Search Results - EGA European Genome-Phenome Archive

Adult-type Granulosa Cell Tumour of the Ovary

A recurrent mutation in FOXL2 (c.402C>G; p.C134W) is present in over 95% of adult-type granulosa cell tumours (AGCTs). In contrast, various loss-of-function mutations in FOXL2 lead to the development of blepharophimosis, ptosis and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES). BPES is characterized by an eyelid malformation often accompanied with primary ovarian insufficiency but not granulosa cell tumours. Two recent studies suggest that FOXL2 C402G is a gain or change-of-function mutation with altered DNA-binding specificity. Another study proposes that FOXL2 C402G is selectively targeted for degradation inducing somatic haploinsufficiency suggesting its role as a tumour suppressor. The latter study relies on data indicative of an FOXL2 allelic imbalance in AGCTs. Here we present RNA-seq data as genetic evidence that no real allelic imbalance is observed at the transcriptomic level in AGCTs. Additionally, there is no loss of protein expression in tumours harboring the mutated allele. These data and other features of this mutation as compared to other oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes argue strongly against FOXL2 being a tumour suppressor in this context. Given the likelihood that FOXL2 C402G is oncogenic, targeting the variant protein or its downstream consequences is the most viable path forward to identifying an effective treatment for this cancer.

Study EGAS00001005414

The Molecular Landscape of Asian Breast Cancers Reveals Clinically Relevant Population-Specific Differences

Molecular profiles of breast cancer have contributed to an improved understanding of the disease, enabled development of molecular prognostic signatures to guide treatment decisions and unveiled new or more accurate therapeutic options for breast cancer patients. However, the extent to which differences in genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors influence molecular profiles in different populations remains poorly characterised, as relatively few large-scale molecular studies of breast tumours in non-Caucasian populations have hitherto been reported. Here, we present the molecular profiles of 560 Asian breast tumours and a comparative analysis of breast cancers arising in Asian and Caucasian women. Compared to the breast tumours in predominantly Caucasian women reported in TCGA and METABRIC, we show an increased prevalence of Her2-enriched molecular subtypes and higher prevalence of TP53 somatic mutations in ER+ Asian breast tumours. Using gene expression and immunohistochemistry, we observed elevated immune scores in Asian breast tumours, suggesting potential clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Whilst Her2-subtype and enriched immune score are associated with improved survival, presence of TP53 somatic mutations is associated with poorer survival in ER+ tumours. Taken together, these population differences unveil new opportunities to improve the understanding of this disease and lay the foundation for precision medicine in different populations.

Study EGAS00001004518

Host whole genome variations are associated with neurocognitive outcome in survivors of pediatric medulloblastoma

Host whole genome analysis is a promising source of predictive information for long-term morbidity in cancer survivors. However, studies on genetic predictors of long-term outcome, particularly neurocognitive function following chemoradiation in pediatric oncology are limited. In the present study, we evaluated variations in host whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their association with cognitive outcome. Whole-genome SNP analysis of host peripheral blood was conducted on 22 medulloblastoma long-term survivors, of whom 18 completed neuropsychological testing. First, unsupervised consensus clustering of the most variable SNPs within 409 genes involved in DNA repair was performed. Discrete variant groups were identified, although they were not associated with cognitive outcome, suggesting that variations in genes corresponding to a single functional group may be insufficient to predict long-term outcome alone. In support of this interpretation, unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis using disease-associated gene variants by cognitive impairment status yielded two distinct variant clusters comprised of 36 variants, 34 of which were in noncoding regions. These findings illustrate for the first time that cognitively impaired survivors have a distinct variant profile compared to other medulloblastoma survivors. Future research in larger cohorts is needed to validate host genome predictors of cognitive impairment that may impact clinical management.

Study EGAS00001002996

Whole genome, exome and transcriptome analysis to guide individualized cancer interpretation

Study Design: The Cancer Alliance study was a collaboration of nine academic medical institutions in the New York city area and led by the New York Genome Center. Tumor-normal paired samples were submitted by the institutions for whole genome, whole exome and transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis at New York Genome Center. Relevant clinical histories were also collected. Raw sequence files were available to all collaborators. Variant call files were analyzed both manually by interpreters at NYGC and by IBM Watson Genome Analytics. This study was approved by a central institutional review board (IRB), Biomedical Research Alliance of New York, and by local IRBs, including Stony Brook University and Northwell Health. The study was supported in part by a grant from the IBM corporation (IBM Watson Health) to the New York Genome Center, New York Genome Center philanthropic funds and Rockefeller University grant # UL1TR000043 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program. The principal investigator Robert B. Darnell MD, PhD., is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Results: Pending Publication of Analysis of Study Conclusions: Pending Publication of Analysis of Study

Study EGAS00001004013

A recessive PRDM13 mutation results in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and cerebellar hypoplasia

The PRDM13 (PR Domain containing 13) putative chromatin modifier and transcriptional regulator functions downstream of the transcription factor PTF1A, which controls GABAergic fate in the spinal cord and neurogenesis in the hypothalamus. Here, we report a novel, recessive syndrome associated with PRDM13 mutation. Patients exhibited intellectual disability, ataxia with cerebellar hypoplasia, scoliosis and delayed puberty with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). Expression studies revealed Prdm13/PRDM13 transcripts in the developing hypothalamus and cerebellum in mouse and human. An analysis of hypothalamus and cerebellum development in mice homozygous for a Prdm13 mutant allele revealed a significant reduction in the number of Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in the hypothalamus and PAX2+ progenitors emerging from the cerebellar ventricular zone. The latter was accompanied by ectopic expression of the glutamatergic lineage marker TLX3. Prdm13-deficient mice displayed cerebellar hypoplasia, normal gonadal structure, but delayed pubertal onset. Together, these findings identify PRDM13 as a critical regulator of GABAergic cell fate in the cerebellum and of hypothalamic kisspeptin neuron development, providing a mechanistic explanation for the co-occurrence of CHH and cerebellar hypoplasia in this syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence linking disrupted PRDM13-mediated regulation of Kiss1 neurons to CHH in humans.

Study EGAS00001005878

Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Refractory Multiple Myeloma Reveals a Complex Mutational and Structural Landscape Associated with Drug Resistance (H067)

Outcome of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) refractory to immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) is still very poor. To elucidate the genetic landscape of relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM) we performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing of 39 heavily pretreated RRMM patients with at least double refractoriness revealing complex structural changes and a high mutational load (H067/K08K). We found a median of 67 structural variants and 116 nonsynonymous exonic mutations per patient. Assessment of oncogenic drivers showed NRAS, BRAF, TP53, KRAS, SLC4A7, FAM46C, DIS3, RB1, KMT2C, MLLT4, EWSR1, HCFC2, and COPS3 as significantly mutated. We found multiple genomic regions with bi-allelic events affecting known tumor suppressor genes, most frequently TP53, RB1, and TRAF3. Supervised analysis of mutational signatures showed a major contribution of Cosmic signature 6 associated with deficiency in DNA mismatch repair and the ‘BRCAness’ signature which coincided with mutations in genes known to confer PARP inhibitor sensitivity. Recurrently mutated gene networks included genes with relevance for PI and IMiD activity, the latter including in particular members of the Cereblon and the COP9 signalosome complex. In conclusion, this comprehensive genomic characterization revealed a complex mutational and structural landscape in RRMM and highlights potential implications for therapeutic strategies.

Study EGAS00001004363

The malaria-protective human glycophorin structural variant DUP4 shows somatic mosaicism and association with hemoglobin levels

Glycophorin A and glycophorin B are red blood cell surface proteins that are both receptors for the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which is the principal cause of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. DUP4 is a complex structural genomic variant that carries extra copies of a glycophorin A - glycophorin B fusion gene, and has a dramatic effect on malaria risk by reducing the risk of severe malaria by up to 40% Using fiber-FISH and Illumina sequencing, we validate the structural arrangement of the glycophorin locus in the DUP4 variant, and reveal somatic variation in copy number of the glycophorin A- glycophorin B fusion gene. By developing a simple, specific, PCR-based assay for DUP4 we show the DUP4 variant reaches a frequency of 13% in a malaria-endemic village in south-eastern Tanzania. We genotype a substantial proportion of that village and demonstrate an association of DUP4 genotype with hemoglobin levels, a phenotype related to malaria, using a family-based association test. Taken together, we show that DUP4 is a complex structural variant that may be susceptible to somatic variation, and show that it is associated with a malarial-related phenotype in a non-hospitalizedlongitudinally-followed population.

Study EGAS00001003239

Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 alter microglial responses and prevent a coordinated glial reaction in ALS

Neuroinflammation is an important hallmark in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Experimental evidence has highlighted a role of microglia in the modulation of motor neuron degeneration. However, the exact contribution of microglia to both sporadic and genetic forms of ALS is still unclear. We generated single nuclei profiles of spinal cord and motor cortex from sporadic and C9orf72 ALS patients, as well as controls. We particularly focused on the transcriptomic responses of both microglia and astrocytes. We confirmed that C9orf72 is highly expressed in microglia and shows a diminished expression in carriers of the hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE). This resulted in an impaired response to disease, with specific deficits in phagocytic and lysosomal transcriptional pathways. Astrocytes also displayed a dysregulated response in C9orf72 ALS patients, remaining in a homeostatic state. This suggests that C9orf72 HRE alters a coordinated glial response, which ultimately would increase the risk for developing ALS. Our results indicate that C9orf72 HRE results in a selective microglial loss-of-function, likely impairing microglial-astrocyte communication and preventing a global glial response. This is relevant as it indicates that sporadic and familial forms of ALS may present a different cellular substrate, which is of great importance for patient stratification and treatment.

Study EGAS00001006711

T cell landscape definition by multi-omics identifies galectin-9 as novel immunotherapy target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Failure of immunotherapy after applying checkpoint inhibitors or CAR-T cells is linked to T cell exhaustion. Here, we explored the T cell landscape in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by single-cell omics analyses of blood, bone marrow and lymph node samples of patients and spleen samples of a CLL mouse model. By single-cell RNA- sequencing, mass cytometry (CyTOF), and multiplex image analysis of tissue microarrays, we defined the spectrum of phenotypes and transcriptional programs of T cells and and their differentiation state trajectories. We identified disease-specific accumulation of distinct regulatory T cell subsets and T cells harboring an exhausted phenotype exclusively in the CLL lymph node tissue. Integration of TCR data revealed a clonal expansion of CD8+ precursor exhausted T cells, suggesting their reactivity for CLL cells. Interactome analyses identified the TIM3 ligand Galectin-9 as novel immunoregulatory molecule in CLL. Blocking of Galectin-9 in CLL-bearing mice slowed down disease development and reduced the number of TIM3 expressing T cells. Galectin-9 expression correlated with shorter survival of CLL patients. Thus, Galectin-9 contributes to immune escape in CLL and represents a novel target for immunotherapy.

Study EGAS00001006864

Long-term organoid culture of a small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are rare and highly heterogeneous neoplasms whose incidence has markedly increased over the last decades. A grading system based on the tumor cells' proliferation index predicts high-risk for G3 NETs. However, low-to-intermediate grade (G1/G2) NETs have an unpredictable clinical course that varies from indolent to highly malignant. Cultures of human cancer cells enable to perform functional perturbation analyses that are instrumental to enhance our understanding of cancer biology. To date, no tractable and reliable long-term culture of G1/G2 NET has been reported to permit disease modeling and pharmacological screens. Here, we report of the first long-term culture of a G2 metastatic small intestinal NET that preserves the main genetic drivers of the tumor and retains expression patterns of the endocrine cell lineage. Replicating the tissue, this long-term culture showed a low proliferation index, and yet it could be propagated continuously without dramatic changes in the karyotype. The model was readily available for pharmacological screens using targeted agents and as expected, showed low tumorigenic capacity in vivo. Overall, this is the first long-term culture of NETs to faithfully recapitulate many aspects of the original neuroendocrine tumor.

Study EGAS00001007093

Transcriptomics identifies blunted immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in people with multiple sclerosis

Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the immune effects of vitamin D in people with MS are not well understood. We analyzed transcriptomic datasets generated by RNA sequencing of immune cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes) from 33 healthy controls and 33 untreated MS cases. We utilized a traditional bioinformatic pipeline and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to determine genes and pathways correlated with endogenous vitamin D. In controls, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells had 1079 and 1188 genes, respectively, whose expressions were correlated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (P<0.05). Functional enrichment analysis identified association with TNF-alpha and MAPK signaling. In CD4+ T cells of controls, vitamin D level was associated with expression levels of several genes proximal to multiple sclerosis risk loci (P=0.01). Genes differentially associated with endogenous vitamin D by case-control status were enriched in TNF-alpha signaling via NF-κB. WGCNA suggested a blunted response to vitamin D in cases relative to controls. Collectively, our findings provide further evidence for the immune effects of vitamin D, and demonstrate a differential immune response to vitamin D in cases relative to controls, highlighting a possible mechanism contributing to MS pathophysiology.

Study EGAS00001007254

Genomic evolution and transcriptional changes in the evolution of prostate cancer into neuroendocrine and ductal carcinoma types

Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuro-endocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can al-so arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tis-sue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with 3 longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after development of treatment related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all sam-ples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for the ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common an-cestry and the process of evolution over time. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature.

Study EGAS00001007412

Genomic evolution and transcriptional changes in the evolution of prostate cancer into neuroendocrine and ductal carcinoma types (RNAseq)

Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuro-endocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can al-so arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tis-sue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with 3 longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after development of treatment related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all sam-ples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for the ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common an-cestry and the process of evolution over time. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature.

Study EGAS00001007428

Ewing and Ewing-like-sarcoma tumoroid biobank reveals distinct drug sensitivities: translocation makes the difference

Ewing sarcoma (ES) and Ewing-like sarcomas (ELS) are highly aggressive tumors found in soft tissues and bone of mostly children and young adults. Despite being different in many aspects, including genetics, possible cell-of-origin, and pathology, patients with any of these entities all receive the same therapeutic regimen. Currently, there is a lack of preclinical cell models that can predict drug response of these entities in vitro. Here, we describe a pediatric ES and ELS tumor organoid (tumoroid) biobank containing tumoroids with different translocations, including EWSR1::FLI1, EWSR1::ERG, CIC::DUX4, and BCOR-rearrangements. Using histology, whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that these tumoroids retain key properties of their matching patient tumors. In addition, we traced tumor subclones in the tumoroids across patient-matched longitudinal samples, which showed that cellular heterogeneity was maintained. We subsequently performed drug screening on the tumoroid models, which unveiled entity-specific drug sensitivity to various cytotoxic compounds and targeted compounds, including MCL-1 inhibitors for CIC::DUX4 sarcomas. Taken together, this newly established ES and ELS patient-derived tumoroid biobank generates a unique source of material for future basic cancer research and drug-screening.

Study EGAS00001007941

Patient-derived pediatric brain tumor organoids faithfully recapitulate primary tumors

Extensive molecular analysis by many groups has revealed a heterogeneous landscape of embryonal brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MB) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). MB, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, is comprised of four molecularly distinct subgroups: Wingless (WNT), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3 (G3), and Group 4 (G4). Among these, MB-SHH harboring MYCN amplification and TP53 mutation and MB-G3 with MYC overexpression or amplification constitute the most aggressive tumors, have the poorest clinical outcomes, and lack effective therapeutic options for recurrent disease. Here we describe the establishment of tumor organoid (TO) models from patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOX) of MYCN-amplified and TP53-mutant MB-SHH, MYC-amplified MB-G3 and two ATRT which all grew in mice when reimplanted into the cortices of naïve recipient animals (TOX). Methylation, bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, and whole genome sequencing demonstrated that TOs and TOXs faithfully recapitulated the molecular landscape and heterogeneity of PDOXs and primary patient tumors compared to established cell lines. The development of TOs will facilitate in vitro high-throughput drug or CRISPR screens without the need for use tumor-bearing mice. This will also accelerate the identification and validation of new vulnerabilities and in vivo preclinical testing toward clinical trials.

Study EGAS00001008305

PSCP_bisulphite analysis in hESCs (2018-08-13)

Many studies over the past 10 years, culminating in the recent report of the International Stem Cell Initiative (ISCI, 2011) have shown that hPSC acquire genetic and epigenetic changes during their time in culture. Many of the genetic changes are non-random and recurrent, probably because they provide a selective growth advantage to the undifferentiated cells. Some are shared by embryonal carcinoma cells, the malignant counterparts of ES cells. The origins of these growth advantages are poorly understood, but may come from altered cell cycle dynamics, resistance to apoptosis or altered patterns of differentiation. Less is known about the nature and consequences of epigenetic changes, but it is likely that these similarly affect hPSC behaviour; e.g., enhanced expression of DLK1, an imprinted gene, is associated with altered hPSC growth (Enver et al 2005). Inevitably, these genetic and epigenetic changes will impact on our ability to use hPSC for regenerative medicine, either because malignant transformation of the undifferentiated cells or their differentiated derivatives to be used for transplantation compromises safety, or because they impede the function of those differentiated derivatives, or because they affect the efficiency with which the undifferentiated cells can be expanded and differentiated into desired cell types. Focusing initially upon the existing clinical grade hESC lines, later moving to iPSC, we will Consolidate and extend knowledge of the rate, type and functional impact of the genetic variations that occur during hPSC culture. We will use whole genome and exome sequencing as well as SNP arrays, together with clonal analysis and other cytogenetics techniques. Common changes will be compared with those found in the normal human population, at low frequency in the original cell population or observed during iPSC generation in the HIPSCI project currently based at the WTSI. These studies will provide a better understanding of the range of genetic changes that occur in hPSC beyond the CNVs already identified. In conjunction with cancer genome resources and expertise at WTSI, bioinformatic analyses of these hPSC data will allow us to assess potential impact on hPSC behaviour pertinent to applications in regenerative medicine, notably the likelihood that specific changes arising in undifferentiated PSC cultures may be associated with potential malignant transformation of differentiated progeny. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/ . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2018-08-13.

Dataset EGAD00001004295

Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis

This dataset contains raw sequencing files associated with the paper "Neutrophils and emergency granulopoiesis drive immune suppression and an extreme response endotype during sepsis" (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01490-5). It is composed of two experiments, which are as follows: 1. Single-cell profiling of whole blood leukocytes: This experiment comprises sequencing files generated using the BD Rhapsody single-cell multi-omics profiling (RNA + protein) platform. This platform was used to profile the whole blood leukocyte population in a cohort of sepsis patients, cardiac surgery controls and healthy controls. There are 48 samples and four files per sample: two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the RNA-seq library, and two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the protein profiling (ADT-based AbSeq) library. 2. Single-cell profiling of circulating HSPCs: This experiment comprises sequencing files generated using the 10X single-cell multi-omics (RNA-seq + ATAC-seq) profiling platform. This platform was used to profile circulating HSPCs in a cohort of sepsis patients and healthy controls. There are 5 samples (or plexes), each of which consists of a pool of individuals for whom cells were multiplexed and sequenced as a single sample. There are four files per sample: two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the RNA-seq library, and two paired-end FASTQ files (R1 and R2) corresponding to the ATAC-seq library. Because these samples consists of multiplexed pools, index files are also provided. These can be used for sample deconvolution using the Cell Ranger pipeline. NOTE: Due to EGA's constrains in the number of files permitted per sample, index files (I1 and I2) for the HSPC data set are provided as a separate experiment named "FASTQ index files (I1 and I2) for deconvolution of 10X single-cell multiomics libraries".

Dataset EGAD00001010927

Diverse_outcomes_of_controlled_human_malaria_infection_originate_from_host_intrinsic_immune_variation_and_not_var_gene_switching

Falciparum malaria is clinically heterogeneous and the relative contribution of parasite and host factors in shaping disease severity remains unclear. We set out to explore the interaction between host inflammation and parasite variant surface antigen (VSA) expression, asking whether this relationship underpins the variation observed in controlled human malaria infection. We uncovered marked heterogeneity in the response of naive hosts to blood challenge with some volunteers maintaining a state of immune quiescence, others triggering interferon-stimulated inflammation and a small group showing transcriptional evidence of myeloid cell suppression. Significantly, only inflammatory volunteers experienced hallmark symptoms of clinical malaria. When we then tracked temporal changes in parasite VSA expression to ask whether variants associated with severe disease preferentially expand in naive hosts (as predicted by current theory) we found that var gene profiles were essentially unchanged after 10-days of blood-stage infection. These data therefore show that the diverse clinical outcomes of CHMI largely originate from host-intrinsic variation and there is no evidence for switching or selection of var genes in naïve hosts. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001003766

RNA-Seq of vocal fold fibroblasts in Reinke’s edema and control subjects

The voice disorder Reinke’s edema (RE) is a smoking- and voice-abuse associated benign lesion of the vocal folds, defined by an edema of the Reinke space, accompanied with pathological microvasculature changes and immune cell infiltration. Vocal fold fibroblasts (VFF) are the main cell type of the lamina propria and play a key role in the disease progression. Current therapy is restricted to symptomatic treatment. Hence, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the molecular causes of the disease. In the present study, we investigated differential expression profiles of RE and control VFF by means of RNA sequencing. In addition, fast gene set enrichment analysis (FGSEA) was performed in order to obtain involved biological processes, mRNA and protein levels of targets of interest were further evaluated. We identified 74 differentially regulated genes in total, 19 of which were upregulated and 55 downregulated. Differential expression analysis and FGSEA revealed upregulated genes and pathways involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, inflammation and fibrosis. Downregulated genes and pathways were involved in ECM degradation, cell cycle control and proliferation. The current study addressed for the first time a direct comparison of VFF from RE to control and evaluated immediate functional consequences.

Study EGAS00001005130

Detection of Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Loci Using Genome-Wide Sequencing

The Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) is a collaborative effort comprised of a coordinating center and scientific researchers from well-characterized cohort and case-control studies. This international consortium aims to accelerate the discovery of common and rare genetic risk variants for colorectal cancer by conducting large-scale meta-analyses of existing and newly generated genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, whole genome sequencing, replicating and fine-mapping of genetic discoveries, and investigating how genetic risk variants are modified by environmental risk factors. To expand these efforts, we assembled case-control sets or nested case-control sets from 6 different North American or European studies. Summary descriptions and study participant inclusions/exclusion criteria for each of these studies are detailed below. Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS II): The CPS II Nutrition cohort is a prospective study of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, established in 1992 and described in detail elsewhere (Calle et al., 2002 PMID:12015775; Campbell et al., 2014 PMID:25472679). At enrollment, participants completed a mailed self-administered questionnaire including information on demographic, medical, diet, and lifestyle factors. Follow-up questionnaires to update exposure information and to ascertain newly diagnosed cancers were sent biennially starting in 1997. Reported cancers were verified through medical records, state cancer registry linkage, or death certificates. The Emory University Institutional Review Board approves all aspects of the CPS II Nutrition Cohort. We restricted to samples that had blood DNA source. Controls were matched to cases in a case/control ratio of 2:1 on reference year and sex. Darmkrebs: Chancen der Verhütung durch Screening (DACHS): This German study was initiated as a large population-based case-control study in 2003 in the Rhine-Neckar-Odenwald region (southwest region of Germany) to assess the potential of endoscopic screening for reduction of colorectal cancer risk and to investigate etiologic determinants of disease, particularly lifestyle/environmental factors and genetic factors. Cases with a first diagnosis of invasive colorectal cancer (International Classification of Diseases 10 codes C18-C20) who were at least 30 years of age (no upper age limit), German speaking, a resident in the study region, and mentally and physically able to participate in a one-hour interview, were recruited by their treating physicians either in the hospital a few days after surgery, or by mail after discharge from the hospital. Cases were confirmed based on histologic reports and hospital discharge letters following diagnosis of colorectal cancer. All hospitals treating colorectal cancer patients in the study region participated. Based on estimates from population-based cancer registries, more than 50% of all potentially eligible patients with incident colorectal cancer in the study region were included. Community-based controls were randomly selected from population registries, employing frequency matching with respect to age (5-year groups), sex, and county of residence. Controls with a history of colorectal cancer were excluded. Controls were contacted by mail and follow-up calls. The participation rate was 51%. During an in-person interview, data were collected on demographics, medical history, family history of CRC, and various life-style factors, as were blood and mouthwash samples. Routine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples from the patients enrolled were requested from the pathology institutes and used for tumor tissue analyses. This analysis includes participants with blood source DNA that were recruited up to 2010 in this ongoing study. Controls were matched to cases on reference age and sex in a case/control ratio of 2:1. Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS): A parallel prospective study to the NHS (Nurses' Health Study). The HPFS cohort comprised 51,529 men aged 40-75 who, in 1986, responded to a mailed questionnaire (Rimm et al., 1990 PMID:2090285). Participants provided information on health related exposures, including current and past smoking history, age, weight, height, diet, physical activity, aspirin use, and family history of colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer and other outcomes were reported by participants or next-of-kin and were followed up through review of the medical and pathology record by physicians. Overall, more than 97% of self-reported colorectal cancers were confirmed by medical record review. Information was abstracted on histology and primary location. Incident cases were defined as those occurring after the subject provided the blood sample. Prevalent cases were defined as those occurring after enrollment in the study but before the subject provided the blood sample. Follow-up evaluation has been excellent, with 94% of the men responding to date. Colorectal cancer cases were ascertained through January 1, 2008. In 1993-1995, 18,825 men in the HPFS mailed blood samples by overnight courier, which were aliquoted into buffy coat and stored in liquid nitrogen. In 2001-2004, 13,956 men in the HPFS who had not provided a blood sample previously mailed in a swish-and-spit sample of buccal cells. Incident cases were defined as those occurring after the subject provided a blood or buccal sample. Prevalent cases were defined as those occurring after enrollment in the study in 1986, but before the subject provided either a blood or buccal sample. Participants with histories of cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer), ulcerative colitis, or familial polyposis, case-control sets were excluded. Control participants were required to be free of invasive colorectal cancer and non-invasive (stage 0 in situ) colorectal cancer. For this study, only European ancestry participants with blood source DNA and incident colorectal cancer cases were eligible for selection. Since enrollment year and sex matched exactly, controls were randomly selected in a case/control ratio of 2:1. Nurses Health Study (NHS): The NHS cohort began in 1976 when 121,700 married female registered nurses age 30-55 years returned the initial questionnaire that ascertained a variety of important health-related exposures (Belanger et al., 1978 PMID:248266). Since 1976, follow-up questionnaires have been mailed every 2 years. Colorectal cancer and other outcomes were reported by participants or next-of-kin and followed up through review of the medical and pathology record by physicians. Overall, more than 97% of self-reported colorectal cancers were confirmed by medical-record review. Information was abstracted on histology and primary location. The rate of follow-up evaluation has been high: as a proportion of the total possible follow-up time, follow-up evaluation has been more than 92%. Colorectal cancer cases were ascertained through June 1, 2008. In 1989-1990, 32,826 women in NHS I mailed blood samples by overnight courier, which were aliquoted into buffy coat and stored in liquid nitrogen. In 2001-2004, 29,684 women in NHS I who did not previously provide a blood sample mailed a swish-and-spit sample of buccal cells. Incident cases were defined as those occurring after the subject provided a blood or buccal sample. Prevalent cases were defined as those occurring after enrollment in the study in 1976 but before the subject provided either a blood or buccal sample. Participants with histories of cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer), ulcerative colitis, or familial polyposis, case-control sets were excluded. For this study, only European ancestry participants with blood source DNA and incident colorectal cancer cases were eligible for selection. Since enrollment year and sex matched exactly, controls were randomly selected in a case/control ratio of 2:1. Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trail (PLCO): PLCO enrolled 154,934 participants (men and women, aged between 55 and 74 years) at ten centers into a large, randomized, two-arm trial to determine the effectiveness of screening to reduce cancer mortality. Sequential blood samples were collected from participants assigned to the screening arm. Participation was 93% at the baseline blood draw. White colorectal cancer cases with a family history of colorectal cancer (no history of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's Disease, diverticulitis, Gardner's syndrome, Familial Polyposis) and successful genotyping from previous Peters GWAS were selected for this project. Controls were matched to cases on reference age and sex in a case/control ratio of 2:1. Women's Health Initiative (WHI): WHI is a long-term national health study that has focused on strategies for preventing heart disease, breast and colorectal cancer, and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. The original WHI study included 161,808 postmenopausal women enrolled between 1993 and 1998. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, WA serves as the WHI Clinical Coordinating Center for data collection, management, and analysis of the WHI. The WHI has two major parts: a partial factorial randomized Clinical Trial (CT) and an Observational Study (OS); both were conducted at 40 Clinical Centers nationwide. The CT enrolled 68,132 postmenopausal women between the ages of 50-79 into trials testing three prevention strategies. If eligible, women could choose to enroll in one, two, or all three of the trial components. The components are: Hormone Therapy Trials (HT): This double-blind component examined the effects of combined hormones or estrogen alone on the prevention of coronary heart disease and osteoporotic fractures, and associated risk for breast cancer. Women participating in this component with an intact uterus were randomized to estrogen plus progestin (conjugated equine estrogens [CEE], 0.625 mg/d plus medroxyprogesterone acetate [MPA] 2.5 mg/d) or a matching placebo. Women with prior hysterectomy were randomized to CEE or placebo. Both trials were stopped early, in July 2002 and March 2004, respectively, based on adverse effects. All HT participants continued to be followed without intervention until close-out. Dietary Modification Trial (DM): The Dietary Modification component evaluated the effect of a low-fat and high fruit, vegetable and grain diet on the prevention of breast and colorectal cancers and coronary heart disease. Study participants were randomized to either their usual eating pattern or a low-fat dietary pattern. Calcium/Vitamin D Trial (CaD): This double-blind component began 1 to 2 years after a woman joined one or both of the other clinical trial components. It evaluated the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures and colorectal cancer. Women in this component were randomized to calcium (1000 mg/d) and vitamin D (400 IU/d) supplements or a matching placebo. The Observational Study (OS) examines the relationship between lifestyle, environmental, medical and molecular risk factors and specific measures of health or disease outcomes. This component involves tracking the medical history and health habits of 93,676 women not participating in the CT. Recruitment for the observational study was completed in 1998 and participants were followed annually for 8 to 12 years. All centrally confirmed White cases of invasive colorectal cancer, or death from colorectal cancer were selected as potential cases from the March, 2011 database. Case priory lists are: 1) have positive family history of colorectal cancer; 2) randomly select cases until we get a total of n=800 cases. Control participants were required to be White, free of invasive colorectal cancer and non-invasive (stage 0 in situ) colorectal cancer. Centrally denied cases of colorectal cancer were not allowed into the control pool. Case and control participants were subject to the following exclusion criteria: (1) had prior history of colorectal cancer at baseline; (2) had no available DNA (DNA searching as Nov 15, 2012); (3) cannot be deposited to dbGaP; (4) lost to follow-up after enrollment; (5) selected for WHI study M26 Phase II. Controls were matched to cases in a case/control ratio of 2:1. In order to get 2 cases with 1 control, cases were grouped by enrollment year (a total of 5 groups). For each year group, around 50% cases were selected to match controls. In total, 401 cases were selected to match controls. Matching was done on enrollment year, which was matched exactly. For additional information, see dbGaP: phs000200 and ClinicalTrials: NCT00000611.

Study phs001554

Transdisciplinary Research Into Cancer of the Lung (TRICL) - Exome Plus Targeted Sequencing

The study was conducted under the auspices of the Transdisciplinary Research In Cancer of the Lung (TRICL) Research Team, which is a part of the Genetic Associations and MEchanisms in ONcology (GAME-ON) consortium, and associated with the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO). Ethics All participants provided written informed consent. All studies were reviewed and approved by institutional ethics review committees at the involved institutions. Sequencing data are derived from four sub-studies. The sub-studies that contributed include Harvard, Liverpool, Toronto, and IARC. The IARC and Toronto studies are described above. A description of the Harvard and Liverpool studies is provided below. Liverpool Lung Project: The Liverpool Lung Project (LLP)1 is a case control and cohort study, which has over 11,500 individuals, with detailed epidemiological, clinical and outcome data with associated specimens (i.e. tumour tissue, blood, plasma, sputum, bronchial lavage, EBUS and oral brushings). The participants have completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire and updated data on clinical outcome and hospital events are collected through the Office of National Statistics, Cancer Registry and from Health Episode Statistics. The project is registered on the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) lung cancer portfolio and has all the required ethical approvals and sponsorship arrangements in place. The LLP has detailed standard operating procedures (SOP) for all aspects of the recruitment, data, specimen collection as well as the data storage. The LLP Cohort study has 8,224 participants with blood and 7,761 with plasma samples. The LLP case-control samples have been incorporated into in a large number of international GWAS and molecular studies 2,3, methylation 4-7, microRNA 8and next generation studies 9-11, resulting in high ranking publications, as well as forming the basis for the LLP risk prediction model 12-14 which has been utilised in the UK lung cancer screening trial (UKLS) 15-17 Patient and control DNAs were derived from EDTA-venous blood samples. Harvard Samples. David Christiani at the Harvard University School of Public Health has been directing research studies to investigate etiological factors influencing lung cancer development since 1983 and has amassed a collection of 2000 controls and 5055 lung cancer cases. He has been actively collecting and storing snap frozen tumor samples since 1992. Around 1500 tumor samples have been collected and the average wet tumor yield is about 30 grams of tumor, of which 631 cases have completely annotated clinical and survival information. Pathology confirmation is provided by two pathologists. At the time of surgery, a minimum of 30 grams of wet lung tumor tissue and 30 grams of non-involved tissue from the same lobe is sectioned, flash frozen and sent to Dr. Christiani's lab for logging and storage. A blood sample for DNA and serum is collected. A structured interview by trained research staff is conducted on each case, and clinical outcomes and treatments is extracted and entered into the molecular epidemiology data base at Harvard. Fresh frozen samples have been collected from 1451 lung cancer and are available for study. Samples from this collaborative study have played key roles in major studies, including the initial finding describing EGFR mutations in lung cancer 22. Participants in this study are patients, > 18 years of age, with newly diagnosed histologically confirmed lung cancer. Samples that are included in the analysis have the following histologies: Adenocarcinoma: 8140/3, 8250/3, 8260/3, 8310/3, 8480/3 8560/3; LCC: 8012/3, 8031/3; squamous carcinoma: 8070/3, 8071/3, 8072/3, 8074/3; and other NSCLC: 8010/3, 8020/3, 8021/3, 8032/3, 8230/3. The Toronto Study: The Toronto study was conducted in the Great Toronto Area between 1997 and 2014. Cases were recruited at the hospitals in the network of University of Toronto and Lunenfeld- Tanenbaum Research Institute. At the time of recruitment in the clinical setting, provisional diagnoses of lung carcinoma were first assigned based on clinical criteria. Diagnoses for all cases included were histologically confirmed by the reference pathologist who is a specialist in pulmonary pathology, based on review of pathology reports from surgery, biopsy or cytology samples in 100% of cases. Diagnostic classification was done initially according to ICD-9, ICD-10, and ICD for oncology-2, and subsequently converted to ICD-O-3. Tumors were grouped into the major categories included in this analysis according to primary cancer type based on the ICD-3 definitions. Controls were randomly selected from individual visiting family medicine clinics and Ministry of Finance Municipal Tax Tapes. All subjects were interviewed using a standard questionnaire and information on lifestyle risk factors, occupational history, medical and family history was collected. Blood samples were collected from more than 85% of the subjects. IARC: The IARC data are derived from case-control studies conducted in Russia and include samples that have available tissue samples. Patient and control DNAs were derived from EDTA-venous blood samples. The lung cancer patients were classified according to ICD-O-3; SQ: 8070/3, 8071/3, 8072/3, 8074/3; AD: 8140/3, 8250/3, 8260/3, 8310/3, 8480/3, 8560/3, 8251/3, 8490/3, 8570/3, 8574/3; with tumous with overlapping histologies classified as mixed. The Lung Cancer Transdisciplinary Research Cohort is utilized in the following dbGaP sub-studies. To view genotypes, other molecular data, and derived variables collected in these sub-studies, please click on the following sub-studies below or in the "Sub-studies" section of this top-level study page phs000876 Lung Cancer Transdisciplinary Research Cohort. phs000877 Meta Analysis phs000878 CIDR Lung Cancer phs001681 Affy Axiom Array

Study phs000876

Framingham Heart Study-Cohort (FHS-Cohort) - BioLINCC

Data Access NOTE Please refer to the "Authorized Access" section below for information about how access to the data from this accession differs from many other dbGaP accessions. Related Studies Other Framingham data available include: Imaging studies (Framingham Heart Study-Cohort (FHS-Cohort)-Imaging, phs003593), Genetics and genomics (Framingham Cohort, phs000007), Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R): (Framingham Heart Study, phs002911), and as a component of the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS-BioLINCC, phs003637). Available Data Original cohort: data now include examination data from the first 32 clinical exams, selected ancillary data, and event follow-up through 2018. Offspring/Omni1 cohort: Data available include Framingham Offspring examination data from the first 9 clinical exams and selected ancillary data and event follow-up through 2019. Also included are the first 4 exams from the OMNI 1 cohort. Third Generation/Omni2/New Offspring Cohort: Data available include Framingham Generation 3 examination data from the first 3 clinical exams, selected ancillary data and event follow-up through 2019. Also included are the OMNI 2 and New Offspring (NOS) cohorts. A genetic pedigree is not provided for the Framingham phenotype only data. Objectives The objectives of the Framingham Study are to study the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors, trends in CVD incidence and its risk factors over time, and familial patterns of CVD and risk factors. Other important objectives include the estimation of incidence rates of disease and description of the natural history of cardiovascular disease, including the sequence of clinical signs and systems that precede the clinically recognizable syndrome and the consequences and course of clinically manifest disease. Background Original cohort: The original cohort of the Framingham Study began in 1948 under the U.S. Public Health Service and was transferred under the direct operations of the new National Heart Institute, NIH, in 1949. Participants were sampled from Framingham, Massachusetts, including both men and women. This was the first prospective study of cardiovascular disease and identified the concept of risk factors and their joint effects. Offspring/Omni1 cohort: With the aging of the Framingham cohort and with interest in familiar aggregation and heritability, a new cohort consisting of the offspring of the original cohort was sampled. Spouses of offspring were also included. This new sample, began enrollment in 1971 and constituted a second generation of participants, permitting new assessment of risk factors and outcomes, and provided a resource for the genetic analyses which were yet to come. The Offspring participants have had repeated examinations, though at typically longer intervals than the original cohort. Third Generation/Omni2/New Offspring Cohort: Thirty-one years after enrollment began for the second generation of the Framingham Heart Study (Framingham Offspring Study), Framingham investigators began enrolling adults with at least one parent enrolled in the Offspring study into the Framingham Generation 3 cohort. The addition of the third generation was expected to facilitate investigation of secular trends in risk factors and indicators of health and disease within families, to enhance statistical power to detect genetic and environmental determinants of complex diseases, and to clarify how subclinical cardiovascular disease predicts occurrence of overt clinical events. Participants Original cohort: At entry to the study in 1948-1952, the study recruited 5,209 men and women, ages 28-62 years, living in Framingham, MA. Offspring/Omni1 cohort: 5,124 men and women, ages 5-70 years at entry consisting of offspring of the original Framingham cohort (and spouses of the offspring). In 1994, the Omni Cohort 1 enrolled 507 men and women of African-American, Hispanic, Asian, Indian, Pacific Islander and Native American origins, who at the time of enrollment were residents of Framingham and the surrounding towns. Third Generation/Omni2/New Offspring Cohort: 4095 men and women, almost all who self reported their ethnicity as white, ages 19+ years at entry, with at least one parent in the Framingham Offspring study, participated in the Gen III cohort. The New Offspring Cohort enrolled spouses of Offspring participants that were not otherwise enrolled and had at least two biological children participating in Gen III. 103 New Offspring Spouses (47 men and 56 women) participated. The OMNI 2 cohort enrolled additional ethnically diverse participants, including many individuals related to the participants of Omni Cohort 1 and also individuals unrelated to Omni Cohort 1 members for a total of 410 new participants. Design The cardiovascular disease conditions under investigation include coronary heart disease (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary insufficiency and sudden and non-sudden death), stroke, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease and congestive heart failure. Original cohort: The Framingham Study is a longitudinal investigation of constitutional and environmental factors influencing the development of CVD in men and women. Examination of participants has taken place every two years and the cohort has been followed for morbidity and mortality over that time period. Offspring/Omni1 cohort: By 1975, a sample of 5,124 men and women, consisting of offspring of the original Framingham cohort (and spouses of the offspring) had participated in the study. Additional studies of these subjects have continued under research contracts. Third Generation/Omni2/New Offspring Cohort: The children of Offspring Cohort participants were initially identified who would be 20 years of age or older by the end of the enrollment period. A higher priority for recruitment was assigned to individuals who belonged to large extended families, in order to complement phenotypic and genotypic information already obtained from prior generations. The baseline examination was begun in 2002 and completed in 2005.

Study phs003594

Genetic mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer

Resistance towards chemotherapy is one of the main causes of treatment failure and deathamong breast cancer patients.The main objective of this project is toidentify genetic mechanisms causing some breast cancer patients not torespond to a particluar type of chemotherapy (epirubicin) while otherpatients respond very well to the same treatment. In the project wewill perform genome / exome sequencing of a selection of breast cancerpatients (n=30). These patients are drawn from a cohort where allpatients have recieved treatment with epirubicin monotherapy before surgical removal of alocally advanced breast tumour, and where all patients have beensubjected to objective evaluation of the response to thetherapy. Subsequent to sequencing, we will analyse the data andcompare with the clinical data for each patient (object response totherapy). The main aim being to identify mutations that are associatedwith resistance to epirubicin. Identification of mutations with strongpredictive value, may have a direct impact on cancer treatment sinceit opens the possibility for genetic testing of a tumour, and desicionon which drug is likely to work best, prior to treatment start.

Dataset EGAD00001000264

A tumor focused approach to resolving the etiology of DNA mismatch repair deficient tumors classified as suspected Lynch syndrome

Routine screening of tumors for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (dMMR) in colorectal (CRC), endometrial (EC) and sebaceous skin (SST) tumors leads to a significant proportion of unresolved cases classified as suspected Lynch syndrome (SLS). A tumor-focused testing approach reclassified 86.9% of SLS into Lynch syndrome, sporadic dMMR or MMR-proficient cases. These findings support the incorporation of tumor sequencing and alternate MLH1 methylation assays into clinical diagnostics to reduce the number of SLS patients and provide more appropriate surveillance and screening recommendations.

Study EGAS50000000021

Expression Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Studies in Mid-Secretory Phase Endometrial Cells Identifies HLA-F and TAP2 as Fecundability-Associated Genes

We performed an unbiased genome-wide expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping study to identify common regulatory (expression) single nucleotide polymorphisms (eSNPs) in mid-secretory endometrium, corresponding to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. Biopsies were collected from 58 women with two or more early pregnancy losses and 53 of these samples passed all quality control. RNA was extracted from endometrial biopsies and DNA was extracted for sequencing from blood. Gene expression data can be found at NCBI GEO Series GSE77688.

Study phs001146

Accurate Genome-Wide Germline DNA Profiling from Decade-Old Archival Tissue Specimens

We evaluate the validity of repurposing archival tissue specimens for germline genetic studies. We performed lc-WGS and imputed genotypes on 10 pairs of matching blood and tumor tissue and benchmarked the accuracy of genome-wide genotypes, HLA haplotypes, and several polygenic risk scores (PRSs). The reported results indicate the high accuracy of germline genotypes and haplotypes obtained from archival tissue DNA. Using this methodology, we estimate breast cancer PRS in 36 Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients and demonstrate its association with breast cancer subsequent event (BCSE).  

Study phs002865

Characterization of CNS Metastases

Metastatic disease to the central nervous system (CNS) is devastating, with a poor prognosis. There are limited treatment options for patients with CNS metastases, and in particular with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMD). In this study, we evaluated the molecular and cellular features of parenchymal brain metastases and LMD. We used single-cell RNA and cell-free DNA profiling of CSF from patients with LMD receiving immunotherapy to demonstrate shifts in the liquid LMD tumor microenvironment. We also characterize the tumor microenvironment of parenchymal brain metastases using single cell sequencing, before and after treatment with immunotherapy.

Study phs002416

Organoid Profiling Identifies Common Responders to Chemotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

We generated a collection of patient-derived pancreatic normal and cancer organoids. We performed whole genome sequencing, targeted exome sequencing, and RNA sequencing on organoids as well as matched tumor and normal tissue if available. This dataset is a valuable resource for pancreas cancer researchers, and those looking to compare primary tissue to organoid culture. In our linked publication, we show that pancreatic cancer organoids recapitulate the mutational spectrum of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, RNA sequencing of organoids demonstrates the presence of both transcriptional subtypes of pancreas cancer.

Study phs001611

Differential Mutations in Matched Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancers

This study compares DNA mutations detected in matched primary and metastatic colorectal cancer samples from 18 individuals across 1,321 genes. We found many more mutations were shared between tumor pairs (avg. 33.3 mutations/tumor) than were discordant (avg. 2.3 mutations / tumor). Nearly all tumors showed at least one discordance, and these were observed in genes known to be involved in colorectal cancer progression. Therefore, although primary and metastatic colorectal tumors are highly genetically concordant, evidence exists for discordance, which has clinical implications especially in situations of chemotherapy resistance or insensitivity.

Study phs001084

Breakpoint detection using long insert whole genome sequencing

In this study, we hypothesize that shallow long insert whole genome sequencing (LI-WGS) increases our power for detecting breakpoints compared to shallow short insert WGS. We performed a priori analyses to demonstrate the benefits of LI-WGS, developed a long insert library preparation protocol based off Illumina's protocol, and compared LI-WGS against short insert WGS on test samples. We then used long insert WGS to identify translocations and copy number changes in tumor and germline samples collected from cancer patients with different malignancies.

Study phs000646

Pharmacogenomic Analysis of Microtubule Targeting Agent Response and Toxicity

Microtubule targeting agents are commonly prescribed for early and metastatic breast cancer and other solid tumors. However, interindividual variability in microtubule targeting drug response and toxicity can cause limited therapeutic benefit and impact quality of life. In the present study, genome-wide analyses were performed to investigate how genetic factors can be used to increase prediction of treatment response and toxicity, identify genes or gene pathways associated with chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, and inform further in vitro studies that may help isolate differences in response and toxicity of microtubule targeting agents.

Study phs002060

Genome Wide Association Study of Subjects with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

Myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS, is a complex and heterogeneous disease that severely impacts the health and quality of life of those afflicted. Several lines of evidence support the possibility that ME/CFS development may involve a heritable component. In this pilot study, 42 cases that meet the diagnostic criteria of ME/CFS and 38 healthy controls were consented into this study. The goal of this study was to identify candidate polymorphisms that can be used for a large multi-center screening study.

Study phs001015

Nivolumab and Ipilimumab and Radiation Therapy in Microsatellite Stable (MSS) and Microsatellite Instable (MSI) High Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancer

This is a single-arm, non-randomized, phase 2 trial (NCT03104439) combining radiation, ipilimumab and nivolumab in patients with metastatic MSS Colorectal Cancer (CRC; n=40) and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cancer (PDAC; n=25). Patients were previously treated population, and the primary endpoint was disease control rate. Pre- and post-treatment samples were subjected to RNA sequencing and whole exome sequencing. The primary data is shared via GEO and dbGaP at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Study phs002545

Single Nucleus Transcriptomes from the Ventral Midbrain of Opioid Overdose Cases and Controls

We generated ventral midbrain single nuclei RNA-seq libraries for 95 brain donors, including 45 subjects with documented histories of opioid abuse and overdose, and 50 demographically-matched, opioid-free control subjects, collected from two geographically distinct regions within the U.S. (greater Detroit area, Michigan and Miami, Florida). Each sample included both substantia nigra and the adjacent ventral tegmental area. Nuclei were processed in pools of 3-4 brains using the 10X Chromium system followed by Illumina sequencing, read alignment and processing by 10X Cellranger.

Study phs003260

Transcriptional Profiling of PD-1+ and PD-1- Teff and Treg Cells in Glioblastoma and Health

PD-1 is an important immune checkpoint inhibitor that shows great promise in the clinic, particularly for melanoma and lung cancers. Since PD-1 is also expressed on infiltrating CD4+ Treg and Teffector cells in glioblastoma, we sought to better understand the role of PD-1 on these infiltrating CD4+ Treg and Teffector cells. To this end, we performed functional and transcriptional profiling using CD4+ Treg and Teffector cells isolated from healthy donors and glioblastoma patients (from both tumors and blood).

Study phs001079

Molecular Characterization of Response to Rectal Chemoradiation

Pre-operative chemoradiation (CRT) followed by resection is the standard of care option for patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma. Pathologic downstaging after CRT is associated with improved outcomes, but molecular predictors of response are poorly understood. We performed whole exome sequencing, gene expression profiling, and immune infiltrate analysis on rectal adenocarcinoma tumors prior to neoadjuvant CRT (pre-CRT) and at the time of resection (post-CRT) in 17 patients to identify somatic mutations and derive molecular biomarkers distinguishing complete and excellent partial responders versus non-responders.

Study phs001829

Novel Approach to High-Throughput Identification and Characterization of Neoantigens

This study focuses on the development of novel approach for the screening, identification and characterization of neoantigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). The developed method consists of collecting targeted RNA-Seq from a T-cell specific gene panel via 3' end Illumina sequencing combined to Oxford Nanopore based full-length TCR sequencing post T-cell activation. The data generated during this study demonstrates feasibility of the approach on a Jurkat control cell line as well as T-cells isolated from the blood of 3 independent healthy donors.

Study phs002372

Cellular and Molecular Investigations of Human Hearts

We aim to discover gene regulatory networks that govern heart morphogenesis in the early fetal heart. To this end, we have performed single-nucleus ATAC-seq on cells derived from 2 human hearts at 15 weeks post conception to define the chromatin profiles and genomic regulatory networks for these in vivo specific cardiomyocyte lineages during development, from which the FASTQ files are available through dbGAP. This information will help us understand the process of heart morphogenesis early in development and may further our understanding of how congenital heart disease impacts development.

Study phs003473

A Prospective Study of Lifestyle, the Gut Microbiome, and Diverticulitis

By leveraging a large-scale collection of stool specimens (Micro-N) within the Nurses' Health Study II, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted metabolomics profiling among 121 case women with a diagnosis of diverticulitis requiring antibiotics or hospitalization, with each matched to a control woman without diverticulitis during the same time period accounting for age, race, and month of stool collection (total N=242). We found microbiome and metabolomic profiles differed in diverticulitis cases compared to controls. Data deposited include metagenomic sequencing data (after removing the human sequences) and metabolomics data.

Study phs003531

Genetics of Antinuclear Antibodies

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are antibodies that react against self-antigens in the cell. While it has been reported that 12 to 20% of the general population have a positive ANA test, the genetics of ANA positivity is unknown. We performed a genome wide-association study for positive ANA tests among individuals without an ANA related autoimmune disease in the Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) DNA biobank linked to the de-identified electronic health record (EHR) system. The study is funded by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin diseases (NIAMS) grant R01AR076516.

Study phs003189

Processed Chromium Single Cell GEX, CSP and VDJ data from intestinal plasma cells of untreated celiac disease patients

The dataset contains processed sequencing data from Chromium Single Cell 5’ gene expression, human B cell VDJ and feature barcode (CSP) sequencing from transglutaminase 2-specific and other small intestinal plasma cells isolated from four untreated celiac disease patients. The raw sequencing data has been processed with Cell Ranger v.6.0.2 with the multi and aggr functions using the pre-built Cell Ranger references GRCh38 version 2020-A for gene expression and GRCh38-alts-ensembl-5.0.0 for V(D)J analysis. The dataset consists of a gene expression and antibody capture expression matrix (cell barcodes and feature names in tsv.gz file, expression matrix in mtx.gz file) and VDJ sequences in AIRR format (csv file). A metadata file (csv file) details cells passing our custom quality control based on number of detected genes, UMIs, mitochondrial genes, immunoglobulin genes and a productively rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain of the IgA isotype.

Dataset EGAD50000000339

Targeted re-sequencing of multi-region sampled tumors in PDAC

Multi-region tumor samples were cut from frozen sections or FFPEs and reviewed from microdissection and H&E staining in order to select ones with high cellularity. DNA extraction was done using DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kits for frozen samples following the manufacturer’s guideline. Extracted DNAs were processed on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 in a paired end mode (100x100) using a custom targeted panel based on the list of all unique somatic mutations from the original WES data by the Integrated Genomics Operation (IGO) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY).

Study EGAS50000000239

Paired Biopsy Project: West Coast Dream Team

This project aims to analyze the paired metastatic biopsy samples from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), collected before the initiation of the first-line androgen receptor signaling inhibitor (ARSI) for mCRPC and after radiographic disease progression on that ARSI, to understand the resistance mechanisms. We generated both whole genome sequencing (WGS) and RNA-seq data on these samples. A majority of these samples have been deposited in the public domain along with prior publications, and this project contains the 16 WGS samples that have not yet been deposited.

Study EGAS50000000327

Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase controls tissue-specific regulatory T cell function in chronic inflammation

In this project we wanted to understand the role of tissue resident regulatory T cells with the aim of finding commonalities between multiple inflammatory diseases namely psoriasis, sarcoidosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Using single cell sequencing data we found that specifically in the skin, Spermidine/spermin N1-acetyltransferase seems to mediate a „fragile“ Treg phenotype. To test the influence of the tissue on this phenotype we also sought to charactierize a similar population in patient PBMCs for which we generated this data.

Study EGAS50000000745

Epigenetic landscape reorganization and reactivation of embryonic development genes are associated with malignancy in IDH-mutant astrocytoma

Accurate grading of IDH-mutant gliomas is crucial for determining patient prognosis and guiding treatment decisions. However, histological grading can be challenging, so we aimed to identify objective molecular markers. To this end, we conducted bulk RNA sequencing on primary IDH-mutant astrocytomas (n=138) from the prospective CATNON trial, which evaluated the prognostic impact of adjuvant and concurrent temozolomide. Using this data, we sought to identify molecular markers linked to increased malignancy in IDH-mutant astrocytomas to establish objective grading criteria.

Study EGAS50000000381

Gene Expression Signature in Normal Mammary Gland from 83 Breast Cancer Patients Indicates Pre-tumorous Changes and Adverse Outcomes

This study assessed the transcriptomic profiles of 242 samples from 83 breast cancer patients with unfavorable outcomes, including paired uninvolved mammary gland samples collected at varying distances from primary lesions. As a reference, control samples from 53 mammoplasty individuals without cancer history were studied. A custom panel of 634 genes linked to breast cancer progression and metastasis was employed for expression profiling (targeted RNA sequencing), followed by whole-transcriptome (RNA sequencing) verification experiments and statistical analyses to discern molecular signatures and their clinical relevance.

Study EGAS50000000011

Spatially Resolved Tumor Ecosystems and Cell States in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Progression and Evolution

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major cause of global cancer mortality with high levels of heterogeneity, and intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) represents a significant barrier to GC patient outcomes. In this study, we applied GeoMx DSP technology to identify ITH in GC. We found spatially colocalized RNA-based intratumor subgroups within samples, each correlated with distinct spatially oriented TME and immune profiles. The findings broadening our understanding of the spatial and molecular complexity of GC ITH and offering a valuable data resource for future exploration and discovery.

Study EGAS50000000345

SweGen genetic variation from the Swedish Twin Registry

The dataset contains files with single nucleotide variants in VCF format for a total of 942 DNA samples, selected to represent a cross-section of the Swedish population. The samples originate from the Swedish Twin Registry (STR) and have been obtained from different geographical regions. For each of the 942 individuals, DNA was extracted from a blood sample and subject to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The WGS was performed using 2x150 bp paired-end chemistry on Illumina HiSeq X Ten instrumentation at the SciLifeLab National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) in Stockholm and Uppsala. FASTQ files generated by WGS were analyzed using the nf-core pipeline Sarek, which includes pre-processing, alignment to the human GRCh38 reference genome, and germline variant calling. All participants gave their written informed consent and the TwinGene study was approved by the regional ethics committee (Regionala Etikprövningsnämnden, Stockholm, dnr 2007-644-31, dnr 2014/521-32). Access to phenotypic information can be requested from the Swedish Twin Registry (http://ki.se/en/research/the-swedish-twin-registry).

Dataset EGAD50000001323

SweGen whole-genome sequencing from the Swedish Twin Registry

The dataset contains whole-genome sequencing data (aligned read files) in CRAM-format (lossless compression) for a total of 942 DNA samples, selected to represent a cross-section of the Swedish population. The samples originate from the Swedish Twin Registry (STR) and have been obtained from different geographical regions. For each of the 942 individuals, DNA was extracted from a blood sample and subject to whole genome sequencing (WGS). The WGS was performed using 2x150 bp paired-end chemistry on Illumina HiSeq X Ten instrumentation at the SciLifeLab National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) in Stockholm and Uppsala. FASTQ files generated by WGS were analyzed using the nf-core pipeline Sarek, which includes pre-processing, alignment to the human GRCh38 reference genome, and germline variant calling. All participants gave their written informed consent and the TwinGene study was approved by the regional ethics committee (Regionala Etikprövningsnämnden, Stockholm, dnr 2007-644-31, dnr 2014/521-32). Access to phenotypic information can be requested from the Swedish Twin Registry (http://ki.se/en/research/the-swedish-twin-registry).

Dataset EGAD50000001326

The Study of Somatic LINE1 Activity in Cancers

This study focuses exclusively on the quantification of LINE1 mobilization. We analyzed a recent whole genome sequencing data release from multiple Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) sub-projects. In addition to the somatic LINE1 insertions (present in tumor and having no support in the matched normal) there are "pseudo-germline" non-reference LINE1 elements identified in tumor tissue and having some support in the matched normal. This dataset reports such "pseudo-germline" LINE1 retrotranspositions. Individual level data for TCGA can be accessed by requesting access to phs000178.

Study phs003888

Splicing signature analysis of RNU4-2, RNU5A-1 and RNU5B-1

Pathogenic variants in the snRNA RNU4-2 were recently described as a frequent cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. In our study we further delineate the phenotype associated with RNU4-2 and we also identify pathogenic variants in RNU5A-A and RNU5B-1. Capture-based RNA-Seq were performed to compare splicing pattern between affected and control individuals. A strong signature based on alternative 5' splice site usage was found for RNU4-2 patients, and we suggest an either 5' or 3' signature depending on the variant's localiztion in U5 genes.

Study EGAS50000000889

SUM-seq data for spontaneously differentiated iPSCs to EBs

Clonal CRISPRi/a hiPS cell lines were plated to induce spontaneous differentiation in KSR medium (KSR medium: knockout DMEM/F12 (Gibco, 12660012), 2 mM GlutaMAX, 1× NEAAs, 20% knockout serum replacement (Gibco, 10828010) and 0.1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (Merck-Millipore)). non-TC plates and dishes were used. At the day of plating, KSR medium was supplemented with Y-27632 (10 µM). The next day, medium was replaced with fresh KSR medium. Medium changes were performed every other day. EBs were transferred to 15 ml conical tubes and allowed to sediment at room temperature for 5 min. The supernatant was replaced with fresh KSR medium and cells were transferred onto non-TC treated plates and maintained at 37 °C, 5% CO2. On day 12 of differentiation, the KSR medium was replaced with Essential 6 medium (Gibco, A1516401). EBs were collected and subjected to SUM-seq library preparation as described in Lobato-Moreno et al. 2025 Nature Methods.

Dataset EGAD50000001589

Pyoderma Gangrenosum Caused by Molecular Uncoupling of OTULIN Catalytic Activity and LUBAC Binding

This is a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 3 healthy donors and 2 patients with OTULIN-related Pyoderma Gangrenosum (ORP). Samples were not hashed or multiplexed. The 10X Genomics Platform was used for sequencing. Principal findings include transcriptome changes due to a mutation in OTULIN that causes OTULIN-Related Pyoderma gangrenosum (ORP), without affecting OTULIN function but abrogating its binding ability to the linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC). FASTA files will be available through dbGaP.

Study phs004114

Amplicon sequencing of long non-coding RNA associated with gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis

This study aimed to identify dysregulations of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in gastric cancer, and to reveal molecular functions of lncRNAs associated with gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis. We also aimed to reveal the correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and lncRNA alterations. To this end, we will try to develop predictive markers of gastric cancer risk, which enables prevention and early detection of gastric cancer. We will also try to develop molecular markers which enable us to select treatment strategies for gastric cancer.

Study JGAS000353

Single-cell RNA sequencing of control and Notch inhibitor treated HCC PDX model

We generated single-cell RNA-seq data for anti-Notch2 (n=3), anti-JAG1 (n=1) and anti-gD (n=4) treated LIV78 tumors. NCR nude mice bearing similarly sized LIV78 tumors (volumes between 300-900mm3) were injected intravenously with 30mg/kg body weight of either anti-Notch2, anti-Jag1 or anti-gD control antibody 72hrs prior to tumor harvest and tumor cell isolation. Following the depletion of CD45+ and Ter119+ cells, the samples were processed for single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) as described previously (Long et al., 2019) using the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library and Gel bead kit v2, following the manufacturer’s manual. cDNAs and libraries were prepared following the manufacturer’s manual (10X Genomics). Libraries were profiled by Bioanalyzer High Sensitivity DNA kit (Agilent Technologies) and quantified using Kapa Library Quantification Kit (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA). Each library was sequenced in one lane of HiSeq 2500 (Illumina) following the manufacturer’s sequencing specification (10X Genomics) to produce the resulting FASTQ files.

Dataset EGAD50000000738

Spatial Transcriptomic Analysis (Xenium in situ) of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

Lung LCNEC (Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma) has a poor prognosis, and no effective treatment has yet been established. We have discovered that LCNEC exhibits highly heterogeneous distribution of proteins such as neuroendocrine markers and YAP1 within the tumor. We hypothesize that this heterogeneity may be responsible for the variability in chemotherapy effectiveness and treatment resistance among LCNEC patients. Therefore, by using Xenium to analyze gene expression in greater detail along with tumor morphology, we aim to identify new characteristics of LCNEC and explore potential treatment strategies.

Study JGAS000733

The Oral Mycobiome and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer

The purpose of our study was to assess the influence of oral microbiota on the development of pancreatic cancer. Our preliminary case-control studies showed that oral carriage of a periodontal pathogen is related to increased risk for pancreatic cancer. We hypothesize that the oral bacteria and fungi are associated with risk of pancreatic cancer. We conducted a prospective study nested in two large well-established U.S. cohorts to determine whether the oral bacterial and fungal microbiome is associated with subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer.

Study phs003994

Bone morphogenetic protein-9 controls pulmonary vascular growth and remodeling

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) are two distinct vascular diseases linked to impaired signaling through bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor complexes in endothelial cells. Although BMP-9 plays a central role in activating this pathway by binding to ALK1 and BMPR-II, its precise function in the pulmonary microvasculature has remained unclear. In this study, we uncover a previously unrecognized role for BMP-9 in regulating pulmonary vascular architecture and homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate that BMP-9 signaling intersects with VEGF pathways and contributes to the delicate balance between vascular growth and remodeling in the lungs. We also show that disruption of this pathway can shift vascular responses toward an HHT-like state, potentially altering disease susceptibility. These insights offer a unique perspective on how BMP-9 and ALK1 shape pulmonary vascular biology and suggest that targeting this axis could inform future strategies for treating complex vascular diseases such as PAH.

Dataset EGAD50000001496

RNA seq data of 2 lung cancer samples prepared using 2 different RNA-seq library preparation protocols

Raw data used for generation of the results in the Vardetector manuscript – “.bam” files of RNA-seq data of tumor samples of 2 patients prepared with 2 different library preparation protocols (exome-capture and ribodepletion –> 4 “.bam” files in total). The submission also contains the somatic mutations “.vcf” files (4 in total, however 2 unique). Moreover, also an output of the Vardetector module (“.csv” file with the number of reads above the mutations of interest) is present in the submission (4 “.csv” files in total).

Study EGAS50000001419

Nanopore whole-genome sequencing of sample RK067 and variant-call data (SNVs and intermediate-sized deletions) of 174 Japanese samples.

We performed whole-genome sequencing of a human samples using Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer, so as to be able to establish methods to detect and identify structural variations in Japanese individuals. Intermediate-sized deletions were identified from 174 Japanese samples�� short-reads whole-genome sequencing data. Variant call information of these intermediate-sized deletions were joined with SNVs identified in a previous study (Fujimoto, A et al., Nat Genet, 2016) to create a reference panel for use in imputation.

Study JGAS000180

Integrated multi-omics analysis of pediatric hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma (HBL) is the most common malignant liver tumor in childhood and is clinically heterogeneous. In spite of its heterogeneity, the molecular basis responsible for the difference between low-risk and high-risk HBL has not been fully clarified. To address this issue, we carried out multi-omics analysis on 59 HBL samples to generate comprehensive profiles of gene mutation, copy-number alteration, DNA methylation and gene expression. By integrating these data, we aimed to unravel the heterogeneity of HBL and identify genetic determinants and therapy targets of high-risk HBL.

Study JGAS000188

Gene expression data of 2D duodenum organoids with or without continuous flow

We developed a monolayer culture system for small intestinal organoids, and then placed the culture plate on a rotator to generate a constant flow in the overlay medium. This mechanical stimulation facilitated the formation of villus-like structures from the monolayer of small intestinal organoids. We analyzed gene expression of 2D normal duodenum organoids with or without medium rotation. Total RNA was extracted from organoids with or without a four-day medium rotation, and after 0, 1, 2 or 4 days of medium rotation, and sequenced with HiSeq X Ten (Illumina).

Study JGAS000256

A prospective multicenter study of plasma ctDNA versus archival tumor tissue to guide FGFR-targeted therapy in metastatic urothelial cancer - Targeted

Targeted sequencing data related to the publication titled "A prospective multicenter study of plasma ctDNA versus archival tumor tissue to guide FGFR-targeted therapy in metastatic urothelial cancer." FGFR alterations, seen in up to 25% of metastatic urothelial carcinoma, can be exploited with targeted therapy. Here, we perform targeted sequencing of cell-free DNA, archival FFPE, and white blood cell DNA to compare ctDNA versus tissue for FGFR biomarker status and monitor temporal changes to FGFR over the disease course, specifically after progressing on targeted therapy.

Study EGAS50000001450

Prime-seq of human term placenta-derived trophoblast organoids

To study the one of the mechanisms through which obesity could affect placental cells, we used a novel microfluidic organs-on-a-chip device fabricated for co-culturing adipose spheroids and trophoblast organoids. The organoids were derived from the term placenta of a over-weight women. The adipose spheorids were derived from the white adipose tissue of a woman. And we sequenced the RNAs from the trophoblast organoids. The RNA extracted were subjective to Prime-seq library preparation protocol and being sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 at Novogene.

Study EGAS50000000833

Whole-genome methylation profiling of menstrual stem cells identifies novel biomarkers for endometriosis

Endometriosis, despite its high prevalence, is underdiagnosed and poorly managed due to lack of clinically validated biomarkers and pathophysiological insight. Menstrual bloodderived stem cells (MenSCs) have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, but their diagnostic potential remains unexplored. We conducted a clinical study (n=42; 19 endometriosis, 23 controls) to assess whether DNA methylation profiles of freshly isolated MenSCs can identify disease-specific biomarkers. Whole-genome methylation sequencing revealed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) enriched in genes linked to hallmarks of endometriosis (e.g., inflammation, tissue remodelling, development). These DMRs robustly distinguished cases from controls, independent of technical and clinical variables. Machine learning models trained and validated on these DMRs achieved high diagnostic performance (specificity 83%, sensitivity 79%). Integration with an independent single-cell RNA sequencing dataset showed that the DMRs may modulate gene expression, further supporting their biological relevance. These findings position MenSC DNA methylation profiling as a promising, non-invasive approach for early endometriosis diagnosis and personalised care.

Dataset EGAD50000002353

Risk alleles of membranous nephropathy and recurrence of the disease on the grafted kidney

The goal of the project was to identify risk alleles that are associated with recurrence of membranous nephropathy in the graft after kidney transplantation. First, we sequenced PLA2R1 and HLA-D loci in 248 patients with primary membranous nephropathy and identified two independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at risk for primary membranous nephropathy at each locus. Then we investigated whether primary membranous nephropathy at-risk variants were associated with recurrence in a retrospective cohort of 105 donor-recipient pairs and a replication cohort of 40 pairs.

Study EGAS00001005435

Guardians_of_the_genome__protecting_DNA_from_endogenous_sources_of_damage_

Analysis of mutational signatures caused by DNA repair defects in human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. A reference human iPS cell line will be used for genetic manipulation to introduce homozygous knockouts of 100 genes known to be involved in or connected to DNA repair or DNA editing. Following a defined period of growth after homozygous knockout of each gene, sub clones will be generated and sequenced. The progenitor “parental” IPS cell line will be used to generate reference sequence data, in order to determine the mutational signature acquired due to the gene knockout.

Study EGAS00001000800

Accuracy and repeatability of epigenome-based signatures trained on Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip data

Illumina DNA methylation microarrays are popular tools for discovering methylation patterns that enable epigenome-based trait prediction. To ensure reliable and accurate predictions, the robustness of the methylation assay is critical. This dataset comprises technical quadruplicate llumina MethylationEPIC (v1.0) data from matched cervical and blood samples, derived from four individuals, to evaluate the precision of methylation values and the repeatability of epigenome-based models trained to predict disease and aging. Fresh, and frozen blood were treated as separate tissue types, so the data stems from 4 * 4 * 3 = 48 microarrays.

Study EGAS00001007184

Sequencing Study in COPD cases and controls

Since smokers with COPD have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, we hypothesized that they carry more mutations in affected tissue. We called somatic mutations in airway brush samples from medium-coverage whole genome sequencing data from healthy never and ex-smokers (n=8), as well as from ex-smokers with variable degrees of COPD (n=4). Owing to the limited concordance of resulting calls between the applied tools we built a consensus, a strategy that was validated with high accuracy for cancer data.

Study EGAS00001003406

Mapping and phasing of structural variation in patient genomes using nanopore sequencing

We whole genome sequence 2 patients with congenital abnormalities and known complex de novo chromosomal rearrangements using the Nanopore MinION. We show how we can detect most previoulsy detected de novo rearrangements as well as uncover a few new ones. Furthermore, we perform genome-wide analyses showing the accuracy of SV detection and of phasing, using long reads. The files uploaded here are the whole genome Nanopore data for each of the two patients used, as well as the corresponding whole genome illumina data, used in our comparisons.

Study EGAS00001002333

Independent development of lymphoid and histiocytic malignancies from a shared early precursor

Recent reports have described lineage flexibility in patients with recurrent hematologic malignancies. We encountered a boy with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and histiocytic sarcoma. All tumors showed identical T-cell receptor rearrangements, but SNP arrays and whole exome sequencing revealed unique aberrations in each tumor. From the genetic data we conclude that the tumors were derived from a precursor cell with lineage plasticity for both lymphoid and myeloid development. From this precursor cell, the tumors evolved with independent genetic progression in a non-linear manner.

Study EGAS00001001353

Human_Colorectal_Cancer_Exome_Sequencing

In this experiment we sequenced a collection of genes identified as being mutated in a Sleeping Beauty Screen in a mouse colorectal Cancer Model in human tumours collected from patients with germline mutations in APC and also other familial CRC predisposition syndromes. We also sequenced the germline of these patients allowing us to identify somatically mutated genes. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001000077

Identification_of_drug_resistance_genes_in_melanoma_by_mRNA_gene_expression

We aim to sequence the mRNA transcriptome of 22 human melanoma cell lines in biological triplicate in order to define the gene expression profile of each cell line. The data will be correlated to the mutation status and the sensitivity to a panel of drugs in order to identify genes whose deregulation is associated to drug resistanceThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001000815

Identification_of_drug_resistance_genes_in_melanoma_by_small_RNAs_expression_analysis

We aim to sequence the small RNAs of 22 human melanoma cell lines in biological triplicate in order to define the microRNAs expression profile of each cell line. The data will be correlated to the mutation status and the sensitivity to a panel of drugs in order to identify genes whose deregulation is associated to drug resistanceThis data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001000816

Targeted exome sequencing of pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma (PILC).

Pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma (PILC) is an aggressive variant of invasive lobular breast cancer that is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Limited molecular data are available to explain the mechanistic basis for PILC behavior. To address this issue, we performed targeted sequencing using the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) TumorCare™ gene panel that includes 1053 genes that were selected based upon their association with cancer. This sequencing analysis identified genes that distinguish PILC from classic ILC (CILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) by the incidence of their genomic changes.

Study EGAS00001002871

iNeuron_ChIPseq

Characterisation of the chromatin status of induced neurons (iNeurons) generated by overexpression of the Ngn2 transcription factor transgenically in BOB iPS cells at the excitatory cortical neuron and iPSC stages. The aim is to understand the differentiation trajectory and characterise the chromatin status so that we can understand the impact of chromatin on gene expression during this transition. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001003165

Circulating tumour DNA abundance and potential utility in de novo metastatic prostate cancer

Several systemic therapeutic options exist for metastatic castration sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC). Circulating tumour DNA can profile metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer and influence treatment decisions, but remains untested in mCSPC. We set out to determine ctDNA abundance at de novo mCSPC diagnosis and whether ctDNA provides complementary clinically relevant information to a prostate biopsy. We collected and sequenced 77 plasma cell-free DNA samples from 53 newly diagnosed patients with mCSPC. Targeted sequencing was also performed on DNA from 48 diagnostic prostate tissue samples.

Study EGAS00001003351

Finding structural variation from the patient-derived xenografts of pediatric T-cell leukemia at the single-cell level

In this study, we aimed to identify somatic structural variation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs_ from patient-derived xenografts (PDX) at the single-cell level. For this purpose, we performed strand-specific single-cell sequencing of PDX-derived T-ALL relapse samples from two juvenile patients (P1, P33). To validate structural variation detected via scTRIP, we profiled whole exome sequencing (WES) data from P33 (samples taken during initial disease, remission, relapse), and mate-pair sequencing data from P1 (relapse).

Study EGAS00001003365

RNA-seq data from 121 tumor samples with muscle invasive bladder cancer.

In this study, a total of 300 patients with MIBC receiving chemotherapy were included; 62 received NAC before cystectomy and 245 received first-line chemotherapy upon detection of locally-advanced (T4b) or metastatic disease. Treatment response, defined as pathological downstaging (< pTa,CIS,N0) after NAC or complete or partial response after first-line treatment (RECIST criteria). RNA-seq was performed using the QuantSeq kit FWD HT kit (Lexogen) using 500 ng input RNA from 121 tumor samples. Data provided here consist of 780 fastq files for RNA-seq.

Study EGAS00001004505

Single-cell RNA sequencing on 5063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumour and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Single-cell RNA sequencing on 5063 single T cells isolated from peripheral blood, tumour and adjacent normal tissues from six hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The transcriptional properties of these individual cells, coupled with the assembled T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, were used to delineate the molecular subtypes, lineage, and functional properties of each T cell group. For five HCC patient, the exome-seq data of matched normal/tumor and bulk RNA-seq data of tumor are also available.

Study EGAS00001002072

HYPERMUTATION AND MALIGNANT PROGRESSION IN LOW-GRADE GLIOMA PATIENTS

While patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) have benefited from increased overall survival due to treatment with the alkylating chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ), the benefit ofTMZ for patients with diffuse low-grade gliomas (LGG) remains unknown. To further explore the relationships among TMZ treatment, hypermutation and malignant progression, we studied tumor evolution in an expanded cohort of untreated and TMZ-treated patients by exome-sequencing of paired IDH1/2-mutant LGGs and their post-TMZ recurrences. Together, these findings further our understanding of the molecular features and clinical behavior of hypermutated clones.

Study EGAS00001002368

FinHer_Breast_Cancer_Study

The purpose of this study is to sequence 500 known cancer genes in 960 newly diagnosed high risk breast cancer patients treated with current standard of care therapies and trastuzumab, for somatic alteration and copy number changes. We will be using next gen sequencing technology to determine the prognostic relevance of these somatic genetic alterations and of teh low frequency events to determine if they are associated with trastuzumab benefit or HER2 positive breast cancer, i.e. treatment interaction. The samples will be analysed adn correlated with clinical variables including outcome.

Study EGAS00001000648

Degradation of Janus kinases in CRLF2-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We evaluated the efficacy of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) directed against Janus kinases. Solving the structure of FDA-approved type I JAK inhibitors ruxolitinib and baricitinib bound to the JAK2 JH1 tyrosine kinase domain enabled the rational design and optimization of Cereblon (CRBN)-directed JAK PROTACs utilizing multiple derivatives of JAK inhibitors, linkers and CRBN-specific molecular glues. The resulting JAK PROTACs were evaluated for target degradation by proteomic approaches, and activity tested in CRLF2-rearranged cell line and xenograft models of ALL.

Study EGAS00001005180

Identification_of_immune_mechanisms_associated_with_the_high_rate_of_relapse_in_patient_with_visceral_leishmaniasis_and_HIV_co_infection

RNA-seq transcriptomics of whole blood samples from longitudinal follow-up of a cohort of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients with and without HIV coinfection, from active disease through apparent cure and potential relapse. Analysis will identify potential correlates of relapse to identify immune mechanisms underlying the high rate of relapse in HIV/VL coinfection. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

Study EGAS00001003465

Alternative splicing isoforms in patient-derived hepatocellular carcinoma cells

The aim of this study was to obtain a landscape of alternative splicing (AS) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We applied hybrid sequencing by integrating Pacbio long-read and Illumina short-read RNA sequencing data from 8 patient-derived HCC cell lines, and used an immortalized hepatocyte cell line as reference. This study revealed features of annotated and novel splice variants in HCC cells, including transcript length, AS type and protein changes. We also identified novel isoforms and tumor specific isoforms, which may represent potential biomarkers and targets for therapeutic development.

Study EGAS00001002697

Pediatric tumor in a single child of three large nuclear families

We identify three nuclear families in which a pediatric tumor had been diagnosed in a single child and neither parent had been diagnosed with cancer. These families had 4, 5, and 7 children, respectively. Diagnoses included Wilms tumor, low-grade astrocytoma, and Burkitt’s lymphoma, respectively. We used whole-genome sequencing to profile normal cells from each family member and a linked-read technology for genomic phasing, which enabled us to identify compound-heterozygous and de novo variants in addition to simple-heterozygous and homozygous-alternate variants.

Study EGAS00001005321

WES data from 165 tumor/germline samples with muscle invasive bladder cancer.

In this study, a total of 300 patients with MIBC receiving chemotherapy were included; 62 received NAC before cystectomy and 245 received first-line chemotherapy upon detection of locally-advanced (T4b) or metastatic disease. Treatment response, defined as pathological downstaging (< pTa,CIS,N0) after NAC or complete or partial response after first-line treatment (RECIST criteria). WES was performed using DNA from 165 tumors (76x median coverage) and associated germline DNA (46x median coverage). Data provided here consist of 5,828 fastq files for WES.

Study EGAS00001004507

Genomics of pediatric myeloid neoplasms

Genomic profiling of pediatric myeloid tumors (AML, therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, MDS and others) has shown significant differences when compared adult myeloid neoplasms. This includes the recognition of pediatric-enriched entities including UBTF-TD and NUP98 rearranged leukemias. Collectively we have described over 23 unique molecular subtypes of pediatric AML with unique expression signatures, driver mutations, patterns of cooperating mutations and distinct outcomes. Some of the subtypes (KMT2A and NUP98, for example) have remarkable heterogeneity in fusions partners, cellular phenotypes and molecular signatures.

Study EGAS00001005760

Whole genome sequencing based on short and long reads from GM09237 cell line with and without folate depletion

To asess changes in the DNA-sequence occurring as a result of folate deprivation, DNA extracted from the GM09237 cell line grown with and without folate was sequenced using short read and long read sequencing. The DNA was extracted from cells cultured with either normal medium or medium with no folic acid for 5 days, and then sequenced by BGI PE100 platform (100 bp paired-end sequencing 60x coverage; performed by BGI), or PacBio Sequel system (SMARTbell; performed by BGI) respectively.

Study EGAS00001005345

Genetics of non-syndromic idiopathic autism spectrum disorders in India

The study explores the genetic architecture of patients diagnosed with non-syndromic autism spectrum disorders (according to the DSM-V criteria) in India. Patients were previously screened for aneuploidies using chromosomal G-banded karyotyping (at 500 band resolution) and Fragile-X using TP-PCR. Whole exome sequencing was performed on germline DNA from 100 idiopathic patients. Target enrichment was carried out using either Agilent SureSelect V6 or SureSelect Clinical Research Exome V2 kits. Pooled libraries were sequenced on Illumina HiSeq platform at an average coverage of 80-100x in 2x150bp configuration.

Study EGAS00001006060

Cancer and germline exomes, and cancer RNA-seq consisiting of FASTQ paired-end reads from melanoma, lung and colon cancer samples

Discovery of patient-specific tumor antigens usually requires in vitro-expanded autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), among which tumor antigen-specific T cells are however often rare, thus limiting sensitivity. We designed in vitro culture conditions to improve the identification of rare tumor antigen-specific CD8 TILs. This innovative yet accessible pipeline allows highly-sensitive identification of tumor antigens and cognate T cell receptors (TCRs), greatly improving the selection of candidates for personalized cancer vaccines and TCR-based cellular immunotherapies.

Study EGAS00001005513

Genomic History of the Solomon Islands

The aim of this study was to provide for a better understanding of the genetic relationships among and between populations of Near and Remote Oceania, with a focus on the initial settlement of the Solomon Islands and their role in the first dispersal of people from Near into Remote Oceania. Irina Pugach, Ana T Duggan, D Andrew Merriwether, Françoise R Friedlaender, Jonathan S Friedlaender, Mark Stoneking, "The Gateway from Near into Remote Oceania: New Insights from Genome-Wide Data", Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 35, Issue 4, April 2018, Pages 871–886

Study EGAS00001006116

RNAseq data from human colon organoid infected by KP

The aim of this study is to identify the specific bacteria that are responsible for pathological bacterial translocation and subsequent Th17 priming in the liver in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). To clarify the mechanism of how microbiota interacts with the intestinal epithelial barrier, monolayered human intestinal organoids were cultured with the specific bacteria. Gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing in epithelial cells cultured with Klebsiella pneumoniae derived from a PSC patient (KP-P1) or commercially obtained Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (KP JCM1662) was performed in this study.

Study EGAS00001003332

Multi-region whole-exome sequencing of 10 neuroblastoma cases

To investigate intratumour heterogeneity and to better understand tumour evolution in neuroblastoma, we have performed a multi-region whole-exome sequencing on a total of 51 spatially separated tumor samples from 9 primary neuroblastomas (2 low-risk, 1 intermediate-risk and 6 high-risk) and 1 relapsed neuroblastoma. We also assessed the impact of chemotherapy on the clonal expansion by sequencing tumour regions from one medium risk and one high-risk tumour for which we had matched samples obtained at diagnosis and after chemotherapy.

Study EGAS00001004735

Human and rat skeletal muscle multi-omic profiling

Skeletal muscle accounts for the largest proportion of human body mass, on average, and is a key tissue in complex diseases and mobility. It is composed of several different cell and muscle fiber types. Here, we optimize single-nucleus ATAC-seq (snATAC-seq) to map skeletal muscle cell-specific chromatin accessibility landscapes in frozen human and rat samples, and single-nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) to map cell-specific transcriptomes in human. We additionally perform multi-omics profiling (gene expression and chromatin accessibility) on human and rat muscle samples.

Study EGAS00001005730

Placebo-only arm transcriptomic analysis of the phase 3 PROTECT clinical trial

It is poorly understood how the tumor immune microenvironment influences disease recurrence in localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here we perform whole-transcriptomic profiling of 236 tumors from patients assigned to the placebo-only arm of a randomized, adjuvant clinical trial for high-risk localized ccRCC. Unbiased pathway analysis identifies myeloid-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a key mediator. Furthermore, a novel myeloid gene signature strongly correlates with disease recurrence and overall survival on uni- and multivariate analysis and is linked to TP53 inactivation across multiple datasets.

Study EGAS00001006344

RNA-seq analysis of metastatic prostate cancer solid tumor biopsies

The prevalence and features of treatment-emergent small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-SCNC) are not well characterized in the era of modern androgen receptor (AR)–targeting therapy. We sought to characterize the clinical and genomic features of t-SCNC in a multi-institutional prospective study. Patients with progressive, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) underwent metastatic tumor biopsy and were followed for survival. t-SCNC is present in nearly one fifth of patients with mCRPC and is associated with shortened survival.

Study EGAS00001006369

Chromatin accessibility changes in hiPSC-derived neurons after BDNF and KCl stimulations

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is crucial for neuronal survival, differentiation, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and neurocognitive health. Molecular mechanisms of BDNF promoting cellular survival and synaptic plasticity have been intensely studied, yet its role in genome regulation is obscure. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons via lentiviral delivery of the neuronal transcription factor Ngn2, we performed a temporal profiling (1h, 6h and 10h) of chromatin accessibility upon BDNF treatment or depolarization (KCl) to identify BDNF-specific chromatin-to-gene expression programs.

Study EGAS00001006394

Multi-institutional collaboration to characterize 5hmC in prostate cancer, both tumor biopsies and cfDNA.

This study used pull-down sequencing to measure 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels in tissue biopsy specimens from patients with localized and metastatic castration-resistant (mCRPC) prostate cancer. For a subset of the cohort, the same technique was used to sequence cell-free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from patient plasma. To assess 5hmC levels in cfDNA from a larger number of specimens, plasma samples from another mCRPC cohort were also assayed with this method. The larger cohort of cfDNA samples was further anlayzed with a targeted sequencing gene panel.

Study EGAS00001004942

cfDNA in Hereditary And High-Risk Malignancies (CHARM)

Our goal is to improve early cancer detection by developing a blood test to predict cancer development in carriers using circulating DNA. As carriers develop cancer, they may have pre-cancerous cells which release this DNA into the blood (cell-free DNA; cfDNA), which can be detected with novel genetic technologies. We propose to use three complementary cfDNA assays:shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS), Liquid-Biopsy Sequencing (LB-Seq) and Cell-free Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation and High-throughput Sequencing (cfMeDip-Seq) for early cancer detection.

Study EGAS00001006539

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