of gestation) in Sherbrooke, Qu&#233;bec, Canada. We assessed 898 pregnant women at second trimester (median 26 weeks of gestation), when participants completed a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as clinically indicated for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We collected data for 854 mother-child dyads at delivery (from medical records), in addition to placenta and/or cord blood samples in majority of newborns.The overall goal of the grant that supported data that is included in this dbGaP submission was to discover novel placental factors that regulate glucose metabolism in pregnancy and predict GDM by conducting genome-wide transcriptomics (RNA and miRNA) in carefully collected placenta samples from Gen3G.

  Study phs003151

• TGF-β attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells.

  We examined tumours from a large cohort of patients with metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (mUC) treated with an anti–PD-L1 agent (atezolizumab) and identified major determinants of clinical response and immune escape. Whole transcriptome profiles were generated for 368 patients using TruSeq RNA Access technology (Illumina). Somatic mutations were determined via whole exome sequencing for a subset of these patients. - Response was associated with CD8+ T effector cell phenotype and, to an even greater extent, high neoantigen or tumour mutation burden (TMB). On the other hand, lack of response was associated with a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signature, particularly in patients with CD8+ T cells preferentially residing in collagen-rich matrix surrounding tumours. Integration of these three independent biological features provided the best basis for understanding outcome in this setting. -

  Study EGAS00001002556

• The Pioneer 100 Wellness Project (P100)

  108 individuals (age 21-89+ years; 59% males, 41% females; 89% Caucasian; not recruited based on any specific phenotype) participated in an IRB-approved study from April 2014 to January 2015. Each individual had the genome sequenced in full. Blood was collected in clinics every three months. Additionally, participants completed at-home collections of saliva, stool, and first morning void urine every three months. Stool and saliva samples were shipped directly to the vendor by the participant, while urine was given back to the study coordinators for distribution to the proper sample vendor. For each successful participant in each round we carried out 218 clinical laboratory tests, measured up to 643 metabolites and 262 proteins, and measured the abundance of 4616 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the gut microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing. The P100 study had four objectives: 1) Establish cost-efficient procedures for generating, storing and analyzing multiple sources of health data obtained over time from participants and analyzed in combination with genomic data; 2) Develop and deploy analytic tools for integrating these diverse datasets and deriving actionable information from their observed interrelationships; 3) Identify novel patterns within the streams of health data that indicate either wellness, or transitions between wellness and disease; 4) Learn how to best interface with and present longitudinal health information to individuals by studying the reactions and feedback from participants as they are presented actionable information.

  Study phs001363

• Nivolumab and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

  We performed a trial of adoptive cell therapy using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We conducted a single-arm open- label phase 1 trial (NCT03215810) of TIL administered with nivolumab in 20 patients with advanced NSCLC. Patients had tumor metastases resected for TIL, and the sequencing data from these tumors is included herein. The primary endpoint was safety, and secondary endpoints included objective response rate, duration of response, and T-cell persistence. Autologous TIL was expanded ex vivo from minced tumors cultured with IL-2. Patients received initial nivolumab for 4 cycles. If they had subsequent evidence of progression, then they proceeded to receive cyclophosphamide and fludarabine lymphodepletion, TIL infusion, and interleukin-2, followed by maintenance nivolumab. The endpoint of safety was met according to pre-specified criteria. Of 13 evaluable patients, 3 had confirmed responses and 11 had reduction in tumor burden, with a median best change of 35%. Two patients achieved complete responses ongoing 1.5 years later. In exploratory analyses, we found T cells recognizing multiple types of cancer mutations were detected after TIL treatment, and were enriched in responding patients.

  Study phs002486

• Investigating Host Genetic Risk Factors for Tuberculosis in Highly Endemic South African Populations

  It is apparent from our recent population genetic and admixture mapping work 1–3 that a substantial part of the ancestral input into the South African Coloured (SAC) population is from the San or Khoe groups, which are not well represented in publicly available genetic databases. It is a reasonable assumption that the SAC population in the Western Cape may have derived more genetic input from the present KhoeSan population in the Northern Cape than the San residing in Namibia. It was concluded by our group that it is indeed the southern African KhoeSan group, the ≠Khomani, that best represent the KhoeSan contribution seen in the SAC 4. More recently, it has been shown that there are ancestry related increases in TB susceptibility, especially with increased Bantu-speaking African and KhoeSan ancestry 5. We aim to elucidate the epidemiological and human-host genetic risk factors for TB and the immunological pathways modulating TB infection. The proposed sub-study will enroll people evaluated for TB at Northern Cape community health clinics and their contacts from their households and/or community. We will conduct a demographic interview, collect saliva, which will be used for genetic analysis, and blood to determine latent TB infection status and capture immunological responses to mycobacterial infections at the cellular level and RNA sequencing.

  Study EGAS00001007850

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] - Autoimmune: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Exomes and Genomes

  The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) has funded a collaborative large-scale genome sequencing effort to comprehensively identify rare risk and protective variants contributing to multiple common disease phenotypes. Called the Centers for Common Disease Genomics (CCDG), this initiative will explore a range of diseases with the ultimate goal of: undertaking variant discovery for enough different examples of disease architectures and study designs to better understand the general principles of the genomic architecture underlying common, complex inherited diseases; understanding how best to design rare variant studies for common disease; developing resources, informatics tools, and innovative approaches and technologies for multiple disease research communities and the wider biomedical research community. The initial focus of the CCDGs will be in cardiovascular disease (early-onset coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, hemorrhagic stroke), neuropsychiatric disease (epilepsy, autism), and autoimmune/inflammatory disease (type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease). The Broad Institute is one of four selected CCDG project centers. The overarching aim of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) program is to define the full allelic spectrum of protein-altering variation in genes associated to IBD, and assess their role in both Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) risk. The whole genome sequencing data generated here is comprised of samples from US-based diverse populations including African American, Puerto-Rican, Caribean and Cuban origins.

  Study phs001642

• Functional characterisation of CpG islands in human tissues

  Functional characterisation of CpG islands in human tissues

  Dataset EGAD00001000212

• Nanopore sequencing of blood, saliva, buccal mucosa samples of patients with inherited retinal disorders

  X-linked genetic disorders typically affect females less severely than males due to the presence of a second X chromosome not carrying the deleterious variant. However, the phenotypic expression in females is highly variable, which may be explained by an allelic skew in X chromosome inactivation. Accurate measurement of X inactivation skew is crucial to understand and predict disease phenotype in carrier females, with prediction especially relevant for degenerative conditions. We propose a novel approach using nanopore sequencing to quantify skewed X inactivation accurately. By phasing sequence variants and methylation patterns, this single assay reveals the disease variant, X inactivation skew, its directionality, and is applicable to all patients and X-linked variants. Enrichment of X-chromosome reads through adaptive sampling enhances cost-efficiency. Our study includes a cohort of 16 X-linked variant carrier females affected by two X-linked inherited retinal diseases: choroideremia and RPGR-associated retinitis pigmentosa. As retinal DNA cannot be readily obtained, we instead determine the skew from peripheral samples (blood, saliva and buccal mucosa), and correlate it to phenotypic outcomes. This revealed a strong correlation between X inactivation skew and disease presentation, confirming the value in performing this assay and its potential as a way to prioritise patients for early intervention, such as gene therapy currently in clinical trials for these conditions. Our method of assessing skewed X inactivation is applicable to all long-read genomic datasets, providing insights into disease risk and severity and aiding in the development of individualised strategies for X-linked variant carrier females.

  Study EGAS50000000440

• Duplex sequencing of 26 genes

  Buccal samples and paired esophageal epithelium were obtained using the three sizes of swabs and endoscopic biopsy, respectively. Forty samples from 10 subjects were analyzed via duplex sequencing. This dataset contains bam files that were mapped to the GRCh37 reference genome.

  Dataset EGAD50000000998

• Genome-Wide Association Study of Breast Cancer in the African Diaspora - the ROOT study

  The paucity of data on the genetic epidemiology of breast cancer for racial/ethnic groups other than those of European ancestry hinders the development of innovative interventions to reduce health disparities. Women in the African Diaspora experience a disproportionate burden of pre-menopausal breast cancer in comparison to all other races for reasons that remain unknown and understudied. This higher proportion of early-onset breast cancer might suggest a stronger genetic component in these populations. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed several genetic loci that confer risk of breast cancer. Because all GWAS started the discovery stage in women of European ancestry and replicated mainly in women of European ancestry, we propose a novel approach for a GWAS in indigenous African women to identify alleles associated with breast cancer risk which will then be replicated in other populations. This innovative design builds on our current understanding of the etiologic heterogeneity in breast cancer and the distribution of breast cancer molecular subtypes which differ between women of African ancestry and women of European ancestry. The major objective of the proposed studies is to get to the "root" causes of breast cancer by identifying breast cancer risk alleles in a pooled sample of women of African ancestry and to replicate our findings in other populations. To achieve this objective, we conducted a case control study of breast cancer in women of African ancestry, including Africans living in Nigeria, African Americans and African Barbadians. We will genotype ~3800 individuals using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5-Quad platform. We will conduct both standard and novel genetic analyses of the data to map genes associated with breast cancer susceptibility, verify genotyping and carry out fine-mapping studies in genes or regions showing association with breast cancer risk, and replicate in other African American and non-African American populations. By pooling unique resources from studies throughout the African Diaspora, this study has the potential to identify risk alleles in several genes that contribute to increased breast cancer risk and may have implications for early detection, prognosis and treatment of breast cancer in ALL women. This should ultimately lead to improved outcomes for those who suffer a disproportionate burden of early-onset breast cancer.

  Study phs000383

• Uncovering tumor intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate hepatocellular carcinoma growth using patient derived xenograft assays

  Several major factors limit our understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, human HCCs are infrequently biopsied for diagnosis and thus are not often biologically interrogated. Second, HCC initiation and progression are strongly influenced by the cirrhotic microenvironment, and the exact contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic tumor factors are unclear. A powerful approach to examine the personalized biology of liver cancers and the influence of host tissues is with patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. In Asia, HCCs from hepatitis B virus patients have been efficiently converted into PDXs, but few parallel efforts from the west have been reported. In a large-scale analysis, we implanted 93 HCCs and 8 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) to systematically analyze host factors and to define an optimized platform for PDX development from both surgical and biopsy samples. NSG mice that had undergone partial hepatectomy (PHx) represented the best combination of engraftability, growth, and passageability, but overall rates were low and indicative of a unique intrinsic biology for HCCs in the US. PDX models preserved the histology and genetic features of parental tumors, and ultimately, 9 new models were usable for pre-clinical studies. Intriguingly, HCC PDXs were differentially sensitive to regorafenib and sorafenib and CCA PDXs were also highly sensitive to regorafenib. PDX models functionalize early and advanced stage HCCs and revealed unique biological features of liver cancers from the US.

  Study EGAS00001004020

• Variant calling from CC220-MM-001 cohorts A,B,D

  These are genomic and transcriptomic high risk molecular segments for 167 samples collected at baseline from deidentified patients enrolled in cohorts A,B or D in the CC-220-MM-001 clinical study. Data are provided in a patient call table in csv format. Calls are generated from WGS data with mutations called by mutect2 best practices pipeline, CNV calls from Battenberg; and RNA-seq aligned with star aligner and quantified by Salmon.

  Dataset EGAD50000000388

• Contribution of systemic and somatic factors to clinical response and resistance in urothelial cancer: an exploratory multi-omic analysis

  Patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (n=29) were treated with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1). All 29 patients had T-cell receptor sequencing (TCR-seq) of the pre-treatment blood; 24 also had TCR-seq on at least one post-treatment blood sample. 24 patients had TCR-seq of their pre-treatment tumors. TCR-seq data can be found at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.546110. 26 patients also had RNAseq of their tumors and whole exome sequencing (WES) of their tumors and matched normal blood. WES results for one sample were excluded from our analysis after failing to meet coverage requirements.

  Study phs001743

• Cancerous Adaptive Dosing Melanoma WGS Dataset

  Illumina NovaSeq 6000 30x WGS of 26 samples, each with up to 5 matched timepoints. Timepoints A,B,C,D,and E correspond to Pretreatment, Week 3, Week 6, Week 9, and Week 12 after treatment, respectively. Additional sample metadata (sample recurrence, treatment course, age, sex, comorbidities, etc.) are present in sample description.

  Dataset EGAD00001010926

• Collagen XVII Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Through Regulation of PIK3R5

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a desmoplastic stroma that promotes the aggressive biology of this disease. While the varied mechanisms by which fibrillar collagens contribute to PDAC have been defined, little is known about the contribution of transmembrane collagens. Among this class of collagens, Collagen XVII uniquely contains an extensive intracellular domain that connects intracellular cytoplasmic components with the extracellular matrix. Collagen XVII is best characterized as the defining component of the type I hemidesmosome, an anchoring complex that attaches epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane. In this study, we characterize the expression of collagen XVII in PDAC and the mechanisms by which it contributes to PDAC biology. We demonstrate that crosstalk between PDAC cells and cancer associated fibroblasts drive collagen XVII expression in vitro and xenograft tumor models in vivo. Genetic depletion of collagen XVII in low-passage patient derived cell lines diminishes their metastatic potential and ability to form tumors in mice. Whole transcriptome sequencing of tumors formed by cells with diminished collagen XVII levels revealed dramatically lower levels of PIK3R5, a regulatory subunit of class IB phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) that interacts with G protein-coupled receptors. Consistent with this, collagen XVII-deficient tumors exhibited lower levels of phosphorylated AKT, a downstream effector of PI3K. The studies highlight the importance of collagen XVII signaling in PDAC and define a novel mechanism by which collagen XVII mediates activation of PI3K.

  Study phs003641

• National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS)

  NIAGADS is an NIH controlled-access data repository that collaborates with researchers around the world to facilitate data access and sharing for genomic and associated omics data related to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (ADRD), as well as healthy aging. Serving as the data coordinating center for the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP), NIAGADS hosts all ADSP-generated whole-exome, whole-genome and associated phenotypes. Other data types hosted by NIAGADS include genotype SNP arrays, functional omics, fluid biomarkers, aggregated imaging data (such as volumetric data for brain regions of interest), and summary statistics. In adherence with NIH security best practices and genome data sharing policies, NIAGADS supports data access requests through review by an NIH-appointed and registered Data Access Committee. Data stored within NIAGADS cannot be requested via dbGaP. Data requests must go through the NIAGADS Data Sharing Service (DSS) via the following NIAGADS url: https://dss.niagads.org/. Questions related to the request of data should be directed to the NIAGADS admin team at: niagads@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. DSS is a FISMA certified platform built by a team of data scientists at the University of Pennsylvania to support the request and access of AD/ADRD data by qualified researchers internationally. Questions related to the use of data hosted in the DSS should be directed to the Portal admin team at: help@niagads.org.

  Study phs004180

• NINDS Family-Based Whole-Genome Sequencing to Find Modifiers of Age of Onset in Huntington's Disease

  The goal of our studies is to identify genetic modifiers of neurodegeneration in Huntington&#39;s disease (HD). HD is caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin (Htt) gene, with longer stretches often leading to more rapid disease onset and progression. Yet, for a given number of repeats, the age of symptom onset can be variable, differing by up to decades. Thus, the age of onset of motor symptoms in HD is only partly explained by the length of the CAG expansion. Available evidence suggests that genetic modifiers contribute to the variation in HD onset. Identifying genetic modifiers is important because they may provide critical insights into HD pathogenesis and reveal key pathways that could be targeted by novel HD therapeutics. This is important since there are no disease-modifying therapies for HD, and mHtt is an unattractive small-molecule drug target. We recruited 21 HD families with varying characteristics of disease progression and age of onset and obtained medical histories, clinical records and DNA samples that were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). These WGS data describe families of 104 subjects, including HD patients and their unaffected family members. These individuals were selected based on individual clinical histories and family structures that best fit our criteria for expressing potential genetic modifiers. We are testing the hypothesis that novel, rare genetic variants contribute to HD and those genetic modifiers can be identified by WGS.

  Study phs001071

• Verification of BCR reconstruction from single-cell RNA-seq using BraCeR

  This dataset was made to verify the computational reconstruction of B cell reseptors from single-cell RNA-seq using BraCeR. The dataset contains BCR-derived reads from single-cell RNA-seq from 13 cells using the Smart-seq2 protocol, as well as targeted BCR-sequencing data from the same cells.

  Dataset EGAD00001004199

• Pharmacogenomic Analysis Reveals New Therapeutic Options for Pleural Mesothelioma

  Background: Pleural mesothelioma (PM) urgently requires novel effective treatments. Drug repurposing is a relevant strategy to discover new therapeutic options among well-known drugs used in clinical practice. This study aimed to identify new therapies in the context of molecular heterogeneity of PM. Methods: We performed a multi-omics study of the largest cohort of patient-derived primary PM cell lines (n=58) to date, using whole exome sequencing, RNA sequencing and methylome analysis. We also conducted a large-scale drug screening of over 1300 compounds on a subset of cell lines (n=11), as well as an extension screen (n=48) for selected drugs of interest. The best candidates were validated using 3D culture and mouse models. Results: We demonstrated that the molecular landscape of the cell lines cohort recapitulates the main findings in tumours and revealed new specific features of PM. The large-scale drug screening and subsequent validations highlighted notably strong sensitivity to entinostat and fluvastatin. Importantly, both compounds displayed same efficacy in 2D and 3D culture models and single treatment prolonged survival in vivo similarly or even better than standard chemotherapy. Strikingly, combining entinostat treatment with anti-PD1 led to cures in some mice and immunized them against tumour cells. Conclusions: Among several candidates, we identified entinostat, notably in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor, and to a lesser extent fluvastatin, as promising therapeutic options for patients. We believe our study provides a valuable resource that could contribute to advances in the field and warrants further clinical investigation.

  Study EGAS00001007866

• Pancreatic, Small-intestinal and Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors

  Purpose: The primary origin of neuroendocrine tumor metastases can be difficult to determine by histopathology alone, but is critical for therapeutic decision making. DNA methylation-based profiling is now routinely used in the diagnostic workup of brain tumors. This has been enabled by the availability of cost-efficient array-based platforms. We have extended these efforts to augment histopathological diagnosis in neuroendocrine tumors. Experimental Design and Results: We compiled data of 69 small-intestinal, pulmonary, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. These data were used to build a ridge regression calibrated random forest classification algorithm (NEN-ID) that predicts the origin of tumor samples with high accuracy (&amp;gt; 95%). The model was validated during 3x3 nested cross validation and tested in a local (n=26) and external (n=172) cohort. In addition, we show that our diagnostic approach is robust across a range of possible confounding experimental parameters such as tumor purity and array quality. A software infrastructure and online user interface was built to make the model available to the scientific community. Conclusions: This DNA methylation-based prediction model can be used in the workup for patients with neuroendocrine tumors of unknown primary. To facilitate validation and clinical implementation, we provide a user-friendly, publicly available web-based version of NEN-ID.

  Study EGAS00001004878

• A Retrospective and Cross-Sectional Analysis of Patients Treated for SCID Since January 1, 1968

  Individuals with a past diagnosis of severe combined immune deficiency (including many cases of &#34;leaky SCID&#34;, Omenn syndrome, and reticular dysgenesis) who have undergone blood and marrow transplant, gene therapy, or enzyme replacement in the past may be eligible for 6902. The purpose of 6902 is very similar to 6901, except 6902 is looking backwards at what has already been done in the past (compared to 6901 which is looking into the future). Over 800 patients with SCID are expected to be enrolled on 6902. This makes 6902 the largest study ever to describe outcomes for patients with SCID treated at many different hospitals around North America. One of the most important components of the 6902 study is the &#34;cross sectional&#34; study. Patients who have received their treatments (BMT, gene therapy, enzyme replacement) many years ago are asked to come back to the hospital where they were treated. During this visit, additional research blood work is drawn and information is gathered regarding long-term transplant outcomes such as infections, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases, and quality of life. This will allow PIDTC researchers to better understand long-term outcomes from procedures that occurred many years ago (sometimes over 30 years ago) - something that is not possible at the present time with 6901. This will help researchers to best design new treatments and clinical trials in the future for children with SCID.

  Study phs001326

• Non-viral precision T cell receptor replacement for personalized cell therapy

  The T cell receptor (TCR) provides the fine specificity of T cells to recognize mutations in cancer cells 1-3. We developed a clinical-grade approach based on CRISPR/Cas9 non-viral precision genome editing to simultaneously knock-out the two endogenous TCR genes, TCRα (TRAC) and TCRβ (TRBC), and insert in the TRAC locus the two chains of a neoantigen-specific TCR (neoTCR), isolated from the patient’s own circulating T cells using a personalized library of soluble predicted neoantigen-HLA capture reagents. Sixteen patients with refractory solid cancers received up to three distinct neoTCR-transgenic cell products, each expressing a patient-specific neoTCR, in a cell dose-escalation, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03970382). One patient had grade 1 cytokine release syndrome, and one grade 3 encephalitis. All had the expected side effects from the lymphodepleting chemotherapy. Five patients had stable disease, and the other 11 had disease progression as best response on therapy. NeoTCR-transgenic T cells were detected in tumour biopsies post-infusion at frequencies higher than the native TCRs pre-infusion. This study demonstrates the feasibility of isolating and cloning multiple TCRs recognizing mutational neoantigens, the simultaneous knock-out of the endogenous TCR and knock-in of the neoTCRs using single-step, non-viral precision genome editing, the manufacturing of neoTCR engineered T cells at clinical grade, the safety of infusing up to three gene edited neoTCR T cell products, and the ability of the transgenic T cells to traffic to the patients’ tumours.

  Study EGAS00001006898

• Mutation analysis of 17 genes in plasma DNA of CRC patients using the AVENIO ctDNA Targeted Kit

  Mutation analysis of 17 genes (ALK, APC, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, DPYD, EGFR, ERBB2, KIT, KRAS, MET, NRAS, PDGFRA, RET, ROS1, TP53, UGT1A1) in plasma DNA of CRC patients using the AVENIO ctDNA Targeted Kit.

  Dataset EGAD00001006103

• MicroRNAs, Hypertension and End Organ Damage in Humans

  Study 1) Profiling of microRNAs in plasma of patients with hypertension complicated or not by metabolic syndrome or chronic kidney disease Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure is associated with subclinical target organ damage such as cardiac, vascular and kidney injury, which may lead to complications and death. In this study, we investigated circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of target organ damage in HTN patients. We profiled circulating microRNAs by RNA sequencing in platelet-poor plasma of normotensive subjects and patients with HTN complicated or not by metabolic syndrome (MetS) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n=15 each group). Differentially expressed microRNAs were identified with a threshold of false discovery rate &lt;0.1. Differentially expressed microRNAs were identified uniquely to associate with HTN (8), MetS (1) or CKD (13), and 8 were similarly differentially expressed in different groups. This study identified the association of differentially expressed circulating microRNAs with target organ damage in HTN patients, which could have some pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. Study 2) Profiling of microRNAs in gluteal subcutaneous small arteries of patients with hypertension complicated or not by chronic kidney disease Hypertension (HTN) is associated with vascular damage characterized by endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling and stiffening, which contributes to kidney injury leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD). MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs which repress/degrade target mRNAs. The microRNA role in vascular injury in HTN remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs in small arteries of patients with HTN associated or not with CKD, in order to shed light on the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms. Normotensive subjects and HTN patients associated or not with CKD grades 3-4 were studied (n=15-16). Small arteries were isolated from subcutaneous gluteal biopsies, RNAs were extracted, and small and total RNA sequencing was performed by Illumina HiSeq-2500. Differentially expressed genes were identified with a P&lt;0.05 and fold change (FC) &gt;1.3. Differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs were identified uniquely to associate with HTN (microRNAs: 10, mRNAs: 68), CKD (microRNAs: 68, mRNAs: 395), and both groups (microRNAs: 2, mRNAs: 32). This study identified differentially expressed microRNAs and mRNAs in small arteries with target organ damage in HTN, which could have some pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.

  Study phs002389

• Butyrate producers as potential next-generation probiotics: safety assessment of the administration of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum to healthy volunteers

  Advances in gut microbiota research have triggered interest in developing colon butyrate producers as niche-specific next-generation probiotics, targeted at increasing colon butyrate production and countering disease-associated microbiota alterations. Crucial steps in the development of next-generation probiotics are the design of formulations with a reasonable shelf life as well as the safety demonstration of an intervention in healthy volunteers. One such potential next-generation butyrate-producing probiotic is Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum 25-3T, with demonstrated safety in in vitro as well as in animal models. Here, we examined the strain's safety, tolerability, and impact on microbiota composition and metabolic activity in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 healthy volunteers. Study design consisted of two four-week intervention periods (108 CFU B. pullicaecorum [treatment] or maltodextrin [placebo] per day) with a three-week washout in between. We assessed adverse events, blood parameters (primary endpoints), and fecal microbiota composition and metabolite profiles (secondary endpoints).The number of reported adverse events during the B. pullicaecorum treatment was similar to placebo intervention, as were observed changes in blood chemistry parameters, bowel habits, and fecal calprotectin concentrations. Administration of the strain did not induce any disruptive effect in microbiota composition or metabolic activity. In this first human intervention trial with a butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster IV isolate, we demonstrated B. pullicaecorum 25-3T administration to be both safe and well tolerated by healthy participants. This safety study paves the way for the further development of the strain as a next-generation probiotic.

  Study EGAS00001003276

• Investigating Genetics of Human Natural Short Sleepers (IGHNSS)

  Sleep is essential for life. A good night&#39;s sleep is pleasurable and sleep deprivation is stressful. Prolonged sleep loss impairs temperature control, metabolism, immunity, and ultimately leads to death. Extensive observational and epidemiological evidence indicates that optimal sleep duration of 8 hours is associated with the maintenance of good health. In our society, however, most people only get 6.5 - 7 hours. Suboptimal sleep duration has a strong association with mortality and morbidity. Lack of sleep has been linked to cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other health/cognition conditions. It is clear that the biological need for sleep varies dramatically among humans. Sleep and circadian disorders can include Familial Advanced Sleep Phase (FASP), Delayed Sleep Phase (DSP), Advanced Sleep Phase (ASP), Natural Short Sleepers (NSS) or Long Sleeping. In example, Natural Short Sleepers (NSS) have a lifelong tendency to sleep only 4 - 6 hours per night and to awaken refreshed and energetic. Natural Long Sleepers biologically require 9 - 10 hours/night to feel well rested. The &#39;Sleep and Circadian Disorders Study&#39; (SACDS) at the University of California San Francisco, set out to investigate the mechanisms involved in regulating sleep duration, patterns and sleep quality regulation by identifying and characterization of individuals and families with unusual sleep and circadian rhythm behavior patterns. SACDS participants were screened with a "General Sleep Questionnaire" that inquired about multiple aspects of sleep, including habitual work-day versus non-work day sleep-wake schedules, permits calculation of subjective habitual initial sleep onset, final sleep offset, and number of awakenings. There was an additional screening process including demographic data, sleep, mood, behavioral and general medical questionnaires, plus the study consent. After the extensive screening of 117 participants, blood samples were collected from 38 individuals and of those 10 samples were chosen for whole exome sequencing analysis.

  Study phs001270

• Blood-based monitoring of relapsed/refractory cHL patients predict responses to PD-1 blockade treatment

  Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients are uniquely susceptible to treatment with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) treatment. However, monitoring with FDG-PET/CT, the current response detection standard, is challenging. Here, we address the potential applicability of tissue biomarkers and blood-based biomarkers in PD-1 treated cHL patients. We evaluated 9p24.1/PD-L1/PD-L2 alterations, and expression of PD-L1 and antigen presentation molecules (HLA class I/II) in 9 tissue biopsies of 4 patients. In addition, we assessed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), extracellular vesicle associated miRNAs (EV-miRNAs), soluble PD-L1 and serum TARC (sTARC) in 26 longitudinal blood samples of these patients during PD-1 treatment. We found that the predictive power of tissue biomarkers is dependent on the timing of the biopsy . The dynamics of blood-based biomarkers: sTARC, EV-miRNAs and ctDNA corresponded well immunotherapy treatment response. Therefore, blood-based biomarkers are promising monitoring strategies in PD-1 treated cHL patients and should be further explored in clinical trials or observational studies.

  Study EGAS00001005894

• High-throughput Detection of Clinically Relevant Mutations in Archived Tumor Samples By Multiplexed PCR and Next Generation Sequencing

  PURPOSE: Tailoring cancer treatment to tumor molecular characteristics promises to make personalized medicine a reality. However, reliable genetic profiling of archived clinical specimens has been hindered by limited sensitivity and high false positive rates. Here, we describe a novel methodology, MMP-seq, which enables sensitive and specific high-throughput, high content genetic profiling in archived clinical samples. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We first validated MMP-seq’s technical performance in 66 cancer cell lines and a Latin square cross-dilution of known somatic mutations. We next characterized the performance of MMP-seq in 17 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical samples using matched fresh frozen (FF) tissue from the same tumors as benchmarks. To demonstrate the potential clinical utility of our methodology, we profiled FFPE tumor samples from 73 endometrial cancer patients. RESULTS: We demonstrated that MMP-seq enabled rapid and simultaneous profiling of a panel of 88 cancer genes in 48 samples, and detected variants at frequencies as low as 0.4%. We identified DNA degradation and deamination as the main error sources and developed practical and robust strategies for mitigating these issues, and dramatically reduced the false positive rate. Applying MMP-seq to a cohort of endometrial tumor samples identified extensive, potentially actionable alterations in the PI3K and RAS pathways, including novel PIK3R1 hotspot mutations that may disrupt negative regulation of PIK3CA. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-seq provides a robust solution for comprehensive, reliable and high- throughput genetic profiling of clinical tumor samples, paving the way for the incorporation of genomic-based testing into clinical investigation and practice.

  Study EGAS00001000674

• Spatial targeted gene sequencing of metastatic melanoma

  We performed deep targeted DNA sequencing for a panel of 265 cancer-related genes. This included subsampling 35 different regions of a metastatic melanoma biopsy that was treated with anti-PD-1 inhibitor. Samples with cancer cell purity greater than 80% based on pathologic assessment were used for cancer gene panel DNA sequencing. Mean sequencing coverage was 861x and paired-end reads in FASTQ format were generated by the Illumina pipeline and aligned to the reference human genome hg19 build using the Burrows-Wheeler Alignment Tool (BWA, v0.7.5) with default settings. Aligned reads were further processed using GATK with best practices for removing duplicates, indel removal and recalibration.

  Dataset EGAD00001005821

• Oncogenic Ectodomain deletion of FGFR1 caused by Breakage-Fusion-Bridges in Squamous Cell lung Cancer

  The identification of recurrent 8p11.23 amplifications including FGFR1 raised the hope of a treatable target in squamous cell lung cancer (SQLC). However, only a minority of patients with FGFR1-amplified tumors respond to single agent inhibitor therapy targeting FGFR. To understand the underlying mechanism of FGFR1 dependency, we performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 25 FGFR1-amplified primary tumors with unknown response upon FGFR inhibition. In addition, we performed deep sequencing of 26 FGFR1-amplified samples whereof the response upon FGFR inhibition was known for 25 samples. In both cohorts we identified intra-chromosomal tail-to-tail breaks close to the FGFR1 transcription start site, being responsible for focal amplification of FGFR1. These specific breaks are caused by a Breakage-Fusion-Bridge-like (BFB-like) mechanism. Here, we associate these breaks with FGFR inhibitor sensitivity. Moreover, in some cases these breaks are located within the open reading frame of FGFR1, which leads to the expression of an ΔEC-FGFR1 transcript that lacks the ecto-domain. Overexpression of ΔEC-FGFR1 transforms Baf3 cells and lead to an FGFR1-dependent phenotype. Our results demonstrate that the truncation of the FGFR1 ectodomain is a frequent event in 8p11.23-amplified squamous cell lung cancer caused by tail-to-tail breaks. These breaks might be used as a predictive therapeutic marker to stratify patients for FGFR-inhibitor therapy.

  Study EGAS00001005059

• GeneScreen, a Population Based, Targeted Genomic Screening Study

  The GeneScreen research study was based at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill. It brought together researchers from different disciplines, including genetics, clinical medicine, bioethics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and public health, to study the best ways to offer targeted genetic screening to the general adult population. DNA samples were collected from people who joined GeneScreen to look at a targeted panel of 17 genes. It tested for genetic differences (called mutations) that can cause one of 11 rare, but preventable or treatable conditions, including certain types of cancer and heart disease. Each condition has specific medical advice people can follow with their doctors to prevent or treat a serious health problem. The GeneScreen study was approved by the UNC Institutional Review Board and by the Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Institutional Review Board. GeneScreen is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health.

  Study phs001817

• Pediatric Whole Genome Sequencing Diagnostic Utility

  The standard of care for first-tier clinical investigation of the etiology of congenital malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders is chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) for copy number variations (CNVs), often followed by gene(s)-specific sequencing searching for smaller insertion-deletions (indels) and single nucleotide variant (SNV) mutations. We compared diagnostic rate of WGS to CMA and targeted gene testing of 100 patients referred to The Hospital for Sick Children Genetics clinic in 2014. WGS identified genetic variants meeting clinical diagnostic criteria in 34% of cases, representing a 4-fold increase in diagnostic rate over CMA (8%) (p-value = 1.42e-05) alone and &gt;2-fold increase in CMA plus targeted gene sequencing (13%) (p-value = 0.0009). WGS identified all rare clinically significant CNVs that were detected by CMA. In an additional 26 patients, WGS revealed indel and missense mutations presenting in a dominant (63%) or a recessive (37%) manner. We found four subjects with mutations in at least two genes associated with distinct genetic disorders, including two cases harboring a pathogenic CNV and SNV. When considering medically actionable secondary findings in addition to primary WGS findings, 38% of patients would benefit from genetic counselling.

  Study EGAS00001001623

• Germline Genetics of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are part of a heterogeneous and overlapping group of clonal diseases that arise in the hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells and also include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and the hybrid MDS/MPN entities. Individuals with MDS have a high risk of progressing to leukemia, with approximately 30% expected to develop AML. This study evaluates genetic susceptibility to myeloid malignancy using data from population-based case control studies of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia in adults (ages 18-85 years) and pediatric MDS cases with banked samples at the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). Adult cases were identified through the Minnesota Cancer Reporting System and controls were recruited from the State Driver's License/Identification Card list. DNA samples were collected via mouthwash collection kits (AML cases and controls) or Oragene saliva collection kits (adult MDS cases and controls). Pediatric MDS samples were banked at CIBMTR prior to receipt of a transplant and DNA was extracted from isolated T cells or whole blood samples. Genotyping data were generated using the Illumina Global Diversity array and quality control and genotype calling was conducted using established best practices. Our primary analyses investigated the contribution of genetic variation to MDS risk and evaluated the role of the killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR) on incidence and survival.

  Study phs002962

• A reference map of potential determinants for the human serum metabolome

  The collection of metabolites circulating in the human blood, termed the serum metabolome, contains a plethora of biomarkers and causative agents. Although the origin of specific compounds is known, we have a poor understanding of the key determinants of most metabolites. Here, we measured the levels of 1251 circulating metabolites in serum samples from a healthy human cohort of 491 individuals, and devised machine learning algorithms to predict their levels in held-out subjects based on a comprehensive profile consisting of host genetics, gut microbiome, clinical parameters, diet, lifestyle, anthropometric measurements and medication data. Notably, we obtained statistically significant predictions for over 76% of the profiled metabolites. Despite using the strict out-of-sample prediction metric, which is a lower bound for the explained variance, diet and microbiome each explained hundreds of metabolites, with over 50% of the variance explained in some metabolites. We further validated the robustness of the microbiome related associations by showing a high replication rate in two geographically independent cohorts that were not available to us when developing the algorithms. We also demonstrate that some of these interactions are causal, as some metabolites we predicted to be positively associated with bread increased in level following a randomized clinical trial of bread intervention. Microbiome-explained metabolites were enriched with unnamed metabolites, and we devised an algorithm that accurately predicts their biological pathway, finding that they mainly include food components, aromatic amino acids and secondary bile acid derivatives. Overall, our results unravel potential determinants of over 800 metabolites, paving the way towards mechanistic understanding of alterations in metabolites under different conditions and to designing interventions for manipulating circulating metabolite levels.

  Study EGAS00001004512

• Benchmarking for alignment and variant calling

  Background: Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease and the primary cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Somatic mutations, including large structural variants, are important biomarkers in lung cancer for selecting targeted therapy. Genomic studies in lung cancer have been conducted using short-read sequencing. Emerging long-read sequencing technologies are a promising alternative to study somatic structural variants, however there is no current consensus on how to process data and call somatic events. In this study, we preformed whole genome sequencing of lung cancer and matched non-tumour samples using long and short read sequencing to comprehensively benchmark three sequence aligners and six structural variant callers comprised of four generic callers (Sniffles2, cuteSV, SVIM and DELLY in generic mode) and two somatic callers (nanomonsv and DELLY in somatic modes). Results: Different combinations of aligners and variant callers influenced somatic structural variant detection. The choice of caller had a significant influence on somatic structural variant detection in terms of variant type, size, sensitivity, and accuracy. The performance of each variant caller was assessed by comparing to somatic structural variants identified by short read sequencing. When compared to somatic structural variants detected with short read sequencing, more events were detected with long read sequencing. The mean recall of somatic variant events identified by short read sequencing was higher for the somatic callers (64%) than generic callers (52%), with nanomonsv (69%) showing the best performance. Conclusion: Long read sequencing can identify somatic structural variants. The longer reads have the potential to improve our understanding of cancer development and inform personalized cancer treatment.

  Study EGAS00001007819

• Systems biology of Colorectal Cancer

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in both males and females, and it is perhaps the best understood of all epithelial tumors in terms of its molecular origin. Yet, despite large amount of work that has concentrated on understanding of colon tumorigenesis, we still do not know the full complement of molecular lesions that are individually necessary – and together sufficient – to cause colorectal cancer. Neither do we understand why some specific mutations that are relatively rare in other tumors (e.g. loss of the APC tumor suppressor) are extremely common in colorectal cancer. We propose here to use the tools of systems biology to develop a quantitative and comprehensive model of colorectal tumorigenesis. The model will include identification of cell-type specific and oncogenic pathways that contribute to colon tumorigenesis, and explain in molecular detail how a genotype of an individual CRC leads to activation of downstream genes that drive uncontrolled cell growth. This model will subsequently be used to find novel therapeutic targets, to guide genetic screening to identify individuals with elevated risk for developing CRC, and to classify patients into molecular subgroups to select the treatment combination that is optimal for each patient (personalized medicine). The specific objectives of the SYSCOL project are: 1. Identify genetic markers for individual risk using genotyping and sequencing of constitutional DNA from sporadic and familial CRC cases and controls 2. Identify genes and regulatory elements that contribute to colorectal cancer cell growth 3. Use data from Aims 1-2 to develop a quantitative model for colorectal tumorigenesis 4. Apply the model for identification of high-risk individuals, for molecular classification of the disease, and for identification of novel molecular treatment targets

  Study EGAS00001000854

• Metabolic reprogramming towards OXPHOS identifies a novel therapeutic target for mantle cell lymphoma

  Metabolic reprogramming is linked to cancer cell growth and proliferation, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance in a multitude of cancers. Targeting dysregulated metabolic pathways to overcome resistance, an urgent clinical need in all relapsed/refractory cancers, remains difficult. Through genomics analysis of clinical specimens, we show that metabolic reprogramming towards oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glutaminolysis is associated with therapeutic resistance to the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an incurable B-cell lymphoma with poor clinical outcomes. Inhibition of OXPHOS with a novel, clinically applicable small molecule, IACS-010759, which targets complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, results in significant growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo in ibrutinib-resistant patient-derived cancer models. This work suggests that targeting metabolic pathways to subvert therapeutic resistance is a clinically viable approach to treat highly refractory malignancies.

  Dataset EGAD00001004577

• ICR96 exon CNV validation series

  A resource for assessment of exon CNV calling methods in targeted NGS data, we here present the ICR96 exon CNV validation series. The dataset includes high-quality sequencing data from a targeted NGS assay (the TruSight Cancer Panel) together with Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) results for 96 independent samples. 66 samples contain at least one validated exon CNV and 30 samples have validated negative results for exon CNVs in 26 genes. The dataset includes 46 exon CNVs in BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM and PTEN, giving excellent representation of the cancer predisposition genes most frequently tested in clinical practice. Moreover, the validated exon CNVs include 25 single exon CNVs the most difficult exon CNV to detect.

  Dataset EGAD00001003335

• WGS in insulinomas

  Whole-Genome Sequencing datasets of insulinoma samples and paired blood controls

  Dataset EGAD50000000464

• GA4GH

  Standards The EGA is a long-standing supporter of the Global Alliance for Genomics & Health (GA4GH) to enhance responsible sharing of human genetic data through the development of interoperable global standards for human data access. The EGA is one of the founding GA4GH Driver Projects and has contributed to the development and implementation of several GA4GH standards and APIs. Below is a list of the GA4GH standards and APIs that are currently available or planned for implementation at EGA. TechnicalStandards Purpose SpecificationVersion SupportedVersion Implementation Large Scale Genomics htsget A protocol for secure, efficient, and reliable access to sequencing read and variation data. V1.3.0 V1.0.0 Specification Documentation Endpoint Read File Formats (SAM/BAM/CRAM) Specifications for storing next-generation sequencing read data. V3.0.0 V3.0.0 Implementation Example of Usage Variation File Formats (VCF/BCF) The specifications for Variant Call Format Files (VCF) and its binary counterpart BCF. V4.0.0 V2.0.0 V4.0.0 V2.0.0 Implementation Example of Usage Crypt4GH v1.0 Enables direct byte-level compatible random access to encrypted genetic data stored in community standards (e.g. CRAM, VCF) V1.0 V1.0 Specification Documentation Endpoint refget API Enables access to reference sequences using an identifier derived from the sequence itself. V1.2.6 NA Specification RNAget API v1 Provides a means of retrieving data from several types of RNA experiments including (i) feature-level expression data from RNA-seq type measurements and (ii) coordinate-based signal/intensity data similar to a bigwig representation via a client/server model. V1.0.0 NA Documentation Discovery Beacon v2 Supports discovery of genomic variants, phenotypes, and individuals V1.0.1 V0.3 Web UI API Source Code Service Info API v1 The Service Info API is an endpoint for describing GA4GH service metadata, designed for extension and inclusion in other APIs. Service info is used to describe a single service, while Service Registry is used to describe multiple services. V1.0.0 NA Documentation Service Registry API v1 provides information about other GA4GH services, primarily for the purpose of organizing services into networks or groups and service discovery across organizational boundaries. V1.0.0 NA Documentation Data Use Researcher Identities Data Use Ontology (DUO) Allow users to semantically tag genomic datasets with usage restrictions, allowing them to become automatically discoverable based on a health, clinical, or biomedical researcher’s authorisation level or intended use. 2021-02-23 2021-02-23 Specification Documentation Endpoint Authentication & Authorization Infrastructure (AAI) The GA4GH AAI specification leverages OpenID Connect (OIDC) Servers for use in authenticating the identity of researchers desiring to access clinical and genomic resources from data holders adhering to GA4GH standards, and to enable data holders to obtain security-related attributes of those researchers. V1.2.0 V1.2.0 API URI: ega.ebi.ac.uk:8443 Documentation Repository Researcher IDs (passport, visa) Specify the collection of researchers that may access a dataset at any given time, and the credentials they must supply. V1.0.1 V1.0.1 Specification Documentation Endpoint Cloud Tool Registry Service API TRS is a standard API for exchanging tools and workflows to analyze, read, and manipulate genomic data. V2.0.1 NA Documentation Repostiory Data Repository Service API ​DRS API is a standard for building data repositories and adapting access tools to work with those repositories, works with other approved APIs from the GA4GH Cloud Work Stream to allow researchers to discover algorithms across different cloud environments and send them to datasets they wish to analyse. V1.0.3 NA Documentation Repostiory Workflow Execution Service API This API lets users run a single workflow (defined using CWL or WDL) on multiple different platforms, clouds, and environments, and be confident that it will work the same way. The API provides methods to request that a workflow be run, pass parameters to that workflow, get information about running workflows, and cancel a running workflow. V1.0.1 NA Documentation Repostiory Genomic Knowledge Standards Variation Representation v1 Provides a flexible framework of computational models, schemas, and algorithms to precisely and consistently exchange genetic variation data across communities. V1.3.0 EGA team is contributing to including it in in Beacon v2 Specification and Elixir Reference Implementation Documentation Repostiory Clin/ Pheno Data Capture Phenopackets Provides information models with different levels of complexity to enable high level clinical phenotype information as well as deep clinical phenotype information to be exchanged. V2.0.0 Included in Ongoing Submissions EGA team is contributing to including it in in Beacon v2 Specification and Elixir Reference Implementation Documentation Repostiory Driver Project The EGA, jointly coordinated by the EBI and the CRG, was announced, in 2017, to be one of the 15 Driver Projects for GA4GH. Driver Projects are international genomic data initiatives, focussed on real projects and challenges that will guide the development efforts in order to accelerate and enable completely responsible and standarised data sharing by 2022. All chosen Driver Projects make a cross-sectional effort by playing an important role across the different workstreams. Thomas Keane, Jordi Rambla, Mallory Freeberg, and Aina Jené have been named Driver Project Champions for the EGA. All Driver Project Champions will be leading this ambitious initiative for the following years.

  Documentation about/projects-and-funders/ga4gh

• Efficacy of nivolumab in pediatric cancers with high mutation burden and mismatch-repair deficiency

  Purpose: Checkpoint-inhibitors have limited efficacy for children with unselected solid and brain tumors. We report the first prospective pediatric trial (NCT02992964) using nivolumab exclusively for refractory non-hematological cancers harboring tumor mutation burden (TMB) ≥5 mutations/megabase (mut/Mb) and/or mismatch-repair deficiency (MMRD). Patients and methods: Twenty patients were screened, and ten ultimately included in the response cohort of whom nine had TMB &gt;10mut/Mb (three initially eligible based on MMRD) and one patient had TMB between 5-10 mut/Mb. Results: Delayed immune responses contributed to best overall response of 50%, improving on initial objective responses (20%) and leading to 2-year overall survival (OS) of 50% (95% CI; 27, 93). Four children, including three with refractory malignant gliomas are in complete remission at a median follow-up of 37-months (range: 32.4-60), culminating in 2-year OS of 43% (95% CI; 18.2, 100). Biomarker analyses confirmed benefit in children with germline MMRD, microsatellite instability, higher activated and lower regulatory circulating T-cells. Stochastic mutation accumulation driven by underlying germline MMRD impacted the tumor microenvironment, contributing to delayed responses. No benefit was observed in the single patient with a MMR-proficient tumour and TMB 7.4 mut/Mb. Conclusions: Nivolumab resulted in durable responses and prolonged survival for the first time in a pediatric trial of refractory hypermutated cancers including malignant gliomas. Novel biomarkers identified here need to be translated rapidly to clinical care to identify children who can benefit from checkpoint-inhibitors, including for upfront management of their cancers.

  Study EGAS00001007393

• PROstate Cancer Medically Optimized Genome Enhanced ThErapy (PROMOTE) of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) Patients Treated with Abiraterone Acetate

  The Prostate Cancer Medically Optimized Genome-Enhanced Therapy (PROMOTE) study uses genetic clues in castration-resistant prostate cancer that may identify an individualized treatment approach for men with the disease. Understanding the molecular biology behind castration-resistant prostate cancer has led to more treatment options, but there are still no definite conclusions about which specific drug best treats patients - maximum suppression of cancer growth while minimizing side effects. The PROMOTE study explores the genetic characteristics of each tumor to predict these treatment paradigms for the future, resulting in more effective and less toxic options for patients. Our long-term goal is to improve treatments for men with advanced prostate cancer by using genomic sequencing to increase life span and quality of life. We also will uncover novel vulnerable targets in the cancer genome that may provide new drug therapies. PARTICIPATION Eligible participants are men: With castration-resistant prostate cancer or prostate cancer not responding to hormone treatments About to begin abiraterone acetate therapy Agreeable to undergoing two tumor biopsies During the study, participants travel to Mayo Clinic for an initial biopsy (before beginning abiraterone acetate) and a second biopsy approximately three months later. The cell tissue collected is analyzed to identify gene alterations in the tumor that could eventually be targeted with treatments. Tissue is preserved for future research. Participants can continue to be treated by their local cancer care team during this period and beyond. In addition, the Mayo team carefully monitors participants' cancer via follow-up studies and the genetic signature of tumors that were biopsied so that patients may benefit from future treatments.

  Study phs001141

• Data files for PCGP SJACT RNASEQ

  This dataset contains RNA-Seq files for the SJACT cohort associated with the paper "Genetic landscape of pediatric Adrenocortical Tumor". In this paper, we analyse 37 adrenocortical tumours (ACTs) by whole-genome, whole-exome and/or transcriptome sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001002680

• Clinical Study of Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing (IPPB-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the &#8220;Authorized Access&#8221; section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of long-term intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) treatment when used as an adjunct to the overall care of ambulatory outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The evaluation compared the use of IPPB with use of a powered nebulizer.Participants: A total of 3218 participants were enrolled.Design: Multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Conclusions: Compliance with treatment, lung function, and quality of life were evaluated at regular intervals during follow-up, and records were kept of hospitalizations and vital status. Treatment compliance was less than optimal; only half of the participants used their devices for the prescribed amount of time or 10 minutes at least three times a day. Although this was disappointing, it was probably the best compliance that could be attained. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in mortality, rate and duration of hospitalizations, or change in lung function or life quality with time, overall or for clinically relevant subgroups. The trial group saw no advantage of IPPB over compressor nebulizer therapy and concluded that, if an advantage existed, it must be marginal.

  Study phs004010

• A Chromatin Accessibility Atlas of the Developing Human Telencephalon

  Gene expression differs between cell types and regions within complex tissues such as the developing brain. To discover regulatory elements underlying this specificity, we generated genome-wide maps of chromatin accessibility in nine anatomically-defined regions of the developing human telencephalon. Additionally, we defined the histone modification landscape of the prefrontal cortex and generated chromatin accessibility maps of its upper and deep layers. We predicted a subset of open chromatin regions (18%) that are most likely to be active enhancers, many of which are dynamic with 26% differing between early and late mid-gestation and 28% present in only one brain region. These predicted regulatory elements (pREs) are enriched proximal to genes with expression differences across developmental stages, regions, and cortical laminae; they harbor distinct sequence motifs that suggest potential upstream regulators. We leveraged this atlas to predict and validate novel regulatory elements of genes that control cortex laminar identity and genes associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These include enhancers proximal to FEZF2 and BCL11A that were validated in mouse, and an enhancer of ASD gene SLC6A1 containing two functional de novo mutations in individuals with ASD whose enhancer function we validated via CRISPRa. We also include data for transcription factor binding in mid-fetal cortex tissues, using CUT&amp;RUN methods.

  Study phs002033

• Clinical and genetic factors associated with tumor response to neoadjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy, survival and recurrence risk in rectal cancer

  Rectal cancer poses challenges in preoperative treatment response, with up to 30% achieving a complete response (CR). Personalized treatment relies on accurate identification of responders at diagnosis. This study aimed to unravel CR determinants, overall survival (OS), and time to recurrence (TTR) using clinical and targeted sequencing data. Analyzing 402 patients undergoing preoperative treatment, tumor stage, size, and treatment emerged as robust response predictors. CR rates were higher in smaller, early-stage, and intensively treated tumors. Targeted sequencing analyzed 216 cases, while 120 patients provided hotspot mutation data. KRAS mutation dramatically reduced CR odds by over 50% (odds ratio [OR]=0.3 in the targeted sequencing and OR=0.4 hotspot cohorts, respectively). In contrast, SMAD4 and SYNE1 mutations were associated with higher CR rates (OR=6.0 and 6.8, respectively). Favorable OS was linked to younger age, CR, and low baseline carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Notably, CR and an APC mutation increased TTR, while a BRAF mutation negatively affected TTR. Beyond tumor burden, SMAD4 and SYNE1 mutations significantly influenced CR. KRAS mutations independently correlated with radiotherapy resistance, and BRAF mutations heightened recurrence risk. Intriguingly, nonresponding tumors with initially small sizes carried a higher risk of recurrence. These findings offer insights into rectal cancer treatment response, guiding personalized therapeutic strategies. By uncovering factors impacting CR, OS, and TTR, this study underscores the importance of tailored approaches for rectal cancer patients. These findings, based on extensive analysis and mutation data, pave the way for personalized interventions, optimizing outcomes in the challenges of rectal cancer preoperative treatment.

  Study EGAS00001007501

• Bladder cancer subtyping study across 4 atezo clinical trials

  Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction have revolutionized cancer therapy across many indications. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), several PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved for treatment in localized and metastatic disease. While these agents provide durable clinical benefit in a number of patients, the majority do not respond. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying response and resistance is needed to tailor existing treatments and develop new therapeutics in UC. We profiled tumors from 2803 patients from four late-stage randomized clinical trials evaluating the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab in metastatic UC and muscle-invasive bladder cancer by RNA-seq, a targeted DNA panel, immunohistochemistry, and digital pathology. A machine learning algorithm identified four UC transcriptional subtypes, representing luminal desert, stromal, immune, and basal tumors. Overall survival benefit from atezolizumab over standard-of-care was observed in immune and basal tumors (45% of patients). Digital pathology showed enrichment of human interpretable features in specific molecular subtypes, and a self-supervised approach could classify molecular subtypes from H&E slides with high accuracy, suggesting that machine-based image interpretation could accelerate tumor molecular profiling. Somatic alterations showed limited capacity to identify responders. Finally, mechanisms of benefit with PD-L1 blockade appeared different in immune and basal tumors, with immune tumors benefiting from B/plasma cell enrichment, while basal tumors benefited from granulocyte enrichment. This study represents the largest integration of UC molecular and curated clinical data in randomized clinical trials to date, paving the way for prospective clinical studies tailoring treatment regimens to specific tumor molecular subtypes in UC and other indications.

  Study EGAS50000000497

• Defining Cutaneous Gene Expression Signatures in Juvenile Dermatomyositis

  Skin inflammation in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) can signal disease onset or flare up and prevent complete disease remission. Our objective was to evaluate JDM cutaneous expression signatures through tape stripping in both lesional and non-lesional skin and as compared to paired blood. A total of 28 JDM and 20 control (CTL) patients participated in the study. All patients had tape strip sampling of non-lesional (NL) skin at enrollment visit. Within our JDM cohort, paired lesional (L) skin was additionally sampled if rash was present. 16/28 of JDM patients had at least one additional skin sample associated with a follow-up (FU) visit (total number of follow-up samples included = 26 NL and 4 L). We identified a common innate immune signature in both lesional and non-lesional JDM skin. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering of skin expression data, we distinguished a JDM molecular subgroup characterized by a mitochondrial dysfunction signature. In comparison to blood expression data, we determined that skin may more effectively highlight the JDM subgroup characterized by a mitochondrial dysfunction expression signature. Data available include bulk RNA-sequencing data from tape strips and blood of the JDM and control patients from this study.

  Study phs003884

• Genetic_mechanisms_of_resistance_to_chemotherapy_in_breast_cancer

  Resistance towards chemotherapy is one of the main causes of treatment failure and deathamong breast cancer patients.The main objective of this project is to identify genetic mechanisms causing some breastcancer patients not to respond to a particluar type of chemotherapy (epirubicin) while otherpatients respond very well to the same treatment.In the project we will perform genome / exome sequencing of a selection of breast cancerpatients (n=30). These patients are drawn from a cohort where all patients have recievedtreatment with epirubicin monotherapy before surgical removal of a locally advanced breasttumour, and where all patients have been subjected to objective evaluation of the response tothe therapy.Subsequent to sequencing, we will analyse the data and compare with the clinical data foreach patient (object response to therapy). The main aim being to identify mutations that areassociated with resistance to epirubicin.Identification of mutations with strong predictive value, may have a direct impact on cancertreatment since it opens the possibility for genetic testing of a tumour, and desicion on whichdrug is likely to work best, prior to treatment start.

  Study EGAS00001000276

• Germline RUNX1 Variation and Predisposition to Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic

  Somatic mutations of RUNX1, which encodes the myeloid and lymphoid transcriptional factor RUNX1, are common in both B- and T- acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and are associated with poor prognosis of T-ALL. However, there has been no comprehensive investigation of the pattern or prevalence of RUNX1 germline mutation in both B- and T-ALL. Here we report germline RUNX1 variants in 1.23% of B-ALL and 2.11% of T-ALL, identifying 31 unique variants in 62 B-ALL and 18 unique variants in 26 T-ALL children. The majority of frameshift and nonsense variants affected RUNX1 function in transcriptional regulation, hematopoiesis, and cellular proliferation. We identified JAK3 as the most frequent somatic mutation in T-ALL with RUNX1 variants. These results not only identify RUNX1 as a leukemia predisposition gene but also further underline the importance of germline genetic variants to the development of ALL

  Dataset EGAD00001007793

• WGS of Multiple Myeloma/MGUS/SMM cases (germline) - VCF files (SNPs)

  WGS - PCR-free library preparation (whole blood gDNA), paired-end (2x100bp) sequencing on DNBseq sequencing platform (BGI) Number of samples: 26

  Dataset EGAD50000001800

• Unraveling the transcriptomic profile of utero-tubal lavage fluid of ovarian cancer patients

  The majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a high mortality rate. Current screening strategies fail to improve prognosis because markers of early stage disease are lacking. This medical need justifies the search for biomarkers enabling early detection of ovarian cancer. In this study, we explore the extracellular transcriptome of utero-tubal lavage fluid obtained from 26 ovarian cancer patients and 48 controls using messenger RNA (mRNA) capture and small RNA sequencing. Because of its contact with the fallopian tube and the ovaries, collection of utero-tubal lavage might be the preferred non-invasive method to identify localized lesions compared with analyses based on peripheral blood samples. We observed an enrichment of ovarian and fallopian tube specific messenger RNAs in utero-tubal lavage fluid compared to other human biofluids. Over 300 mRNAs and 41 miRNAs were upregulated in ovarian cancer samples compared with controls. Upregulated genes were enriched for genes involved in cell cycle activation and proliferation, hinting at a tumor derived signal. In conclusion, we provide proof-of-principle that mRNA capture sequencing of utero-tubal lavage fluid is technically feasible, and that the extracellular transcriptome of utero-tubal lavage should be further explored in larger cohorts to assess the diagnostic value of the biomarkers identified in this study.

  Study EGAS00001005498

• Single Cell Sequencing of Sperm (scSperm)

  The aim of this project is to genotype and sequence single spermatozoa from two men, one in his twenties and the other in his seventies. The resulting data is used to quantify the mutations that have arisen in the gametes of both individuals in order to better understand the effect of aging on mutation rates and modes.Project Outline. In order to quantify mutations, semen from two individuals are sequenced. 48 single sperm cells are isolated from each individual, and their DNA is extracted. The resulting genomes are amplified using PicoPlex, GenomiPhi MDA, Repli-G MDA, and MALBAC. QC step is applied to check the quality of WGA DNA using standard Sequenom plex (26 SNPs). A subset of 32 amplification products which pass the intiall QC, are genotyped using Affymetrix SNP6 chips. 12 of the genotyped amplification products are also sequenced. In addition, one multi-cell sample per individual is sequenced as a reference and for validation purposes.Altogether, 12 single cell sperm genomes and two multi-cell genomes are sequenced, coming to a total of 14 genomes. Of the single cell sperm genomes, 2 are sequenced to 50x coverage, and the other 10 to 25x coverage. Both multi-cell genomes are sequenced to 25x coverage.

  Dataset EGAD00001001216

• Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness (ESCAPE-BioLINCC)

  Accessing Data Please refer to &#8220;Authorized Access&#8221; below regarding accessing data through the BioData Catalyst ecosystem. The data from this accession is not available for download through dbGaP. Objectives To test whether pulmonary artery catheter use was safe and could improve clinical outcomes in participants hospitalized with recurrent heart failure. Background Pulmonary artery catheters have been used to guide adjustment of therapy in multiple settings, but recent studies have raised concern that pulmonary artery catheters may lead to increased mortality in hospitalized participants. Participants A total of 433 participants at 26 sites were enrolled, and randomly assigned to receive therapy guided by clinical assessment and the pulmonary artery catheter or clinical assessment alone. Patients with acute decompensation in which the attending heart failure physician considered pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) was required or likely to be required within the next 24 hours were entered into a PAC registry. A total of 439 patients were added to the registry. Conclusions Therapy to reduce volume overload during hospitalization for heart failure led to marked improvement in signs and symptoms of elevated filling pressures, with or without the pulmonary artery catheter. Addition of the pulmonary artery catheter to careful clinical assessment did not impact overall mortality and hospitalization. Future trials should test noninvasive assessments with specific treatment strategies that could be used to better tailor therapy for both survival time and survival quality as valued by participants. (Binanay, C. et al., JAMA, 2005)

  Study phs003782

• scRNA-seq analysis of HGSC tumors, including immune TME, before and after NACT

  Gene expression profiles of single cells from 26 tumor and ascites samples samples from 17 patients

  Dataset EGAD50000000862

• Identification of putative multiple myeloma (MM) susceptibility genes

  We sought to identify novel MM susceptibility genes using a collection of families with multiple cases of MM/MGUS, including 189 affected individuals from 40 families, and index cases from an additional 88 families, along with 170 early-onset (EO) MM cases (≤ 55 years). We analyzed a total of 347 affected individuals using whole exome (N=321) and whole genome (N=26) sequencing. Samples were identified and collected through nation-wide efforts in France, Sweden and Greece. We focused on rare (MAF<0.5%) germline protein truncating and likely deleterious missense variants in genes harboring variants in at least two families showing variant-disease segregation, and in additional index (≥2) and/or early-onset (≥2) cases.

  Study EGAS50000001259

• All you need to know about our new DAC Portal v2

  An updated version to boost the management of DACs (Data Access Committees), policies, and data access requests. In September of 2023, we launched new services for all EGA users, including a DAC Portal. Since then, our team has been working to refine it and improve the user experience. The version 2 of our DAC Portal is now ready, with a range of new features aimed at streamlining your workflow and boosting productivity. If you are interested in learning more about the latest version of our DAC Portal, then you are in the right place! In this post, you will find information about the implemented features and more. The full documentation is available on our website. Moreover, we highly recommend exploring the DAC Portal through the Take the Tour. This said, let's get cracking! Customise your data access requests table This table offers the possibility to tailor information about the data access requests by making visible or hiding different columns regarding the Dataset Persistent Identifier, the Organisation or the requestor's name s, among others. You can choose which columns to see, depending on your needs and interests. Additionally, we have implemented two new features columns with two new functionalities, DAC Comment and Expiration Date. You can find more details in the following sections! In this table, all data access requests are displayed by default. With the latest version of the Portal, you can now apply filters, combine them, and save them for future use. Leave internal comments on pending requests and visible to all the DAC Members We understand that many Data Access Committees (DACs) cannot instantly approve or deny data access requests. Often, there's an intermediary phase where discussions and the signing of legal documents are necessary. To facilitate this process, we've introduced the DAC comment feature! When you navigate to the DAC column, you'll find two tabs: "User" and "DAC". Under "User", you'll see the message provided by the requester at the time of requesting access to the data. As a DAC member/admin, you can then add an internal comment in the "DAC" tab. These comments are visible only to DAC members/admins, ensuring confidentiality. Requesters won't have access to DAC comments. By adding a DAC comment to a pending request, we'll know that you've begun reviewing it. This allows you to filter pending requests without DAC comments to focus on genuinely new requests, and it prevents you from receiving email notifications about ongoing data requests. Set expiration dates for permissions and revoke them automatically The latest update to the DAC Portal introduces a new feature allowing you to set expiration dates for new access requests. For instance, if you anticipate approving a data access request but only wish to grant access for a limited time, you can now specify an expiration date for the granted permissions. Once this date is reached, the permissions will automatically be revoked. By default, permissions are granted indefinitely without an expiration date. However, if you ever need to revoke permissions, you can easily do so from the History page. Audit your metadata objects Managing and auditing your metadata objects will be easier from now on as the new DAC Portal enhances and facilitates your role as a Data Controller. This is possible thanks to the tables available in each of the primary tabs visible on the homepage: DACs, Policies and Datasets. Starting with DACs, this section allows to check the policies linked to a specific DAC. In Policies, you can obtain a list of the datasets connected to a particular policy. In the Dataset tab, it is possible to group datasets by either DAC or Policy, as well as the release status. Now you have the option of deprecating metadata objects that you don’t want to use anymore, or that were created by mistake. You will find the deprecate button on the EDIT page of the DAC, as well as for registered policies. You can find more information here. What's neat about this feature is that once a DAC or policy is deprecated, it becomes hidden within the DAC Portal. This ensures that you only see information that is consistently up to date! Define your preferences regarding email notifications For pending requests, you will be able to decide how often you want to get the notifications: daily, weekly or fortnightly. Remember, you will not receive email notifications for pending requests with a DAC comment! Furthermore, you have the flexibility to decide which notifications you wish to receive, such as invitations to join a new DAC or notifications regarding DAC acceptance by the Helpdesk, among other options. Check the User preference to see the complete list of available notification settings! What’s next: incoming DAC Portal API In addition to the new DAC Portal, we are excited to announce the release of the DAC API! This enables users to programmatically manage permissions. If you are interested in learning more about the technical specifications, you can consult the DAC API specification. This post was written by Aina Jené and Ana T. Alonso.

  Blog new-dac-portal-v2

• 'IL-17A-Producing ILC3s and Duodenal Adenoma in FAP'

  Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary tumor syndrome that significantly enhances the risk of duodenal adenomas, with variations observed even among carriers of the same genetic variant. In this study, intestinal ILCs were isolated from 82 FAP and 26 non-FAP patients and analyzed through flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and bulkRNA-sequencing. The data revealed a heightened frequency of ILC3s in FAP patients, and increased IL-17A production of duodenal NKp44(-)ILC3s was associated with FAP. Significant elevations in IL1B, IL23A, and DLL4 mRNA expression levels were found in FAP duodenal adenoma tissue, along with enhanced expression of DUOX2 and DUOXA2. The results suggest the involvement of IL-17A-producing NKp44(-)ILC3s in duodenal adenoma formation in FAP.

  Study EGAS00001007347

• Longitudinal Studies of Patients with Familial Platelet Disorder with Associated Myeloid Malignancy (FPDMM)

  FPDMM (OMIM #601399) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by defective megakaryocytic development, thrombocytopenia, platelet functional defects, and a life-long risk of developing hematological malignancies. FPDMM is caused by germline mutations in the RUNX1 gene, which encodes a master regulator of hematopoiesis. The overall lifetime risk of hematological malignancies in FPDMM patients is 35 - 45%. It is hypothesized that mutations in other genes cooperate with the germline RUNX1 mutations for leukemia development. However, it is not clear which genes need to be mutated for leukemia to develop and which biomarkers or clinical tests can be used to predict which patients will progress to leukemia. Likewise, there are no treatments and/or preventative measures that can reduce or stop disease progression except for stem cell transplantation, which is not available for all patients and may be associated with significant complications. To address these questions, we launched a longitudinal natural history study of patients associated with RUNX1 germline mutations at the NIH Clinical Center in early 2019 (Trial Registration ID: NCT03854318). The goals of this study are to: (1) perform comprehensive longitudinal phenotyping of FPDMM patients to document the full spectrum of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic manifestations of the disease; and (2) perform extensive genomic analyses of FPDMM patient samples to identify cooperating genomic variants, which may confer growth advantage that leads to clonal expansion of affected hematopoietic cells that may serve as the precursor to malignancies. The data available through dbGaP include exome sequencing and RNA-seq data from these patients. Diverse germline mutation types were identified in the RUNX1 gene, including splice site mutations and large deletions, in addition to nucleotide substitutions and small indels. Somatic mutations, especially in genes associated with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), were found in a substantial proportion of FPDMM patients who were leukemia-free. The findings suggest that the genomes in these patients are prone to somatic mutations and monitoring the dynamic changes of these somatic mutations prospectively may provide a way to predict progression to malignancies.

  Study phs003075

• Kids First: Whole Genome Sequencing in Recessive Structural Brain Defects

  Almost 5% of all live births in the US (1:20 births) display an inborn defect, including both structural and functional/metabolic abnormalities. These are among the most common causes of Infant mortality in the developed world and underlie nearly half of hospitalizations in the first 3 years of life. Of the 35 major defects observable at birth from the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance Program (www.icbdsr.org, external link), about half involve the nervous system. Many of these result in lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders. Structural Brain Defects (SBDs) result from errors in development of the central nervous system, including defects in the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Many SBDs arise as the consequence of a single gene bi-allelic mutation, and for this reason, occur more commonly in populations or communities with elevated consanguinity.Our lab has identified dozens of novel SBD genes using WES/WGS in consanguineous SBD families. Importantly, the genes that we and others have identified in these unique families are then used to advance diagnosis in pediatric SBDs around the world. We have built an enormous cohort of SBD families, including newly recruited families not yet studied genetically, and previous families that were negative for cause following WES analysis. Here we propose to collaborate with the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program (X01) to have sequencing performed in individuals from a total of 200 families with genetically undiagnosed SBDs. The Gleeson Lab team of researchers is dedicated to the field of SBDs, with an outstanding track record of high-impact science, and a collaborative approach to discovery. We have 150 newly recruited families that we propose to study by WES by sequencing blood-derived DNA from two affected patients, or the parents and one affected patient. We also have 50 families in which WES was negative, which we propose to study in a multi-omics approach combining WGS from blood-derived DNA. We anticipate that this study will lead to the identification of many new molecular causes of SBDs, as well as uncover new genotype-phenotype correlations and new disease mechanisms, paving the way for future breakthroughs in detection, treatment and prevention.

  Study phs002590

• Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade in mismatch-repair proficient colon cancers

  Immune checkpoint blockade has led to paradigm shifts in the treatment of various tumour types, yet limited efficacy has been observed in patients with metastatic mismatch-repair proficient (pMMR) colorectal cancer. Here we report an in-depth analysis of patients with early-stage pMMR colon cancer from the phase II NICHE study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03026140). A total of 31 patients received neoadjuvant treatment of nivolumab plus ipilimumab followed by surgery. The response rate was 26% and included six patients with a major pathological response (≤10% residual viable tumour). One patient with an ongoing clinical complete response did not undergo surgery. Responses were observed despite a low tumour mutational burden in all tumours, while chromosomal genomic instability scores were significantly higher in responders compared to non-responders. Responding tumours were more likely to be TP53 mutant, KRASG12 wildtype and had significantly higher baseline expression of proliferation signatures and TCF1. Imaging mass cytometry also revealed a higher percentage of Ki-67+ cancer and Ki-67+ CD8+ T cells in responders compared to non-responders. Meanwhile, in non-responders, we observed an enrichment for an inflamed-fibrotic microenvironment associated with TGF-β expression, hinting towards possible resistance mechanisms. These results provide a comprehensive analysis of response to neoadjuvant ICB in early-stage pMMR colon cancers and identify potential biomarkers for patient selection.

  Study EGAS50000000856

• JMML targeted sequencing (2013)

  Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare myelodysplastic myeloproliferative neoplasm of early childhood initiated by germline or somatic RAS-activating mutations (Chang, Dvorak et al. 2014). Clinical evolution is heterogeneous, with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation in 1/3 of cases and frequent relapses after hematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), although some patients experience spontaneous remission (Locatelli, Nollke et al. 2005; Matsuda, Shimada et al. 2007; Takagi, Piao et al. 2013; Locatelli and Niemeyer 2015). The initiating lesion incompletely predicts outcome, suggesting the involvement of additional mutations. Genetic profiling of a large JMML cohort (n=118), including whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 30 cases, uncovered additional genetic abnormalities in 56 cases (47%). Somatic events were rare (0.38/case/Mb) and restricted to sporadic (47/78; 60%) or NF1-associated (8/8; 100%) JMML. Multiple concomitant genetic hits were identified targeting the RAS pathway in 13/78 (17%), RAC2D63V, which activates the PI3K/PDK1/AKT and the mTORC2 pathways, and a novel pathway for JMML, the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), in 26/78 (33%) of the sporadic JMML cases. Interestingly, PRC2 imbalance was recently shown to synergize with RAS activation (De Raedt, Beert et al. 2014). JMML outcome was associated to the mutational profile, suggesting a dose-dependent effect for RAS-pathway activation, distinguishing very aggressive JMML rapidly progressing to AML.

  Study EGAS00001001324

• The Mutational Landscape of CTCL and Sezary Syndrome

  Sezary syndrome is a leukemic and aggressive form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) resulting from the malignant transformation of skin-homing central memory CD4+ T cells. To identify new genetic alterations involved in Sezary syndrome and CTCL transformation we performed whole-exome sequencing of tumor-normal sample pairs from 26 Sezary syndrome and 16 CTCL patients. These analyses revealed a distinctive pattern of somatic copy number alterations in Sezary syndrome including highly prevalent recurrent chromosomal deletions involving the TP53, RB1, PTEN, DNMT3A, and CDKN1B tumor suppressor genes. Mutation analysis identified a broad spectrum of somatic mutations involving key genes involved in epigenetic regulation (TET2, CREBBP, MLL3, BRD9, SMARCA4 and CHD3) and signaling, including mutations in MAPK1, BRAF, CARD11 and PRKG1 driving increased MAPK, NFKB and NFAT activity upon T-cell receptor stimulation. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the genetics of Sezary syndrome and CTCL and support the development of personalized therapies targeting key oncogenically activated signaling pathways for the treatment of these diseases.

  Study phs000994

• Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Norepinephrine for Orthostatic Hypotension

  Patients with chronic autonomic failure (CAF) often have disabling orthostatic hypotension (OH). OH in CAF patients is often associated with supine hypertension (hypertension while lying down), which can be severe. Drugs to treat OH worsen supine hypertension. Therefore, the combination of OH with supine hypertension poses a difficult therapeutic challenge. This protocol is a first step toward development of a way to maintain blood pressure during standing without worsening hypertension while lying down. The research question is will a drug (norepinephrine) given intravenously (IV) prevent blood pressure from falling in patients with orthostatic hypotension. This is a placebo controlled, blinded study of 15 patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. The study consists of two experimental days per participant. On a day before the day of norepinephrine (NE) infusion, the patient undergoes head-up tilting while blood pressure is monitored. Tilt angles are increased until the patient has orthostatic symptoms, systolic pressure decreases to less than 90 mm Hg, or systolic pressure decreases by more than 80 mm Hg. On the day of NE infusion patients, receive NE and placebo with the sequence of treatments randomized. If the patient has severe supine hypertension (more than 200 mm Hg systolic), then NE is infused beginning with the patient at whatever tilt angle is required for baseline pressure to be less than 200 mm Hg. NE is infused at doses titrated to keep directly recorded systolic blood pressure at or above the baseline value during exposure to higher tilt angles. When placebo is given, angles of tilt are increased until the patient has orthostatic symptoms, systolic pressure decreases to less than 90 mm Hg, or systolic pressure decreases by more than 80 mm Hg.

  Study phs001769

• Lessons learned from the exome sequencing of nine cases of infertility and the way forward

  This study investigated the role of exome sequencing in the diagnosis of male and female infertility. Nine unrelated cases referred between 2019 and 2024 were analysed using exome sequencing, with segregation confirmed by Sanger sequencing and functional assays for splicing variants. We identified nine causative variants in genes including TUBB8, PATL2, CCDC39, STAG3, KIAA0319, FBXO43, AGBL5/BBS7, PLCZ1, and HS6ST1, six of which were novel. The findings highlight diverse reproductive phenotypes such as oocyte maturation arrest, early embryonic arrest, spermatogenic failure, and syndromic infertility. This work demonstrates the value of combining genetic, functional, and clinical approaches to improve diagnostic yield and patient care in reproductive failure.

  Study EGAS50000001320

• Cell-free DNA fragmentation patterns and personalized sequencing reveal circulating tumor DNA in urine and plasma of glioma patients

  Glioma-derived cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is challenging to detect using liquid biopsy as levels in body fluids are low. We determined the glioma-derived DNA fractions in tumor biopsies, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma and urine samples, using deep sequencing of personalized capture panels. By sequencing cfDNA across thousands of mutations identified individually in each patient’s matched tumor we detected tumor-derived DNA in plasma (10/12) and urine samples (8/11). The median tumor fraction was 6.4x10-3 in CSF, 3.1x10-5 in plasma and 4.7x10-5 in urine. We identified a shift in the size distribution for mutant cfDNA fragments in these body fluids. Next, we analyzed cfDNA fragment sizes with paired-end shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) in urine samples from 35 patients with gliomas, 8 individuals with non-malignant brain disorders, and 26 controls (n=69 individuals, 96 samples). cfDNA in urine of glioma patients was significantly more fragmented compared to urine from patients with non-malignant brain disorders (t-test, p=1.7x10-2) and compared to urine of controls (t-test, p=5.2x10-9). The proportion of DNA fragments &lt;60 bp was higher in glioma patients urine and could be used for classification (AUC=0.93). Machine learning models integrating fragment lengths could identify urine samples from glioma patients (AUC=0.97 in cross-validation).

  Study EGAS00001004355

• Single-cell RNA-seq of celiac disease-specific plasma cells

  Disease-specific plasma cells (PCs) reactive with transglutaminase 2 (TG2) or deamidated gluten peptides (DGP) are abundant in celiac disease (CeD) gut lesions. Their contribution toward CeD pathogenesis is unclear. We assessed expression of markers associated with PC longevity in 15 untreated and 26 treated CeD patients in addition to 13 non-CeD controls, and performed RNA-sequencing with clonal inference and transcriptomic analysis of 3251 single PCs. We observed antigen-dependent V-gene selection and stereotypic antibodies. Generation of recombinant DGP-specific antibodies revealed a key role of a heavy-chain residue that displays polymorphism, suggesting that immunoglobulin gene polymorphisms may influence CeD-specific antibody responses. We identified transcriptional differences between CeD-specific vs non-disease-specific PCs and between short-lived vs long-lived PCs. The short-lived CD19+CD45+ phenotype dominated in untreated and short-term-treated CeD, in particular among disease-specific PCs but also in the general PC population. Thus, the disease lesion of untreated CeD is characterized by massive accumulation of short-lived PCs that are not only directed against disease-specific antigens.

  Study EGAS00001004623

• Whole Exome Sequencing of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  The somatic genetic basis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a common and clinically heterogenous adult leukemia, remains poorly understood. Massively parallel sequencing technology now provides a method for systematic discovery of genetic alterations that underlie disease, and for uncovering new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. In study version 2 we presented a dataset consisting of DNA sequencing from 169 CLL samples (with matched germline controls). Samples were collected from patients displaying a wide range of characteristics representing the broad clinical spectrum of CLL. Understanding the mutational landscape of CLL provides a starting point for systematic analyses to address fundamental questions in CLL, including how mutated genes alter cellular networks and phenotypes, and thereby contribute to disease heterogeneity. Intratumoral heterogeneity plays a critical role in tumor evolution. To define the contribution of DNA methylation to heterogeneity within tumors, we performed genome-scale bisulfite sequencing of &#62;100 primary chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLLs; data presented in study version 3). Compared with 26 normal B cell samples, CLLs consistently displayed higher intrasample variability of DNA methylation patterns across the genome, which appears to arise from stochastically disordered methylation in malignant cells. Transcriptome analysis of bulk and single CLL cells revealed that methylationdisorder was linked to low-level expression. Disordered methylation was further associated with adverse clinical outcome. We therefore propose that disordered methylation plays a similar role to that of genetic instability, enhancing the ability of cancer cells to search for superior evolutionary trajectories.

  Study phs000435

• A Genome-Wide Association Study of Fuchs' Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD)

  Fuchs&#39; Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is a common disease that results in loss of vision associated with progressive corneal edema and loss of corneal transparency. In the initial stages of the disease, excrescences on Descemet&#39;s membrane with the appearance of an abnormal posterior collagenous layer, result in the clinical and pathologic appearance of guttae. Corneal edema ensues as endothelial function is compromised that may result in stromal edema, epithelial edema, and painful bullous keratopathy. Penetrating or endothelial keratoplasty is the only definitive treatment, with palliative care the only option prior to surgery. The pathophysiology underlying FECD, particularly in the common cases that affect older individuals, remains unknown, with a genetic predisposition being reported as the single best predictor of disease. Three independent groups funded by the National Eye Institute (NEI), with well-established programs in the genetics of FECD, conducted a genome-wide association study of FECD. The collaboration comprised investigators from Case Western University (CWRU), Duke University (DUEC), and Johns Hopkins University (JHU). CWRU and DUEC contributed samples that were genotyped at CIDR for the GWAS. Johns Hopkins University (JHU) provided samples for the replication phase of the study, where their data are not listed in dbGaP. Cohorts of FECD cases and controls were assembled. Synchronization of clinical and coded data was performed to unify the information across centers. The family history, clinical, demographic information, and genome-wide genotype data for samples from CWRU and DUEC were deposited in dbGaP.

  Study phs000421

• The Genomic Landscape of Core-Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemias

  Pediatric de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into clinically distinct subtypes based on the presence of specific chromosomal abnormalities or gene alterations. One of the best characterized subtypes of AML involves leukemias with alterations of the core-binding factor (CBF)-complex, which comprises the FAB subtypes M2 and M4Eo and associates with a favorable outcome. Patients with the AML M2 subtype harbor a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21 [t(8;21)] that yields the chimeric fusion gene RUNX1(AML1)-RUNX1T1(ETO), while patients with AML M4Eo express the chimeric fusion gene CBFβ-SMMHC(MYH11) as a result of an inversion/translocation event of chromosome 16 [inv(16)/t(16;16)]. In an effort to define the total complement of genetic changes in CBF-leukemia, we performed paired-end whole genome sequencing (WGS) on diagnostic leukemia blasts and matched germ line samples from 17 pediatric CBF-leukemia patients using the Illumina platform. Somatic alterations, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and structural variations (SVs), including insertions, deletions, inversions, and inter- and intra-chromosomal rearrangements, were detected using complementary analysis pipelines (Bambino, CREST and CONSERTING). Recurrent screening of identified mutations will be performed in a cohort of approximately 94 cases of CBF-leukemias.

  Study EGAS00001000349

• Whole-genome variant calling of individuals from the study of allergic diseases in the Canary Islands

  Research study of genetic susceptibility and analyses of polygenic risk scores in allergic diseases. This dataset consists of variant data derived from whole-genome sequencing in reference samples from one of the parental populations (i.e., North Africans). The dataset consist of 15 VCF files (and corresponding index files) with a total of 1.58 million variants called using GATK v4 and following the Broad Variant Calling Best Practices, from a set of unrelated individuals sequenced in paired-read mode 2x150 bp using an Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencer.

  Dataset EGAD50000000429

• Spatiotemporal Genomic Profiling of Intestinal Metaplasia Reveals Clonal Dynamics of Gastric Cancer Progression

  Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a pre-malignant condition of the gastric mucosa associated with increased gastric cancer (GC) risk. We analyzed 1256 gastric samples (1152 IMs) from 692 subjects from a 10-year prospective study. We identified 26 IM driver genes in diverse pathways including chromatin regulation (ARID1A) and intestinal homeostasis (SOX9), largely occurring as subclonal events. Analysis of clonal dynamics between and within subjects, and also longitudinally across time, revealed that IM clones are likely transient but increase in size upon progression to dysplasia, with eventual transmission of genetic events to paired GCs. Single-cell and spatial profiling highlighted changes in tissue ecology and lineage heterogeneity in IM, including an intestinal stem-cell dominant cellular compartment linked to early malignancy. Expanded transcriptome profiling revealed expression-based molecular subtypes of IM, including a body-resident “pseudoantralized” subtype associated with incomplete histology, antral/intestinal cell types, ARID1A mutations, inflammation, and microbial communities normally associated with the healthy oral tract. We demonstrate that combined clinical-genomic models outperform clinical-only models in predicting IMs likely to progress. Our results raise opportunities for GC precision prevention and interception by highlighting strategies for accurately identifying IM patients at high GC risk and a role for microbial dysbiosis in IM progression.

  Study EGAS00001007067

• Whole genome sequencing of core-binding factor leukemia

  Pediatric de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into clinically distinct subtypes based on the presence of specific chromosomal abnormalities or gene alterations. One of the best characterized subtypes of AML involves leukemias with alterations of the core-binding factor (CBF)-complex, which comprises the FAB subtypes M2 and M4Eo and associates with a favorable outcome. Patients with the AML M2 subtype harbor a translocation between chromosomes 8 and 21 [t(8;21)] that yields the chimeric fusion gene RUNX1(AML1)-RUNX1T1(ETO), while patients with AML M4Eo express the chimeric fusion gene CBF&#946;-SMMHC(MYH11) as a result of an inversion/translocation event of chromosome 16 [inv(16)/t(16;16)]. In an effort to define the total complement of genetic changes in CBF-leukemia, we performed paired-end whole genome sequencing (WGS) on diagnostic leukemia blasts and matched germ line samples from 17 pediatric CBF-leukemia patients using the Illumina platform. Somatic alterations, including single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and structural variations (SVs), including insertions, deletions, inversions, and inter- and intra-chromosomal rearrangements, were detected using complementary analysis pipelines (Bambino, CREST and CONSERTING). Recurrent screening of identified mutations will be performed in a cohort of approximately 94 cases of CBF-leukemias.

  Study phs000414

• 20 years after the first human genome release. Where are we heading?

  The genomic revolution equipped the scientists with millions of human genomes, entirely changing the way we envision, project and interpret science. Together with the amounts of data, it also evolved the need to respect the donors' right to privacy. Data protection laws flourished and, while they undeniably served to improve human rights and good practices in research, they added new layers of complication to the goal of data sharing. Nature Journal has dedicated a collection of remarkable articles to this 20th anniversary, where they portray how scientists did not fulfil the promise at the core of the HGP. The call for efficient sharing of human genomic data is nowadays more live than ever, with the animate issue regarding the faulty availability of data from COVID-19 patients, right when the pandemic is setting an unprecedented pressure on the scientific and medical community. Given its importance, this multi-faceted debate does not lack controversial opinions. Some researchers indeed consider that we should move toward more restrictive data access, giving more decisional power to the donors, despite that would inevitably diminish the usability and value of the data. Even if 20 years after we are still not there, at the EGA we are committed to make the dream behind the HGP a reality, working day by day to enable law-compliant data sharing.

  Blog 20-years-after-the-first-human-genome-release

• Study of Controlled Human Malaria Infections to Evaluate Protection After Intravenous or Intramuscular Administration of PfSPZ Vaccine in Malaria-Naive Adults

  The study was performed to evaluate whole-blood transcriptomic profiles via RNA-seq before, during, and after immunization with the PfSPZ Vaccine in malaria-na&#239;ve, health adults enrolled in VRC 314 (NCT02015091). VRC 314 was designed as an open-label evaluation of the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the PfSPZ Vaccine. This study was designed to substantiate the initial results with the IV vaccination route for protection against CHMI that was observed in VRC 312 (NCT01441167). Based on the potential importance of dose and schedule in optimizing sustained immunity with this vaccine, an increase in PfSPZ IV dosage on schedules of 3 to 5 vaccinations was evaluated for protection against CHMI conducted early (about 3 weeks) and late (about 24 weeks) after completion of vaccinations. To assess if a higher dose given by another route confers protection, one group received PfSPZ IM, with half of the amount administered in each arm on a schedule with 4 vaccination. The primary objectives of the study were related to the safety and tolerability of vaccinations by the IV and IM routes of administration and protection against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) challenge performed via a well-established CHMI procedure early (2-4 weeks) after completing schedules of 3 to 5 vaccinations. The secondary objective was related to the durability of protection at 20-26 weeks after the last vaccination, and exploratory objectives were related to the immunogenicity of the PfSPZ Vaccine and identifying potential immune correlates of protection. To further determine potential molecular correlates of immunogenicity and/or protection, RNA-seq was performed on whole blood collected from subjects in all dose groups at time points before, during, and after immunization.

  Study phs002423

• Error-corrected sequencing of 26 driver genes

  387 swab samples were sequenced. The bam files contain consensus reads.

  Dataset EGAD50000000079

• Beta-Blocker Evaluation in Survival Trial (BEST-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the &#8220;Authorized Access&#8221; section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives The Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial was designed to determine whether bucindolol hydrochloride- a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker and mild vasodilator- would reduce the rate of death from any cause among patients with advanced heart failure and to assess its effects in various subgroups defined by ethnic background and demographic criteria- specifically women and members of minority groups. Background Although beta-adrenergic-receptor antagonists reduce morbidity and Mortality in participants with mild-to-moderate chronic heart failure, their effort on survival in participants with more advanced heart failure is unknown. Participants There were 2,708 participants. Conclusions Bucindolol resulted in no significant overall survival benefit. (Krause-Steinrauf et al., 2001, PMID: 11386264).

  Study phs003730

• Local In Time Statistics for processual research

  Background: Functional genomics in a processual analysis cover the time-dependent changes in transcriptomics and epigenetics before diagnosis of a disease, reflecting the changes in both life style and disease processes. The aim of this paper is to explore the dynamic, time-dependent mechanisms of the metastatic processes, using blood transcriptomics and including time in a continuous manner. For achieving this goal we develop new statistical methods based on statistics that are local in time. Methods: The new statistical method, Local In Time Statistics (LITS), is based on calculating statistics in moving windows and randomization. The method has been tested for the analysis of a dataset that collectively provides information on the blood transcriptome up to eight years before breast cancer diagnosis. The dataset from the NOWAC Post-genome Cohort consists of 467 case-control pairs matched on birth year and time of blood sampling. The data for a pair is the difference in log2 gene expression between the case and control. The stratified analyses are based on important biological differences like metastatic versus non-metastatic cancer, and the mode of cancer detection, i.e. screening detected versus clinically detected cancers. The dataset was used for examining whether the gene expression profile varies between cases and controls, with time, or between cases with and without metastases. Results: The null hypotheses of no differences between cases and controls, no time-dependent changes, and no differences between different strata were all rejected. For screening detected cancers the probability of correct prediction of metastasis status was best in year 1 before diagnosis compared to year 3 and 4 before diagnosis for clinically detected cancers. The predictor was not very sensitive to the number of genes included.Conclusions: Using a new statistical method, LITS, we have demonstrated time-dependent changes of the blood transcriptome up to eight years before breast cancer diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001002520