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• DNA sequencing of sgRNAs in CRISPR-Cas9 screening and RNA sequencing of SF3B4-overexpressing liver organoids

  DNA sequencing of sgRNAs in CRISPR-Cas9 screening and RNA sequencing of SF3B4-overexpressing liver organoids

  Dataset EGAD50000001240

• Bulk RNA-seq data of isogenic wild-type RPE1

  Deposited here are time series (6, 24 and 48hrs) bulk RNA-seq data generated from isogenic wild-type (WT) RPE1 untreated or treated with Brequinar (and other dNTP-pool disruptor compounds)

  Dataset EGAD50000001544

• Dataset with WGBS data of CRC and colon tissue

  This dataset contains WGBS data from 20 samples, which are either from colorectal cancer or control colon tissue. Sequencing was performed on either Illumina HiSeq 2000 or HiSeq X and the sequences are paired.

  Dataset EGAD50000000772

• SCANDARE ovarian

  Prospective biobanking study in ovarian cancer patients aiming at better understand the link between the molecular alterations of the tumor itself, its microenvironment and immune response.

  Study EGAS50000001161

• Extracellular Vesicle miRNA Sequencing with Qiaseq and NextSeq 550

  This dataset includes small RNA sequencing data from extracellular vesicle-derived RNA. miRNA libraries were prepared using the Qiaseq miRNA Library Kit with adaptations for low RNA input and sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 550 platform

  Dataset EGAD50000001504

• Spontaneously differentiatiated iPSCs to EBs

  SUM-seq data (single-cell chromatin accessibility and gene expression) for spontaneously differentiatiated iPSCs. This data is the representative data in the Nature Protocols publication.

  Study EGAS50000001094

• WES - Characterization of a Breast Patient-derived Tumor Organoid biobank from an underserved population of patients.

  EXaCT-2, an augmented WES assay, has been performed on a cohort of 4 patients and their corresponding organoids

  Study EGAS50000000684

• scMultiome analysis of human tongue cancer organoids

  We performed single-cell Multiome analysis (10X Genomics) of a uniquely established human tongue cancer organoids, including both chemo-sensitive organoids and chemotherapy resistant organoids.

  Study JGAS000606

• Human exome sequencing data (n=2) from the publication "Germline variants in UHRF1 are associated with multi-locus imprinting disturbance in humans and mice"

  II2_hg38.bwa.QC.vcf III1_III2_hg38.bwa.QC.vcf The VCF files of the mother (II:2) and both affected siblings (III:1+III:2, merged).

  Dataset EGAD50000001684

• Stem-like peripheral helper T cells seed their effector counterpart in rheumatoid arthritis

  The dynamics of helper T cells in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis was investigated using scRNA-seq, scTCR-seq, and spatial transcriptome.

  Study JGAS000774

• BipEx_Owen_Cardiff

  "BipEx_EGAS000010058455_Owen_Cardiff Bipolar Disorder Exomes. This research project was a collaboration between Cardiff University, UK and the Stanley Center at the Broad Institute. In this project we sequenced and analyzed the whole exomes of 1,106 Bipolar case/control samples from collaborators in UK. Genomic DNA from each sample was sequenced to a mean depth of 20x."

  Dac EGAC50000000139

• SCANDARE TNBC

  Prospective biobanking study in breast patients aiming at better understand the link between the molecular alterations of the tumor itself, its microenvironment and immune response.

  Study EGAS50000000970

• WES_dataset2

  Twenty-six EATLs and 22 additional cases of MEITLs (among which 5 had only tumoral tissue available) were sequenced using the xgen research panels v1.0 and v2.0 from IDT DNA (Newark, New Jersey, USA).

  Dataset EGAD50000001621

• Whole genome sequencing analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

  Whole genome sequencing analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the association of their genomic features with the response of neo-aduvant chemotherapy

  Study JGAS000155

• Whole exome sequencing of 69 trios with bipolar disorder

  We performed whole exome sequencing to trios with bipolar disorder to elucidate genetic architecture of bipolar disorder including de novo mutations and transmitted variants.

  Study JGAS000273

• Searching for DNA methylation sites associated with panic disorder

  This study aimed to identify whole-genome DNA methylation profile of panic disoeder and to search DNA methylation sites associated with the disease

  Study JGAS000111

• RNA isoform diversity, splicing variants, and switching in single cells of the Alzheimer’s disease brain

  Paired 10X 3' single-nucleus RNA sequencing with PacBio Kinnex long-read sequencing in 7 control and 8 Alzheimer's disease human frontal cortex samples.

  Dataset EGAD50000002124

• BipEx_Adolfsson_Umea

  "BipEx_EGAS00001005842_Umea University Bipolar Disorder Exomes. This research project was a collaboration between Umea University, Sweden and the Stanley Center at the Broad Institute. In this project we sequenced and analyzed the whole exomes of 924 Bipolar case/control samples from collaborators in Sweden. Genomic DNA from each sample was sequenced to a mean depth of 20x."

  Dac EGAC50000000133

• WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING OF CLEAR CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA IN VHL PATIENT

  This submission contains Whole Genome Sequencing data of six ccRCCs, four cysts and one blood DNA sample of a VHL patient.

  Study EGAS50000000295

• RNA-Sequencing of whole blood collected from RNU4ATAC/RNU6ATC patients and controls

  RNA-Sequencing of whole blood collected from patients with biallelic RNU4ATAC/RNU6ATAC variants, parents who carry the variants, healthy controls and type 1 diabetes controls.

  Dataset EGAD50000002242

• Sorted WGS for three samples

  This dataset contains Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data from two cell populations (myeloid and lymphoid) and the germline population sorted from a primary sample of the novel FOXF1/FENDRR ALL subtype. All the three samples are in bam file type.

  Dataset EGAD50000001792

• TraIT Cell Line use case

  Experimental data collected from a set of cell lines. To be used as a test for pipelines and infrastructure.

  Study EGAS00001001476

• AML clonal phylogeny

  Study of AMl clonal phylogeny. Fastq files from targeted resequencing and from exome sequencing from AML patients at diagnosis, complete remission or relapse time.

  Study EGAS00001001779

• Multi-region sequencing of colon tumour biopsies and matched normals

  Dataset of adenoma and colon cancer multi-region sequencing. Publication: Nat Ecol Evol. 2018 Oct;2(10):1661-1672. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0642-z. Epub 2018 Aug 31.

  Dataset EGAD00001004966

• LBC1936 VCF

  LBC1921 and LBC1936 GVCFs called with GATK's HaplotypeCaller were combined and subject to variant quality score recalibration. This VCF contains the subset of samples (n = 1068) from the LBC1936 cohort.

  Dataset EGAD00001005478

• Primary tumor/metastatic/germline DNA trios equences files

  Exome sequences of primary tumor/metastatic/germline DNA trios. Tumoral and germline samples were sequenced to an expected depth of respectively 150M and 50M reads in order to obtain differential depth (>100X versus >30X). Submitted data are paired-end fastq files.

  Dataset EGAD00001006324

• CNA vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  CNA calls generated using the SomaticSniper-TITAN-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004440

• Pre and Post BCG treated bulk RNAseq dataset.

  We have in total 16 files, technical duplicates of 8 unique samples from Pre and Post BCG samples collected from four non muscle invasive bladder cancer patients. These are bulk RNAseq samples generated by high-throughput sequencing platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001006634

• Whole exome sequencing of 3 primary Plasma Cell Leukemia samples

  Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) samples were sequenced using the Nimblegen MedExome Plus hybridization capture to detect translocations, copy number changes, and mutations in 3 pPCL samples and patient matched controls. Sequencing was performed on a NextSeq500 using 75 bp paired end reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001005306

• WXS from GBM-719 xenografts

  WXS from barcoded cells that are FACS sorted from GBM-719 xenografts, and the germline reference from patient GBM-719. The 4 xenografts are named according to passage (secondary or tertiary) and treatment (vehicle control or temozolomide).

  Dataset EGAD00001003422

• BLUEPRINT: WGBS-seq of multiple myeloma and plasma cells

  Whole-genome Bisulfite sequencing of two multiple myeloma samples and one pooled sample of plasma cells.

  Dataset EGAD00001000672

• Peripheral clonal expansion of T cells (scRNA-seq)

  Single-cell RNA-seq of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from 14 cancer patients before treatment, taken from tumor, normal adjacent tissue, and peripheral blood. Dataset consists of paired-end FASTQ files, including replicate libraries and runs.

  Dataset EGAD00001005464

• Whole genome sequencing of human cell lines

  Whole genome sequencing of commercial LoVo, GP5D, COLO320DM, CaCo-2 and RPE1 cell lines and three RPE1-TP53 knock-out cell lines separated by 6 months of culture from their most recent common ancestor.

  Dataset EGAD00001004100

• RNA-Seq samples from the BELOB clinical trial study to find transcriptome associations with response to Bevacizumab and CCNU in glioblastoma patients

  RNA-Seq samples from the BELOB clinical trial study to find transcriptome associations with response to Bevacizumab and CCNU in glioblastoma patients

  Dataset EGAD00001006329

• BAM files of Roma and non-Roma Romanians

  BAM files (Illumina HiSeq 2000) with whole genome sequencing data of 49 individuals of European/Romanian descent, and 50 individuals of Roma (Romani/Rroma) ethnic background from Romania.

  Dataset EGAD00001004981

• BLUEPRINT Epigenetic characterization of megakaryocytes and erythroblasts

  Megakaryocytes and erythroblasts derive from the same progenitor cell type but carry out very different functions. In order to understand how the different functional phenotypes arise we have characterised the epigenetic landscape of these cells.

  Dataset EGAD00001001871

• Clinical data

  This dataset contains demographic, histology, PDL1 IHC, TMB and outcome data (PFS and ORR) for 836 patients, 823 of which had RNAseq, 715 had FMI, with 702 patients having both. The dataset also includes xCell deconvolution scores for patients with RNAseq data.

  Dataset EGAD00001006617

• CNA vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  CNA calls generated using the MuTect-TITAN-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004442

• SNV vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  SNV calls generated using the SomaticSniper-Battenberg-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004432

• SNV vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  SNV calls generated using the MuTect-Battenberg-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004434

• Single cell RNA sequencing of tumor and ascites in high grade ovarian cancer

  Fastq files for single cell RNA sequencing of cells from ovarian cancer tumor and ascites (10X chromium 5' v1.1 libraries). Multiple cases are pooled in each sequencing library.

  Dataset EGAD00001006627

• CNA vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  CNA calls generated using the MuTect-Battenberg-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004443

• Peripheral clonal expansion of T cells (scTCR-seq)

  Single-cell TCR-seq of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from 14 cancer patients before treatment, taken from tumor, normal adjacent tissue, and peripheral blood. Dataset consists of paired-end FASTQ files, including replicate libraries and runs.

  Dataset EGAD00001005465

• SNV vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  SNV calls generated using the SomaticSniper-TITAN-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004431

• CNA vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  CNA calls generated using the SomaticSniper-TITAN-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004441

• Cardiac Translatomes of 80 Human Samples

  Dataset consists of fastq files of Ribo-seq, polyA-RNA and total RNA sequencing of 80 samples (65 DCM cases and 15 controls)

  Dataset EGAD00001004394

• Primary plasma cell leukemia genomic abnormalities

  Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) samples were sequenced using the Nimblegen MedExome Plus hybridization capture to detect translocations, copy number changes, and mutations in 20 pPCL samples and patient matched controls. Sequencing was performed on a NextSeq500 using 75 bp paired end reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001004323

• Ovarian cancer/normal cell lines

  We performed whole genome sequencing of nine OC patient-derived cell lines and one normal cell line (HOSEpiC) to analyze if the cell lines harbor OC-typical genomic aberrations absent in normal cells and to relate genomic features to drug sensitivities.

  Dataset EGAD00001003146

• There are 116 liver cancer cases in this study and belong to LICA-CN project.The NGS test was performed with whole exome sequencing with HiSeq 2000 platform.

  There are 116 liver cancer cases in this study and belong to LICA-CN project

  Dataset EGAD00001003174

• SNV vcf files for CPCG Subclonal Heterogeneity in multiple and single regions

  SNV calls generated using the MuTect-TITAN-PhyloWGS from the CPC-GENE Subclonal Heterogeneity study using single and multiple regions

  Dataset EGAD00001004433

• Data containing genome-wide SNP data from Northwestern Amazonia

  Provide new insights about the population history of NWA and identify the impact of intense population contact on patterns of genetic variation

  Study EGAS00001006767

• G-SAM: Transcriptional Evolution of Glioblastomas Treated With Standard of Care

  Collection of mostly matching primary and recurrent glioblastoma RNA-seq sample pairs, also matching with an earlier DNA sequencing study

  Study EGAS00001005436

• Extramammary Paget Disease

  In order to clarify the mutational landscape of Extramammary Paget disease, we performed exome-sequencing of surgical samples and target-sequencing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

  Study EGAS00001004746

• RNA-sequencing of Non-muscle Invasive Bladder cancer (NMIBC)

  This RNA-sequencing cohort includes 78 Non-muscle Invasive Bladder cancer (NMIBC) samples and 7 Muscle Invasive Bladder cancer (MIBC) samples.

  Study EGAS00001004358

• Whole genome bisulfite sequencing on 10 multiple myeloma cases

  Data quality control and adaptor-trimmed were performed with the Trimomatic tool. Paired-reads were mapped to the hg19 human reference with methylCtools aligner.

  Study EGAS00001004346

• Brain tumor sequencing data

  This study contains tumor DNA (with matched normal) for 1 medulloblastoma and 1 ependymoma patient. Tumor RNA sequencing data is also present for the medulloblastoma patient

  Study EGAS00001006352

• Homologous recombination deficiency derived from whole-genome sequencing predicts platinum response in triple-negative breast cancers

  To identify predictive biomarkers of response and resistance to platinum agents in PDX models of triple-negative breast cancer

  Study EGAS00001006393

• Analysis of enhancer-promoter connectivity alterations

  The study uncovers epigenomic changes associated with dexamethasone response heterogeneity in myeloma cells, revealing rewired promoter-enhancer interactions and DNA loop stabilization

  Study EGAS00001007411

• COVID-19 scRNA-seq, TCR-seq and BCR-seq

  COVID-19 scRNA-seq, TCR-seq and BCR-seq for 291 samples collected from 109 patients. Among 291 samples, 249 of them have two libraries (sequencing runs) for each assay, while 42 have only one library.

  Dataset EGAD00001007995

• Whole transcriptome profiling of osteosarcoma

  This dataset contains 86 osteosarcoma samples and their matched normals that underwent RNA sequencing using size fractionation, NuGEN Ovation Ultralow Library System V2 preparation, and paired-end sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2000.

  Dataset EGAD00001008436

• Transcriptome analysis of Treg cells from blood, fat, liver and skin

  Tcells were isolated fom Tissues and FACS sorted. In total 43 samples were processed in 5 replicates with the Takara SmartSeq Stranded kit. Single end fastq-files are supplied.

  Dataset EGAD00001007664

• 17 skin and oral epithelial bulk samples from 2 donors

  Aligned BAM files with removed duplicate reads of targeted sequencing data (exomes of a panel of 153 genes) from 12 skin and 5 oral epithelial bulk samples from 2 donors. Sequences generated by the BGI DNB-SEQ platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001008956

• Whole transcriptome profiling of osteosarcoma

  This dataset contains 86 osteosarcoma samples and their matched normals that underwent RNA sequencing using size fractionation, NuGEN Ovation Ultralow Library System V2 preparation, and paired-end sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2000.

  Dataset EGAD00001008435

• WGS and RNA-Seq data from a GBM patient PT-PV2594

  WGS and RNA-Seq data from a GBM patient PT-PV2594

  Dataset EGAD00001008526

• WGS and WES data for manuscript titled: ctDNA as a biomarker of progression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma

  WGS and WES data for manuscript titled: ctDNA as a biomarker of progression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma

  Dataset EGAD00001008554

• Comparative transcriptome of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from myeloproliferative patients and control donors

  Comparative transcriptome of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from 4 myeloproliferative patients (MPN) and 4 control donors performed by RNA-Sequencing.

  Dataset EGAD00001007531

• 15 Healthy controls, 25 conlonrectal cancer patients without liver metastasis and 24 conlonrectal cancer patients with liver metastasis (target capture)

  15 Healthy controls, 25 conlonrectal cancer patients without liver metastasis and 24 conlonrectal cancer patients with liver metastasis (target capture)

  Dataset EGAD00001009838

• RNA-Seq data for manuscript titled: A sporadic Alzheimers blood-brain barrier model for developing ultrasound-mediated delivery of Aducanumab and anti-Tau antibodies

  RNA-Seq data for manuscript titled: A sporadic Alzheimers blood-brain barrier model for developing ultrasound-mediated delivery of Aducanumab and anti-Tau antibodies

  Dataset EGAD00001008670

• PELICAN45 RNAseq Dataset

  RNAseq in cryostat-microdissected metastatic and primary prostate cancer tissues and matched noncancerous tissues from the same study subjects.

  Dataset EGAD00001009997

• CITE-Seq (Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing) of CLL_24

  To explore intratumor-heterogeneity of CLL_24 using single-cell multi-omics approach, we generated single-cell CITE-seq data for CLL_24, coupling scRNA-seq and protein surface marker measurements with oligo-tagged antibodies.

  Dataset EGAD00001009174

• RNA-seq data of patients with glioblastoma IDH-wt (CNS WHO grade 4) with matched primary and relapse samples.

  Between January 1st, 2016, and December 31th, 2021, patients with glioblastoma IDH-wt (CNS WHO grade 4) were included. RNA-seq was performed in a subset of patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001015683

• Short- and long-read WGS of eHHV-6B-positive Japanese subjects

  Short-read WGS datasets of 15 eHHV-6B-positive Japanese subjects (Illumina WGS) and long-read WGS datasets of 3 eHHV-6B-positive Japanese subjects with SLE (PacBio 30x HiFi long-read sequencing).

  Dataset EGAD00001015393

• dataset for esophageal cancer, 17 pairs for whole-genome sequencing and 71 pairs for whole-exome sequencing

  dataset for esophageal cancer, 17 pairs for whole-genome sequencing and 71 pairs for whole-exome sequencing

  Dataset EGAD00001000760

• Clinical phenotypes/covariates

  This dataset contains the clinical phenotypes/covariates information for all the individuals. This dataset was generated as part of the following study: Panousis et al (2019). Combined genetic and transcriptome analysis of patients with SLE: Distinct, targetable signatures for susceptibility and severity.

  Dataset EGAD00001005040

• The application of RNA sequencing for the diagnosis and genomic classification of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  RNA-seq data for ALL patients as described in "The application of RNA sequencing for the diagnosis and genomic classification of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia"

  Dataset EGAD00001006335

• Medulloblastoma whole and focused exome sequencing (n=13 patients, n=37 samples)

  Whole exome sequencing: 24 samples matched tumor-normal and one matched CSF. Focused exome sequencing: 17 samples matched tumor-normal-2 time point CSF.

  Dataset EGAD00001006387

• RNASeq files for Mullighan TXVI dataset

  RNASeq files for paper titled "Prognostic and therapeutic significance of leukemia subtypes and minimal residual disease measurements in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with contemporary risk-directed trial: a cohort study"

  Dataset EGAD00001006609

• Genetics of Prostate Cancer in Africa

  African Americans (AA) suffer from the highest rates of Prostate Cancer (CaP) in the world, but while men of African descent around the world suffer disproportionately from CaP compared to men of other races or ethnicities, our understanding of the reasons for these disparities remains incomplete. To date, few exposure, lifestyle, or environmental influences have been identified in CaP etiology. In contrast, CaP is among the most heritable of common cancers, and over 290 susceptibility loci have been identified. However, many of these loci have not been replicated in AA, in part because of limited African descent sample sizes, incomplete capture of African alleles, and a limited understanding of African genomic architecture. To better understand the etiology of CaP in African descent men, we established a large, multicenter consortium known as “Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate” (MADCaP). Using resources of this consortium, we have undertaken a multicenter study of CaP in Sub-Saharan Africa, enrolling CaP cases from 7 institutions in 4 countries in Africa (Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, and South Africa) and age matched controls from the same institutions. We designed a novel genotyping array, in partnership with Thermo Fisher Scientific, leveraging its Applied BiosystemTM AxiomTM Genotyping solution, to provide good coverage of African genomic variation, as well as incorporating cancer loci, with the goal of being able to fine-map existing prostate cancer loci, as well as mapping novel loci. The data available encompasses genotyping our Africa cohort on this array.

  Study phs002718

• Epigenetic Control of Topoisomerase 1 by MacroH2A1.1

  DNA transactions introduce torsional constraints that pose an inherent risk to genome integrity. While topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) activity is essential for removing DNA supercoiling, aberrant stabilization of TOP1:DNA cleavage complexes (TOP1ccs) can result in cytotoxic single-stranded DNA lesions (SSLs). What protects the genome from aberrant TOP1 activity remains unknown. Using a combination of CUT&RUN and TOP1 Covalent Adduct Detection (CAD) Seq in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC), we identified chromatin context as an essential means to ensure TOP1cc resolution at TOP1 hot spots. Through its ability to bind poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), a protein modification required for TOP1cc repair, the histone variant macroH2A1.1 establishes a TOP1-permissive chromatin environment, while the alternatively spliced macroH2A1.2 isoform is unable to bind PAR or protect from TOP1ccs. MacroH2A1 isoform-specific analyses were based on reconstitution of macroH2A1.1 knockout cells with wild-type or PAR binding-deficient FLAG-tagged macroH2A1.1 in human breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, we find that macroH2A1.1 facilitates the recruitment of the TOP1cc repair factor XRCC1 in response to both endogenous and drug-induced topological stress. Impaired macroH2A1.1 splicing, a frequent cancer feature, was predictive of increased sensitivity to TOP1 poisons in a pharmaco-genomic screen in breast cancer cells, and macroH2A1.1 inactivation mirrored this effect in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Consistent with this, low macroH2A1.1 expression correlated with improved survival in cancer patients treated with TOP1 inhibitors (TOP1i). We propose that macroH2A1 alternative splicing serves as an epigenetic modulator of TOP1-associated genome maintenance and a potential cancer vulnerability.

  Study phs003729

• Oncogenome of Kaposi Sarcoma

  Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is an aggressive cancer caused by the Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8). Individuals with immunodeficiencies, exemplified by HIV, have an elevated risk of developing KS. However, understanding of the genetic factors contributing to KS progression is still limited. To explore potential genetic alterations in KS that could offer biological or therapeutic insights, whole exome sequencing was performed on 78 KS tumors and matching normal skin samples from 59 adults with KS (46 with HIV-associated KS and 13 with HIV-negative KS) receiving treatment at the Uganda Cancer Institute in Kampala, Uganda. Results showed a very low mutational burden in all samples except one (median = 11 mutations), which is the smallest number of mutations found across all 33 cancer types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). No recurrent mutations were identified. Mutational signatures included impaired DNA mismatch repair and smoking. There was no evidence suggesting that multiple tumors from the same patient originated from a single clone. The number of genome copy alterations per genome was higher in tumors from individuals without HIV and those with advanced-stage disease. This suggests that lesions that take longer to develop may accumulate more alterations, although the overall number of alterations remains low compared to other cancers. These findings suggest that KS pathogenesis differs from other cancers, with KSHV viral infection and the expression of viral oncogenes being the primary drivers of carcinogenesis, rather than clonal oncogenic transformation arising from genetic alterations of cancer-related cellular genes.

  Study phs003897

• pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma exomes in study: Pro-immunogenic Impact of MEK inhibition combined with an anti-CD40 immunostimulatory antibody

  Cancer types with lower mutational load and a non-permissive tumor microenvironment are intrinsically resistant to immune checkpoint blockade. While the combination of cytostatic drugs and immunostimulatory antibodies constitutes an attractive concept for overcoming this refractoriness, suppression of immune cell function by cytostatic drugs may limit therapeutic efficacy. Here we show that targeted inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) does not impair dendritic cell-mediated T-cell priming and activation. Accordingly, combining MEK inhibitors (MEKi) with agonist antibodies (Abs) targeting the immunostimulatory CD40 receptor resulted in potent synergistic anti-tumor efficacy. Detailed analysis of the mechanism of action of MEKi GDC-0623 by means of flow cytometric analysis of the tumor immune infiltrate and whole tumor transcriptomics showed that, in addition to its cytostatic impact on tumor cells, this drug exerts multiple pro-immunogenic effects, including the suppression of M2-type macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells and CD4+ T-regulatory cells. In addition, MEKi was found to induce tumor-cell intrinsic interferon signaling, which contributed to antigen presentation by tumor cells. Finally, the tumoridical impact of MEKi involves the activation of multiple pro-inflammatory pathways involved in immune cell effector function in the tumor microenvironment. Our data therefore indicate that the combination of MEK inhibition with agonist anti-CD40 Ab is a promising therapeutic concept, especially for the treatment of mutant Kras-driven tumors such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma exomes were generated in the context of the Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology project HIPO-K28E.

  Study EGAS00001004196

• A Functional Network of Gastric-Cancer-Associated Splicing Events Controlled by Dysregulated Splicing Factors

  Except for a few genes known to have oncogenic spliceforms in gastric cancer, the full scope of aberrant splicing in gastric oncogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we elucidated the alternative splicing events associated with gastric carcinogenesis and identified upstream regulators governing these events. We performed RNA-seq on 19 matched tumor/normal pairs and a panel of gastric cancer cell lines, and identified 361 tumor associated (TA) alternative splicing events (ASEs), which included known oncogenic ASEs in genes such as INSR, FGFR2, CD44 and KRAS. We further identified 8 splicing factors dysregulated in gastric tumors, the expression of which are correlated to the splice ratio of the TA ASEs. We thereby constructed a dysregulated splicing network in gastric cancer, consisting of alternative splicing changes correlated to their potential regulators. This network featured three potential regulatory modules centered around the splicing factors ESRP2, MBNL1 and PTPB1. Knockdown of each splicing factor led to the expected changes in splicing of approximately half of the ASEs assayed. Thus, dysregulation of the splicing factors indeed was the cause of many of the TA ASEs. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that genes affected by tumor associated splicing were pre-dominantly involved in cytoskeletal organization. Concordant with this, knockdown of the splicing factors regulating the TA ASEs led to the expected changes in trans-well migration activity. Thus, we have established for the first time a comprehensive splicing network that likely drives gastric tumor progression, based on which novel therapeutic targets can be identified for further evaluation.

  Study EGAS00001002256

• High-Resolution Spatial Transcriptomics Uncover Epidermal-Dermal Divergences in Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Spatial Context Reshapes the Gene Expression Landscape

  Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive malignancy with neuroendocrine differentiation marked by high plasticity, often manifesting as rapid therapy resistance. Although the cell-of-origin is presumed to be epithelial, epidermal localization of MCC is rarely observed, largely because in situ MCC is typically an incidental finding. Nevertheless, a subset of MCC tumors exhibits epidermotropism, wherein tumor cells are present in the epidermis. The behavior of cancer cells is profoundly influenced by the tumor microenvironment and interactions with neighboring cells. Notably, the normal counterparts of the cancer’s cell-of-origin have been shown to attenuate tumor aggressiveness. Thus, epidermotropic MCC presents a unique opportunity to explore the potential role of surrounding keratinocytes in modulating tumor cell behavior. While the epidermotropic tumor nests share histological resemblance with their dermal counterparts, their transcriptomic profiles remain unexplored. Here, we employed high-definition spatial and single cell transcriptomics to dissect the gene expression profiles of epidermotropic MCC cells, comparing them to MCC cells in the tumor core and those adjacent to blood vessels. Notably, epidermotropic MCC cells exhibit a transcriptomic signature reminiscent of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, characterized by upregulation of genes encoding keratins, S100A proteins, as well as calmodulin-like proteins 3 and 5. Mechanistically, this keratinocytic differentiation is associated with enhanced p63 activity, leading to the upregulation of PERP. Collectively, our study demonstrates that MCC cells can adopt a keratinocytic differentiation program in response to microenvironmental cues, underscoring the remarkable phenotypic plasticity of this malignancy and the importance of the tumor microenvironment for tumor characteristics.

  Study EGAS00001008157

• A_systems_biology_approach_to_understand_immunity_and_pathogenesis_of_malaria_in_children_exposed_to_endemic_Plasmodium_falciparum_transmission

  From long-term studies of children in Kenya, we know that some children have numerous malaria episodes through to older age, while other children become immune more rapidly. Our hypothesis is that these children with frequent malaria episodes are caught in a vicious circle, whereby malaria episodes lead to impaired immunity to malaria, which in turn leads to further episodes of malaria. We will therefore investigate immune responses in children with different life histories of malaria episodes. We will also include a group of children living in similar environmental conditions but who are completely unexposed to malaria. Aims: Using RNAseq we will characterise the transcriptome of a group of children with frequent and febrile malaria or infrequent/asymptomatic. These data will be combined with cytokine profiling data (NIMR) and used to build predictive models (Exeter). The predictions will be validated against a similar second group. A single snap shot of immune responses may represent only the endpoint of many immune processes and may not reflect those that are causally related to differences in malaria outcome. Therefore, we will collect and store samples from a larger group of children who will then be followed up for over 3-4 years. This extended follow up will allow us to identify the same groups as described above, and then examine samples taken before the development of those outcomes. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002978

• Characterization of a human iPSC-derived islet differentiation model

  To explore the contribution of islet development to T2D pathogenesis, we characterised the transcriptomes of 3 human iPSC lines (from independent donors) differentiated along the islet development lineage. Whole transcriptome RNA-seq was performed at 7 developmental stages: definitive endoderm, primitive gut tube, posterior foregut (PF), pancreatic endoderm, endocrine progenitors, endocrine-like cells, and beta-like cells (BLC). Differentially-expressed (ΔExp) genes were assigned to the stage in which they were most upregulated (versus baseline iPSC profile), and used to assess the enrichment of T2D GWAS genes, as well as to predict the upstream transcription factors at each developmental stage.We found 9409 ΔExp genes across all stages, including known markers of islet development (NEUROG3, INS). Genes ΔExp in the most-differentiated (BLC) stage were significantly enriched for genes within the 99% credible sets of T2D GWAS loci. Despite this enrichment in BLC only, over 70% of genes mapping within the credible sets were ΔExp before this stage, highlighting the relevance of key T2D GWAS genes in islet development: e.g. expression of TCF7L2 peaked during the PF stage (log2FC=1.2; q=8.5×10-10). REST and LMNA are also highlighted by the analyses as having a potential function in islet development, considering their pattern of expression and those of the genes they regulate. Transcriptomic signatures derived from this iPSC differentiation model highlight T2D-associated GWAS loci, monogenic diabetes genes and potential master regulators of gene networks with plausible function in islet development. All these provide clues for developmental mechanisms contributing to T2D diabetes pathology.

  Study EGAS00001002721

• Neoantigen responses to Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer

  To determine whether antigen-specific T cell responses can be elicited following treatment with ICT in cancers that have a low TMB, a clinical trial with ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) was conducted in 30 patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We identified 2 distinct groups of patients divided by clinical outcomes, which consisted of a cohort with Favorable and Unfavorable outcomes. Compared to the Unfavorable cohort, the patients in the Favorable cohort were more likely to have higher intratumoral CD8 T cell density and/or IFN-γ response gene signature, including five patients who had antigen-specific T cell responses that were only detectable after ipilimumab therapy. Three patients had T cell responses against tumor-associated antigens (PSMA and PAP). Importantly, two patients with a relatively low TMB had T cell responses against unique neoantigens. Collectively, our data indicate that a subset of patients with metastatic prostate cancer benefit from ICTs, particularly those who have immunological biomarkers associated with effector T cell responses. Publication: Sumit K. Subudhi, Luis Vence, Hao Zhao, Jorge Blando, Shalini S. Yadav, Qing Xiong, Alexandre Reuben, Ana Aparicio, Paul G. Corn, Brian F. Chapin, Louis L. Pisters, Patricia Troncoso, Rebecca Slack Tidwell, Peter Thall, Chang-Jiun Wu, Jianhua Zhang, Christopher L. Logothetis, Andrew Futreal, James P. Allison and Padmanee Sharma, 2020, Neoantigen responses, immune correlates, and favorable outcomes after ipilimumab treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Science Translational Medicine, 01 Apr 2020:Vol. 12, Issue 537, eaaz3577DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz3577. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32238575/

  Study EGAS00001004050

• Molecular classification improves risk assessment in adult B-lineage ALL: Patients on the international UKALLXII-ECOG2993 trial.

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults is a rare disease with outcomes that remain significantly inferior to those of children with ALL. While genomic classification of pediatric B-lineage ALL (B-ALL) has led to improved risk assignment and therapeutic paradigms, similar advances in adults have been lacking. The international UKALLXII/E2993 (NCT00002514) trial accrued over 2000 adult (17-64 years old) patients over 13 years, including 1229 BCR/ABL negative B-ALLs. While 93% of B-ALL achieved a remission, 41% relapsed at a median time of 13 months (Range) and overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 42% (CI). Older age and higher white blood cell (WBC) count at presentation negatively affected OS. Patients with a sibling donor assigned to allogeneic transplantation had superior OS compared to patients without donor. Randomization of patients without a donor showed an advantage of chemotherapy over autologous transplantation in first remission. Transcriptome sequencing of 94% of E2993 patients enabled genomic subtyping. We found that one-third of patients belonged to favorable genotypes (DUX4-rearranged, ETV6-RUNX1, TCF3-PBX1, PAX5 P80R, high hyperdiploidy). Of 63.4% of patients classified as high-risk based age and WBC count at diagnosis, almost 40% harbored subtype-defining genetic associations associated with favorable- or intermediate outcomes. These patients did significantly better than expected from their protocol-defined risk assignment. Our data in a large adult B-ALL cohort treated on a single international trial show the important prognostic value of genomic analysis and the potential benefit for many of the novel genotypes.

  Study EGAS00001004638

• Analysis of the Elements Involved in the Enrichment of a Panel of Genomic Regions by Nanopore Sequencing Using Adaptive Sampling

  DNA sequencing using nanopore technologies with the affordable MinION device is useful for the identification and characterization of structural variants, long haplotypes, sequencing of repetitive regions and identification of epigenetic modifications. The main limitation of this approach is the low coverage obtained, which might be avoided by adaptive sampling, a computationally controlled method of enrichment for targeted genomic regions. This study dissects the factors involved in the enrichment by adaptive sampling of a panel of 18 human genome regions containing 20 genes implicated in breast cancer sequenced in 16 patients with familial breast cancer negative for NGS screening. An average coverage of 2.0x was obtained for the whole genome and 5.1x for selected regions. Sequencing time was the main factor improving coverage. The selection of long reads (>1 Kb) did not improve the enrichment. The length of the selected region, which in our study ranged from 126 to 565 Kb, did not play a significant role in enrichment. However, the region containing PMS2 showed significantly lower coverage, which could be explained by the high number of PMS2 pseudogenes (N = 14), which were also enriched. Our study shows new evidence of enrichment obtained by adaptive sampling in a panel of genomic regions and shows parameters, the relevance of sequencing time and the role of pseudogenes, that improve the enrichment yield with no library reloading or GPU use, data useful for a more efficient application of this procedure in future studies.

  Study EGAS00001007375

• GEI Studies - Psoriasis

  The GEI Studies Project was started as an NIH consortium involving 5 disease groups with funding provided through the Genes, Environment, and Health Initiative (GEI). The objective of the project was to optimize strategies for identifying rare variants as a follow up to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using next-generation sequencing technology. One of the five targeted diseases, Psoriasis, is a multifactorial skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation and chronic inflammation that affects approximately 2% of Americans. Because only about one-third of all patients with psoriasis have a relative who is also affected with the disorder, psoriasis is not widely recognized as a genetic disease. However, previous research on families and identical twins has shown psoriasis has a strong genetic component, although environmental factors (such as infections, stress, and injuries) are also important. Although no definite psoriasis gene has yet been identified, research during the last ten years has revealed over forty potential gene locations that may contribute to the disease. Large amounts of data generated using next-generation sequencing technology would provide a more detailed characterization of sequence variation which would in turn increase the likelihood of detecting causative loci. With the presumption that rare variants are frequently the cause of a large portion of phenotypic variation, it was necessary to use large sample sets. In the main body of this study, we sequenced 4,966 samples (812 dermatologist-diagnosed cases of purely cutaneous psoriasis (PsC), 1,497 cases of rheumatologist-diagnosed psoriatic arthritis, 665 cases of cutaneous psoriasis with uncertain psoriatic arthritis status (PsV) and 1,992 controls) across 5.7 Mb of sequence containing 100 psoriasis candidate loci and 769 genes. For each candidate locus, we considered sequences within 250 kb of the strongest association signal. Within this window, three strategies were employed. For ten of the strongest psoriasis signals, we used a whole-region approach which included non-coding intergenic and intronic sequence. For four established loci of lesser significance, we targeted all full transcription units within the +/- 250 kb interval. For the remaining signals, we targeted the exons of all transcription units within the +/- 250 kb interval. Due to complexities of high-efficiency targeting of HLA genes we selected 5 specific candidate genes for sequencing near the HLA-C gene.

  Study phs000766

• Lung Health Study (LHS-BioLINCC)

  Data Access NOTE: Please refer to the “Authorized Access” section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Objectives: To determine the effects of Special Care, compared to Usual Care, on rate of decline in pulmonary function in a group of cigarette smokers identified as having mild abnormalities in pulmonary function. In addition, the study sought to determine if participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who were assigned to inhaled corticosteroids had a lower rate of decline in lung function and lower incidence of respiratory morbidity compared to participants assigned to placebo. Also, the study sought to determine the long-term effects of smoking cessation and continued smoking, on cardiopulmonary morbidity, mortality, and the rate of decline in the one second forced expiratory volume in men and women with early chronic obstructive lung disease who have been followed prospectively for 12 to 15 years.Participants: A total of 5887 participants were enrolled.Conclusions: Participants in the two smoking intervention groups showed significantly smaller declines in Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1) than did those in the control group. Most of this difference occurred during the first year following entry into the study and was attributable to smoking cessation, with those who achieved sustained smoking cessation experiencing the largest benefit. The small noncumulative benefit associated with use of the active bronchodilator vanished after the bronchodilator was discontinued at the end of the study. The authors concluded that an aggressive smoking intervention program significantly reduced the age-related decline in FEV1 in middle-aged smokers with mild airways obstruction. Use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator resulted in a relatively small improvement in FEV1 that appeared to be reversed after the drug was discontinued. Use of the bronchodilator did not influence the long-term decline of FEV1. Additionally, the study showed that lung function decline in the participants treated with the inhaled corticosteroid was statistically no different from that in the placebo group. Corticosteroid use did, however, result in 25 percent fewer respiratory symptoms and nearly 50 percent fewer outpatient visits for respiratory problems. However, after three years, bone density in the hip and back was lower in the corticosteroid group.

  Study phs004013

• dbGaP Collection: Compilation of Individual-Level Genomic Data for General Research Use

  This dbGaP Collection contains all authorized individual-level genomic datasets currently in dbGaP that are approved for General Research Use (GRU) and have no further limitations beyond those outlined in the model Data Use Certification Agreement. Access to this study will include any additional authorized individual-level GRU datasets that become available. Renewal of this study is required annually. Data Included in this Study Individual-level genomic data designated for general research use with no further use limitations or restrictions, that is, Data use does not require approval by an Institutional Review Board for secondary analyses Data have no publication embargo Data have no other use limitations (e.g., requirement for collaboration or publication; restricted for use by academic or not-for-profit organizations; restricted to health, medical, and/or biomedical research) In response to requests from the scientific community, the NIH implemented a change in the procedures for accessing individual-level GRU genomic data. Under the modified procedures, interested investigators can request GRU individual-level genomic datasets with a single application. However, please note that these data have not been harmonized. Additionally, to help expedite the processing of requests for individual-level GRU genomic datasets, the requests will be reviewed by a single, central Data Access Committee. The process for requesting these datasets is identical to the request process for non-GRU individual-level, controlled-access data, such as the expectation that investigators will abide by the NIH Policy for Sharing of Data Obtained in NIH Supported or Conducted Genome-Wide Association Studies and Data Use Certification Agreement. Effective April 24, 2018, the Data Use Limitations (DUL) for the Genes and Blood Clotting Study (GABC) (phs000304) was updated to Health/Medical/Biomedical, Not-for-profit Use Only (HMB-NPU). Additionally, the submitting institutions have requested the removal of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) "Grand Opportunity" Exome Sequencing Project (GO-ESP) Lung Cohorts Exome Sequencing Project: Genetic modifiers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) lung infection acquisition in cystic fibrosis (phs000254) from the dbGaP Compilation of Individual-Level Genomic Data for General Research Use (dbGaP Compilation) (phs000688). As such, data from studies phs000304 and phs000254 are no longer available as part of the dbGaP Compilation (phs000688). Investigators must submit separate Data Access Requests (DARs) for the two studies and be approved by the NHLBI Data Access Committee.

  Study phs000688

• Relation between transcriptome, karyotype and age in cases of sex chromosome aneuploidies.

  Why women live longer than men is still an open question in human biology. Sex chromosomes have been proposed to play a role in the observed sex gap in longevity, and the Y male chromosome has been suspected of having a potential toxic genomic impact on male longevity. It has been hypothesized that transposable element (TE) repression declines with age, potentially leading to detrimental effects such as somatic mutations and disrupted gene expression, which may accelerate the aging process. Given that the Y chromosome is rich in repeats, age-related increases in TE expression could be more pronounced in males, likely contributing to their reduced longevity compared to females. In this work, we first studied whether TE expression is associated with the number of sex chromosomes in humans. We analyzed blood transcriptomic data obtained from individuals of different karyotype compositions: 46,XX females (normal female karyotype), 46,XY males (normal male karyotype), as well as males with abnormal karyotypes, such as 47,XXY, and 47,XYY.

  Study EGAS50000001009

• Identification and phenotypic characterization of neoantigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in endometrial cancer

  Tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells often accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in human cancer, but their functions and roles in anti-tumor responses remain elusive. Here, we investigated the immunopeptidome of HLA class II (HLA-II)-positive endometrial cancer with inflamed TME using a proteogenomic approach. We identified HLA-II neoantigens, one of which induced polyclonal CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) responses. We experimentally demonstrate that neoantigen-specific CD4+ TILs lyse target cells in an HLA-II-dependent manner. Single cell analysis of the TME coupled with T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing revealed the presence of CD4+ T cell clusters characterized by CXCL13 expression. The CXCL13+ clusters contained two subclusters with distinct cytotoxic gene expression patterns. The identified neoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells were found exclusively in one of the CXCL13-positive subclusters characterized by GZMB and CCL5 expression. These results demonstrate the involvement of tumor reactive CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic function in immune surveillance of endometrial cancer and reveal their transcriptomic signature.

  Study JGAS000766

• Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of hearing loss caused by MYH14 mutation

  Mutations in MYH14 are reported to cause autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hereditary hearing loss (ADNSHL), and 35 variants have been reported to cause hearing loss in various ethnic groups, but the information on prevalence as well as clinical features are fragmented. In this study, genetic screening for MYH14 variants was carried out using a large series of Japanese hearing loss patients to reveal the information. Massively parallel DNA sequencing of 68 target candidate genes was utilized in 8074 (including 1336 ADNSHL) unrelated Japanese hearing loss patients (probands) to identify genomic variations responsible for hearing loss. We identified 20 patients with 14 mutations from 15 pedigrees. The prevalence was proved to be 0.19% (15/8074) among hearing loss patients, and 1.12% (15/1336) among ADNSHL patients. The 12 mutations out of 14 mutations identified were novel. The patients typically showed late onset, slowly progressive modelate flat-type hearing loss. The clinical information revealed by the present study would contribute to further diagnosis and management of MYH14-associated hearing loss.

  Study JGAS000323

• Targeted sequencing (paired) of HR genes in primary and metastatic patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of colorectal cancer (CRC)

  Chemotherapy is the standard-of-care treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and benefits some patients, but what distinguishes responders from non-responders is unclear. In this study, we leveraged a comprehensive collection of 69 molecularly annotated patient-derived xenografts to uncover functional predictors of response to 5-FU and irinotecan combination therapy (FOLFIRI) in mCRC. Genetic analyses revealed that treatment sensitivity was marked by genomic scars indicative of BRCAness, suggesting homologous recombination (HR) deficiency as a key determinant. Accordingly, we surveyed a manually curated panel of 44 genes with a documented role in HR for the potential presence of pathogenic mutations. We did not observe a specific enrichment of HR gene mutations based on response to FOLFIRI. This result, combined with the absence of widespread biallelic inactivation of the analyzed genes and the predominance of mutations categorized as variants of unknown significance, suggests that FOLFIRI sensitivity is not primarily governed by underlying mutations in HR genes responsible for mitigating the genotoxic effects of this therapeutic regimen.

  Study EGAS50000000075

• Reading about genomic analysis of pan-neuroblastoma

  There are virtually no research fields that do not benefit from the large-scale genomic analysis that are so popular nowadays. For research into diseases with highly diverse clinical behavior like pediatric neuroblastoma, nevertheless, this type of approach has been a game-changer. Samuel W. Brady and colleagues, from St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, have gathered data from 702 neuroblastomas which were profiled by whole genome sequencing (WGS, n = 205), whole exome sequencing (WES, n = 539), and/or RNA-Seq. Less than half of the samples were generated during this study, while the others were obtained from previous work. Part of the WES data was indeed deposited in EGA in 2012 (EGA study EGAS00001000213). A scratchy summary about the huge work from Samuel W. Brady and colleagues, published in Nature Communications this October 2020 “These findings suggest that the sympathetic nervous system, the tissue from which neuroblastoma arises, is susceptible to different oncogenic insults at different times during development, which could be explored in future investigations using animal models.” Conclude the authors, highlighting the importance of their findings. Pediatric neuroblastomas are classified according to clinical and molecular features into low, intermediate, and high risk. Age plays a critical role in the classification, with younger children having an overall better prognosis. The samples included in this study belonged to all ages and risk-groups: the aim of such set up is the identification of age-associated molecular aberrations. The authors defined a mutational landscape of pediatric neuroblastoma including rare driver events, impossible to pick with a smaller data set. Interestingly, most driver mutations' frequency was found to be age-related. Those include alterations on MYCN, TERT, PTPRD, and Ras pathway, in addition to the previously reported ATRX. In addition, the large data set allowed the authors to define co-existence relations between the mutations (mutual exclusion or co-occurrence) which is a crucial puzzle piece to unravel the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis. Enjoy this really interesting article, open source on Pubmed.

  Blog genomic-analysis-of-pan-neuroblastoma

• The dataset of Southeast Borneo individuals (Banjar and Ngaju ethnic groups) was used as comparative data to determine the Asian parental population of the Malagasy. Our study found strong support for an origin of the Asian ancestry of Malagasy among the Banjar.

  Malagasy genetic diversity results from an exceptional proto-globalisation process that took place over a thousand years ago across the Indian Ocean. Previous efforts to locate the Asian origin of Malagasy have highlighted Borneo broadly as a potential source, but so far no firm source populations have been identified. Here, we have generated genome-wide data from two Southeast Borneo populations, the Banjar and the Ngaju, together with published data compiled from populations across the Indian Ocean region. We find strong support for an origin of the Asian ancestry of Malagasy among the Banjar. This group emerged from the long-standing presence of a Malay Empire trading post in Southeast Borneo, which favoured admixture between the Malay and an autochthonous Borneo group, the Ma’anyan. Reconciling genetic, historical and linguistic data, we show that the Banjar, in Malay-led voyages, were the most probable Asian source among the analysed groups in the founding of the Malagasy gene pool.

  Study EGAS00001001841

• WES of adult intellectual disabilities with co-morbid psychiatric disorders (2019-08-07)

  ost adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) do not undergo genetic diagnostic investigation as part of their clinical care and have 'missed the boat' with regard to the WES and WGS genetic testing that is now being provided for children with ID. There is a dramatically increased risk of psychistric disorders in adults with ID, e.g. the risk of psychoses is 10X higher than in the general population. It remains an open question as to how much of adult ID is genetic in origin and how similar the genetic forms of adult ID are to those being diagnosed in children, in part due to survivor bias. There is also the opportunity to identify adults with treatable forms of ID, of which over 80 have been described, thus improving their clinical management. Furthermore, analysis of medical records of adults with genetic forms of ID can help to characterise the 'natural history' of individual disorders, resulting in more accurate prognoses for diagnosed children and identifying opportunities for improved management and possibly therapeutic intervention (e.g. optimal anti-epileptic therapy). Here we propose to exome sequence (to ~50X coverage) 200 adults with ID and co-morbid psychiatric disorders. This cohort has previously been assayed with chromosomal microarrays (Wolfe et al 2017 EJHG, 25, 66-72) identifying a diagnostic yield of ~11% which is comparable to the CNV diagnostic yield in various child ID cohorts (10-15%). The authors observed no substantive biases in diagnostic yield between different psychiatric diagnostic classes. The WES data will be analysed using the diagnostic workflows developed in the DDD study to ensure comparability between child and adult ID datasets. This study is intended as a pilot study to demonstrate the value of WES in adults with ID. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-08-07.

  Dataset EGAD00001005236

• Genotype data from 'Dense sampling of ethnic groups within African countries reveals fine-scale genetic structure and extensive historical admixture.'

  Previous studies have highlighted how African genomes have been shaped by a complex series of historical events. Despite this, genome-wide data has only been obtained from a small proportion of present-day ethnolinguistic groups. By analysing new autosomal genetic variation data of 1333 individuals from over 150 ethnic groups from Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Nigeria and Sudan, we demonstrate a previously underappreciated fine-scale level of genetic structure within these countries, for example correlating with historical polities in western Cameroon. By comparing genetic variation patterns among populations, we infer that many northern Cameroonian and Sudanese groups share genetic links with multiple geographically disparate populations, likely resulting from long-distance migrations. In Ghana and Nigeria, we infer signatures of intermixing dated to over 2000 years ago, corresponding to reports of environmental transformations possibly related to climate change. We also infer recent intermixing signals in multiple African populations, including Congolese, that likely relates to the expansions of Bantu language-speaking peoples.

  Study EGAS00001006944

• A combined circulating tumor DNA and protein biomarker-based liquid biopsy for the earlier detection of pancreatic cancer

  The earlier diagnosis of cancer is one of the keys to reducing future cancer deaths. Here we describe our efforts to develop a non-invasive, blood test for the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We combined blood tests for KRAS gene mutations with carefully thresholded protein biomarkers to determine whether the combination of these markers was superior to any single marker. The cohort tested included 221 patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and 185 control patients without known cancers. KRAS mutations were detected in the plasma of 66 patients (30%) and every mutation found in the plasma was identical to that subsequently found in the patients' primary tumor (100% concordance). The use of KRAS in conjunction with two thresholded protein biomarkers (CA19-9 and prolactin) increased the sensitivity to 67%. Only one of the 185 plasma samples from the control cohort were positive for any of the three markers (99.5% specificity). This combinatorial approach may prove useful for the earlier detection of many cancer types.

  Study EGAS00001002444