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• Genome analysis of oesophageal cancer and Barrett's oesophagus

  The median survival of oesophageal cancer this year is only 13 to 19 months after diagnosis and more than 90% will die from their disease. Therefore better treatment options are needed. The likelihood of cure for early screen-detected cancers is much higher. Barrett's oesophagus is a pre-cancerous lesion associated with a 30-40 fold increased risk of developing cancer. In an attempt to detect cancer early many patients with Barrett's are enrolled into surveillance programs involving regular endoscopies. A major problem with this approach is that the prevalence of BO in the population is estimated to be around 2%, but most patients with BO will never develop cancer. We are undertaking genomic and/or transcriptomic analysis of oesophageal tumours, Barrett's oesophagus and matched normal samples. The aim is to identify oesophageal-related genomic and transcriptomic alterations, which may reveal mutational process occurring, suggest biomarkers of tumour progression and treatment and identify novel treatment strategies.

  Study EGAS00001002864

• Engineering large chromosomal deletions by CRISPR-Cas9

  Arm-level chromosomal deletions are a prevalent and defining feature of cancer. A high degree of tumor-type and subtype specific recurrencies suggest a selective oncogenic advantage. However, due to their large size it has been difficult to pinpoint the oncogenic drivers that confer this advantage. Suitable functional genomics approaches to study the oncogenic driving capacity of arm-level deletions are limited. Here we present an effective technique to engineer arm-level deletions by CRISPR-Cas9 and create isogenic cell line models. We simultaneously induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at two ends of a chromosomal arm and select the cells that have lost the intermittent region. Using this technique, we induced arm-level deletions on chromosome 11q (65 MB) and chromosome 6q (53 MB) in neuroblastoma cell lines. Such isogenic models enable further research on the role of arm-level deletions in tumor development and growth, and their possible therapeutic potential.

  Study EGAS00001005134

• National Cancer Institute Cancer Genome Characterization Initiative (CGCI)

  The Office of Cancer Genomics at the National Cancer Institute sponsored a series of studies as part of the Cancer Genome Characterization Initiative (CGCI) to assess novel emerging sequencing technologies in cancer. The CGCI program included comprehensive characterization of the genetic aberrations found in different pediatric and/or adult tumors. CGCI characterized a number of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) from patients with and without HIV+ infection, follicular lymphoma (FL), as well as adult and pediatric Burkitt lymphomas), and additional HIV-associated tumors (including DLBCL, lung, and cervical cancers). All data from these projects is available at the NCI Genomic Data Commons. Individual project descriptions are available by disease on the substudy pages (links are included at the top of this page). Brief summaries are as follows: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) - CGCI investigators probed genomic alterations more deeply than had previously been possible by using state-of-the-art RNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) and whole genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) coupled with leading edge bioinformatics, data management and analysis approaches. The project sequenced tumor DNA and/or RNA from 117 NHL tumor samples and 10 cell lines. This included the genomes or exomes of 1 Follicular Lymphoma (FL) and 13 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases, all with matched constitutional DNA sequenced to comparable depths, RNA-sequencing (mRNA-seq) of 92 DLBCL, 12 FL and 8 B-cell NHL cases with other histologies and 10 DLBCL-derived cell lines. The DLBCL cases and cell-lines are from the two major subtypes of DLBCL: germinal center B-cell (GCB) and activated B-cell (ABC). HIV+ Tumor Molecular Characterization Project (HTMCP) - This project was a joint effort of the Office of Cancer Genomics (OCG) and the Office of HIV and AIDS Malignancy (OHAM). Its goals were to characterize HIV-associated cancers (obtained from HIV-infected patients) and compare them to the same types of cancers from patients without HIV infection. Investigators performed 30X genome sequencing of 100 cases of paired tumor and germline DNA, along with transcriptome sequencing in each of 3 types of HIV+ tumors (DLBCL, lung and cervical cancers). These platforms allow discovery of mutations both in coding and non-coding genomic regions, gene expression and genomic alterations (including translocations, insertions and deletions). Comparing tumors of cancer patients both with and without HIV-infection provides insight into the potential function of this virus in certain cancers. Burkitt Lymphoma Genome Sequencing Project (BLGSP) - This project was a collaborative effort between the National Cancer Institute and the Foundation for Burkitt Lymphoma Research to develop a databank of the many alterations found in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), an uncommon type of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs most often in children and young adults. The goal of the BLGSP was to explore potential genetic changes in patients with BL that could lead to better prevention, detection and treatment of the cancer. The project characterized the alterations of the tumors' genomes (with matched normal as control) and transcriptomes by sequencing the DNA and RNA of each case. Using the data generated, the ultimate goals of the project was to discover the molecular changes that are present in BL patients and then determine how those changes correlate with treatment regimen and outcome. CGCI data is accessible at the NCI's Genomic Data Commons (GDC) via the GDC's Data Portal and from each of the CGCI Publication Pages at the GDC (Please see the "Supplemental Links" section of any CGCI publication's "Publication Information and Associated Data Files page" at the GDC.). Available datasets include raw sequencing data, datasets generated by the original CGCI research teams (fully annotated clinical information and higher-level/analyzed molecular characterization data), as well as higher level data generated by the GDC. Please see the CGCI Use and Publication Guidelines for updated details on the sharing of any CGCI substudy data, including how to cite CGCI.To learn more about the CGCI studies, please visit the CGCI Program website.

  Study phs000235

• Myeloid cell programming in patients with non-medullary thyroid carcinoma

  This dataset contains single-cell RNA sequencing data from patients with thyroid cancer (n=7), multinodal Goiter (n=3) and healthy individuals (n=5). Mononuclear cells were taken from both the peripheral blood and the bone marrow compartments. We used a pooled single-cell design where multiple individuals were pooled in a single sample for sequencing (NextSeq 500-V2) and later demultiplexed using their genotype data. Associated metadata contains information on the phenotypes per individual, the pooling design and the linkage between the supplied files and sequenced pools. Due to limitations from EGA in uploading single-cell data, the raw fastq files were processed as follows: (i) I1/I2/R1/R2 fast files were concatenated over the different lanes. (ii) Concatenated I1 and I2 files were interleaved, as were the concatenated R1 and R2 files to generate two fastq files per pool containing all the information. To interleave the fastq files, the BBmap tool bbmap/reformat.sh was used, which can also be used to de-interleave the files.

  Dataset EGAD00001008108

• Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC) Hypertonic Saline (HS) Trial Shock Study and Traumatic Brain Injury Study (TBI) (ROC-HS/TBI-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession. Access differs from many other dbGaP accessions.ObjectivesShock: To determine if prehospital administration of 7.5% hypertonic saline with 6% Dextran-70 (HSD) or 7.5% hypertonic saline alone (HS), compared to current standard therapy with normal saline (NS), as an initial resuscitation fluid, affects survival following traumatic injury with hypovolemic shock.TBI: To determine whether out-of-hospital administration of hypertonic fluids improves neurologic outcome following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Background Trauma is the leading cause of death among North Americans between the ages of 1 and 44 years. The majority of these deaths result from hypovolemic shock or severe brain injury. Participants in hypovolemic shock develop a state of systemic tissue ischemia then a subsequent reperfusion injury at the time of fluid resuscitation. Conventional resuscitation involves the IV administration of a large volume of isotonic or slightly hypotonic (lactated ringers, LR) solutions beginning in the prehospital setting. Although not conclusive, prior studies have suggested that alternative resuscitation with hypertonic saline (7.5%) solutions may reduce morbidity or mortality in these participants. Furthermore, hypertonic fluids may have specific advantages in the brain-injured participant, as they may aid in the rapid restoration of cerebral perfusion and prevent extravascular fluid sequestration, thereby limiting secondary brain injury. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that hypertonicity significantly alters the activation of inflammatory cells, an effect that may reduce subsequent organ injury from ischemia-reperfusion and decrease nosocomial infection. The majority of previous clinical trials have focused on the use of HSD. The potential for 7.5% saline alone (HS) to have similar effects has not been well studied. Removal of the dextran component may enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of this solution, which could improve secondary outcomes such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS) and rates of nosocomial infections. Participants Shock: There were 893 participants that were randomized (853 enrolled).TBI: There were 1282 participants enrolled and 6-month outcomes data were available for 1087 (85%).Design Shock: Multicenter, randomized, blinded clinical trials involving 114 emergency medical services agencies in North America within the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium were conducted from May 2006 to August 2008. Initial resuscitation fluid, 250 mL of either 7.5% saline per 6% dextran 70 (hypertonic saline/dextran, HSD), 7.5% saline (hypertonic saline, HS), or 0.9% saline (normal saline, NS) administered by out-of-hospital providers. Primary outcome was 28-day survival. On the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring board, the study was stopped early (23% of proposed sample size) for futility and potential safety concern.TBI: Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials involving 114 North American emergency medical services agencies within the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium were conducted between May 2006 and May 2009. A single 250-mL bolus of 7.5% saline/6% dextran 70 (HSD), 7.5% saline (HS), or 0.9% saline (NS) initiated in the out-of-hospital setting. The main outcome measure was a six-month neurologic outcome based on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) (dichotomized as >4 or ≤4). The study was terminated by the data and safety monitoring board after randomization of 1331 participants, having met prespecified futility criteria.Conclusions Shock: Among injured participants with hypovolemic shock, initial resuscitation fluid treatment with either HS or HSD, compared with NS, did not result in superior 28-day survival. However, interpretation of these findings is limited by the early stopping of the trial (PMID: 21178763).TBI: Among participants with severe TBI not in hypovolemic shock, initial resuscitation with either HS or HSD, compared with normal saline, did not result in superior 6-month neurologic outcome or survival (PMID: 20924011).

  Study phs003777

• COMPARE study: participants typed during UK Biobank version 2 array development phase

  The COMPARE study enrolled 29,066 British blood between donors between February 2016 and March 2017, the study aim is to find the optimum technology for haemoglobin screening (ISRCTN 90871183). All participants were at the time of recruitment active blood donors. The 4,796 participants in this dataset have consented to join the NIHR BioResource. Genotyping data was produced using the Thermo Fisher Scientific Axiom Genotyping platform. The UK Biobank version 2 array design was used, content on this array has been added to allow for accurate DNA based identification of human blood group antigens.

  Study EGAS00001003748

• Procardis study on novel susceptibility genes for coronary artery disease (CAD)

  An increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein has been identified as a risk factor for coronary artery disease that is highly heritable. The genetic determinants of the Lp(a) lipoprotein level and their relevance for the risk of coronary disease are incompletely understood. METHODS: We used a novel gene chip containing 48,742 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2100 candidate genes to test for associations in 3145 case subjects with coronary disease and 3352 control subjects. Replication was tested in three independent populations involving 4846 additional case subjects with coronary disease and 4594 control subjects. RESULTS: Three chromosomal regions (6q26-27, 9p21, and 1p13) were strongly associated with the risk of coronary disease. The LPA locus on 6q26-27 encoding Lp(a) lipoprotein had the strongest association. We identified a common variant (rs10455872) at the LPA locus with an odds ratio for coronary disease of 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49 to 1.95) and another independent variant (rs3798220) with an odds ratio of 1.92 (95% CI, 1.48 to 2.49). Both variants were strongly associated with an increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein, a reduced copy number in LPA (which determines the number of kringle IV-type 2 repeats), and a small Lp(a) lipoprotein size. Replication studies confirmed the effects of both variants on the Lp(a) lipoprotein level and the risk of coronary disease. A meta-analysis showed that with a genotype score involving both LPA SNPs, the odds ratios for coronary disease were 1.51 (95% CI, 1.38 to 1.66) for one variant and 2.57 (95% CI, 1.80 to 3.67) for two or more variants. After adjustment for the Lp(a) lipoprotein level, the association between the LPA genotype score and the risk of coronary disease was abolished. CONCLUSIONS: We identified two LPA variants that were strongly associated with both an increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein and an increased risk of coronary disease. Our findings provide support for a causal role of Lp(a) lipoprotein in coronary disease.

  Study EGAS00000000055

• KDM6A Loss Triggers an Epigenetic Switch that Disrupts Urothelial Identity and Drives Cell Proliferation in Bladder Cancer

  Disruption of KDM6A, a histone lysine demethylase, is one of the most common somatic alternations in bladder cancer. How mutations of this chromatin modifier impact the epigenetic landscape to promote carcinogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that KDM6A loss triggers an epigenomic switch that disrupts urothelial identity and induces a neoplastic state characterized by increased cell proliferation. In bladder cancer cells with intact KDM6A, FOXA1 binds KDM6A at enhancers to activate genes instructing urothelial differentiation. In KDM6A-deficient cells, we observed simultaneous loss of FOXA1 target binding and genome-wide redistribution of the bZIP transcription factor ATF3, which in turn represses FOXA1 target genes and activates cell-cycle progression genes. Importantly, ATF3 depletion reverses the cell proliferation phenotype. These data establish that KDM6A loss creates an epigenetic state that drives tumor growth in an ATF3-dependent manner, forging a molecular vulnerability that can be targeted by novel therapeutic strategies.

  Study phs002801

• White blood cell and cell-free DNA analyses for detection of residual disease in gastric cancer

  Liquid biopsies are providing new opportunities for detection of residual disease in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) after surgery but may be confounded through identification of alterations arising from clonal hematopoiesis. Here, we identify circulating tumor-derived DNA alterations (ctDNA) through ultrasensitive targeted sequencing analyses of matched cfDNA and white blood cells from the same patient. We apply this approach to analyze samples from patients in the CRITICS trial, a phase III randomized controlled study of perioperative chemotherapy in patients with operable gastric cancer. After filtering alterations derived from matched white-blood cells, the presence of ctDNA predicts recurrence when analyzed within nine weeks after preoperative treatment and after surgery in patients eligible for multimodal treatment. These analyses provide a facile method for distinguishing ctDNA from other cfDNA alterations and highlight the utility of ctDNA as a predictive biomarker of patient outcome to perioperative cancer therapy and surgical resection in patients with gastric cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004114

• Peripheral blood DNA methylation and transcriptomics of vedolizumab and ustekinumab treatment response in patients with Crohn's disease

  Biological therapeutics are now widely used in Crohn’s disease (CD), with evidence of efficacy from randomised trials and real-world experience. Primary non-response is a common, poorly understood problem. We assessed blood methylation as a predictor of response to vedolizumab (VDZ, anti-a4b7 integrin) or ustekinumab (USTE, anti-IL-12/23p40). We report a two-center, prospective cohort study in which we profiled the peripheral blood DNA methylome of adult male and female CD patients. Samples were obtained prior to and during treatment with VDZ or USTE in a discovery and a validation cohort. Response to VDZ or USTE was defined based on a combination of ≥50% reduction in the endoscopic SES-CD score, corticosteroid-free clinical remission (≥3 point drop in HBI or HBI ≤4 and no systemic steroids) and/or biochemical response (C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin (FCP) reduction ≥50% or ≤5 mg/L and fecal calprotectin ≤250 µg/g).

  Study EGAS50000000263

• The spatio-temporal evolution of lymph node spread in early breast cancer

  Purpose: The most significant prognostic factor in early breast cancer is lymph node involvement. This stage between localised and systemic disease is key to understanding breast cancer progression, however our knowledge of the evolution of lymph node malignant invasion remains limited, as most currently available data derive from primary tumours. Experimental design: In 11 treatment-naïve node positive early breast cancer patients without clinical evidence of distant metastasis, we investigated lymph node evolution using spatial multi-region sequencing (n=78 samples) of primary and lymph node deposits and genomic profiling of matched longitudinal circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA). Results: Linear evolution from primary to lymph node was rare (1/11) whereas the majority of cases displayed either early divergence between primary and nodes (4/11), or no detectable divergence (6/11) where both primary and nodal cells belonged to a single recent expansion of a metastatic clone. Divergence of metastatic subclones was driven in part by APOBEC. Longitudinal ctDNA samples from 2 subjects taken peri-operatively reflected the two major evolutionary patterns and demonstrate that private mutations can be detected even from early metastatic nodal deposits. Moreover, node removal resulted in disappearance of private lymph node mutations in ctDNA.Conclusions: This study sheds new light on a crucial evolutionary step in the natural history of breast cancer, demonstrating early establishment of axillary lymph node metastasis in a substantial proportion of patients.

  Study EGAS00001002947

• Possible DNA Damage after paternal exposure to ionizing radiation in Radar technicians

  This dataset contains whole genome sequences from Illumina NovaSeq Devices sequenced at the WGGC Bonn to study effects of prolonged paternal exposure to ionizing radiation. Here we provide the reads, mapped to the hg19 reference genome of all samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001011043

• Genome-Wide Characterization of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Patients Using Next Generation Sequencing

  In this study, we whole genome sequenced tumor/normal pairs from three pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients to separately characterize each patient with respect to somatic alterations. For 2 patients for whom tumor RNA was available, we also performed RNA sequencing to evaluate gene expression changes. While additional sequencing is needed to improve our understanding of the disease, the information acquired from this study contributes to our knowledge base on pancreatic cancer and helps to establish a foundation for identifying and developing more efficacious treatments for patients.

  Study phs000550

• Genetic Legacy of Punan Hunter-Gatherer Groups in Indonesian Borneo

  Punan Batu (the “Cave Punan”), the last living nomadic hunter-gatherer (HG) group who still literally live under karst rock shelters in Borneo, is the least-known hunter-gatherer society in Asia. To provide insights on the origin and adaptation of the Cave Punan, here we present the autosomal genome-wide SNPs study of the Cave Punan, including other Punan groups who speak different language from the Cave Punan, which are transitioning into a more sedentary lifestyle.

  Study EGAS00001004471

• Center for Common Disease Genomics [CCDG] - Cardiovascular: Cardiology Biobanking for Biomarker Discovery

  This study is a part of NHGRI's Center for Common Disease Genomics, which is a collaborative large-scale genome sequencing effort to comprehensively identify rare risk and protective variants contributing to multiple common disease phenotypes. Current estimates anticipate that the CCDG program will sequence approximately 140K whole genomes and 225K whole exomes during the life of the project. The Cardiovascular Disease working group of the CCDG considered five diseases: early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD), stroke, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure and type 2 diabetes. Atrial fibrillation will affect between 6-12 million individuals in the US by 2050. AF also is associated with increased risks of stroke, dementia, heart failure, death, and high health care costs. Many risk factors for AF have been identified, including advancing age, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and CVD risk factors. However, there is little knowledge how to prevent AF. Furthermore, therapies for AF are only partially effective, and are themselves associated with substantial morbidity. Previously, heritable forms of AF have been considered rare; yet in the last decade, it has been established that AF, and in particular early-onset forms of AF, are heritable. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a powerful tool to identify common variants underlying disease risk. The AFGen Consortium currently consists of investigators from more than 25 studies with >20,000 individuals with AF and >100,000 without AF. In the latest analyses, 14 loci have been identified for AF1. Broadly, the loci implicate genes related to cardiopulmonary development, cardiac-expressed ion channels, and cell signaling molecules.Source: https://ccdg.rutgers.edu/sites/default/files/CCDG_CVD_EOAF_FINAL_w_link.pdfThe BioHEART study is a multi-center, prospective, observational cohort study to identify new biomarkers in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute myocardial infarction (MI) (ACTRN12618001322224). Participants are recruited at time of clinically indicated computed tomography (CT) coronary angiogram (CTCA). 1,950 of 5,000 planned participants have been recruited and serum/plasma/erythrocytes/monocytes stored, with follow-up ongoing. CTCA imaging studies provides volumetric quantification of total calcified and non-calcified plaque, which is assessed using established and novel scoring systems. Comprehensive molecular phenotyping is performed on blood samples using state-of-the-art genomic, transcriptomic, proteomics, metabolomic, lipidomic, and immunophenotyping. Outcome data will be used to build improved risk models for CAD.Reference: http://www.anzctr.org.au/ - ACTRN12618001322224

  Study phs002726

• Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis defines novel molecular clusters in rhabdomyosarcoma

  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood. To unravel the genetic/epigenetic basis of RMS, we studied 60 RMS cases using whole exome/transcriptome sequencing, copy number (CN) profiling, and DNA methylome analysis. Based on DNA methylation patterns, RMS was clustered into 4 distinct subtypes, which exhibited remarkable correlation with mutation/CN profiles, histological phenotypes, and clinical behaviors. A1 and A2 subtypes, especially A1, largely corresponded to alveolar histology with frequent PAX3/7 fusions and alterations in cell cycle regulators. In contrast, mostly showing embryonal histology, both E1 and E2 subtypes were characterized by high frequency of CN alterations and/or allelic imbalances, FGFR4/RAS/AKT pathway mutations and PTEN mutations/methylation and in E2, also by p53 inactivation. Despite generally poor prognosis in RMS, patients in E1 cluster exceptionally showed excellent prognosis. Our results highlight the close relationship between DNA methylation status and gene mutations and biological behavior in RMS.

  Study EGAS00001000884

• Oncogenic cooperation in a human de novo T-ALL model

  We previously modelled T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) by over-expressing four oncogenes (activated NOTCH1, LMO2, TAL1, and BMI1) in healthy human umbilical cord blood cells through lentiviral transduction (Kusakabe et al, Nat Commun 10, 2913 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10510-8). We have now tested individual effects of the four oncogenes by transducing human cells with all possible combinations of one, two, three, and four oncogenes. We also tested the effects of additional known T-ALL oncogenes including HOXA9, LYL1, MEF2C, NXK2.1, TLX1, and TLX3. In addition to culture in vitro on OP9-DL1 feeders, we also injected transduced cells into immunodeficient NSG mice. We observed differing abilities of the various oncogene combinations to support growth in vitro and frank leukemia in vivo. This study includes RNA-seq data from samples of transduced cells cultured in vitro as well as cells harvested from clinically moribund mice after development of leukemia in vivo.

  Study EGAS00001006055

• Luminal breast epithelial cells from wildtype and BRCA mutation carriers harbor copy number alterations commonly associated with breast cancer

  Cancer-associated mutations have been documented in normal tissues, but the prevalence and nature of somatic copy number alterations and their role in tumor initiation and evolution is not well understood. Here, using single cell DNA sequencing, we describe the landscape of CNA variants in >48,000 breast epithelial cells from women with normal or high risk of developing breast cancer. Individual cells with one or two of a specific subset of CNAs (e.g. 1q gain and 16q, 22q, 7q, and 10q loss) are detectable in almost all breast tissues and, in those from BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations carriers, occurs prior to loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the wildtype alleles. These CNAs, which are among the most common associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and malignant breast tumors, are enriched almost exclusively in luminal cells and are generally absent from basal myoepithelial cells. Allele-specific analysis of the enriched CNAs reveals that each allele was independently altered, demonstrating convergent evolution of these CNAs in an individual breast. Tissues from BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers contained a small percentage of cells with extreme aneuploidy, featuring loss of TP53, LOH of BRCA1 or BRCA2, and multiple breast cancer-associated CNAs in addition to one or more of the common CNAs in 1q, 10q or 16q. Notably, cells with intermediate levels of CNAs were not detected, arguing against a stepwise gradual accumulation of CNAs. Overall, our findings demonstrate that chromosomal alterations in normal breast epithelium including from high risk women, link early stage CNAs to clonally expanded tumor genomes .

  Study EGAS00001007716

• RNA-seq of cultured human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from umblical cord blood in cytokine-rich ex vivo culture conditions following sphingolipid modulation

  To elucidate the biological pathways altered by sphingolipid modulation with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) treatment in human HSPC that may contribute to the restraint in proliferation while promoting persistence of HSC self-renewal as well as determine the mechanism of synergy in enhancement of HSC self-renewal with CB CD34+ agonists UM171 and StemRegenin 1 (SR1), we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) of 3 pools of lin-CB cells following 2 or 4 days with DMSO, 4HPR, UM171+SR1 or 3-Factor (4HPR+UM171+SR1). We identified modulation of sphingolipid metabolism regulates self-renewal through activating coordinated stress pathways that coalesce on endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy programs.

  Study EGAS00001003756

• Transcriptomic hallmarks and RNA isoform diversity in human neurodegenerative disease

  Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has enabled high-throughput RNA analysis at an unprecedented resolution. One staple analysis in scRNA-seq is identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between two populations. However, the mRNA isoforms have often been overlooked in these transcriptomic analyses due to technical limitations. In order to investigate the mRNA isoforms at the single-cell level, we used a targeted single-nucleus long-read RNA-sequencing method combining single-nucleus short-read RNA-seq (snRNA-seq), target gene enrichment, and Iso-Seq. We performed snRNA-seq and targeted single-nucleus Iso-Seq (snIso-Seq) on 25 human frontal cortices from individuals with AD, DLB, or PD, and age-matched controls. Our short-read transcriptome analysis revealed that DLB samples had more overlapping DEGs with AD than PD despite sharing pathological hallmarks with PD. We observed vast RNA isoform diversity in the 50 genes targeted, including genes that were not differentially expressed in our short-read data. We also identified several novel isoforms that are not included in the reference annotation. Our data collectively characterize the transcriptome of various neurodegenerative diseases and illuminate the mRNA isoform diversity.

  Study EGAS50000000132

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of metastatic colorectal cancer organoids treated with cetuximab

  Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) organoids derived from a cetuximab-sensitive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. The objective of this analysis was to investigate, at single-cell resolution, the transcriptional changes previously identified in bulk RNA-seq analyses of PDX models exposed to anti-EGFR therapeutic pressure.

  Study EGAS50000001460

• Variant analysis on FFPE specimen from NSCLC patients (FoundationOne CDx)

  This study assessed the presence of somatic variants via the FoundationOne CDx panel of commonly mutated cancer genes and measure tumor mutational burden using next-generation sequencing panels. It was performed on genomic DNA from FFPE tissue of tumor resections. Mutations were used to draw OncoPrints and to assess TMB in relation with response metrics.

  Study EGAS50000001139

• Single cell transcriptomic profiles of advanced melanoma patients treated with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy

  Little is known about the resistant clones within the tumour ecosystem treated with immunotherapy. This work provides a comprehensive and integrative analysis of each individual non-responding melanoma patients, including clinical features integrated with single cell analysis, which is critical to understand features of resistance in order to improve cancer patients’ outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000000339

• ChIP-seq data of H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K27me3 on multiple human embryonic tissues.

  The regulatory landscape of the human genome during organogenesis is undescribed for most tissues. We used ChIP-seq to survey histone modifications in 13 human embryonic tissues. We describe patterns of both common and tissue-specific marking of promoter activation and repression and use enhancer usage to infer regulatory pathways.

  Study EGAS00001003163

• Plasma whole genome sequencing from patients with stage IV colorectal cancer and microsatellite instability

  This study aims to explore genomic features of cancer in plasma WGS data from patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted from plasma using the QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit. Libraries were prepared with 5 to 250 ng of cfDNA using the NEBNext DNA Library Prep Kit.

  Study EGAS00001006377

• Genomic Evolution of Breast Cancer Metastasis and Relapse

  Recurrent breast cancer is almost universally fatal. We characterize 170 patients locally relapsed or distant metastatic cancers using massively parallel sequencing. We identify that the relapse-seeding clone disseminates late from the primary tumor. TP53 and AKT1 appear to be enriched in ER-positive cancers predisposed to relapse. Mutation acquisition continues at relapse as the same mutation signatures continue to operate and new signatures, such as that caused by radiotherapy appear de novo. In 49% of cases we identify drivers mutations private to the relapse and these are sampled from a wider range of cancer genes, including SWI-SNF complex and JAK-STAT signaling.

  Dataset EGAD00001002697

• The Role of CTCF in the Organization of the Centromeric 11p15 Imprinted Domain Interactome

  Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is the most common human imprinting disorder and comprises a spectrum of overgrowth phenotypes. While approximately 35% of BWS cases are caused by isolated loss of methylation (LOM) at the human imprinting center 2 (IC2) on chromosome 11p15, only around 5% of patients develop BWS due to structural alterations to the IC2 domain. In this study, we identify a BWS-causing 7.6 kB familial deletion within the IC2 domain by performing Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) on patient-derived human fibroblasts. Using a chromatin conformation capture technique, Capture C, on 3 control fibroblast samples, 3 BWS LOM fibroblast samples, and the single familial deletion sample, we investigate how the domain interactome changes in BWS patients. We find that high-strength interactions occur within the IC2 domain between the 5’ end of KCNQ1, KCNQ1 intron 2, and the 5’ end of CDKN1C in the control profile that are largely abrogated in the BWS samples, but some lower frequency contacts between the imprinting control region (ICR), KCNQ1 intron 2, and the 5’ end of CDKN1C are unaffected. We conclude that the strong KCNQ1-CDKN1C interactions are important in maintaining the domain imprint.

  Study phs002408

• Transcriptomic Analysis of HIV-Infected Cells

  Defining the attributes of rare CD4 T cells that harbor latent HIV under therapy with anti-retroviral agents has been challenging due to difficulties in identifying and isolating these cells. These cells represent an important barrier to cure, and characterizing them would aid the design and development of novel HIV cure strategies. In this study, we addressed this challenge using a custom microfluidic technology named Focused Interrogation of cells by Nucleic acid Detection and Sequencing (FIND-seq) that isolates HIV-infected cell transcriptomes, based on HIV DNA detection. We applied this method to HIV DNA+ memory CD4 T cells isolated from blood from five persons with HIV who were receiving anti-retroviral agents. After curating samples based on data quality, we proceeded with bioinformatics analysis from three persons. This analysis identified six transcriptomic pathways that were inhibited in HIV DNA+ cells compared to HIV DNA- cells. These included death receptor signaling, necroptosis signaling, and anti-proliferative G-alpha12/13 signaling. Furthermore, we identified two gene clusters, including 60 and 85 genes, that were significantly associated with HIV DNA+ cells identified by co-expression network analysis. These genes included negative regulators of HIV transcription that were higher in HIV DNA+ cells, positive regulators of HIV transcription that were lower in HIV DNA+ cells, and other genes involved in the negative regulation of mRNA translation, additional RNA processing functions, and the regulation of cellular state and fate. We further examined these signatures in transcriptomic data from CD4 T cell subsets sorted by flow cytometry from nine persons with HIV. We found a partial similarity between the smaller cluster of genes and the signature of CCR6- peripheral TFH cells. Raw sequencing data from all eleven human participant samples included in the study are available. These include samples from two participants who were studied only by FIND-seq, three participants who were studied by both FIND-seq and flow cytometry and six participants who were studied only by flow cytometry.

  Study phs003095

• Genome-Wide Association Study of HIV-1 Host Genetics Among Injection Drug Users

  The overarching goal of this project is to identify and characterize genetic determinants of HIV 1 susceptibility and resistance in samples of African American (AA) and European American (EA) injection drug users (IDUs) by conducting (1) a case/control genome-wide association (GWA) study of HIV 1 infection (positive/negative); (2) a case-only GWA study of viral load among HIV+ IDUs. The study uses existing samples and data from Urban Health Study (UHS) (PI: Alex Kral), which was the longest-running study of street-recruited IDUs in North America, from 1986-2005. UHS was a serial, cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study. Data were collected every 6 months in communities with a high prevalence of injection drug use in the San Francisco Bay Area. It used targeted sampling in neighborhoods at easily accessible community field sites, such as churches, single room occupancy hotels, and community centers. Eligibility criteria for initial entry to the study were (1) injection drug use in past 30 days; (2) ability to provide informed consent; and (3) age 18 or older. The UHS cohort includes over 9,000 African American and European American IDUs whose serum samples have been stored and data are available on HIV antibody status, HIV risk behaviors, drug abuse and demographics. The current study includes 985 HIV+ cases and 5,222 HIV- controls. Approximately six HIV- controls per case were frequency matched on: (1) self-reported ancestry; (2) sex; (3) age; (4) year of ascertainment; and (5) HIV risk class. This GWAS (DA026141) was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; PI: Eric O. Johnson). Funding support for genotyping, which was performed at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), was provided by NIDA and the NIH contract "High throughput genotyping for studying the genetic contributions to human disease"(HHSN268200782096C).

  Study phs000454

• Cancer of Low survival and UnMet Need – Pathologist Initiated

  Despite significant advances in diagnostic cancer histopathology, a subset of tumors remain unable to be classified using WHO criteria. The resulting diagnostic uncertainty can result in inappropriate clinical management and negative patient outcomes. We investigated whether combining histopathology with whole genome and transcriptome sequencing (WGTS) could improve the classification of tumors that posed diagnostic dilemmas despite extensive histopathology and standard molecular work-up at a quaternary oncology center. We successfully sequenced 45 tumors from an initial set of 54 unclassified tumors (83% success rate). A confident diagnosis was made for 38/45 tumors (84%). Additionally, potential treatment targets were identified in 21/45 tumors (47%). Theoretical comparison with alternative assays demonstrated that WGTS was uniquely capable of detecting critical diagnostic findings in 15/38 tumors (39%). This work supports augmenting histopathology and standard molecular pathology with WGTS in the classification of difficult-to-diagnose tumors.

  Study EGAS00001008112

• Thymic epithelial transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: RNA (2025-07-22)

  Single cell transcriptomics study of thymic transplant biopsies Allogeneic thymus transplantation is the only curative therapy for complete DiGeorge Syndrome (cDGS), a rare severe primary immunodeficiency characterised by athymia. GOSH is one of only two centres worldwide to offer this treatment. Despite a lack of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matching between donor and host, transplanted thymus becomes repopulated by recipient bone marrow derived precursor cells and supports development of functional T-cells. The mechanisms underlying thymopoiesis in this context are poorly understood, but over time we observe reconstitution of T-cell immunity, with the ability to produce host naïve T-cells showing a broad T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and to generate MHC-restricted T-cell proliferative responses. Although lifesaving, the achieved immunological reconstitution is typically not complete with circulating T-cell numbers usually remaining below the age related normal ranges. Additionally, we observe persistence of donor-derived T-cells of unknown clinical significance. To gain more insight into the mechanisms by which MHC-mismatched transplanted thymus supports T-cell development with self-tolerance, as well as into the basis of suboptimal T-cell immunity, we now aim to investigate immune reconstitution after thymus transplantation in further detail by using single-cell transcriptomics, applied to thymic transplant biopsies and peripheral blood samples collected during standard post-transplant patient care. By identifying which lineages of host- derived cells repopulate the thymic tissue after transplantation, we will be able to address the role of MHC in positive and negative T-cell selection during T-cell differentiation. We will also be able to clarify the exact ontogeny of the persistent donor T-cells, as well as their possible role. Understanding the mechanisms of action of HLA-mismatched transplanted thymus will contribute to treatment optimisation. Additionally, our research provides a unique opportunity to further investigate key immunological concepts, such as tolerance and autoimmunity, challenging existing paradigms in thymus immunology. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2025-07-22.

  Dataset EGAD00001015648

• Evolutionary dynamics of residual disease in human glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive adult brain malignancy against which conventional surgery and chemoradiation provide limited benefit. Even when a good treatment response is obtained, recurrence inevitably occurs either locally (c.80%) or distally (c.20%), driven by cancer clones that are often genomically distinct from those in the primary tumour. Glioblastoma cells display a characteristic infiltrative phenotype, invading the surrounding tissue and often spreading across the whole brain. We hypothesised that cancer cells responsible for relapse reside in two compartments of residual disease that are left behind after treatment: the infiltrated normal brain parenchyma, and the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ). In this model, residual disease subclones diverge early during glioblastoma evolution, may remain dormant in the normal parenchyma and are responsible for recurrence. To test our hypothesis, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 69 multi- region samples collected using fluorescence-guided resection from 11 patients, including the infiltrating tumour margin (M) and the SVZ for each patient, as well as matched blood. We used a phylogenomic approach to dissect the spatio-temporal evolution of each tumour and unveil the relation between residual disease and the main tumour mass. We also analysed two patients with paired primary-recurrence samples with matched residual disease. Our results suggest that the infiltrative phenotype is an early evolutionary trait of glioblastoma, giving rise to the tumour mass detected at surgery. After treatment, the same infiltrative clone may seed the growth of a recurrent tumour, thus representing the ‘missing link’ between the primary tumour and recurrent disease. These results are consistent with recognised clinical phenotypic behaviour and suggest that more specific therapeutic targeting of cells in the infiltrated brain parenchyma may improve patient’s outcome.

  Study EGAS00001003043

• HipSci - Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Initiative

  Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from adult tissues and differentiated into a range of specific cell types (Yamanaka and Blau, 2010). They therefore provide unprecedented opportunities for investigating disease mechanisms and understanding the phenotypic consequences of genetic variation within the normal population. HipSci brings together diverse constitutents in genomics, proteomics, cell biology and clinical genetics to create a UK national iPS cell resource and use it to carry out cellular genetic studies. Between 2013 and 2016 we aim to generate iPS cells from over 500 healthy individuals and 500 individuals with genetic disease. We will then use these cells to discover how genomic variation impacts on cellular phenotype and identify new disease mechanisms. Strong links with NHS investigators will ensure that studies on the disease-associated cell lines will be linked to extensive clinical information. Further key features of the project are an open access model of data sharing; engagement of the wider clinical genetics community in selecting patient samples; and provision of dedicated laboratory space for collaborative cell phenotyping and differentiation.

  Study EGAS00001001465

• Pharmacogenomic profiling reveals molecular features of chemotherapy resistance in IDH wild type primary glioblastoma

  We stratified 69 primary IDH-wt GBM patients into TMZ-resistant (n = 29) and sensitive (n = 40) groups, using TMZ screening of the corresponding patient-derived glioma stem-like cells (GSCs). Genomic and transcriptomic features were then examined to identify TMZ-associated molecular alterations. Subsequently, we developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict TMZ response from combined signatures. Moreover, TMZ response in multisector samples (52 tumor sectors from 18 cases) was evaluated to validate findings and investigate the impact of intra-tumoral heterogeneity on TMZ efficacy.

  Study EGAS00001006989

• Breast Cancer Family Registry

  The Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR) is a multi-center prospective cohort, comprised of over 30,000 women and men from nearly 12,000 families from the United States, Canada, and Australia. Our BCFR resource has been used, and continues to be used, by breast cancer researchers around the world in order to find new ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. The BCFR provides an extensive and diverse range of resources, expertise, and specialized skills, and has several unique strengths: 1) the collection of a large number of individuals and families across a wide spectrum of breast cancer risk, including both affected and unaffected individuals; 2) the large collection of families with early-onset breast cancer; 3) the large collection of racial/ethnic minority families not replicated elsewhere; 4) the extensive molecular characterization performed to date; and 5) active follow-up of both probands and family members. Thus, the BCFR comprises a unique cohort of probands and family members at familial/genetic risk of breast cancer that will continue to facilitate a wide range of research studies, such as gene discovery, examination of cancer-related outcomes and risk factors in high-risk subjects, investigation of novel behavioral interventions, and cancer prevention trials among at-risk family members. Consequently, the BCFR Cohort, as one of the few cohorts available worldwide with biospecimens and extensive molecular and genetic characterization, combined with epidemiologic data and long-term follow up, will be an invaluable resource for translational research in the genetic epidemiology of breast cancer.

  Study phs002835

• Separation, characterization, and identification of individuals from multi-person blood mixtures with single cell ATAC-seq

  We report a deconvolution and identification strategy of scATAC-seq datasets using mixed PMBCs data. After sequencing the data were processed with the de-goulash pipeline and analyzed with aim to identify and acquire biogeogrpahical ancestry of the involved individuals. The study includes samples of biological mixtures and in silico mixtures in different mixed ration and cell volumes.

  Study EGAS00001007380

• RaScALL: Rapid screening of RNA-seq in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

  RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) efforts in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) have identified numerous prognostically significant genomic alterations which can guide diagnostic risk stratification and treatment choices when detected early. However, a full RNA-seq Bioinformatics workflow is time-consuming and costly in a clinical setting where rapid detection and accurate reporting of clinically relevant alterations are essential. To accelerate the identification of ALL-specific alterations (including gene fusions, single nucleotide variants and focal gene deletions), we developed the rapid screening tool RaScALL, capable of identifying more than 100 prognostically significant lesions directly from raw sequencing reads. RaScALL uses the k-mer based targeted detection tool km and known ALL variant information to achieve a high degree of accuracy for reporting subtype defining genomic alterations compared to standard alignment-based pipelines. Gene fusions, including difficult to detect fusions involving EPOR and DUX4, were accurately identified in 98% (164 samples) of reported cases in a 180-patient Australian study cohort and 95% (n=63) of samples in a North American validation cohort. Pathogenic sequence variants were correctly identified in 75% of tested samples, including all cases involving subtype defining variants PAX5 p.P80R (n=12) and IKZF1 p.N159Y (n=4). Accurate detection of intragenic IKZF1 deletions resulting in aberrant transcript isoforms was also detectable with 98% accuracy. Importantly, the median analysis time for detection of all targeted alterations averaged 22 minutes per sample, significantly shorter than standard alignment-based approaches, ensuring accerelated risk-stratification and therapeutic triage.

  Study EGAS00001006460

• Integrated clinical, whole genome, and transcriptome analysis of multisampled lethal metastatic prostate cancer

  We report the first combined analysis of whole genome sequence, detailed clinical history, and transcriptome sequence of multiple prostate cancer metastases in a single patient (A21). Whole genome and transcriptome sequence was obtained from 9 anatomically separate metastases, and targeted DNA sequencing was performed in cancerous and noncancerous foci within the primary tumor specimen removed 5 years prior to death. Transcriptome analysis revealed increased expression of AR-regulated genes in liver metastases that harbored an AR p.L702H mutation, suggesting a dominant effect by the mutation despite being present in only 1 of an estimated 16 copies per cell. The metastases harbored several alterations to the PI3K/AKT pathway, including a clonal truncal mutation in PIK3CG and present in all metastatic sites studied. The list of truncal genomic alterations shared by all metastases included homozygous deletion of TP53, hemizygous deletion of RB1 and CHD1, and amplification of FGFR1. If the patient were treated today given this knowledge, use of second-generation androgen-directed therapies, cessation of glucocorticoid administration, and therapeutic inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway or FGFR1 receptor could provide personalized benefit. Three previously unreported truncal clonal missense mutations (ABCC4 p.R891L, ALDH9A1 p.W89R, and ASNA1 p.P75R) were expressed at the RNA level and assessed as druggable. The truncal status of mutations is critical for actionability, and can only be determined through analysis of multiple sites of metastasis. Our findings suggest that a large set of deeply analyzed cases could serve as powerful guide to more effective prostate cancer basic science and personalized cancer medicine clinical trials.

  Study EGAS00001001659

• Vanderbilt Genome-Electronic Records (VGER) Project: QRS Duration

  An important potential enabling resource for Personalized Medicine is the combination of a DNA repository with Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems sufficiently robust to provide excellence in clinical care and to serve as resources for analysis of disease susceptibility and therapeutic outcomes across patient populations. The Vanderbilt EMR is a state of the art clinical and research tool (that includes >1.7 million records), and is associated with a DNA repository which has been in development for over 3 years; these are the key components of VGER, the Vanderbilt Genome-Electronic Records project, a part of NHGRI's eMERGE network. The VGER model acquires DNA from discarded blood samples collected from routine patient care, and can link these to de-identified data extracted and readily updated from the EMR. The phenotype we analyze here is the QRS duration on the electrocardiogram, since slow conduction (indicated by longer QRS duration) is a marker of arrhythmia susceptibility.

  Study phs000188

• TRACERx 100: metastatic samples

  Whole exome sequencing of 10 metastatic biopsies from four TRACERx100 patients (see EGA dataset EGAS00001002247), collected either after relapse or death. The data from these samples are initially published with Abbosh, C. et al. Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early stage lung cancer evolution. Nature http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22364 (2017). Abstract: Earlier detection of relapse following primary surgery for non-small cell lung cancer and the characterization of emerging subclones seeding metastatic sites might offer new therapeutic approaches to limit tumor recurrence. The potential to non-invasively track tumor evolutionary dynamics in ctDNA of early-stage lung cancer is not established. Here we conduct a patient-specific approach to ctDNA profiling in the first 100 lung TRACERx (TRAcking Cancer Evolution through therapy (Rx)) study participants, including one patient co-recruited to the PEACE (Posthumous Evaluation of Advanced Cancer Environment) post-mortem study. We identify independent predictors of ctDNA release in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and perform tumor volume limit of detection analyses. Through blinded profiling of post-operative plasma, we observe evidence of adjuvant chemotherapy resistance and identify patients destined to experience recurrence of their lung cancer. Finally, we show that phylogenetic ctDNA profiling tracks the subclonal nature of lung cancer relapse and metastases, providing a new approach for ctDNA driven therapeutic studies.

  Study EGAS00001002415

• Susceptibility loci for tanning ability in Japanese population identified by genome-wide association study

  We performed genome-wide association studies of Japanese Skin Type for Japanese individuals from a cohort study by the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project in order to identify variants related to tanning ability and skin pigmentation. We used imputed genotype data of 9,187 Japanese individuals, of which 4,475 individuals are from Miyagi prefecture and 4,712 individuals are from Iwate prefecture. Skin Type information was obtained from the questionnaire for cohort participants.

  Study JGAS000160

• Influence of age on molecular changes and treatment stratification in multimodal glioblastoma therapy

  Background: The increasing life expectancy has led to a rise in high-grade gliomas, particularly in patients of older age. The impact of chronological age, associated molecular changes and contributing factors on therapy response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) remain uncertain. Methods: Between January 1st, 2016, and December 31th, 2021, patients with glioblastoma IDH-wt (CNS WHO grade 4) were included. RNA- and T-cell receptor sequencing was performed in a subset of patients. Primary outcome parameters were extent of resection (EOR), progression free- and overall survival. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of survival. Results: A total of 286 patients were included. The mean age was 66.4 years. Chronological age did not correlate with overall survival (r=0.12). With age, tumor immune composition changed towards macrophages with M2 phenotype and decreased numbers of CD8+ and neutrophiles. Aging related genes were not enriched. Beyond 69.5 years of age, despite similar PFS (p=0.0783), OS (p<0.0001) was significantly shorter, compared to younger patients. Extent of resection and adjuvant radiochemotherapy were significant predictors of OS (p<0.0001). No difference in PFS and OS was found between younger and older patients treated with maximal safe resection, followed by concomitant RT and chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions: This study suggests that age alone should not be the sole determinant in therapeutic decision-making for glioblastoma patients. Gross total resection and adjuvant therapy, tailored to individual clinical status, significantly impact survival outcomes. Patient-specific treatment strategies are important to minimize undertreatment and optimize therapeutic outcomes in older patients.

  Study EGAS00001008246

• MutWP1__CRUK_Grand_Challenge_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Colorectal

  he Mutographs project aims to advance our understanding of the causes of cancer through studies of mutational signatures. Led by Mike Stratton, together with Paul Brennan, Ludmil Alexandrov, Allan Balmain, David Phillips and Peter Campbell, this large-scale international research endeavour was awarded a Cancer Research UK Grand Challenge. Different patterns of somatic mutation are generated by the different environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors that cause cancer, many of them are still unknown. Within Mutographs, the International Agency for Research on Cancer is coordinating the recruitment of 5000 individuals with cancer (colorectal, renal, pancreatic, oesophageal adenocarcinoma or oesophageal squamous cancers) across 5 continents to explore whether different mutational signatures explain marked variation in incidence. In brief, through an international network of collaborators around the world, biological materials are collected, along with demographic, histological, clinical and questionnaire data. Whole genome sequences of tumour-germline DNA pairs are generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Somatic mutational signatures are subsequently extracted by non-negative matrix factorisation methods and correlated with risk factors data. Through an enhanced understanding of cancer aetiology, Mutographs unprecedented effort is anticipated to outline modifiable risk factors, lead to new approaches to prevent cancer, and provide opportunities to empower early detection, refine high-risk groups and contribute to further therapeutic development.

  Study EGAS00001003774

• Ultra-long sequencing for contiguous haplotype resolution of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus

  Genetic diversity within the human immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus influences the expressed antibody repertoire and susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases. However, repetitive sequences and complex structural variation pose significant challenges for large-scale characterization. Here, we introduce a method that combines Oxford Nanopore ultra-long sequencing and adaptive sampling with a bioinformatic pipeline to produce haplotype-resolved, annotated IGH assemblies. Notably, our strategy overcomes prior limitations in phasing resolution, enabling single-contig haplotype assemblies that span the entire IGH locus. We applied this method to four individuals and validated the accuracy of the IGH assemblies using Pacific Biosciences HiFi reads, demonstrating near-complete sequence congruence, detecting only indels with a high degree of confidence. Moreover, when applied to the reference material HG002, our pipeline revealed no base differences and a limited number of indels compared with the Telomere-to-Telomere genome benchmark across the IGH region. Importantly, in the four individuals, our approach uncovered 30 novel alleles and previously uncharacterized large structural variants, including a 120 kb duplication spanning IGHE to IGHA1 and an expanded seven-copy IGHV3-23 gene haplotype. These findings underscore the power of our method to resolve the full complexity of the IGH locus and uncover previously unrecognized variants that may affect immune function and disease susceptibility. Thus, our method provides a strong basis for future immunological research and translational applications.

  Study EGAS50000001042

• Massive Genomic Rearrangment Acquired in a Single Catastrophic Event During Cancer Development

  Cancer is driven by mutation. Using Agilent exome hybridisation capture and Illumina GA massively parallel sequencing technology, we aim to sequence ~1600 microRNAs plus the protein coding genome of 25 matched human renal cancer samples. Bespoke algorithms are being developed to identify the somatically acquired point mutations, insertions and deletions in these samples. This project will give unprecedented insights into mutational processes, cellular repair pathways and gene networks associated with renal cancer development.Agilent whole exome hybridisation capture will be performed on genomic DNA derived from 25 renal cancers and matched normal DNA from the same patients. Three lanes of Illumina GA sequencing will be performed on the resulting 50 exome libraries and mapped to build 37 of the human reference genome to facilitate the identification of novel cancer genes.

  Study EGAS00000000029

• AmsterdamUMC Data Access Committee for the study entitled "Carboxylesterase 1 mediates a distinctive metabolic profile of dendritic cells to attain an inflammatory phenotype"

  The current data access committee reviews and assesses data requests of researchers that seek to gain access to data presented in the manuscript entitled "Carboxylesterase 1 mediates a distinctive metabolic profile of dendritic cells to attain an inflammatory phenotype" as performed at the AmsterdamUMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

  Dac EGAC50000000178

• Powerful Identification of Cis-regulatory SNPs in Human Primary Monocytes Using Allele-Specific Gene Expression

  The aim of this study was to compare the power to detect associations between SNPs using cis-eQTL mapping and ASE analysis (allele specific expression).

  Study EGAS00000000119

• Jackson Heart Study (JHS) Cohort

  The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) is a large, community-based, observational study whose participants were recruited from urban and rural areas of the three counties (Hinds, Madison and Rankin) that make up the Jackson, MS metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Participants were enrolled from each of 4 recruitment pools: (1) random, 17%, (2) volunteer, 30%, (3) currently enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 31%, and (4) secondary family members, 22%. The final cohort of 5,306 participants included 6.59% of all African American Jackson MSA residents, aged 35-84, during the baseline exam (N-76,426, US Census 2000). Among these, approximately 3,600 gave consent that allows genetic research and deposition of data into dbGaP. Major components of three clinic examinations (see study history) include medical history, physical examination, blood/urine analytes, and interview questions on areas such as physical activity, stress, coping and spirituality, racism and discrimination, socioeconomic position, and access to health care. Extensive clinical phenotyping includes anthropometrics, electrocardiography, carotid ultrasound, ankle-brachial blood pressure index, echocardiography, CT chest and abdomen for coronary and aortic calcification, liver fat, and subcutaneous and visceral fat measurements, and cardiac MRI. At 12-month intervals after the baseline clinic visit (Exam 1), participants have been contacted by telephone to update information, confirm vital statistics, document interim medical events, hospitalizations and functional status, and obtain additional sociocultural information. Questions about medical events, symptoms of cardiovascular disease and functional status are repeated annually. Ongoing cohort surveillance includes abstraction of medical records and death certificates for relevant International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes and adjudication of nonfatal events and deaths. CMS data are currently being incorporated into the dataset. Note: Regarding date variables warehoused in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) Cohort on dbGaP, the coordinating center has developed an algorithm that will systematically review and de-identify any of the (nearly 100) date-related variable types stored in the data package. To simultaneously minimize (i) de-identifiability of the data and (ii) impact on analyses utilizing sensitive data elements, a participant-level random number was generated to avoid the necessity of sharing any potentially sensitive data. The coordinating center maintains an archived linkage of these data in their raw form and regularly reviews ad hoc requests to utilize the raw data on a project-by-project basis. The JHS Cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP substudies. To view genotypes, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these substudies, please click on the following substudies below or in the "Substudies" section of this top-level study page phs000286 JHS Cohort. phs000402 ESP Heart GO JHS phs000498 JHS Allelic Spectrum Seq phs000499 JHS CARephs001069 MI Gen JHS phs001098 T2D GENES Exome Seq phs001356 Exome Chip phs002256 Cardiometabolic Renal Proteomics phs002369 Metabolomics Insulin Resistance

  Study phs000286

• Altered chromosomal topology drives oncogenic programs in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

  Metabolic lesions with pleiotropic effects on epigenetic regulation and other cellular processes are widely implicated in cancer, yet their oncogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) deficiency causes a subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with DNA hyper-methylation. Here we associate this hyper-methylation with changes in chromosome topology that activate oncogenic programs. To investigate epigenetic alterations in this disease, we systematically mapped DNA methylation, CTCF insulators, enhancers and chromosome topology in KIT-mutant, PDGFRA-mutant and SDH-deficient GISTs. Although these respective subtypes share similar enhancer landscapes, we identified hundreds of putative insulators where DNA methylation replaced CTCF binding in SDH-deficient GISTs. We focused on disrupted insulators that partitions super-enhancers from FGF3, FGF4 and the KIT oncogene. Recurrent loss of this insulator alters locus topology in SDH-deficient GISTs, allowing aberrant physical interaction between enhancers and oncogenes. CRISPR-mediated excision of the corresponding CTCF motif in an SDH-intact model disrupted the boundary and up-regulated FGFs and KIT expression. Our findings reveal how a metabolic lesion destabilizes chromatin structure to facilitate the initiation and selection of epigenetic alterations that drive oncogenic programs in the absence of canonical mutations.

  Study phs001906

• Epigenetic Changes in Immune Response and Oncogenesis Related Genes Caused by Heavy Metal Long-Term Exposure

  Our study investigated methylation changes in CpG islands located in immune response and oncogenesis related genes in humans induced by long-term environmental heavy metal exposure. We assessed the methylation levels of 654 CpG sites located on NFKB1, CDKN2A, ESR1, APOA5 and IGF2/H19 genes by targeted bisulfite sequencing (target enrichment by 48.48 Access Array Integrated Fluidic Circuit (Fluidigm, USA) in a cohort of 40 subjects living near a metal mining area (the Kapan mining region, Armenia) and 40 unexposed subjects. We performed linear regression on our data to find differentially methylated positions with adjustment for gender, age, BMI class, smoking, and plasma concentrations of 21 essential and non-essential metals detected by ICP-MS. Our study showed hypomethylation of five CpG sites in the NFKB1 promoter region in the exposed group. According to our findings, the methylation changes of CpG sites in NFKB1, CDKN2A, IGF2 and ESR1 genes are associated with multiple and specific metal exposures. Targeted bisulfite sequencing data obtained for 80 subjects who participated in this study are available through dbGaP. The tables contain information about age, sex, BMI, smoking and exposure status, as well as race and ethnicity of the study participants.

  Study phs003392

• Aggressive genomic features in clinicallyindolent primary HHV8-negative effusion-based lymphoma

  Human herpesvirus 8-negative effusion-based lymphoma (HHV8-negative EBL) is a distinct lymphoma entity related to fluid overload states caused by underlying medical conditions. Due to a phenotypical resemblance with secondary effusion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), HHV8-negative EBL is easily misdiagnosed. However, in contrast to DLBCL, HHV8-negative EBL follows a mild clinical course, underpinning the importance to differentiate between the two entities. Only limited molecular data of HHV8-negative EBL has been reported and characteristic genomic patterns are lacking. We performed extensive genomic profiling on 8 HHV8-negative EBL cases. A mean number of 33.6 copy number gains and losses per case were found, with recurrent focal deletions of chromosome 3p14.2 and 6q21 in 6/8 cases, encompassing tumor supressor genes FHIT and PRDM1, respectively. We observed a high rate of mutations across genes frequently involved in DLBCL, including patterns of somatic hypermutation. The most abundant hotspot mutation was found in MYD88L265P (3/8 cases). In addition, 5/8 cases had one or more translocations, involving MYC, BCL2, BCL6, TP63, EXOC2 and KMT2D, with Ig and non-Ig partners. We conclude that HHV8-negative EBL is characterized by genomic features that are commonly found in more aggressive B-cell lymphomas, but despite this follow an indolent clinical course.

  Study EGAS00001002743

• HYPERMUTATION AND MALIGNANT PROGRESSION IN LOW-GRADE GLIOMA PATIENTS

  While patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) have benefited from increased overall survival due to treatment with the alkylating chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ), the benefit ofTMZ for patients with diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGG) remains unknown. To further explore the relationships among TMZ treatment, hypermutation and malignant progression, we studied tumor evolution in an expanded cohort of untreated and TMZ-treated patients by exome-sequencing of paired IDH1/2-mutant LGGs and their post-TMZ recurrences. Together, these findings further our understanding of the molecular features and clinical behavior of hypermutated clones.

  Study EGAS00001002368

• Evolving epigenomics of immune cells in type 1 diabetes at single nuclei resolution

  The appearance of diabetes-associated autoantibodies is the first detectable sign of the disease process leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Evidence suggests that T1D is a heterogenous disease, where the type of antibodies first formed imply subtypes. Here, we followed 49 children, who subsequently presented with T1D and 49 matched controls, profiling single-cell epigenomics at different time points of disease development. Quantitation of cell and nuclei populations as well as transcriptome and open-chromatin states indicated robust, early, replicable monocyte lineage differences between cases and controls, suggesting heightened pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion early among cases. The order of autoantibody emergence in cases showed variation across lymphoid and myeloid cells, potentially indicating cellular immune response divergence. The strong monocytic lineage representation in peripheral blood immune cells before seroconversion and the weaker differential coordination of these gene networks close to clinical diagnosis emphasizes the importance of early life as a critical phase in T1D development.

  Study EGAS50000000863

• Whole Genome Sequencing of 317 individuals from the Pacific region

  Although genetic studies of modern Oceanians have revealed varying levels of admixture with populations of East Asian ancestry, attributed to the Austronesian expansion, the early peopling history of Oceania remains poorly characterized. Additionally, it is currently unknown whether and how the settlement of the Pacific was accompanied by genetic adaptation to island environments, and if archaic introgression facilitated this process in Oceanians, who present the highest worldwide levels of combined Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry. This study reports the first whole genome-based survey that addresses a wide range of questions related to the demographic and adaptive history of Pacific populations.

  Study EGAS00001004540

• Warm_autopsy__mutational_signatures_and_clonal_units

  Aims and objectives 1. To produce a ‘first generation map’ of mutational burdens and mutational processes that operate in normal human tissues. 2. To examine clonal units and their distribution across normal human tissues with the emphasis on these particular areas: a) Tissues with an architecturally defined unit: Are architectural structures populated by a progeny derived from a single stem cell? Are clonal units confined to a given architectural structure? Examples of tissues where such approach will be used include prostate gland (acini and ducts), small bowel (crypts), thyroid gland (follicles) and others. b) Tissues without an architecturally defined unit: What is the average size of clonal populations? This group includes stratified/pseudostratified epithelia with a basal layer within which there are stem cells that give rise to a progeny of cells showing upwards migration and lateral expansion (e.g. urothelium, cervical squamous epithelium, respiratory epithelium). This approach can also be used in tissues with a sheet-like cell arrangement, for example brain and adrenal gland. Methods To answer these questions, we will use a range of normal human tissue samples which have already been collected from a single deceased individual. The samples are currently stored in a -80C freezer. Ethanol fixed frozen sections will be prepared from these biopsies. Putative clonal units will be identified and dissected out using laser capture microscopy. DNA extraction will be performed using the in-house (CGP) protease based method. In terms of sequencing methods, the project will be split into 2 phases (2 different approaches): - Phase 1: This part of the project will utilise a combination of low input library preparation (developed by Peter Ellis) and standard whole genome sequencing (HiSeqX). The phase has already started (December 2016). This approach will be particularly useful in investigation of mitotically active tissues. - Phase 2: This part of the project will utilise a combination of low input library method (Peter Ellis) and Bottle-neck sequencing (BotSeqS). BotSeqS is a type of duplex sequencing method that offers a more accurate variant calling and allows genome interrogation at a single cell level. This method is currently being developed and is expected to be implemented in 3-6 months (March-April 2017). This approach will be particularly useful for post-mitotic tissues and tissues without pre-defined architectural units.

  Study EGAS00001002216

• Gut microbiome modulates response to anti PD1 immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma patients

  There is a growing appreciation of the role of the microbiome in cancer, and evidence in pre-clinical models that the gut microbiome may modulate responses to immune checkpoint blockade though this has not been well-characterized in patients. We analyzed the oral (n=86)and gut (n=43) 16S microbiome in melanoma patients on PD-1 blockade. Significant differences were noted in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome between responders and non-responders in patients with a fecal microbiome sample, with significantly higher alpha diversity and relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae bacteria) in R. Metagenomic studies (n=25) revealed functional differences in gut bacteria in R including enrichment of anabolic pathways. Immune profiling demonstrated enhanced systemic and anti-tumor immunity in patients with a favorable gut microbiome as well as in germ-free mice receiving fecal transplant from responding patients. Together, these data have important implications for treatment with immune checkpoint blockade in cancer. The fastq files associated with this dataset are stored at ENA under the following accession numbers: PRJEB22894 (Fecal 16S), PRJEB22874 (Oral 16S), PRJEB22895 (Murine 16S), PRJEB22893 (Fecal WGS).

  Study EGAS00001002698

• Identification and Characterization of Skin-Resident Memory T cells in Patients with Melanoma-Associated Vitiligo

  Metastatic melanoma patients who develop melanoma-associated vitiligo, an autoimmune cutaneous side effect after receiving immunotherapy, have better overall survival than those who do not develop vitiligo. The objective of this study is to determine the tumor-specific memory T cell responses in the skin, tumor and blood of melanoma patients with vitiligo. Matched melanoma tumor, distant vitiligo-affected skin, and blood were collected and sorted for T cells to perform paralleled single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell TCR sequencing (scTCR-seq) on the day of tissue collection. The transcriptional analysis identified three resident memory T (TRM) cell subsets which were shared between tumors and vitiligo-affected skin. scRNA-seq identified CD8+ T-cell clonotypes in tumors that co-existed as TRM in skin and as effector memory T (TEM) cells in blood. This study revealed that long-term melanoma survivors maintained memory T cell responses as broadly-distributed TRM and TEM compartments. 

  Study phs002309

• Resilience and Susceptibility Patterns in the Viral Immune Response Using RNA-Seq (ReSP VIRUS Study)

  This is a cross sectional study to investigate the relationship between nasal mucosa gene expression and clinical outcomes in infants with critical Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. We collected nasal mucosa samples from infants admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with polymerase chain reaction confirmed RSV bronchiolitis. Samples were obtained by mucosal scrape biopsy of the inferior turbinate using a sterile plastic curette and bulk RNA-sequencing of mRNA was performed. Clinical data was extracted from the electronic health record including: demographics, medical history, duration of symptoms, time from admission to sample collection, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, and type and duration of respiratory support.

  Study phs003053

• Excised DNA Circles from V(D)J Recombination Promote Relapsed Leukaemia

  In this study, we show that ESCs replicate and persist through many cell generations. High ESC copies at diagnosis of BCP-ALL strongly correlate with subsequent relapse. These data provide the first demonstration that the V(D)J recombination by-product, when replicated to elevated levels, potently associates with the V(D)J recombinase to cause adverse disease outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000001043

• Excised DNA Circles from V(D)J Recombination Promote Relapsed Leukaemia

  In this study, we show that ESCs replicate and persist through many cell generations. High ESC copies at diagnosis of BCP-ALL strongly correlate with subsequent relapse. These data provide the first demonstration that the V(D)J recombination by-product, when replicated to elevated levels, potently associates with the V(D)J recombinase to cause adverse disease outcomes.

  Study EGAS50000000407

• Transcriptomes_of_human_lymphocytes

  In this study we will compare the single cell transcriptomes of immune cells from asthmatics responding to steroids, those refractory to steroids, and a control population.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001001755

• De_novo_mutations_in_cell_free_foetal_DNA__cffDNA_

  This project is to develop and validate a method to detect de novo mutations in a foetal genome through deep sequencing of cell-free DNA from the plasma of pregnant women.This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001000322

• Exome sequencing of a Novel Primary T Cell Immunodeficiency Kindred (2019-08-19)

  Primary T cell immunodeficiency disorders have a heterogeneous genetic basis. This study will focus on one case characterised by severe T cell lymphopenia in the index case. We aim to sequence the complete exomes of this individual, her three unaffected siblings and parents in an effort to identify the causative genetic mutation responsible for this disorder. We will perform exome capture using Agilent SureSelect system, followed by sequencing on the HiSeq platform. Our study has the potential to uncover genes important for T cell development and novel therapeutic strategies to treat T cell immunodeficiencies. . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-08-19.

  Dataset EGAD00001005263

• Exome_sequence_of_probands_in_Barrett_s_oesophagus_families

  Barrett?s oesophagus is common in the UK affecting 2 % of the population. Family history has beenrecorded among the 4000 Barrett's cases collected so far and have 241 families. Among them wehave assessed 6 multiplex families with proven Barrett?s and defined as having 1 pro band and atleast 3 affected first degree members. We propose to exome sequence the probands of these sixfamilies to assess the presence of pathogenic rare coding variants.

  Study EGAS00001000531

• Egypt_Genome_Project___low_coverage_whole_genome_sequencing

  All humans outside Africa are descendants of the same single exit, usually dated at 50-70 thousand years ago. However, the route taken out of Africa is still debated. The two main candidates are a northern route via Egypt and the Levant, or a southern route via Ethiopia and the Arabian Peninsula. We are generating genetic data to evaluate these two possibilities. In this study we propose to generate low-coverage sequencing data for 100 Egyptian samples.

  Study EGAS00001000480

• Single cell transcriptomic data of human gut macrophages

  Cellular suspensions (∼15000 cells, with expected recovery of ∼7500 cells) of sorted CD45+ HLA-DR+ CD14+ macrophages from colonic mucosa and muscularis propria were loaded on the 10X Chromium Controller instrument (10X Genomics) according to the manufacturer’s protocol using the 10X GEMCode proprietary technology. All samples from individual patients were loaded in one batch. The Chromium Single Cell 3´ v2 Reagent kit (10X Genomics) was used to generate the cDNA and prepare the libraries, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The libraries were then equimolarly pooled and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq500 using HighOutput flow cells v2.5. A coverage of 400M reads per sample was targeted, in order to obtain 50 000 reads per cell. The raw data were then demultiplexed and processed with the Cell Ranger software (10X Genomics) v2.1.1.

  Dataset EGAD00001007765

• Liquid Biopsy Versus Tissue Biopsy to Assess Acquired Resistance and Tumor Heterogeneity in Gastrointestinal Cancers

  Tumor heterogeneity can drive the evolution of multiple tumor subclones harboring unique molecular resistance alterations in different metastatic lesions in an individual patient, under the selective pressure of therapy1-3. Studies have suggested that liquid biopsy may better capture the heterogeneity of acquired resistance, but systematic, direct comparisons of post-progression liquid vs. standard single-lesion tumor biopsies are lacking. In a prospective cohort of 44 patients with molecularly-defined gastrointestinal cancers and acquired resistance to targeted therapy, direct comparison of post-progression liquid vs. tumor biopsy revealed that liquid biopsy more frequently identified clinically-relevant resistance alterations and multiple resistance mechanisms, detecting resistance alterations not detected in matched tumor biopsy in 78% of cases. Whole-exome sequencing of serial cell-free DNA, tumor biopsies and rapid autopsy specimens elucidated geographic and evolutionary characteristics of heterogeneity. Our data suggest that acquired resistance is frequently characterized by profound tumor heterogeneity and highlight the potential clinical utility of liquid biopsy. Burrell, R. A. & Swanton, C. Tumour heterogeneity and the evolution of polyclonal drug resistance. Molecular oncology 8, 1095-1111, doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.005 (2014). Misale, S. et al. Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer. Nature 486, 532-536, doi:10.1038/nature11156 (2012). Ahronian, L. G. et al. Clinical Acquired Resistance to RAF Inhibitor Combinations in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer through MAPK Pathway Alterations. Cancer Disco 5, 358-367, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-14-1518 (2015).

  Study phs001853

• The Genomic Map of Poland in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000092

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000095

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000093

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000118

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000117

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000116

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000115

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000121

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000120

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000119

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000113

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000112

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000111

• The Genomic Map of Polad in Open Access

  The main goal is to prepare and share WGS/WES of Polish population

  Study EGAS50000000110

• Genetic diversity and continuity of the population of the UAE

  With high consanguinity rates on the Arabian Peninsula, it would not have been unexpected if the population of the UAE was shown to be relatively homogenous. However, this study of 1,000 UAE nationals, provided a contrasting perspective, one of a relatively heterogeneous population. Located at the apex of Europe, Asia and Africa, the observed diversity could be explained by a plethora of migration patterns since the first Out-of-Africa movement. A strategy to explore the extent of genetic variation of the population of the UAE is presented. The first step involved a comprehensive population stratification study that was instructive for subsequent Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of suitable representatives (which is described elsewhere). When this UAE data was compared to previous smaller studies from the region, the findings were consistent with a population that is a diverse and admixed group of people. However, rather than sharp and distinctive clusters, a continuous genotype distribution was observed. The analysis showed a continuous gradient of ancestral populations, suggesting that admixture on the south eastern tip of Arabian Peninsula occurred gradually. When visualized using a unique technique that combined admixture ratios and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), unappreciated diversity was revealed while mitigating projection bias of conventional PCA. The analytical strategy used here highlights the complementary nature of data from genotype array and WGS for anthropological studies. Specifically, genotype array data was instructive to select representative subjects for WGS. Furthermore, from the 2.3 million allele frequencies obtained from genotype arrays, we identified 46,481 loci with allele frequencies that were significantly different with respect to other world populations. This comparison of allele frequencies facilitates variant prioritization in common diseases. In addition, these loci bear great potential as biomarkers in anthropological and forensic studies.

  Study EGAS00001004362

• Next Generation Sequencing of Stage IV Squamous Cell Lung Cancers Reveals an Association of PI3K Aberrations and Evidence of Clonal Heterogeneity in Patients with Brain Metastases

  Putative oncogenic pathways in squamous cell lung cancer have been recently characterized, although their biologic repercussions in patients is largely unknown. This study sought to discover potential clinical manifestations of major pathways in squamous cell lung cancer, particularly the PI3K pathway. Two key findings emerged: patients with stage IV squamous cell lung cancer whose tumors harbored upstream PI3K aberrations had significantly worse survival and a higher burden of metastatic disease. In addition, brain metastases were significantly more common in these patients than in others. Paired lung primary/brain metastasis genotyping, including RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing, uncovered a high degree of genetic heterogeneity between lung/brain pairs, and identified potential regulators of the metastatic process to brain.

  Study phs000907

• Autozygosity pilot - British-Pakistani from Birmingham

  The offspring of first cousin marriages have ~6% of their genome autozygous, i.e. homozygous identical by descent, or even more if there was further consanguinity in their ancestry. In the UK there are large populations with very high first cousin marriage rates of 50-80%. Sequencing the exomes of a sample of these individuals has the potential both to support genetic health programmes in these populations, and to provide genetic research information about rare loss of function mutations. This pilot study based on existing British-Pakistani cohort samples from Birmingham will identify homozygous individuals for almost all variants down to an allele frequency around 1%, plus individuals carrying hundreds of new homozygous rare loss-of-function variants, and will support development of community relations and ethics for a wider study currently being designed. The data deposited in the EGA consist of low coverage whole exome sequencing on these samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001025

• Autozygosity pilot - British-Pakistani from Birmingham 2

  The offspring of first cousin marriages have ~6% of their genome autozygous, i.e. homozygous identical by descent, or even more if there was further consanguinity in their ancestry. In the UK there are large populations with very high first cousin marriage rates of 20-50%. Sequencing the exomes of a sample of these individuals has the potential both to support genetic health programmes in these populations, and to provide genetic research information about rare loss of function mutations. This pilot study based on existing British-Pakistani cohort samples from Birmingham will identify homozygous individuals for almost all variants down to an allele frequency around 1%, plus individuals carrying hundreds of new homozygous rare loss-of-function variants, and will support development of community relations and ethics for a wider study currently being designed. The data deposited in the EGA consists of low coverage whole exome sequencing on these samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001001026

• Gut Microbiome and Types of Colorectal Polyps

  Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease arising from at least two precursors-the conventional adenoma and the serrated polyp. This dataset was used to test the relationship of the gut microbiota to specific colorectal polyp types. We included samples from two independent study populations based at colonoscopy clinics: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Study of In-home Tests for Colorectal Cancer (SIT), and the New York University (NYU) Human Microbiome and Colorectal Tumor study. Gut microbiota were assessed in 667 colonoscopy-screened adults by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of stool samples, of which 540 were included in our analysis. Participants were categorized as conventional adenoma cases, serrated polyp cases, or polyp-free controls. CA cases were further classified as proximal or distal and as non-advanced or advanced. Serrated polyp cases were further classified as hyperplastic polyp or sessile serrated adenoma. Our results show associations between gut microbiome composition and presence of conventional adenomas, including reduced diversity and alterations in taxon abundance.

  Study phs001381

• Genome-wide cell-free DNA mutational integration enables ultra-sensitive cancer monitoring

  In many areas of oncology, we lack sensitive tools to track low burden disease. While cell-free DNA (cfDNA) shows promise in detecting cancer mutations, we found that the combination of low tumor fraction (TF) and limited number of DNA fragments restricts low disease burden monitoring through the prevailing deep targeted sequencing paradigm. We reasoned that breadth may supplant depth of sequencing to overcome the barrier of cfDNA abundance. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of cfDNA allowed ultra-sensitive detection, capitalizing on the cumulative signal of thousands of somatic mutations observed in solid malignancies, with TF detection sensitivity as low as 10-5. The WGS approach enabled dynamic tumor burden tracking and post-operative residual disease detection, associated with adverse outcome. Thus, we present an orthogonal framework for cfDNA cancer monitoring via genome wide mutational integration, enabling ultra-sensitive detection, overcoming the limitation of cfDNA abundance, and empowering treatment optimization in low-disease burden oncology care

  Study EGAS00001004406

• WES of Colorectal cancer organoid-stroma biobank cohort

  In colorectal cancers (CRC) the tumor microenvironment plays a key role for prognosis and therapy efficacy. Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) show enormous potential for preclinical testing, however, in purely epithelial cultures features including the ‘consensus molecular subtypes’ (CMS) are largely eradicated. To better reflect cell heterogeneity, we established the CRC organoid-stroma biobank of matched PDTOs and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from 30 patients. Context-specific phenotyping showed that xenotransplantation or co-culture with CAFs restores the individual transcriptomic status and instructs subtype-specific stromal gene expression. Furthermore, co-culture exposed CMS4-specific resistance to Gefitinib and SN-38 and revealed prognostic gene expression signatures. Chemogenomic library screening identified patient- and therapy-dependent mechanisms of stromal resistance including MET as common target. Our results demonstrate that CRC phenotypes are encrypted in the cancer epithelium in a plastic fashion that strongly depends on the context. Consequently, CAFs are essential for faithful representation of molecular subtypes and therapy responses ex vivo.

  Study EGAS00001007301

• RNAseq of Colorectal cancer organoid-stroma biobank cohort

  In colorectal cancers (CRC) the tumor microenvironment plays a key role for prognosis and therapy efficacy. Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) show enormous potential for preclinical testing, however, in purely epithelial cultures features including the ‘consensus molecular subtypes’ (CMS) are largely eradicated. To better reflect cell heterogeneity, we established the CRC organoid-stroma biobank of matched PDTOs and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from 30 patients. Context-specific phenotyping showed that xenotransplantation or co-culture with CAFs restores the individual transcriptomic status and instructs subtype-specific stromal gene expression. Furthermore, co-culture exposed CMS4-specific resistance to Gefitinib and SN-38 and revealed prognostic gene expression signatures. Chemogenomic library screening identified patient- and therapy-dependent mechanisms of stromal resistance including MET as common target. Our results demonstrate that CRC phenotypes are encrypted in the cancer epithelium in a plastic fashion that strongly depends on the context. Consequently, CAFs are essential for faithful representation of molecular subtypes and therapy responses ex vivo.

  Study EGAS00001007300

• Clinical activity and molecular correlates of response to atezolizumab alone or in combination with bevacizumab versus sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma

  We examined pre-treatment tumors from participants of the IMmotion150 trial. Biomarker analyses indicate that high angiogenesis gene expression was associated with improved PFS within the sunitinib arm, and high T-effector/IFNγ response (Teff) gene expression with longer PFS in atezolizumab + bevacizumab vs sunitinib patients. In high Teff tumors, concomitant high myeloid inflammation was associated with worse PFS in the atezolizumab monotherapy arm; adding bevacizumab to atezolizumab in this subgroup improved PFS vs atezolizumab. Molecular profiles suggest that prediction of outcomes with VEGF inhibitors and immunotherapy may be possible in mRCC, and bevacizumab may overcome myeloid inflammation-associated atezolizumab resistance.

  Study EGAS00001002928

• Microarray genotyping of idiopathic hypersomnia patients (11 orexin mutation-positive patients, 85 orexin mutation-negative patients)

  We performed a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine whether population stratification or differences in the genetic background are present between the orexin mutation-positive and -negative idiopathic hypersomnia groups. Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (orexin mutation-positive patients and orexin mutation-negative patients) were utilized for the PCA.

  Study JGAS000508

• EstMB cohort participants sequenced with MGISEQ-2000 platform

  Ensuring the comparability of data generated across different sequencing platforms has become a pressing concern in efforts to uncover robust links between the microbiome and human health. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive comparison of taxonomic and functional profiles from matched human gut microbiome sample pairs, sequenced using both the MGISEQ-2000 (MGI) and NovaSeq 6000 (Illumina NovaSeq) platforms.

  Study EGAS50000001538

• Evidence for Enhancer Activity in Intron 1 of TNFRSF1A Using CRISPR/Cas9 in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Macrophages

  Use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to study the TNFRSF1A gene, which plays a key role in autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. By editing a specific regulatory element within the TNFRSF1A locus, we have identified the role of an enhancer element that is not well understood.

  Study EGAS50000000703

• Phylogenetic reconstruction of breast cancer

  The aim of this study was to identify the evolutionary trajectories of metastatic breast cancer. We present whole genome sequencing data (primary tumours, axillary lymph nodes, distant metastasis and matched normal tissues) from 16 breast cancer patients. This work sheds light on the routes on which tumour cells metastasize and their role in disease progression in ER-positive breast cancer.

  Study EGAS00001004356

• Three-dimensional patient-derived models of glioblastoma retain intra-tumoral heterogeneity

  The intra- and inter- tumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma represents a significant therapeutic challenge, as well as difficulty in generating reliable models for in vitro studies. Here, we quantify the tumor cell composition from matched patient-derived neurospheres (PDN) and organoids (PDO) established from the same primary tumor using a series of multi-omic interrogations, relative to primary tissue

  Study EGAS00001008023

• Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Refractory Multiple Myeloma Reveals a Complex Mutational and Structural Landscape Associated with Drug Resistance (H067)

  Outcome of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) refractory to immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) is still very poor. To elucidate the genetic landscape of relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM) we performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 39 heavily pretreated RRMM patients with at least double refractoriness revealing complex structural changes and a high mutational load (H067/K08K). We found a median of 67 structural variants and 116 nonsynonymous exonic mutations per patient. Assessment of oncogenic drivers showed NRAS, BRAF, TP53, KRAS, SLC4A7, FAM46C, DIS3, RB1, KMT2C, MLLT4, EWSR1, HCFC2, and COPS3 as significantly mutated. We found multiple genomic regions with bi-allelic events affecting known tumor suppressor genes, most frequently TP53, RB1, and TRAF3. Supervised analysis of mutational signatures showed a major contribution of Cosmic signature 6 associated with deficiency in DNA mismatch repair and the ‘BRCAness’ signature which coincided with mutations in genes known to confer PARP inhibitor sensitivity. Recurrently mutated gene networks included genes with relevance for PI and IMiD activity, the latter including in particular members of the Cereblon and the COP9 signalosome complex. In conclusion, this comprehensive genomic characterization revealed a complex mutational and structural landscape in RRMM and highlights potential implications for therapeutic strategies.

  Study EGAS00001004363

• A somatic reference standard for cancer genome sequencing with COLO829

  Identification of somatic alterations in cancer has become feasible with the massive adoption of next generation sequencing. However, due to variability in sequencing and informatics pipelines, a common somatic reference is needed. We thus performed paired whole genome sequencing of a metastatic melanoma cell line (COLO829) and a matched lymphoblastoid line (COLO829BL) across three institutions (TGen, Illumina, Genome Sciences Centre at the British Columbia Cancer Agency). We performed a meta-analysis of all data, in combination with the originally reported analysis of these cell lines by Pleasance et al (PMID: 20016485), and report a somatic reference standard based on consensus events. DNA extractions, library preparation, sequencing, and analysis were separately performed at each site. Results were compiled with sequence data previously generated for the cell lines to identify true positive variants, collectively representing a somatic reference standard. Overall, common somatic events include point mutations, small insertion/deletions, and genes affected by concurrent copy number changes. We additionally show divergence of somatic mutations in COLO829 associated with differences in cell line lineage. We present this reference to the community as a standard for enabling interpretation and identification of somatic mutations across institutions and analytical pipelines.

  Study EGAS00001001385

• Alterations in the gut microbiome in inflammatory arthritis implicate key taxa and metabolic pathways across arthritis phenotypes

  The gut microbiome has been implicated in several inflammatory conditions, but large-scale metagenomic evaluations have not yet traced the routes by which immunity in the gut affects systemic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory arthritis. To characterize the community structure and associated functional processes driving gut microbial involvement in arthritis, we investigated a total of 440 stool shotgun metagenomes comprising 275 adults diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or psoriatic arthritis, along with 165 healthy control individuals and individuals with joint pain without an underlying inflammatory cause.

  Study EGAS00001005525

• Treatment-mediated selection of lethal prostate cancer clones defined by copy number architectures

  Despite initial responses to hormone treatment, metastatic prostate cancer invariably evolves to a lethal state. To characterize the intra-patient relationships of metastases that evade treatment, we performed genome- wide copy number profiling and bespoke approaches targeting the androgen receptor (AR) on 142 metastatic regions from 10 organs harvested post-mortem from nine men who died from prostate cancer. We identified diverse and patient-unique alterations clustering around the AR in metastases from every patient with evidence of independent acquisition of related genomic changes within an individual and, in some patients, the co-existence of AR-neutral clones. Using the genomic boundaries of pan-autosome copy number change, we confirmed a common clone of origin across metastases and diagnostic biopsies; and identified in individual patients, clusters of metastases occupied by dominant clones with diverged autosomal copy number alterations. Autosome-defined clusters were characterized by cluster-specific AR gene architectures that in two index cases were topologically more congruent than by chance (p-values 0.03, 3.07x10-8). Integration with anatomical site suggested patterns of spread and points of genomic divergence. Copy number boundaries identified treatment-selected clones with putatively distinct lethal trajectories.

  Study EGAS00001006598

• Disease recurrence after pathologic response

  In this study we aim to gain insight into the mechanisms of immune evasion after initial pathologic response to neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition in macroscopic stage III melanoma by pooling data of the neoadjuvant OpACIN, OpACIN-neo and PRADO trials. Therefore we analyzed in-depth paired baseline and recurrent tumor samples through a.o. DNA sequencing analyses.

  Dataset EGAD50000000699