14659 results for "PLOS+ONE+Pennsylvania+German+ACS+language+code+pdc+open+access+study"

in 38.41 milliseconds.

• Intercepting Progression from Pre-Invasive to Invasive Lung Adenocarcinoma

  An improved understanding of the biology of lung cancer is needed to intercept the disease at an early point in its progression. In this project we have used multidimensional methods to profile the tumor microenvironment (TME) and to determine the crosstalk between cancer cells and the TME in pre-invasive to invasive human lung non-solid adenocarcinomas. Comparative analysis of the cellular and molecular events associated with the distinct histological stages will lead to identification of the critical events triggering progression and thereby identify targets to intercept disease progression. The data being submitted represents the genomic profiles of patient samples with pre-invasive and invasive human lung adenocarcinomas.

  Study phs002818

• Genomic Landscape of Pediatric Germ Cell Tumors

  Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are cancers of the testis, ovary and extragonadal sites that occur in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Post-pubertal (type II) malignant GCTs may present as a seminoma, non-seminoma or with mixed histologies. In contrast, pre-pubertal (type I) GCTs are limited to (benign) teratomas and (malignant) yolk sac tumors (YST). Epidemiologic and molecular data have shown that pre- and post-pubertal GCTs arise by distinct mechanisms. Dedicated studies of the genomic landscape of type I and II GCTs in children and adolescents are lacking. Here we present an integrated genomic analysis of extracranial GCTs across the age spectrum from 0-24 years.

  Study phs002009

• A Multi-Omic Single-Cell Atlas of Human Gynecological Malignancies

  Matched single-cell transcriptomic sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell chromatin accessibility sequencing (scATAC-seq) were performed for 11 fresh human tumors collected from the endometrium or ovary. More detailed information for each patient tumor will be provided in selected phenotype/attributes data. Both scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq assays revealed the underlying cellular heterogeneity in transcriptional output and in chromatin accessibility for each patient tumor specimen. In this work, we identified potential non-coding regulatory elements that mediate cell type-specific gene expression patterns. These data will serve as an important reference for the single-cell genomics and gynecologic oncology research communities.

  Study phs002340

• Loss of IFN-gamma Signaling in Tumor Cells Associates with Primary Resistance to Anti-CTLA-4 Therapy

  Antibody blockade of the inhibitory CTLA-4 pathway has led to clinical benefit in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma. Anti-CTLA-4 enhances T cell responses, including production of IFN-γ, which is a critical cytokine for host immune responses. However, the role of IFN-γ signaling in tumor cells in the setting of anti-CTLA-4 therapy remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that, based upon exome sequencing data, patients identified as non-responders to anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) harbor a much higher genomic defects in the IFN-γ pathway genes than melanoma patients who had clinical response to ipilimumab therapy.

  Study phs001257

• Comprehensive Analysis of the Immunogenomics of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Brain Metastases from LCCC1419

  Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subset of breast cancer that lacks expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and HER2. Nearly 50% of patients with advanced TNBC will develop brain metastases (BrM), commonly with progressive extracranial disease. Immunotherapy has shown promise in the treatment of advanced TNBC; however, the immunogenomics of BrM remains largely unknown. Thus, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of TNBC BrM and matched primary tumors to characterize the genomic and immune landscape of TNBC BrM to foster the development of immunotherapy strategies in this aggressive and clinically unmet disease.  

  Study phs002457

• Genomic Resistance Patterns to Second Generation Androgen Blockade in Paired Tumor Biopsies of Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer

  We examined genetic resistance to second generation androgen targeting therapies (abiraterone acetate or enzalutamide) by analyzing whole exome sequencing of patient-matched pre-treatment and post-resistance tumors from a series of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. Abiraterone resistant tumors harbored alterations in AR and MYC, whereas patients treated with enzalutamide had acquired alterations in the cell cycle pathway. We experimentally confirmed expression of cell-cycle kinases sufficed to drive enzalutamide resistance, which was mitigated through CDK4/6 blockade. These observations link genetic resistance to specific therapeutic agents to inform strategies in genomically selected advanced CRPC.

  Study phs001447

• Non Dystrophic Myotonias: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation and Longitudinal

  NMD are rare ion channel disorders. The optimal management and treatment of these disorders are not known. This multi-center proposal will allow the prospective collection of standardized data from a critical number of patients to help better define the clinical features of NDM. The data will also be used to establish clinically relevant endpoints for use in therapeutic trials. The identification and genetic characterization of patients will facilitate recruitment of participants for future therapeutic trials. Ultimately, the information gained will lead to the improvements in the treatment and management of NMD with an associated reduction in morbidity and improvement in patient quality of life.

  Study phs000578

• Genomics of Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression

  Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for nearly 15% of all patients with lung cancer. Though the response to initial therapy is favorable in many patients, a majority of patients go on to develop recurrent disease which is very difficult to treat. The response rates to chemotherapy are very low and most patients succumb to relapsed SCLC within a few months. Virtually no progress has been made in the treatment of SCLC in the last three decades. In order to better understand the molecular alterations in relapsed SCLC, we have generated exome and RNA sequence from normal, primary tumor and relapse tissues of SCLC patients.

  Study phs001049

• Prostate Cancer Genome Sequencing Project

  Prostate cancer is a prevalent cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in men. In order to characterize the full range of somatic mutations in protein-coding genes that may drive the growth of prostate cancer, we sequenced the exonic regions of genomic and tumor DNA from over 100 patients with high-risk primary prostate cancer. Using hybrid capture and paired end DNA sequencing, we identified mutations in several novel putative prostate cancer genes. We interrogated copy number changes across tumor genomes using high-density SNP arrays, and identified a molecular subtype of cancer characterized by mutation of the ubiquitin ligase subunit SPOP and copy number loss at specific genomic loci.

  Study phs000447

• Extrachromosomal DNA Amplification Contributes to Small Cell Lung Cancer Heterogeneity and is Associated with Worse Outcomes

  Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a very aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancer often associated with oncogenic MYC amplifications, which are known to drive SCLC heterogeneity marked by neuroendocrine (NE) and non-neuroendocrine (non-NE) cell states. The genetic mechanisms of MYC amplification and phenotypic plasticity between cell states is not known. Using data from cell-lines and a few patient-derived samples along with integrated whole-genome sequencing, long-range optical mapping, single-cell DNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we have attempted to successfully characterize extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) as the primary source of MYC amplifications and driver fusions in SCLC.

  Study phs003190

• Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R): Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP)

  Cohort Description The Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) has been investigating the clinical, physiologic and molecular phenotypes of asthma since 2000. It is currently following ~400 deeply phenotyped asthma patients. Data Being Submitted Wave 1 questionnaire data includes 397 variables for up to 375 SARP participants in C4R.Wave 2 questionnaire data includes 448 variables for up to 289 SARP participants in C4R.Dried Blood Spot/Serosurvey data includes 7 variables for up to 290 SARP participants in C4R.Derived data includes 43 variables for up to 463 SARP participants in C4R.Phenotype data includes 113 variables for up to 463 SARP participants in C4R.

  Study phs002913

• Chromothripsis in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Associated with Carcinoid Transformation

  Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is typically associated with tobacco exposure and inactivation of RB1 and TP53 genes. We performed detailed clinicopathologic, genomic, and transcriptomic profiling of an atypical subset of SCLC in never/light smokers that lacked RB1 and TP53 co-inactivation and found that most cases were associated with chromothripsis – massive, localized chromosome shattering, recurrently involving chromosomes 11 or 12, among other findings. Uniquely, these clinically aggressive tumors exhibited genomic and pathologic links to pulmonary carcinoids. Conversely, SCLC never smokers harboring inactivated RB1 and TP53 exhibited hallmarks of adenocarcinoma-to-SCLC derivation, supporting two distinct pathways of plasticity-mediated pathogenesis of SCLC in never smokers.

  Study phs003676

• Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) biopsies show heterogeneity in gene expression profiles, genetic subtypes, and in vitro drug sensitivity to kinase inhibitors

  Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive large B-cell lymphoma, most often of the activated B cell (ABC) subtype, but with limited tumor biology studies due to small biopsy size and lack of strict cohort definition. Here we examined the genetic heterogeneity of 29 HIV- EBV- PCNSL tumors using whole exome sequencing (WES). We compared these tumors to 5 cell lines comprised of two human PCNSL cell lines (TK and HKBML) and three systemic activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL) (OCI-Ly3, TMD-8, HBL-1).

  Study EGAS50000000312

• PAX4 loss of function increases diabetes risk by altering human pancreatic endocrine cell development

  The coding variant (p.Arg192His) in the transcription factor PAX4 is associated with an altered risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in East Asian populations. In mice, Pax4 is essential for beta cell formation but its role on human beta cell development and/or function is unknown. Participants carrying the PAX4 p.His192 allele exhibited decreased pancreatic beta cell function compared to homozygotes for the p.192Arg allele in a cross-sectional study in which we carried out an intravenous glucose tolerance test and an oral glucose tolerance test. In a pedigree of a patient with young onset diabetes, several members carry a newly identified p.Tyr186X allele. In the human beta cell model, EndoC-βH1, PAX4 knockdown led to impaired insulin secretion, reduced total insulin content, and altered hormone gene expression. Deletion of PAX4 in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived islet-like cells resulted in derepression of alpha cell gene expression. In vitro differentiation of hiPSCs carrying PAX4 p.His192 and p.X186 risk alleles exhibited increased polyhormonal endocrine cell formation and reduced insulin content that can be reversed with gene correction. Together, we demonstrate the role of PAX4 in human endocrine cell development, beta cell function, and its contribution to T2D-risk.

  Dataset EGAD50000000516

• Characterizing the secretome of licensed hiPSC-derived MSCs

  Although mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from primary tissues have been successfully applied in the clinic, their expansion capabilities are limited and results are variable. MSCs derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiMSCs) are expected to overcome these limitations and serve as a reproducible and sustainable cell source. We have explored characteristics and therapeutic potential of hiMSCs in comparison to hBMSCs. Our data qualify hiMSCs as a promising source for cell therapy and/or cell-based therapeutic products. Additionally, the herewith generated database will add to our understanding of the mode of action of regenerative cell-based therapies and could be used to identify relevant potency markers.

  Study EGAS50000000389

• The landscape of Usher syndrome-associated transcript isoforms in the human neural retina

  Usher syndrome is an autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the combination of progressive loss of visual function due to retinitis pigmentosa, sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction in a subset of cases. Usher syndrome is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To date, eleven genes have been identified that are associated with Usher syndrome. It is known that these genes express multiple isoforms, however, for most of the known isoforms their relative importance in the human retina is unknown. To fill this gap, using PacBio long-read mRNA sequencing we aimed to provide an overview of the Usher syndrome transcripts in the human retina.

  Study EGAS50000000504

• IκBε deficiency accelerates disease development in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

  The NFKBIE gene, which encodes the NF-κB inhibitor IκBε, is mutated in 3-7% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The most recurrent alteration is a 4-bp frameshift deletion associated with NF-κB activation in leukemic B cells and poor clinical outcome. To study the functional consequences of NFKBIE gene inactivation, both in vitro and in vivo, we engineered CLL B cells and CLL-prone mice to stably down-regulate NFKBIE expression and investigated its role in controlling NF-κB activity and disease expansion. We found that IκBε loss leads to NF-κB pathway activation and promotes both migration and proliferation of CLL cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, NFKBIE inactivation was sufficient to induce a more rapid expansion of the CLL clone in lymphoid organs and contributed to the development of an aggressive disease with a shortened survival in both xenografts and genetically modified mice. IκBε deficiency was associated with an alteration of the MAPK pathway, also confirmed by RNA-sequencing in NFKBIE-mutated patient samples, and resistance to the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib. In summary, our work underscores the multimodal relevance of the NF-κB pathway in CLL and paves the way to translate these findings into novel therapeutic options.

  Dataset EGAD50000000754

• Sensitive urothelial cancer detection via high volume urine DNA analysis

  Cystoscopy and imaging are the gold standard for urothelial cancer (UC) detection and surveillance, but cystoscopy is an uncomfortable procedure associated with adverse effects and a low diagnostic yield as only 10% of hematuria patients have UC. Urine tumor DNA (utDNA) is a non-invasive UC biomarker that has suffered from poor sensitivity for Ta stage tumors (<80%). We hypothesized that high urine volume analysis with a multi-gene panel could overcome these limitations, and developed a 100 mL utDNA laboratory platform (UroScout) that analyzes 25 commonly mutated UC genes and 8 copy number-altered loci for somatic alterations to detect UC.

  Study EGAS50000000630

• HSC_population_dynamics___PX001_samples

  My research project aims to use the clonal dynamics of spontaneously occurring somatic mutations to answer fundamental questions about human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. The four major questions I will address are: 1. How do age and aging affect normal human HSC dynamics in vivo? 2. How do in vivo perturbations, particularly chemotherapy and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, affect HSC population dynamics? 3. Is response to in vitro perturbation heritable and/or correlated with other features such as age of individual and contribution of the lineage to peripheral blood? 4. How are HSC dynamics altered in people with early driver mutations (clonal haematopoiesis)?

  Study EGAS00001004146

• HSC_population_dynamics___KX009_samples

  My research project aims to use the clonal dynamics of spontaneously occurring somatic mutations to answer fundamental questions about human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. The four major questions I will address are: 1. How do age and aging affect normal human HSC dynamics in vivo? 2. How do in vivo perturbations, particularly chemotherapy and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, affect HSC population dynamics? 3. Is response to in vitro perturbation heritable and/or correlated with other features such as age of individual and contribution of the lineage to peripheral blood? 4. How are HSC dynamics altered in people with early driver mutations (clonal haematopoiesis)?

  Study EGAS00001004580

• HSC_population_dynamics___KX010_samples

  My research project aims to use the clonal dynamics of spontaneously occurring somatic mutations to answer fundamental questions about human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. The four major questions I will address are: 1. How do age and aging affect normal human HSC dynamics in vivo? 2. How do in vivo perturbations, particularly chemotherapy and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, affect HSC population dynamics? 3. Is response to in vitro perturbation heritable and/or correlated with other features such as age of individual and contribution of the lineage to peripheral blood? 4. How are HSC dynamics altered in people with early driver mutations (clonal haematopoiesis)?

  Study EGAS00001004581

• Association of Oxidative Stress Pathway Alterations with Risk of Treatment Failure in RTOG9512: A Randomized Trial of Hyperfractionation Versus Conventional Fractionation in T2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vocal Cord

  Based on the growing body of retrospectively collected and heterogeneously treated clinical cohorts and preclinical models, we investigated the clinical importance of NRF2 pathway alteration in an independent set of patients treated uniformly in the large prospective phase III trial RTOG 9512. We tested the hypothesis that patients with T2 glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) harboring NRF2 pathway mutations would show radioresistance and have more local failure (LF) and locoregional failure (LRF) compared to those who did not have these mutations, using patients who received radiotherapy alone, thus removing potentially confounding effects of other therapies, like surgery or chemotherapy.

  Study phs003274

• Bulk RNAseq - Calprotectin in vitro effects on human early hematopoiesis

  To explore the effects of calprotectin (CAL) on early hematopoiesis, we incubated CD34+ cells from four healthy donors for 7 days in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), FLT3-ligand and thrombopoietin (TPO) without and with CAL, interleukin-6 (IL6) and the IL6_CAL combination before collecting cells. We performed the same experiment with CD34+ cells collected from three patients with JAK2-V617F-mediated myelofibrosis (MF). A total of 135,545 cells from healthy donors and 111,725 cells from myelofibrosis patients were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using the 10X Chromium droplet-based platform. Bulk RNAseq 4 conditons : -Control - Calprotectin - IL-6 - Calprotectin+IL-6

  Study EGAS50000000454

• WES in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) treated with durvalumab plus olaparib in the neoadjuvant setting: NEODURVARIB trial

  This submission contains the metadata derived from the whole exome sequencing of 70 samples from 26 patients who developed advanced urothelial carcinomas. The patients were enrolled in the Neodurvarib clinical trial, which compares the molecular profiles at diagnosis and after neoadjuvant treatment with Durvalumab and Olaparib. In this regard, the analyzed samples include: normal tissue and tumoral tissue obtained from the transurethral resection of the bladder (TURBT, a procedure performed prior to neoadjuvant therapy) from the 26 patients (52 samples), as well as tissue obtained from the radical cystectomy (a procedure performed after treatment with the aforementioned drugs; 18 samples).

  Study EGAS50000000791

• Genomic analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma upon acquired resistance to cetuximab

  Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab) remain the only FDA-approved targeted therapy for patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Unfortunately, most patients develop acquired resistance to cetuximab and there is currently no further therapeutic option for these patients (unmet clinical need), thereby highlighting the need to better understand resistance-causing mechanisms. Here, we carried out whole-exome sequencing on 2 cetuximab-sensitive and -resistant patient-derived xenograft models of HNSCC. Our data reveal several genetic alterations (mutations and copy number variations) associated with acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy.

  Study EGAS50000000800

• Longitudinal copy number variation analysis from plasma DNA of head and neck cancer patients under re-radiotherapy

  Recurrent locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, receiving re-radiotherapy (re-RT), are presented with short progression-free (PFS) and overall survival. Hence, biomarkers predicting therapy failure are urgently needed. We analyzed copy number variations (CNVs) in blood plasma of HNC patients collected before, during and after re-RT. Detectable CNVs after five and ten fractions of re-irradiation as well as at the end of re-RT were associated with short PFS. Furthermore, we found that CNV kinetics in longitudinally collected plasma reflected therapy response and could detect disease progression in advance of radiographic tumor assessments.

  Study EGAS50000000163

• plasma DNA LINE-1 targeted bisulfite sequencing: a new non-invasive multi-cancer detection marker

  The detection of circulating tumor DNA, which allows non-invasive tumor molecular profiling and disease follow-up, promises optimal and individualized management of patients with cancer. However, detecting small fractions of tumor DNA released when the tumor burden is reduced remains a challenge. We developed a PCR-based targeted bisulfite method coupled to deep sequencing to detect methylation patterns of L1PA elements,which we named DIAMOND (for Detection of Long Interspersed Nuclear Element Altered Methylation ON plasma DNA). We used sodium bisulfite chemical conversion to achieve base-pair resolution analysis and designed a multiplexed PCR based on 8 amplicons covering L1PAs .

  Study EGAS50000000446

• RNA Sequencing Analysis of Patient-Derived Xenograft Tissue PIM-084 Treated with L-NMMA+Alpelisib vs Vehicle Control

  This dataset contains RNA-seq analysis of vehicle control compared to L-NMMA+alpelisib treated metaplastic breast cancer PDX PIM084 tumors (RNA sequencing and analysis performed by Novogene). The submitted data contains the gene ID, gene name, normalized read counts from all samples from control group and combination treatment group, log2-fold change derived from DESeq2 R/EdgeR package, p-value, adjusted p-value, read counts from each group, and gene FPKM from the each sample in the group. Due to patient privacy, we are submitting only the processed and desensitized RNA sequencing analysis to this repository.

  Study phs003814

• COVID-19-Induced Immune Alterations in Infants

  Although previous studies have described some overlap between COVID-19-induced immune alterations in adults and children, no systematic immune profiling studies have been reported in infants. We applied a multidimensional approach to decipher the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infected infants (n=26; 10 mild, 11 moderate and 5 severe) and healthy matched controls (n=14). Single-cell RNA-seq profiling (scRNA-seq) of PBMCs revealed alterations in cell composition upon infection, with most cell types demonstrating an interferon-stimulated gene (ISGhi) state. Our findings shed insight into the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in the first year of life.

  Study phs002655

• Evolution of Structural Rearrangements in Prostate Cancer Intracranial Metastases

  Intracranial metastases in prostate cancer are uncommon but clinically aggressive. We sought to characterize prostate cancer intracranial metastases in order to improve our understanding of their pathogenesis and to promote the search for new treatment strategies. We evaluated the clinical and molecular characteristics of 36 patients with metastatic prostate cancer to either the dura or brain parenchyma. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) on samples from 21 patients. The WGS samples include 10 intracranial prostate cancer metastases, as well as WGS of primary prostate tumors from men who later developed metastatic disease (n=6) and non-brain prostate cancer metastases (n=26).

  Study phs003357

• Diversity of U1 small nuclear RNAs and Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods for their Mutations

  U1 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) mutations are recurrent non-coding alterations found in various malignancies, including medulloblastoma, yet their identification has proven challenging due to their repetitive nature. To establish a robust DNA-based, and RNA-based method for detecting U1 snRNA mutations, we performed targeted DNA sequencing using our original gene panel for medulloblastoma and RNA-sequencing. As an RNA-based method, we developed a random forest classifier employing splicing patterns which were massively altered as a result of U1 snRNA mutations. By using both methods, we successfully detected U1 snRNA mutation in five DNA samples and four RNA samples.

  Study EGAS50000000693

• HSC_population_dynamics_KSP_samples

  My research project aims to use the clonal dynamics of spontaneously occurring somatic mutations to answer fundamental questions about human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. The four major questions I will address are: 1. How do age and aging affect normal human HSC dynamics in vivo? 2. How do in vivo perturbations, particularly chemotherapy and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, affect HSC population dynamics? 3. Is response to in vitro perturbation heritable and/or correlated with other features such as age of individual and contribution of the lineage to peripheral blood? 4. How are HSC dynamics altered in people with early driver mutations (clonal haematopoiesis)?

  Study EGAS00001002762

• Atezolizumab monotherapy following dCRT indicated a promising cCR rate in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (EPOC1802)

  The objective is to analyze tumor and normal cell exome sequencing of esophageal cancer patients participating in the Tenergy trial before treatment and RNA sequencing specimens of tumor biopsy specimens at three points before treatment, after radiation chemotherapy, and after atezolizumab administration, in order to search for biomarkers to predict treatment response. Exome sequencing of pretreatment tumor tissue (27 specimens) and normal tissue (27 specimens) from esophageal cancer patients participating in the Tenergy trial, and RNA sequencing of tumor biopsy specimens at three time points before treatment (28 specimens), after radiation chemotherapy (25 specimens) and after atezolizumab administration (25 specimens).

  Study JGAS000708

• GOSH_Paediatric_Tumour_23P108_WSSS_WGS_Managed_Access

  We have a case of two siblings (twins) who were born with nodular blue rashes over their body. The first twin had a large periorbital subcutaneous mass which was diagnosed as infantile undifferentiated sarcoma. This baby was too systematically unwell for chemotherapy and died at 12 days of age. The second sibling received two cycles of emergency chemotherapy however died due to disease progression and secondary haemorrhage at 2 months of age. Post-mortem normal and tumour samples have been taken. In addition to placental tissue and parental germline DNA, the goal will be to investigate intra-uterine transfer of sarcoma and the phylogenetic relationship of tumours in both twins.

  Study EGAS00001007536

• Genetic mutation profiling of lymphomas arising in the uterine cervix and vagina

  Follicle center lymphoma (FCL) of the lower female genital tract (LFGT) is a rare lymphoma, with fewer than 20 cases reported to date. Since the genetic features of FCL of the LFGT have not been well characterized, we aimed to identify genetic alterations in this tumor through whole-exome sequencing or targeted gene panel analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from a frozen tissue sample obtained from a surgically resected uterine cervical tumor. Whole-exome sequencing was performed using the Illumina NovaSeq X Plus platform. Library preparation was conducted with the SureSelect Human All Exon V6 kit, and sequencing was carried out with 150 bp paired-end reads.

  Study JGAS000823

• Whole genome sequencing data of pediatric hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  Hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare subtype of B-cell ALL characterized by chromosome number < 45 , encompassing near-haploid (24–29 chromosomes) and low-hypodiploid (30–39 chromosomes) subgroups. These subgroups display distinct genetic landscapes, including Ras and receptor tyrosine kinase pathway alterations in near-haploid ALL, and frequent IKZF2, RB1, and germline TP53 alterations in low-hypodiploid ALL. Clinically, hypodiploid ALL is associated with dismal prognosis, with 5-year overall survival rates often between 50-70% in children and markedly worse in adults. Despite advances in risk stratification and MRD-guided therapy, allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the current standard recommendation for affected patients.

  Study EGAS50000001305

• Multi-omics analysis of treated cancer samples

  We treated patient-derived cell lines with effective drug inhibitors that we discovered. To understand the mechanisms behind how the inhibitor can effectively inhibit tumor growth, we performed a series of RNA-Seq, Histone ChIP-Seq, TF ChIP-Seq and ATAC-Seq profiling for samples with and without treatment with the inhibitor. There are 18 RNA-Seq, 20 ATAC-Seq and 182 ChIP-Seq experiments performed. This includes 2 biological replicates. Novaseq 6000 was used to sequence the samples. Library preparation was performed in house for ChIP-Seq and ATAC-Seq, using NEB indexes, while libraries for RNA-Seq were constructed by the sequencing company hired. Total RNA was sequenced. Sequencing parameters used are PE150, bi-directional sequencing. For ATAC-Seq, sequencing was performed up to 40M reads, for ChIP-Seq, sequencing was performed up to 20M reads and for RNA-Seq, sequencing was performed up to 20M to 40M reads. Fastq files are uploaded here.

  Dataset EGAD50000000349

• Long-read single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers cell-type specific transcript regulation in COVID-19

  SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to extensive host transcriptomic changes, but the role of alternative splicing in shaping the immune response remains underexplored. Here, we present the first application of long-read single-cell RNA sequencing on nasopharyngeal swabs from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls to resolve transcript-level changes across cell types. Leveraging the strengths of long-read sequencing, we characterize alterations in both gene and isoform expression within cell populations of the upper respiratory tract—the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 entry. This approach provides new insights into how transcriptional regulation and splicing shape host immune responses to viral infection.

  Study EGAS50000001290

• Whole genome sequencing data of paediatric T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)

  T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy accounting for approximately 15–25% of pediatric and adult ALL cases. Despite significant therapeutic improvements over the last decade, the prognosis of T-ALL remains less favorable than that of B-ALL, with 5-year EFS and OS of around 76–82% and 80–88%, respectively, depending on the treatment protocol used. T-ALL patients often suffer from failure of induction therapy or early relapse, which is associated with a dismal prognosis. Approximately 10–15% of T-ALL patients experience relapse, and survival after relapse is poor.

  Study EGAS50000001387

• Multi-modal spatial characterization of tumor-immune microenvironments in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

  We have leveraged spatial transcriptomics together with proteomic and genomic analysis to investigate the spatial immunology and pathobiology of DLBCL. We define distinct cellular niches that differ in frequency across tumors, related to both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status and the anatomical site of the tumor, and show that residence within different cellular niches is associated with divergent functional states of T-cells and tumor B-cells due to different patterns of cell-cell communication. This provides a framework for understanding stereotyped patterns of spatial organization in DLBCL and immunological interactions associated with heterogeneity in immune cell infiltration and function across patients.

  Study EGAS50000001146

• Development of Novel Histiocytic Sarcoma Organoid Model for Drug Discovery

  Histiocytic sarcoma is an extremely rare and aggressive hematopoietic malignancy. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood and effective treatments are lacking. We treated a patient with histiocytic sarcoma of soft tissue in Osaka International Cancer Institute and established an organoid culture from a resected tumor specimen using a modified air���liquid interface method. After serial passaging, the organoid was successfully xenografted into NOD-scid IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice. The established organoid retained key histological features and genetic characteristics of the original tumor. This organoid model offers a novel and reliable platform for studying the biology of histiocytic sarcoma and may contribute to the development of future therapeutic strategies.

  Study JGAS000807

• scRNAseq analysis of CD8 T cells infiltrating the bladder and tumor of 4 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients, before and after BCG treatment.

  We performed scRNAseq analysis of CD8 T cells infiltrating the bladder and tumor of 4 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients, before and after BCG treatment. In order to identify tumor-specific T cells, we selected CD8 T cells that were enriched in the tumor of the patient. We also selected CD8 T cells appearing in the bladder after BCG treatment, with the hypothesis that BCG treatment stimulates tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Next, we cloned the TCR of these T cells in a Jurkat cell line and tested these TCR for recognition of tumor-specific antigens.

  Study EGAS50000001384

• Development of molecular targeted therapy for small cell lung cancer by comprehensive genome analysis

  Aims: Identifying new therapeutic targets of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), genome-wide mutation analysis has been performed. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed or methanol-fixed tissue samples. 71 Mb of DNA fragments containing whole coding exons were concentrated using SureSelect Human All Exon V4+UTRs Kit (Agilent Technologies) followed by 100-bp paired end sequencing by HiSeq 2000 (Illumina). Participants/Materials: 51 of 1042 cases of pathologically diagnosed small seen lung cancer that were registered to National Cancer Hospital East Lung Cancer Database in 1992-2012, and which surgically resected or biopsy samples were suitable for DNA extraction for further analyses.

  Study JGAS000037

• Whole exome sequencing of familial MDS, Two patients

  Although several causal genes of familial myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have been identified, the genetic landscape and the molecular pathogenesis are not totally understood. To explore novel driver genes and their pathogenetic significance, we performed whole exome sequence analysis of two individuals from a familial MDS pedigree and several candidate single-nucleotide variants were identified. Knockdown screening revealed that downregulation of a candidate gene enhanced colony forming capacity of primary murine bone marrow (BM) stem/progenitor cells. Our results indicate that a familial MDS-associated germline mutation in the candidate gene induces accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks, possibly through impaired PCNA polyubiquitination.

  Study JGAS000162

• Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing for high-grade glioma

  We conducted whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to delineate base-resolution methylomes of gliomas harboring G34R mutation as well as those harboring K27M and no mutations in H3F3A. Comparative analysis of these three glioma subgroups revealed that G34 subgroup exhibited lower global methylation levels, comparable CpG island (CGI) methylation levels, and compromised hypermethylation of telomere-proximal CGIs, compared to the other two subgroups. Genomic regions specifically hypermethylated in G34 subgroup were enriched for CGIs. CGIs with G34V-mutated histone H3.3 in the glioma cell line KNS-42 were hypermethylated compared to those without it, suggesting a correlation between G34-mutated histone H3.3 in CGI hypermethylation.

  Study JGAS000197

• Genomic DNA analysis for malignant mesothelioma from the patients of Japan and USA.

  Malignant mesotheliomas (MMs) are highly aggressive adult malignancies and exposure to asbestos is the major factor involved in MM pathogenesis. It is desirable for a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of MM will lead to more specific and effective targeted therapies. In addition it is reported that germline mutation in a specific gene (ex. BAP1) associates familial MMs, and new candidate markers to determine a subject?s predisposition to MM and for early detection need to be identified. Analysis of genomic DNA from MM tumors and reference peripheral blood from Japan and USA are ongoing to find the common genomic characters beyond race.

  Study JGAS000108

• Development of hunanized mice for human hematopoisis and immunity research

  We obtained peripheral blood or bone marrow samples from 112 acute myeloid leukemia patients and examined sensitivity and resistance of the AML samples to molecular targeting drugs. By doing RNA sequencing using AML cells, we found heterogenous gene expression patterns in AML with different mutational landscapes. From the RNA sequencing, we identified anti-apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and immune-related signals as pathways up-regulated in AML cells as compared with normal CD34+ cells. From the pathway analyses, we further setup in vitro experiments to find vulnerability genes in clinically-aggressive AML. BIRC, BCL2, MCL1, AURKB, and KIF10 may be essential molecules for AML cell survival and proliferation.

  Study JGAS000253

• Leukemic evolution of donor-derived cells harboring IDH2 and DNMT3A mutations after allogeneic stem cell transplantation

  An individual with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) received peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation, but later experienced relapse. Whole-exome sequencing of bone marrow cells obtained from different stages of this patient as well as PBSC of the donor revealed that relapsed AML was not the regrowth of the original leukemic clones, but donor cell leukemia (DCL). Interestingly, some of the oncogenic mutations found in DCL were already present at a low frequency in the donor PBSC. Target deep sequencing of these genes indeed confirmed this observation, and revealed that the emergence of additional oncogenic mutations triggered leukemic evolution.

  Study JGAS000017

• Tracing the molecular route to progression in miRNA biogenesis-defective thyroid lesions

  Alterations in the DICER1 and DGCR8 microprocessor genes confer risk to the development of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. The involvement of 2 miRNA biogenesis genes in benign and malignant thyroid tumors highlights the key role of miRNAs in the thyroid gland. We traced the progression from benignity to malignancy in DICER1- and DGCR8-mutated thyroid lesions by performing a multiomic characterization of these lesions aiming to uncover unique features characterizing either form for potential use as biomarkers. This multiomic characterization included whole exome sequencing (WES) (N=18), miRNA profiling (N=38), spatial transcriptomics (N=2) and/or methylome (N=281).

  Study EGAS50000001577

• Transcriptome analysis of a novel human iPSC-derived 3D cortical tissue model – 2D versus 3D co-culture comparison

  Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of human iPSC-derived microglia/astrocytes/neurons in a novel, human in vitro 3D cortical tissue model, as well as 2D co-cultures for comparison. Samples include distinct conditions (each as biological triplicates): - wild-type cells from 2D or 3D co-cultures after 3 months of culturing (2D_WT, 3D_WT) - knock-in cells from 2D or 3D co-cultures carrying three familial AD mutations in the APP gene (Swedish, Iberian, Arctic; introduced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in) after 3 months of culturing (2D_KI, 3D_KI) - 2D and 3D KI cultures treated with Bumetanide (KI_bum) or BACE IV (KI_bace) inhibitor

  Study EGAS50000001392

• Spatial and temporal genomic evolution in glioblastoma

  Tumor heterogeneity is a challenging barrier to successful targeted therapy in glioblastoma. Identifying the mechanisms that drive cancer cells as they genetically evolve and adapt in response to treatment is a vital goal of modern cancer research. Analysis of sequencing data provides a method for uncovering the mechanisms sustaining tumor heterogeneity and driving evolution. Here, we analyzed genomic profiles of GBM biopsies taken from pre- and post-treatment GBMs (with matched germline controls), to understand 1) the intratumoral clonal compositions of primary GBM and 2) how GBM responds to therapeutic intervention. Our results provide a molecular portrait of GBM recurrence.

  Study EGAS00001001033

• A personalised medicine approach for ponatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia

  Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is characterised by the presence of a fusion driver oncogene, BCR-ABL1, which is a constitutive tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the central treatment strategy for CML patients and have significantly improved survival rates, but the T315I mutation in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 confers resistance to all clinically approved TKIs, except ponatinib. However, compound mutations can mediate resistance even to ponatinib and remain a clinical challenge in CML therapy. Here, we investigated a ponatinib-resistant CML patient through whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify the cause of resistance and to find alternative therapeutic targets.

  Study EGAS00001001150

• ENU_CCK_81_cetuximab_pilot_project

  Cetuximab is a targeted monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is used therapeutically for the treatment of KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC). The Cetuximab sensitive KRAS wild-type CRC cell line NCI-H508 has been treated with a fixed concentration of ENU for 24 hours and then selected with Cetuximab until drug resistant clones were ready to be picked and grown up as sub-clones of the parental cell line. These will have genes causally implicated in cancer sequenced to identify common point mutations in multiple independently derived drug resistant clones as a forward genetic screen for mechanisms of resistance to Cetuximab in CRC.

  Study EGAS00001001743

• Identification of point mutations, expression perturbations, and gene fusions in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by RNA-seq

  RNA-seq is a promising technology to re-sequence protein-coding genes for the identification of single nucleotide variants, while simultaneously obtaining information on structural variations and gene expression perturbations. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is caused by a combination of gene fusions leading to the over-expression of transcription factors reinforced by point mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. We asked whether RNA-seq is suitable for the detection of driver mutations in these leukemias. We analyzed 31 T-ALL patient samples and 18 T-ALL cell lines by high-coverage paired-end RNA-seq.

  Study EGAS00001000536

• North American Brain Expression Consortium (NABEC) Exome Sequencing

  A fundamental challenge in the post-genome era is to understand and annotate the consequences of genetic variation, particularly within the context of human tissues. We describe a set of integrated experiments designed to investigate the effects of common genetic variability on mRNA expression distinct human brain regions. We show that brain tissues may be readily distinguished based on expression profile. We find an abundance of genetic cis regulation mRNA expression. We observe that the largest magnitude effects occur across distinct brain regions. We believe these data, which we have made publicly available, will be useful in understanding the biological effects of genetic variation.

  Study EGAS00001002110

• Chordoma_Sequencing_Project_RNAseq

  This is a continuation of the Chordoma Sequencing Project. All cancers arise due to somatically acquired abnormalities in DNA sequence. Systematic sequencing of cancer genomes allows acquisition of complete catalogues of all classes of somatic mutation present in cancer. These mutation catalogues will allow identification of the somatically mutated cancer genes that are operative and characterise patterns of somatic mutation that may reflect previous exogenous and endogenous mutagenic exposures. In this application, we aim to perform whole genome sequencing on 10 chordoma matched genome pairs. RNA Sequencing/Methylation and SNP6 and an additional sequencing of three cancer cell lines will be added to this work.

  Study EGAS00001000410

• LifeLines-DEEP population multi-omix cohort from the noth of the Netherlands.

  The LifeLines-DEEP cohort is a sub-cohort of the LifeLines cohort (167,729 participants) that employs a broad range of investigative procedures to assess the biomedical, socio-demographic, behavioral, physical and psychological factors that contribute to health and disease in the general Dutch population, (Scholtens 2015). A subset of approximately 1,500 participants also took part in LifeLines-DEEP. For these participants, additional biological materials were collected, including analysis of the gut microbiome composition. The phenotyping and processing of LifeLines-DEEP has been described in Tigchelaar (2015).

  Study EGAS00001001704

• Genome Landscape of Primary Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

  The purpose of the Australian ICGC Pancreatic Cancer Genome Sequencing Initiativestudy is to identify the common driving mutations underlying the initiation anddevelopment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in a large cohort of pancreatic cancerpatients (n=350). Matched genome sequences will be generated from normal tissue(duodenum) and resected primary tumour tissue in each patient using exome andwhole genome sequencing. The complete repertoire of somatic mutations will bedetermined (substitutions, indels, copy number changes and structural changes).Where possible, matched transcriptome sequencing will also be carried out todetermine locus activity, which mutations are actively expressed and whichrearrangements give rise to gene-fusion transcripts.

  Study EGAS00001000154

• BLUEPRINT RNA-seq data for common cells in the haematopoietic lineages, from adult and cord blood samples.

  RNA-seq data for common cells in the haematopoietic lineages, from adult and cord blood samples.

  Study EGAS00001000327

• ICGC Oesophageal adenocarcinoma - 100 tumour samples

  The oesophageal project will focus on adenocarcinoma which is increasing in incidence in the UK and other developed countries and has a very poor outcome. The primary aims of this project are to deeply sequence tumour and normal genomic DNA (including the precursor condition Barrett’s oesophagus when material is available) to provide a comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations. This will be achieved through a UK-wide network of hospitals involved in a research collaboration called the OCCAMS consortium. The goal of this project is to use high quality clinical material with accurately annotated clinic-pathological, treatment and outcome data.

  Study EGAS00001000724

• ENU_NCI_H508_cetuximab_fixed_concentration_project

  Cetuximab is a targeted monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is used therapeutically for the treatment of KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC). The Cetuximab sensitive KRAS wild-type CRC cell line NCI-H508 has been treated with a fixed concentration of ENU for 24 hours and then selected with Cetuximab until drug resistant clones were ready to be picked and grown up as sub-clones of the parental cell line. These will have genes causally implicated in cancer sequenced to identify common point mutations in multiple independently derived drug resistant clones as a forward genetic screen for mechanisms of resistance to Cetuximab in CRC

  Study EGAS00001001744

• ENU_NCI_H508_Cetuximab_SecondRound

  Cetuximab is a targeted monoclonal antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is used therapeutically for the treatment of KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer (CRC). The Cetuximab sensitive KRAS wild-type CRC cell line NCI-H508 has been treated with a fixed concentration of ENU for 24 hours and then selected with Cetuximab until drug resistant clones were ready to be picked and grown up as sub-clones of the parental cell line. These will have genes causally implicated in cancer sequenced to identify common point mutations in multiple independently derived drug resistant clones as a forward genetic screen for mechanisms of resistance to Cetuximab in CRC

  Study EGAS00001001745

• The Haplotype Reference Consortium

  The Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) will create a large reference panel of human haplotypes by combining together sequencing data from multiple cohorts. By combining together multiple cohorts, the reference panels produced by the project will be as large as possible in terms of both number of haplotypes, and numbers of variants. This will increase the accuracy of the genotype imputation, especially at low-frequency variants, and the number of imputable variants, thus increasing the power of GWAS.

  Study EGAS00001001710

• Understanding Self- Organising Capacity of Stem Cells during Implantation and Early Post-implantation Development in vitro and in vivo: Implications for Human Development (2020-04-20)

  The aim of this project is to differentiate human embryonic stem cells to an extra-embryonic fate, specifically the hypoblast. This is of uttermost importance given the current lack of human hypoblast stem cells. We hypothesized that the pluripotent characteristics of the starting human embryonic stem cell population may dictate the competency for extra-embryonic cell fate specification. Based on this hypothesis and using human embryonic stem cells maintained in different naïve-like culture regimes, we have now developed conditions that allow the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to a stable GATA6+ SOX2- population. This suggests that these cells may be putative human hypoblast stem cells. To validate this finding here we propose to perform RNA sequencing experiments of the differentiated human embryonic stem cells. By comparing their RNA expression profile to the single cell sequencing data of the human embryo that we are currently generating, we will be able to determine the identity of our GATA6+ SOX2- cells, and establish whether they represent the in vivo human hypoblast. This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2020-04-20.

  Dataset EGAD00001006056

• Field effect of healthy and diseased livers (2019-04-08)

  Recent work in the Campbell group has revealed somatic mutations present in normal, non-cancerous human skin. A subset of the mutations conferred selective advantages to the host cells, leading to clonal expansions and raising the risk for future cancer development. Capturing such somatic mutations in normal tissue is important to advance our understanding about carcinogenesis and could provide prospective medical insights. In this project, our goal is to detect somatic mutations in normal (pre-cancerous) liver tissue. Using Laser Microdissection technology, we will dissect individual liver lobules from patient samples and submit these to sequencing. For each patient sample, we aim to sequence multiple lobules to characterise the mutagenic burden. Samples will be taken from patients with different liver disease aetiologies, including alcoholism and obesity, with a view on distinguishing the prevalent mutation types occurring in each disease context. We will perform targeted sequencing, initially using the WTSI cancer panel. Later we aim to use a novel bait set that captures both cancer genes as well as genes relevant to the non-cancerous samples (ie. genes implicated in hereditary disorders, immune sequences). . This dataset contains all the data available for this study on 2019-04-08.

  Dataset EGAD00001004941

• Integrative genome profiling in AML

  AML emerges as a consequence of accumulating independent genetic aberrations that direct regulation and/or dysfunction of genes resulting in aberrant activation of signalling pathways, resistance to apoptosis and uncontrolled proliferation. Given the significant heterogeneity of AML genomes, AML patients demonstrate a highly variable response rate and poor median survival in response to current chemotherapy regimens. For the past 4 years we have conducted gene expression profiling on purified bone marrow populations equating to normal haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from healthy subjects and patients with de novo AML in order to identify AML signatures of aberrantly expressed genes in cancer versus normal. We are now applying a series of bioinformatic methodologies combined with clinical and conventional diagnostic data to establish novel genomics strategies for improved prognostication of AML. Additionally, we use our AML signatures to unravel oncogenic signalling pathway activities in AML patients and test inhibitory drugs for these pathways inn preclinical therapeutic programmes. We consider that superimposing GEP and clinical data for our AML patient cohort with additional data on their mutational status will significantly improve the prognostic power of the study as well as unravel yet unknown mutations associated with aberrant signalling activities of oncogenic pathways.

  Dataset EGAD00001001873

• Timing the landmark events in the evolution of clear cell renal cell cancer

  Clear cell renal cancer is characterized by near-universal loss of the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p). This event arises through unknown mechanisms, but critically results in the loss of several tumor suppressor genes. We analyzed whole genomes from 95 biopsies across 33 patients with clear cell renal cancer (ccRCC) recruited into the Renal TRACERx study. We find novel hotspots of point mutations in the 5'-UTR of TERT, targeting a MYC-MAX repressor, that result in telomere lengthening. The most common structural abnormality generates simultaneous 3p loss and 5q gain (36% patients), typically through chromothripsis. Using molecular clocks, we estimate this occurs in childhood or adolescence, generally preceding emergence of the most recent common ancestor by years to decades. Similar genomic changes recent common ancestor by years to decades. Similar genomic changes are seen in inherited kidney cancers. Modeling differences in age-incidence between inherited and sporadic cancers suggests that the number of cells with 3p loss capable of initiating sporadic tumors is no more than a few hundred. Targeting essential genes in deleted regions of chromosome 3p could represent a potential preventative strategy for renal cancer.

  Dataset EGAD00001003445

• THE GENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF ACTINIC KERATOSIS

  Actinic keratoses (AK) are lesions of epidermal keratinocyte dysplasia and are precursors for invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Identifying the specific genomic alterations driving progression from normal skin-AK-invasive CSCC is challenging due to the massive ultraviolet radiation-induced mutational burden characteristic at all stages of this progression. Here, we report the largest AK whole exome sequencing study to date and perform mutational signature and candidate driver gene analysis on these lesions. We demonstrate in 37 AK, from both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients, that there are significant similarities to CSCC in terms of mutational burden, copy number alterations, mutational signatures and patterns of driver gene mutations. We identify 44 significantly mutated AK driver genes and confirm that these genes are similarly altered in CSCC. We identify the azathioprine mutational signature in all AK from patients exposed to the drug, providing further evidence for its role in keratinocyte carcinogenesis. CSCC differ from AK in having higher levels of intra-sample heterogeneity. Alterations in signaling pathways also differ, with immune-related signaling and TGF-β signaling significantly more mutated in CSCC. Integrating our findings with independent gene expression datasets confirms that dysregulated TGF-β signaling may represent an important event in AK-CSCC progression.

  Dataset EGAD00001006894

• HSC_population_dynamics___LEUK4_samples

  My research project aims to use the clonal dynamics of spontaneously occurring somatic mutations to answer fundamental questions about human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. The four major questions I will address are: 1. How do age and aging affect normal human HSC dynamics in vivo? 2. How do in vivo perturbations, particularly chemotherapy and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, affect HSC population dynamics? 3. Is response to in vitro perturbation heritable and/or correlated with other features such as age of individual and contribution of the lineage to peripheral blood? 4. How are HSC dynamics altered in people with early driver mutations (clonal haematopoiesis)?

  Study EGAS00001004247

• RNA sequencing of a glioblastoma PDX cohort

  Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models represent an essential tool for the preclinical evaluation of novel targeted therapies and their combinations. In this project, we molecularly characterized a comprehensive panel of glioma PDX models with well conserved molecular and pathological features over multiple passages. PDX samples were subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS). Characterization of cancer-relevant features including driver mutations or cellular processes was performed using mutational and gene expression data in order to identify potential biomarker or treatment targets in glioblastoma. In summary, we reported a newly established and molecularly characterized panel of glioma PDX models with high relevance for translational preclinical research.

  Study EGAS00001007119

• PRADO trial - Personalized response-directed surgery and adjuvant therapy after neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III melanoma

  The PRADO trial tested a personalized response-directed treatment approach based on the pathologic response after neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III melanoma patients. In patients achieving a major pathologic response, in their index lymph node (the largest lymph node metastasis at baseline), therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND) and adjuvant therapy were omitted. Patients with partial response underwent TLND only, whereas patients with pathologic non-response underwent TLND and adjuvant systemic therapy ± synchronous radiotherapy. Biomarker analyses based on baseline RNA sequencing data were performed in order to find features that are associated with major pathologic response.

  Study EGAS00001007601

• Molecular response of AML blasts to Aza-treatment.

  Azacytidine (Aza) treatment is effective in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Clinical observations suggest that DNMT3A-mutant patients represent a subgroup of AML patients that responds particularly well to Aza-treatment. Data coming from a mouse model support this finding and we have already generated molecular data suggesting a molecular pathway involved in Aza-response in DNMT3A-mutant AML patients. We now aim to validate these findings in primary AML-blasts. To this end, we have FACS-sorted blasts from patients with AML prior to and under Aza-treatment and plan to correlate pre-treatment as well as on-treatment methylomes to clinical Aza-response.

  Study EGAS00001004825

• Volasertib preclinical activity in high-risk hepatoblastoma

  Relapsed and metastatic hepatoblastoma represents an unmet clinical need with limited chemotherapy treatment options. In a chemical screen, we identified volasertib as an agent with in vitro activity, inhibiting hepatoblastoma cell growth while sparing normal hepatocytes. Volasertib targets PLK1 and prevents the progression of mitosis, resulting in eventual cell death. PLK1 is overexpressed in hepatoblastoma biopsies relative to normal liver tissue. As a potential therapeutic strategy, we tested the combination of volasertib and the relapse-related hepatoblastoma chemotherapeutic irinotecan. We found both in vitro and in vivo efficacy of this combination, which may merit further preclinical investigation and exploration for a clinical trial concept.

  Study EGAS00001004827

• Genomic and ecologic characteristics of the airway microbial-mucosal complex

  Lung diseases due to infection and dysbiosis affect hundreds of millions of people world-wide. Microbial communities at the airway mucosal barrier are conserved and highly ordered, reflecting symbiosis and co-evolution with human host factors. We show here the results of the first systematic culture and whole-genome sequencing of the principal airway bacterial species. We match the gene content of bacterial isolates to human transcripts and metabolites expressed late in airway epithelial differentiation, identifying pathways that can sustain host interactions with the microbiota. Our results provide a systematic basis for decrypting interactions between commensals, pathogens, and mucosal immunity in lung diseases of global significance.

  Study EGAS00001006689

• Linked-read based analysis of Medulloblastomas

  Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common type of malignant pediatric brain tumor with group 4 medulloblastomas (G4 MBs) accounting for 40% of cases of medulloblastomas. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this subgroup are still poorly understood. Point mutations are detected in a large number of genes at low incidence per gene while the detection of complex structural variants (SVs) in recurrently affected gene typically requires the application of long-read technologies. Here, we applied linked-read sequencing, which combines the long-range genome information of long-read sequencing with the high base pair accuracy of short read sequencing and very low sample input requirements.

  Study EGAS00001007064

• Exome-wide analysis identifies three low-frequency missense variants associated with pancreatic cancer risk in Chinese populations

  Germline coding variants have not been systematically investigated for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we report an exome-wide investigation using the Illumina Human Exome Beadchip with 943 PDAC cases and 3,908 controls in the Chinese population, followed by two independent replicate samples including 2,142 cases and 4,697 controls. We identify three low-frequency missense variants associated with the PDAC risk: rs34309238 in PKN1 (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.48-2.12, P = 5.35 X 10-10), rs2242241 in DOK2 (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.50-2.27, P = 4.34 X 10-9) and rs183117027 in APOB (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.72-3.16, P = 4.21 X 10-8).

  Study EGAS00001003040

• Genome-wide genetic and epigenetic dataset of pancreatic acinar cell carcinomas

  Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive exocrine tumor with largely unknown biology. To identify potential targets for personalized treatment, integrative genome- and epigenome-wide analyses were performed. The results show frequently aberrant DNA methylation, abundant chromosomal amplifications and deletions, and mutational signatures suggesting defective DNA repair. In contrast to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, no recurrent point mutations are known. The tumor suppressors ID3, ARID1A, APC, and CDKN2A are frequently impaired also on the protein level and thus potentially affect ACC tumorigenesis. Consequently, this work identifies potential novel therapeutic targets in ACC for drugs recently approved for precision cancer therapy.

  Study EGAS00001002533

• Exome-wide somatic mutation characterization of small bowel adenocarcinoma

  Small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer with limited treatment options. To further characterize the somatic mutation landscape of this tumor type, exome sequencing was conducted on a population-based set of SIA samples from all three parts of the small intestine. Archival tissue from 106 tumors with comprehensive clinical patient information entered exome sequencing from a patient series consisting of SIA cases diagnosed in Finland between the years 2003-2011. Paired-end exome sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 4000, and OncodriveFML was used to identify significantly mutated genes from the exome data. Also mutational signature and pathway enrichment analyses were performed.

  Study EGAS00001002559

• The evolutionary landscape of colorectal tumorigenesis

  The genetic events that cause colorectal adenomas to progress to carcinomas remain largely undetermined. Using multi-region genome/exome sequencing of 24 benign and malignant colorectal tumours, we probe the evolutionary fitness landscape occupied by these neoplasms. Unlike carcinomas, advanced adenomas frequently harbour sub-clonal driver mutations, hence lack selective sweeps, and have relatively high genetic heterogeneity. Carcinomas are distinguished from adenomas not by nucleotide-level mutations (drivers or burden), but by widespread aneusomies that are usually clonal and often accrue in a “punctuated” fashion. Adenomas evolve across an undulating fitness landscape, whereas carcinomas occupy a sharper fitness peak, probably owing to stabilising selection.

  Study EGAS00001003066

• WGS___Exploration_of__mutational_processes_in_human_cancer_cell_lines

  Approximately 25 cell lines representative of 11 mutation signatures have been selected and will be grown from a single cell, referred to as parental clone, for a period of 3 months to allow accumulation of mutations. Following that period, we will obtain 2 subclones from each of the parental clone for analysis by exome-sequencing . In total we will therefore be sequencing 2 parental clones and 4 subclones per cell line for approximately 25 cell lines. Once the data has been analysed and the potential ongoing mutation processes determined, we will perform whole-genome sequencing of the parental clones and subclones of the candidate cell lines.

  Study EGAS00001002680

• Exome array analysis of adverse reactions to fluoropyrimidine-based therapy for gastrointestinal cancer

  Fluoropyrimidines, including 5-fluororacil (5FU) and its pro-drug Capecitabine, are the common treatment for colorectal, breast, neck and head cancers – either as monotherapy or in combination therapy. Adverse reactions (ADRs) to the treatment are common and often result in treatment discontinuation or dose reduction. Factors contributing to ADRs, including genetic variation, are poorly characterized. We performed exome array analysis to identify genetic variants that contribute to adverse reactions.Our final dataset consisted of 504 European ancestry individuals undergoing fluoropyrimidine-based therapy for gastrointestinal cancer. A subset of 254 of these were treated with Capecitabine. All individuals were genotyped on the Illumina HumanExome Array.

  Study EGAS00001002763

• Integrative single-cell and cell-free plasma RNA transcriptomics elucidates placental cellular dynamics

  The human placenta is a dynamic and cellular heterogeneous organ, which is critical in fetomaternal homeostasis and the development of preeclampsia. Previous work has shown that placenta-derived cell-free RNA increases during pregnancy. We applied large-scale microfluidic single-cell transcriptomic technology to comprehensively characterize cellular heterogeneity of the human placentas and identified multiple placental cell-type–specific gene signatures. Analysis of the cellular signature expression in maternal plasma enabled noninvasive delineation of the cellular dynamics of the placenta during pregnancy and the elucidation of extravillous trophoblastic dysfunction in early preeclampsia.

  Study EGAS00001002449

• Whole Genomes Define Concordance in Matched Primary, Xenograft, and Organoid Models of Pancreas Cancer

  Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the worst prognosis of any common solid epithelial tumour. Multiple failed clinical trials necessitate newer approaches to understand the molecular etiology of this disease. Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO) may serve as pre-clinical disease models; however, characterization remains largely unaddressed at the whole genome level. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the genetic landscape of tumours and matched PDX and PDO from patients with PDAC. Our data show that PDX and PDO recapitulate PDAC tumourigenesis with respect to simple somatic mutations and copy number changes, and capture major structural variation events.

  Study EGAS00001002597

• HSC_population_dynamics___CB001_samples

  My research project aims to use the clonal dynamics of spontaneously occurring somatic mutations to answer fundamental questions about human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology. The four major questions I will address are: 1. How do age and aging affect normal human HSC dynamics in vivo? 2. How do in vivo perturbations, particularly chemotherapy and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, affect HSC population dynamics? 3. Is response to in vitro perturbation heritable and/or correlated with other features such as age of individual and contribution of the lineage to peripheral blood? 4. How are HSC dynamics altered in people with early driver mutations (clonal haematopoiesis)?

  Study EGAS00001003397

• Somatic_mutation_and_clonal_evolution_in_premalignant_lung_disease___WGS

  Cancer is a genetic disease caused by an accumulations of mutations, however many of these mutations have been identified in pathologically normal tissue. We aim to use laser-capture microscopy (LCM) to sample individual clones from the lung tissue of individuals with a variety of lung diseases (COPD, UIP, IPF, Emphysema, pulmonary hypertension). This will allow us to identify whether cancer-associated mutations appear in this normal tissue, assess the mutational burden present, and identify the mutational processes causing these mutations. Smoking is a large risk factor for developing many of these lung diseases so we are particularly keen to determining whether there is evidence of a smoking signature in these patients.

  Study EGAS00001002747

• Sequencing data of multiple sarcoma samples for personalized medicine and endotype identification

  Sequencing data derived from multiple patient samples was used to guide multiple patient-specific experiments and identify potential therapeutic options. These diseases are rare and high-risk (undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma) and thus have few available validated clinical options. This leaves the population of patients with few options if, and when, standard therapy fails to cure or control disease. An aspect of the personalize therapy design included the identification of broader disease endotypes (a combination of genetic and clinical data describing patient status) to identify subgroups of the individual disease that could better define treatments and could segment patient populations for deeper preclinical research.

  Study EGAS00001003981

• Neutrophils infected with Leishmania donovani

  In the context of studying visceral leishmaniasis, neutrophils infected with Leishmania donovani have been compared to uninfected neutrophils. Compared time points are 0, 6 and 24 hours post infection. Neutrophils of three human donors have been used. Overall 6 samples for infected neutrophils at time point 6 hours and 6 samples for infected neutrophils at time point 24 hours exist, including three biological samples and two technical samples. Uninfected neutrophils represent 3 samples at time point 0 hours, 3 samples at time point 6 hours and 3 samples at time point 24 hours. Transcriptome of Leishmania donovani culture has been assessed in two replicates.

  Study EGAS00001004912

• Identification of cis-regulatory mutations generating de novo edges in personalized cancer gene regulatory networks

  The identification of functional non-coding mutations is a key challenge in the field of genomics. Here we introduce μ-cisTarget to filter, annotate and prioritize cis-regulatory mutations based on their putative effect on the underlying ‘personal’ gene regulatory network. We validated μ-cisTarget by re-analyzing the TAL1 and LMO1 enhancer mutations in T-ALL, and the TERT promoter mutation in melanoma. Next, we re-sequenced the full genome of ten cancer cell lines and used matched transcriptome data and motif discovery to identify master regulators with de novo binding sites that result in the up-regulation of nearby oncogenic drivers.

  Study EGAS00001002571

• Genomic analysis Nasopharyngeal cancer through whole exome sequencing and whole genomic sequencing.

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous-cell carcinoma and has remarkable ethnic and geographic distribution, with a high prevalence in southern China, southeast Asia, northern Africa and Alaska. Although there are previous studies implicated NF-κB pathway play an important role in NPC. Newer research also found several important cellular processes and pathways in NPC, including chromatin modification, ERBB-PI3K signaling and autophagy machinery. Put these studies together, although, NPC is still poorly understood at the genetic level. Here we determined the mutational landscape of 553 cases with NPC using whole-genomic and whole-exome sequencing. These approaches revealed a distinct mutational signature and significantly mutated genes.

  Study EGAS00001002788

• 2014_Lung_sq_WES

  Purpose Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is the second most prevalent type of lung cancer. Currently, no targeted-therapeutics are approved for treatment of this cancer, largely due to lack of systematic understanding of the molecular parthenogenesis of the disease. To identify therapeutic targets and comparatively analyze them in lung SqCC, we probed somatic alterations of Korean lung SqCC. Patients and Methods We performed massively parallel whole-exome sequencing of 104 Korean lung SqCC patients’ samples with matched normal samples. In addition, copy number analysis and transcriptome analysis were conducted for a subset of these samples. Clinical association with cancer-specific somatic alterations was investigated.

  Study EGAS00001002844

• MutWP5__CRUK_Mutographs_of_Cancer__Lung__PD43291_Novaseq__WG_

  Cancer is a genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations, however many of these mutations have been identified in pathologically normal tissue. We aim to use laser-capture microscopy (LCM) to sample individual clones from lung tissue to identify whether cancer-associated mutations appear in this normal tissue, assess the mutational burden present, and identify the mutational processes causing these mutations. We will deeply sample from individuals with smoking-related lung diseases (COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer) and those without smoking history. This will allow us to determine how these processes are different between these groups of individuals, and gain insight into the earliest stages of tumor development.

  Study EGAS00001003502

• Evolution of GBM through therapy

  Primary glioblastoma (GBM) tumours recur following treatment. This is likely due to intratumour heterogeneity (ITH), which reduces the effectiveness of cancer therapies by enabling therapy-driven tumour evolution: Darwinian selection of genotypically and/or phenotypically distinct cells (subclones) that resist treatment to seed regrowth of an even less treatable recurrence. To investigate this we sequenced a pilot cohort of nine paired primary and locally recurrent GBM tumours, alongside matched blood samples, in order to begin characterising therapy resistant cells and thereby infer the mechanisms by which they evaded treatment. These data were included in the first data release from the Glioma Longitudinal AnalySiS (GLASS) consortium.

  Study EGAS00001003546

• Detection of Cancer Mutations by Urine Liquid Biopsy in Bladder Cancer Patients

  The management of bladder cancer faces multiple challenges concerning the diagnostics and fol-low-up approaches. The standard diagnostic test is invasive cystoscopy. Urine cytology and re-cently proposed urine-based biomarkers still could not replace cystoscopy, thus prompting calls for improvements. Here, we explore urine liquid biopsy to detect cancer mutations for therapeutic and prognostic assessment and subsequently evaluate the utility of urine as a suitable specimen in diagnosing bladder cancer. Our findings show that the analysis of pre-and post-operative urine enables the characterization of specific tumor mutations, which can be used to diagnose and evaluate a patient’s prognosis and therapy response.

  Study EGAS00001005758

• Molecular Characterization of ETMRs

  ETMRs are poorly characterized embryonal brain tumors with a dismal outcome. We collected tumors from 184 ETMR patients and 23 matched recurrences to investigate the genomic landscape of this distinct entity. Tumors without C19MC amplification, the proposed driver, harbor other miRNA related aberrations like DICER1 mutations and amplifications of the MIR17-92 miRNA cluster. All tumors behave molecularly similar and no subgrouping was observed. Whole-genome sequencing revealed an overall low recurrence of SNVs, but highly prevalent R-loop associated genomic instability. Finally, we show that targeting R-loops with TOP1 and PARP inhibitors might be an effective treatment strategy for this deadly disease.

  Study EGAS00001003256

• Tissue-specific cell-free DNA degradation quantifies circulating tumor DNA burden

  Profiling of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may offer a non-invasive approach to monitor disease progression. Here, we developed a quantitative method, exploiting local tissue-specific cell-free DNA (cfDNA) degradation patterns, that accurately estimates ctDNA burden independent of genomic aberrations. Nucleosome-dependent cfDNA degradation at promoters and first exon-intron junctions was strongly associated with differential transcriptional activity in tumors and blood. A quantitative model, based on just 6 regulatory regions, could accurately predict ctDNA levels in colorectal cancer patients. Strikingly, a model restricted to blood-specific regulatory regions could predict ctDNA levels across both colorectal and breast cancer patients.

  Study EGAS00001004657

• Overrepresentation of genetic variation in the AnkyrinG interactome is related to a range of neurological disorders

  Upon the discovery of numerous genes involved in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, several studies showed that a significant proportion of these genes converge on common pathways and protein networks. Here, we used a reversed approach, by screening the well-characterized AnkyrinG protein-protein interaction network, implicated in a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders, for genetic variation in a large cohort of 1009 cases with neurodevelopmental disorder. We identified a significant enrichment of de novo potentially disease-causing variants in this network, confirming that this protein network plays an important role in the emergence of several neurodevelopmental disorders.

  Study EGAS00001004326

• Mutational signatures in head and neck cancer (H019)

  Genomic alterations are a driving force in the multistep process of head and neck cancer (HNC) and result from the interaction of exogenous environmental exposures and endogenous cellular processes. Each of these processes leaves a characteristic pattern of mutations on the tumor genome providing the unique opportunity to decipher specific signatures of mutational processes operative during HNC pathogenesis and to address their prognostic value. Computational analysis of whole exome sequencing data of the HIPO-HNC (n=83) and TCGA-HNSC (n=506) cohorts revealed five common mutational signatures (COSMIC signature 1, 2, 3, 13 and 16), and demonstrated their significant association with etiological risk factors (tobacco, alcohol and HPV16).

  Study EGAS00001004588

• Chracterising_cellur_pathways_underlying_CD3_CD28_activation_of_human_CD4__cells

  We devised an approach to disentangle the TCR and CD28 pathways upon stimulation in naive and memory primary human CD4+ T cells (Tcons) in response to defined stimulatory signals. Sorted Tcons were activated using a titration of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 in combination as well as individually. As a control we cultured cells in the same conditions but without the stimuli. In total, we defined seven conditions from four individuals for sequencing. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001002438

• High titers and low fucosylation of early phase anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG promote hyper-inflammation by alveolar macrophages

  We show that early phase anti-Spike IgG in serum of critically ill COVID-19 patients induces hyper-inflammatory responses by human alveolar macrophages. We identified that this excessive inflammatory response is dependent on two antibody features that are specific for severe COVID-19. First, inflammation is driven by high titers of anti-Spike IgG, a hallmark of severe disease. Second, we found that anti-Spike IgG from severely ill patients is intrinsically more pro-inflammatory because of different glycosylation of the Fc tail, particularly by low fucosylation. This dataset is linked with the following ArrayExpress Experiment: E-MTAB-10431 - 2020_COVID19_FCGR_MIL10_IgGfucosylation

  Study EGAS00001005206

• Mongolia Western HCC

  Mongolia has the world’s highest incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with ~100 cases/105 inhabitants. We molecularly characterize the Mongolian (n=192) compared to Western HCCs (n=187) by RNA-seq and WES. Mongolian patients were predominantly younger, female, with HBV-HDV non-cirrhotic livers. Mongolian HCCs had higher rates of protein-coding mutations (121 vs 70 mut /tumor in West), and mutations in known (i.e. APOB) and putative HCC drivers (TSC2). A novel mutational signature (SBS Mongolia) was identified in 25% of cases associated with the carcinogenic DMS genotoxic signature. Two unique molecular classes enriched in HBV-HDV infection, female gender and inflamed tumors are described.

  Study EGAS00001005364