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• Whole genome sequencing of Ewings Sarcoma

  Sarcomas are cancers of the bone and soft tissue often defined by their gene fusions. However, the timing, context, and processes by which these pathogenic fusions arise are unknown. We explored this in Ewing sarcoma, a cancer driven by EWSR1-ETS fusions, with very few cooperating mutations. Combining whole-genome sequencing with enhanced informatics, we found that the EWSR1-ETS fusion arose from striking rearrangement clusters in 42% of cases (52/124). Notably, these were organized in loops that universally contained the fusion at their center, while also weaving up to 18 genes together with it. We found the same pattern of rearrangements in three additional types of sarcoma. From these data, we define a new signature for sarcoma fusions that precedes other somatic changes, in the earliest replicating DNA of the genome. This dramatic, sudden process impinges on many genes – generating multiple coding changes that profoundly affect the transcriptome, with the disease-defining gene fusion at its core. These rearrangement loops emerge in an early ES clone from which both the primary tumor and the lethal relapse emerged, and then evolved in parallel until clinically detected.

  Study EGAS00001003385

• Onco-exaptation of an Endogenous Retroviral LTR Drives IRF5 Expression in Hodgkin Lymphoma

  The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is upregulated in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and a key regulator of the aberrant transcriptome characteristic of this disease. Here we show that IRF5 upregulation in HL is driven by transcriptional activation of a normally dormant endogenous retroviral LOR1a long terminal repeat (LTR) upstream of IRF5. Specifically, through screening of RNA-seq libraries, we detected LTR-IRF5 chimeric transcripts in multiple HL cell lines but not in normal B-cell controls. In HL, the LTR was in an open and hypomethylated epigenetic state and we further show the LTR is the site of transcriptional initiation. Among HL cell lines, usage of the LTR promoter strongly correlates with overall levels of IRF5 mRNA and protein, indicating that LTR transcriptional awakening is a major contributor to IRF5 upregulation in HL. Taken together, oncogenic IRF5 overexpression in HL is the result of a specific LTR transcriptional activation. We propose that such LTR derepression is a distinct mechanism of oncogene activation (“onco-exaptation”) and that such a mechanism warrants further investigation in molecular and cancer research.

  Study EGAS00001001205

• The demographic history and mutational load of African hunter-gatherers and farmers

  The distribution of deleterious genetic variation across human populations is a key issue in evolutionary biology and medical genetics. However, the impact of different modes of subsistence on recent changes in population size, patterns of gene flow, and deleterious mutational load remains unclear. Here, we report high-coverage exomes from various populations of rainforest hunter-gatherers and farmers from central Africa. We find that the recent demographic histories of hunter-gatherers and farmers differed considerably, with population collapses for hunter-gatherers and expansions for farmers, accompanied by increased gene flow. We show that purifying selection against newly arising deleterious alleles is of similar efficiency across African populations, in contrast with Europeans where we detect weaker purifying selection. Furthermore, the per-individual mutation load of rainforest hunter-gatherers is similar to that of farmers, under both additive and recessive models. Our results indicate that differences in the cultural practices and demographic regimes of African populations have not resulted in large differences in mutational burden, and highlight the beneficial role of gene flow in reshaping the distribution of deleterious genetic variation across human populations.

  Study EGAS00001002457

• Japan PBC-GWAS Haplotype Study

  Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) susceptibility loci have largely been discovered through single SNP association testing. In this study, we report genic haplotype patterns associated with PBC risk genome-wide in two Japanese cohorts. Among the 74 genic PBC risk haplotype candidates we detected with a novel methodological approach in a discovery cohort of 1,937 Japanese, nearly two-thirds were replicated (49 haplotypes, Bonferroni-corrected P<6.8x10-4) in an independent Japanese cohort (N=949). Along with corroborating known PBC-associated loci (TNFSF15, HLA-DRA), risk haplotypes may potentially model cis-interactions that regulate gene expression. For example, one replicated haplotype association (9q32-9q33.1, OR=1.7, P=3.0x10-21) consists of intergenic SNPs outside of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region that overlap regulatory histone mark peaks in liver and blood cells, and are significantly associated with TNFSF8 expression in whole blood. We also replicated a novel haplotype association involving non-HLA SNPs mapped to UMAD1 (7p21.3; OR=15.2, P=3.9x10-9) that overlap enhancer peaks in liver and memory Th cells. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of haplotype association analyses in discovering and characterizing PBC susceptibility loci.

  Study EGAS00001002915

• Ewings Sarcoma RNA-Seq

  Sarcomas are cancers of the bone and soft tissue often defined by their gene fusions. However, the timing, context, and processes by which these pathogenic fusions arise are unknown. We explored this in Ewing sarcoma, a cancer driven by EWSR1-ETS fusions, with very few cooperating mutations. Combining whole-genome sequencing with enhanced informatics, we found that the EWSR1-ETS fusion arose from striking rearrangement clusters in 42% of cases (52/124). Notably, these were organized in loops that universally contained the fusion at their center, while also weaving up to 18 genes together with it. We found the same pattern of rearrangements in three additional types of sarcoma. From these data, we define a new signature for sarcoma fusions that precedes other somatic changes, in the earliest replicating DNA of the genome. This dramatic, sudden process impinges on many genes – generating multiple coding changes that profoundly affect the transcriptome, with the disease-defining gene fusion at its core. These rearrangement loops emerge in an early ES clone from which both the primary tumor and the lethal relapse emerged, and then evolved in parallel until clinically detected.

  Study EGAS00001003062

• scRNA-seq of HSPC treated with gemcitabine and carbplatin

  The study used cryopreserved hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) harvested from one patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The cells were thawed and acclimatized for 48 hours in StemMACS HSC Expansion Media XF (Miltenyi Biotec) supplemented with StemMACS HSC Expansion Cocktail (Miltenyi Biotec) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. 4 samples of 2000000 HSPCs in 2 ml media each were then prepared and treated for 24 hours: carboplatin-high: 150 µg/ml carboplatin carboplatin-low: 18.75 µg/ml carboplatin gemcitabine: 25 ng/ml gemcitabine control: no drug Single-cells were subsequently extracted using the ddSEQ™ Single-Cell Isolator (Bio-Rad) and later sequenced using the SureCell™ Whole Transcriptome Analysis 3' Library Prep Kit (Illumina) on the NextSeq 500 System (Illumina) using the NextSeq 500/550 High Output Kit v2.5 150 Cycles (Illumina) all following the manufacturer's instructions. FASTQ-files were then processed following the ddSeeker (Romagnoli, D., et al., BMC Genomics 2018, doi:10.1186/s12864-018-5249-x) and Drop-seq (Macosko, E.Z., et al., Cell 2015, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.002) protocols for processing scRNA-seq data to yield the final digital gene expression for each cell.

  Study EGAS00001004381

• Risk and modifying factors in Frontotemporal Dementia

  Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is essential for the development of successful therapies. Here, we present Phase 1 of a multi-omics, multi-model data resource for FTD research which will allows in-depth molecular research into these mechanisms. We have integrated and analysed data from the frontal lobe of FTD patients with mutations in MAPT, GRN and C9orf72 and detected common and distinct dysregulated cellular pathways. Our results highlight that excitatory neurons are the most vulnerable neuronal cell type and that vascular aberrations are a common hallmark in FTD. Via integration of multi-omics data, we detected several transcription factors and pathways which regulate the strong neuroinflammation observed in FTD-GRN. Finally, using small RNA-seq data and verification experiments in cellular models, we identified several up-regulated miRNAs that inhibit cellular trafficking pathways in FTD and lead to microglial activation. In this work we shed light on novel mechanistic and pathophysiological hallmarks of FTD. In addition, we believe that this comprehensive, multi-omics data resource will further mechanistic FTD research by the community.

  Study EGAS00001004895

• Single cell RNA sequencing of synovial B cells in early Rheumatoid Arthritis

  Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a prevalent autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints and occurence of autoantibodies, i.e. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), in circulation. Previous studies have shown that there are memory B cells and autoantibody producing plasma cells present in the joint tissue of patients with long-standing RA. However, it has remained unclear, whether these B cell populations are already present in the joint tissue of patients at the disease onset and whether these are autoreactive. Here, we used a single cell RNA sequencing approach to dissect the B cell repertoire at this early timepoint. We found evidence for B and T cell interaction and presence of memory and plasma cell pools in ACPA- and ACPA+ RA. Our results demonstrated clonal relationships between the memory and plasma cell compartments and autoreactivity within the plasma cell pool. These findings challenge our understanding of the local adaptive immune response in the joints of ACPA- and ACPA+ RA patients with direct implications for B and T cell targeting therapy in both patient subgroups.

  Study EGAS00001005144

• Monitoring of leukemia clones in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and during treatment by single-cell DNA amplicon sequencing

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by the presence of chromosomal changes, including numerical changes, translocations and deletions, which are often associated with additional single nucleotide mutations. In this study we used single-cell targeted DNA sequencing to determine the clonal heterogeneity of B-cell ALL at diagnosis and during chemotherapy treatment. With a customly designed DNA amplicon library targeting the most common mutations (in 110 genes) present in ALL, we analyzed bone marrow samples and/or blood samples from 12 B-ALL cases at diagnosis. For 4 cases where we detected multiple mutational clones at diagnosis, we also studied blood samples during the first weeks of chemotherapy treatment. This study shows that B-ALL cases with either a ETV6-RUNX1 or a BCR-ABL1 fusion have a low mutational burden, while cases with PAX5 alterations or hyperdyploidy have multiple clones at diagnosis, often with mutations in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the RAS signaling pathway. As expected, it can be observed that these clones disappear during treatment of the leukemia with almost no mutated cells left after two weeks of treatment.

  Study EGAS00001005029

• Mutational bias in spermatogonia impacts the anatomy of regulatory sites in the human genome

  Mutation in the germline is the ultimate source of genetic variation, but little is known about the influence of germline chromatin structure on mutational processes. Using ATAC-seq, we profile the open chromatin landscape of human spermatogonia, the most proliferative cell-type of the germline, identifying transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and PRDM9-binding sites, a subset of which will initiate meiotic recombination. We observe an increase in rare structural variant (SV) breakpoints at PRDM9-bound sites, implicating meiotic recombination in the generation of structural variation. Many germline TFBSs, such as NRF, are also associated with increased rates of SV breakpoints, apparently independent of recombination. Singleton short insertions (>=5 bp) are highly enriched at TFBSs, particularly at sites bound by testis active TFs, and their rates correlate with those of structural variant breakpoints. Short insertions often duplicate the TFBS motif, leading to clustering of motif sites near regulatory regions in this male-driven evolutionary process. Increased mutation loads at germline TFBSs disproportionately affect neural enhancers with activity in spermatogonia, potentially altering neurodevelopmental regulatory architecture. Local chromatin structure in spermatogonia is thus pervasive in shaping both evolution and disease.

  Study EGAS00001005366

• Resequencing (MIPS) of candidate genes for Keratoconus (2020)

  In this study, we selected 34 candidate genes for KC based on previous Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and the literature, and resequenced them in 745 KC patients and 810 ethnically matched controls. Data analysis was performed using the single variant association test as well as gene-based mutation burden and variance components tests. In our study, we detected enrichment of genetic variation across multiple gene-based tests for the genes COL2A1, COL5A1, TNXB, ZEB1 and ZNF469. The top hit in the Fisher’s exact test was obtained for a common variant in the COL12A1 gene. Interestingly, COL5A1, TNXB, ZNF469 and COL12A1 are all known Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) genes. Though the co-occurrence of KC and EDS has been reported previously, this study is the first to demonstrate a consistent role of genetic variants in EDS genes in the etiology of KC. In conclusion, our data show a shared genetic etiology between KC and EDS, and clearly confirm the currently disputed role of ZNF469 in disease susceptibility for KC. Besides the role for EDS genes, we also confirm the previously reported involvement of genetic variation in ZEB1 in KC.

  Study EGAS00001004267

• Target gene sequencing for human normal endometrial glands

  To elucidate the timing and mechanism of the clonal expansion of somatic mutations in cancer-associated genes in the normal endometrium, we conducted target sequencing of 112 genes for 1,298 endometrial glands and matched blood samples from 36 women. By collecting endometrial glands from different parts of the endometrium, we showed that multiple glands with the same somatic mutations occupied substantial areas of the endometrium. The 112 genes are as follows: ABCC1, ACRC, ANK3, ARHGAP35, ARID1A, ARID5B, ATCAY, ATM, ATR, BARD1, BCOR, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRD4, BRIP1, CAMTA1, CDC23, CDYL, CFAP54, CHD4, CHEK1, CHEK2, CTCF, CTNNB1, CUX1, DGKA, DISP2, DYNC2H1, EMSY, FAAP24, FAM135B, FAM175A, FAM65C, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM, FAT1, FAT3, FBN2, FBXW7, FGFR2, FRG1, GPR50, HEATR1, HIST1H4B, HNRNPCL1, HOOK3, KIAA1109, KIF26A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KRAS, LAMA2, LRP1B, MLH1, MON2, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MTOR, NBN, PALB2, PHEX, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PLXNB2, PLXND1, PMS2, POLE, POLR3B, PPP2R1A, PTEN, PTPN13, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD52, RAD54B, RAD54L, RICTOR, SACS, SIGLEC9, SLC19A1, SLX4, SPEG, STT3A, TAF1, TAF2, TAS2R31, TFAP2C, TNC, TONSL, TP53, TTC6, UBA7, VNN1, WT1, XIRP2, ZBED6, ZC3H13, ZFHX3, ZFHX4, ZMYM4.

  Study EGAS00001005914

• Identification of Germline Monoallelic Mutations in IKZF2 in Patients with Immune Dysregulation.

  Helios, encoded by IKZF2, is a member of the Ikaros family of transcription factors with pivotal roles in T-follicular helper, NK- and T-regulatory cell physiology. Somatic IKZF2 mutations are frequently found in lymphoid malignancies. Although germline mutations in IKZF1 and IKZF3, encoding Ikaros and Aiolos, have recently been identified in patients with phenotypically similar immunodeficiency syndromes, the effect of germline mutations in IKZF2 on human hematopoiesis and immunity remains enigmatic. We identified germline IKZF2 mutations (one nonsense (p.R291X)- and 4 distinct missense variants) in six patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, immune thrombocytopenia or EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Patients exhibited hypogammaglobulinemia, decreased number of T-follicular helper and NKcells. Single-cell RNA sequencing of PBMCs from the patient carrying the R291X variant revealed upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes associated with T-cell receptor activation and T-cell exhaustion. Functional assays revealed the inability of HeliosR291X to homodimerize and bind target DNA as dimers. Moreover, proteomic analysis by proximity-dependent Biotin Identification revealed aberrant interaction of 3/5 Helios mutants with core components of the NuRD complex conveying HELIOS mediated epigenetic and transcriptional dysregulation.

  Study EGAS00001005874

• Accurate detection of tumor-specific fusion genes reveals strongly immunogenic personal neo-antigens

  Fusion genes arising from cancer-associated somatic mutations are a potential rich source for highly immunogenic neo-antigens. However, their exploitation as targets for personalized cancer immunotherapy is currently limited by the lack of computational tools allowing transcriptome-wide identification of unique fusion genes in an accurate and sensitive manner. Here, we present EasyFuse, a computational pipeline, to detect individual and cancer-specific fusion genes in next-generation-sequencing transcriptome data obtained from human cancer samples. Using machine learning, EasyFuse predicts personal fusion genes with high precision and sensitivity and outperforms previously described approaches as qualified by an unprecedented ground-truth dataset of >1500 verification experiments in relevant patient samples. By testing immunogenicity with autologous blood lymphocytes from cancer patients we detected pre-established CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses for 10 of 21 (48%), and for 1 of 30 (3%) of identified fusion genes, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrate accurate detection of cancer-specific fusion genes. The high frequency of T cell responses detected in cancer patients support the relevance of private fusion genes as neo-antigens for personalized immunotherapies, especially for tumors with low point mutation burdens.

  Study EGAS00001004877

• Discovery of immunotherapy targets for pediatric solid and brain tumors by exon-level expression

  Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T cells for pediatric solid and brain tumors is constrained by available targetable antigens. Cancer-specific exons present a promising reservoir of targets; however, these have not been explored and validated systematically in a pan-cancer fashion. To identify cancer specific exon targets, we analyze 1,532 RNA-seq datasets from 16 types of pediatric solid and brain tumors for comparison with normal tissues using a newly developed workflow. We find 2,933 exons in 157 genes encoding proteins of the surfaceome or matrisome with high cancer specificity either at the gene (n=148) or the alternatively spliced isoform (n=9) level. Expression of selected alternatively spliced targets, including the EDB domain of fibronectin 1, and gene targets, such as COL11A1, are validated in pediatric patient derived xenograft tumors. We generate T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors specific for the EDB domain or COL11A1 and demonstrate that these have antitumor activity. The full target list, explorable via an interactive web portal (https://cseminer.stjude.org/), provides a rich resource for developing immunotherapy of pediatric solid and brain tumors using gene or AS targets with high expression specificity in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001007766

• Genomic_Advances_in_Sepsis__GAinS__genotyping

  This cohort comprises a subset of pateints enrolled in the Genomic Advances in Sepsis (GAinS) study, an established biobank of adult sepsis patients. Patients with sepsis due to community acquired pneumonia or faecal peritonitis were recruited from 35 hospitals across the UK from 2005-2018, with samples for functional genomics and detailed clinical information collected over the first five days of ICU admission. DNA was extracted from buffy coat or whole blood samples using the Qiagen DNA extraction protocol, the automated Maxwell Blood purification kit (Promega), or the QIAamp Blood Midi kit protocol (Qiagen). Genotyping data were generated using the Illumina HumanOmniExpress BeadChip (295 patients), the Infinium CoreExome BeadChip (655 patients), and the Infinium Global Screening Array BeadChip (307 patients). Genotyping QC and imputation into the Haplotype Reference Consortium was perfomed within each batch. The datasets were combined and following post-imputation filtering data were available on 1168 samples. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Study EGAS00001007786

• An alternative splicing modulator decreases mutant HTT and improves the molecular fingerprint in Huntington’s disease patient neurons

  Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by poly-Q expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) protein. Here, we delineate elevated mutant HTT (mHTT) levels in patient-derived cells including fibroblasts and iPSC derived cortical neurons using a GLP approved HTT assay. HD patients’ fibroblasts and cortical neurons recapitulate aberrant alternative splicing as a molecular fingerprint of HD. Branaplam is a splicing modulator currently tested in a phase II study in HD (NCT05111249). The drug lowers total HTT (tHTT) and mHTT levels in fibroblasts, iPSC, cortical progenitors, and neurons in a dose dependent manner at an IC50 consistently below 10nm without inducing cellular toxicity. Branaplam promotes inclusion of non-annotated novel exons. Amongst, a 115bp frameshift-inducing exon in the HTT transcript in Branaplam treated cells from Ctrl and HD patients leading to a profound reduction of HTT RNA and protein levels. Importantly, Branaplam ameliorates aberrant alternative splicing in HD patients’ fibroblasts and cortical neurons. These findings highlight the applicability of splicing modulators in the treatment of CAG repeat disorders and decipher their molecular effects associated with the pharmacokinetic and -dynamic properties in patient-derived cellular models.

  Study EGAS00001006289

• EpiMatch_DNA_Methylation_Resource

  Genome-wide DNA Methylation Data from Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC arrays for whole blood samples from 403 healthy individuals. Additional raw data (IDAT files) and associated phenotype information are available for all individuals included in this study (n=570) directly from CIBMTR. Data are available under controlled access release upon reasonable request and execution of a data use agreement. Requests should be submitted to CIBMTR at info-request@mcw.edu and include the study reference IB17-04

  Dataset EGAD00010002283

• Molecular Signatures of DCIS to Invasive Progression for Basal-Like Breast Cancers: An Integrated Mouse Model and Human Tumor Study

  We studied the genomic signatures of progression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) as it progresses towards triple negative invasive breast cancer (TNBC). Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was performed on the C3Tag genetically engineered mouse model that forms human breast-like DCIS and TNBC. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on RNA harvested from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) pairs comprising of estrogen receptor (ER) positive (ER+) and negative (ER-) subsets of DCIS. 

  Study phs002443

• Single nuclei ATAC-Seq data from the human ganglionic eminences

  Data generated through single nuclei ATAC sequencing on whole ganglionic eminences from 3 human fetuses (two of 16 and one of 17 gestational weeks). Tissue was acquired from the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource with ethical approval. snATAC-Seq libraries were prepared from ~8,000 nuclei per sample using Chromium Next GEM Single Cell ATAC (v1.1) reagents (10X Genomics). Quality control of libraries was performed using the Agilent 5200 Fragment Analyzer before sequencing on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 to a depth of at least 617 million read pairs per library. Raw sequencing data were converted into FASTQ files. For a full description of data generation, please see Cameron et al, Schizophrenia Bulletin 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbae083. Please note that 10X generated BAM files, rather than FASTQ files, have been uploded. FASTQ files can be regenerated using the 10X Genomics bamtofastq tool. https://support.10xgenomics.com/docs/bamtofastq

  Dataset EGAD50000000601

• A single-cell multi-omic atlas of nodal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas

  CITE-Seq (cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes) of 51 lymph node (LN) samples from including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL, n = 8), follicular lymphoma (FL, n = 12), germinal center (GCB, n = 5) or activated B-cell (non-GCB/ABC, n = 7) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and marginal zone lymphomas (MZL, n = 11), in addition to non-malignant reactive lymph nodes (rLN, n = 8). Of the malignant LN samples, 20 were collected at the time of initial diagnosis and 23 were from patients who had previously undergone one or more lines of systemic treatment. Relapse samples were collected at least 3 months after cessation of systemic treatment. This dataset also includes 5 prime RNA sequencing and immune receptor sequencing (10X Genomics) for 11 of these samples (2 rLN, 2 MCL, 3 FL, 2 DLBCL (GCB) and 2 MZL).

  Dataset EGAD50000000497

• Plasma mutation profile of precursor lesions and colorectal cancer using the Oncomine Colon cfDNA Assay

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Early detection of precursor lesions or early-stage cancer could hamper cancer development or improve survival rates. Liquid biopsy, which detects tumor biomarkers, such as mutations, in blood, is a promising avenue for cancer screening. To assess the presence of genetic variants in plasma cell-free tumor DNA from patients with precursor lesions and colorectal cancer using the commercial Oncomine Colon cfDNA Assay. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples from the blood plasma of 52 Brazilian patients were analyzed. Eight patients did not have any significant lesions (five normal colonoscopies and three hyperplastic polyps), 24 exhibited precursor lesions (13 nonadvanced adenomas, ten advanced adenomas, and one sessile serrated lesion), and 20 patients with cancer (CRC). The mutation profile of 14 CRC-associated genes were determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using the Oncomine Colon cfDNA Assay in the Ion Torrent PGM/S5 sequencer.

  Dataset EGAD50000000679

• Calprotectin in vitro effects on human early hematopoiesis

  Dataset content : Raw data from sequencing (fastq) 184 samples from 4 experiments : - Bulk mRNA seq - 24h and 48h, CTRL, CAL, IL6 and combination treatment - single-cell RNAseq - 7days CTRL, CAL, IL6 and combination treatment - ATACseq - 7days CTRL, CAL, IL6 and combination treatment To explore the effects of calprotectin (CAL) on early hematopoiesis, we incubated CD34+ cells from four healthy donors for 7 days in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), FLT3-ligand and thrombopoietin (TPO) without and with CAL, interleukin-6 (IL6) and the IL6_CAL combination before collecting cells. We performed the same experiment with CD34+ cells collected from three patients with JAK2-V617F-mediated myelofibrosis (MF). A total of 135,545 cells from healthy donors and 111,725 cells from myelofibrosis patients were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using the 10X Chromium droplet-based platform.

  Dataset EGAD50000000659

• Testicular large B-cell lymphoma is genetically similar to PCNSL and distinct from nodal DLBCL

  Next generation sequencing (NGS) data analyzed in Rivas-Delgado, López, et al. HemaSphere 2024. Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and short insertions /deletions (indels) were evaluated in 42 samples using a B-cell malignancy-oriented targeted panel covering 115 genes (SureSelectXT, Agilent Technologies and sequenced in a MiSeq instrument (Illumina; 2x150bp; mean coverage of 599x). The NGS data of 39 samples is provided here. The 3 additional samples were previously published. Please, see the original publication for additional details.

  Study EGAS50000000521

• Modulation of Lung Immune Responses to Viral Infection-Microbiome Interactions with Respiratory Organoids

  Here, we colonized bronchial epithelial air-liquid interface tissue cultures with 58 different individual microbes. Following 18 and 48 hours of colonization, we performed bulk RNA-seq of the host epithelial cells (n=3). Overall, we found significant microbial species-level and strain-level variation in host gene expression changes for innate immunity and epithelial barrier genes. Of particular interest, we found significant heterogeneity in stimulation of host interferon and antiviral interferon-stimulated genes.Study registered in ImmPort under accession # SDY2281.

  Study phs003627

• NGS sequencing data of archival FFPE tumor tissue

  The aim of the study was to identify mutations in key ovarian cancer genes (BRCA1, BRCA2,TP53, PTEN, ATM, ATR, NF1) in archival fresh-frozen paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue from platinum-resistant ovarian cancer patients enrolled in the phase I/II GANNET53 clinical trial. From the enrolled 133 patients, archival FFPE tissue was available and DNA was extracted thereof. The DNA samples passing quality control (n=118) were NGS sequenced using the SureSeq™ Ovarian Cancer Panel and the NGS Library Preparation kit (Oxford Gene Technology), which covers all exons of 7 key ovarian cancer genes for single nucleotide variants (SNV) and indels, and the Illumina MiSeq platform. For the paired-end runs, one Read 1 (R1) and one Read 2 (R2) FASTQ file were created for each sample. FASTQ files were compressed and created with the extension \.fastq.gz.

  Dataset EGAD50000001371

• OV04 chemo prediction

  Predicting resistance to chemotherapy using chromosomal instability signatures Joe Sneath Thompson1,2,*, Laura Madrid2,*, Barbara Hernando1,*, Carolin M. Sauer3, Maria Vias3, Maria Escobar-Rey1,2, Wing-Kit Leung2,3, Diego Garcia-Lopez2, Jamie Huckstep3, Magdalena Sekowska3, Karen Hosking4,5, Mercedes Jimenez-Linan5,6, Marika A. V. Reinius3,5,6, Abhipsa Roy2, Omar Abdulle2, Justina Pangonyte3, Harry Dobson2, Amy Cullen2,3, Dilrini De Silva2, David Gómez-Sánchez1,7, Marina Torres1, Ángel Fernández-Sanromán1, Deborah Sanders3, Filipe Correia Martins3,5,6, Ionut-Gabriel Funingana3,4,5, Giovanni Codacci-Pisanelli3,4,8, Miguel Quintela-Fandino1, Florian Markowetz2,3,4, Jason Yip2, James D. Brenton2,3,4,5,6, Anna M. Piskorz#,2,3, Geoff Macintyre#,1,2 1 Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain 2 Tailor Bio Ltd, Cambridge, UK 3 Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 4 Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 5 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK 6 Cancer Research UK Major Centre - Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 7 H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain 8 University of Rome "la Sapienza", Rome, Italy

  Dac EGAC50000000612

• Tumor-associated neutrophil 1 precursors impair homologous DNA repair and promote sensitivity to PARP-inhibition

  Tumor evolution is one of the major mechanisms responsible for acquiring therapy resistant and more aggressive cancer clones. Whether the tumor microenvironment through immune-mediated mechanisms might promote the development of more aggressive cancer types is crucial for the identification of additional therapeutical opportunities. Here, we identify a subset of tumor-associated neutrophils, defined as tumor-associated neutrophil precursors (PreNeu). These PreNeu are enriched in highly proliferative hormone-dependent breast cancers and impair DNA repair capacity

  Study EGAS00001008154

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Dataset EGAD50000001889

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Dataset EGAD50000001891

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Dataset EGAD50000001892

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Dataset EGAD50000001893

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Dataset EGAD50000001894

• DEPArray-based sorting of pure carcinoma and stromal populations from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues followed by shallow whole genome sequencing

  To overcome the challenges of low DNA yields, degraded DNA by formalin fixation and diluted signal of genomic aberrations by non-carcinoma components in the heterogeneous FFPE samples, we isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cells using the DEPArray™ NxT system, a microchip-based digital sorter that allows isolation of pure, homogeneous subpopulations of cells from FFPE samples. We isolated pure carcinoma and stromal cell populations from 12 FFPE tissues, including tissues from 9 primary and metastatic breast cancer and 3 primary ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas. This was followed by downstream shallow whole genome sequencing (WGS) for copy number landscape profiling for 10 samples. Seven out of 10 samples (even some with low tumour content or of old age) produced good quality genomic data, detecting sCNA in all carcinoma population samples but not in the stromal populations.

  Dataset EGAD50000001895

• Catalogue Statistics

  EGA Statistics Bibliography Growth Community Archive Distribution Catalogue What is in the EGA? The European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) overview The EGA archives and distributes the results of several types of studies. Such studies include genome-wide association studies (GWAS), different purpose sequencing and molecular diagnosis assays among others. Moreover, these studies target many different kind of diseases from cancer to neurodegenerative alterations. We summarised all this data in the charts below. The statistics are computed daily based on an updated list of studies. Each pie chart depicts a different aspect of the studies: which disease type was studied, which type of sampling method was used and what was the scope of the genomic analysis. Number of studies per disease type Studies in the EGA by disease barHorizontalChart('disease-graph', 'https://stats.ega-archive.org/catalog/by_disease') Number of studies per technology type Studies in the EGA by technology barHorizontalChart('technology-graph', '/stats/studies/technology', 'Include dbGaP') Number of studies per sample type Studies in the EGA by samples barChart('samples-graph', '/stats/studies/sample-types', 'Include dbGaP')

  Documentation about/statistics/catalogue

• Genome-wide association study of response to warfarin in a UK prospective cohort

  Genome-wide association study of Warfarin dosing in 714 British, recruited in Liverpool and Birmingham. Three phenotypes were investigated: warfarin mean dose, warfarin mean stable dose, and INR over 4 during first week of treatment. Stability was defined by at least three INR measurements within target in a three week period. The samples were genotyped on the Illumina 610K chip and imputed using Impute v2.1, with a combined filtered set composed of HapMap 3 release 2 and 1000 genomes pilot 1 CEU.

  Study EGAS00001001130

• Genetic ancestry contributes to somatic mutations in lung cancers from admixed Latin American populations

  Inherited lung cancer risk, particularly in non-smokers, is poorly understood. Genomic and ancestry analysis of 1,153 lung cancers from Latin America revealed striking associations between Native American ancestry and their somatic landscape, including tumor mutational burden (TMB), and specific driver mutations in EGFR, KRAS, and STK11. A local Native American ancestry risk score predicted EGFR and KRAS mutation frequency more strongly than global ancestry, suggesting that germline genetics (rather than environmental exposure) underlie these disparities.

  Study EGAS00001004752

• Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

  Dataset EGAD00001008788

• Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow sc Rhapsody

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

  Dataset EGAD00001009704

• Profiling molecular heterogeneity in human primary microglia

  In the brain the cells that control inflammation are called a type of white blood cell called microglia. Microglia are located throughout the brain and spinal cord and account for 10–15% of all cells found within the brain. As the resident white blood cells, they are the main active immune defence in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are part of an important class of cells known as macrophages that have two main states: M1 and M2. M1 cells are pro- inflammatory, leading to more inflammation, while M2 are anti-inflammatory, and drive wound healing. In this study, we will collect primary microglia from surgical biospies of 100 individuals. This data is part of a pre-publication release. For information on the proper use of pre-publication data shared by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (including details of any publication moratoria), please see http://www.sanger.ac.uk/datasharing/

  Dataset EGAD00001005736

• Single nuclei RNA-Seq from 5 regions of the human fetal brain

  Data generated through single nuclei RNA sequencing on 5 regions of the brain (frontal cortex, ganglionic eminence, hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum) from 3 fetuses (two of 14 and one of 15 post-conception weeks, all female). Tissue was acquired from the MRC-Wellcome Trust Human Developmental Biology Resource (HDBR) with ethical approval. snRNA-seq libraries were prepared from ∼10,000 nuclei from each sample using Chromium Single Cell 3ʹ (v3) reagents (10X Genomics). Quality control of libraries was performed using the Agilent 5200 Fragment Analyzer before sequencing on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 to a depth of at least 865 million (median = 1.01 billion) read pairs per library. Raw sequencing data were converted into FASTQ files. For a full description of data generation, please see Cameron et al, Biological Psychiatry 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.033.

  Dataset EGAD00001009303

• PELICAN33 Phenomic Dataset

  To better understand variation in metastatic prostate cancer behaviour, we assembled and analyzed longitudinal clinical and autopsy records in 33 men. The dataset is contained in a self-explanatory Excel Workbook, with each patient identified as A1, A2, etc. as listed in the "Combined longitudinal clinical and autopsy phenomic assessment in lethal metastatic prostate cancer: recommendations for advancing precision medicine" publication in European Urology Open Science. Please see Jasu J, Tolonen T, Antonarakis ES, Beltran H, Halabi S, Eisenberger MA, Carducci MA, Loriot Y, Van der Eecken K, Lolkema M, Ryan CJ, Taavitsainen S, Gillessen S, Högnäs G, Talvitie T, Taylor RJ, Koskenalho A, Ost P, Murtola TJ, Rinta-Kiikka I, Tammela T, Auvinen A, Kujala P, Smith TJ, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Isaacs WB, Nykter M, Kesseli J, Bova GS. Combined Longitudinal Clinical and Autopsy Phenomic Assessment in Lethal Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Recommendations for Advancing Precision Medicine. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2021 Jul 2;30:47-62. doi: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.05.011. PMID: 34337548; PMCID: PMC8317817. for more details.

  Dataset EGAD00001007800

• OSTEOMICS_RNA

  RNA sequencing of 79 libraries were prepared, from sample of Osteosarcoma tumors biopsied at diagnosis, with TruSeq Stranded mRNA kit following recommendations: the key steps consist of PolyA mRNA capture with oligo dT beads using 1µg total RNA, fragmentation to approximately 400pb, DNA double strand synthesis, and ligation of Illumina adaptors amplification of the library by PCR for sequencing. Libraries sequencing was performed using Illumina sequencers (NextSeq 500 or Hiseq 2000/2500/4000) in 75 bp paired-end mode.

  Dataset EGAD00001008213

• Postmortem Single Nuclei and Bulk RNA-seq data of the Motor Cortex and Spinal Cord for Healthy, C9ALS and sALS Patients

  This dataset contains both snRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data from 19 different patients, comprising of 9 healthy controls (4 Spinal Cord, 5 Motor Cortex) as well as 5 C9ALS patients and 5 sporadic ALS patients, each with paired data from the spinal cord and motor cortex. For the snRNA-seq data, fastq files containing the raw reads are provided, many of these samples were pooled for sequencing and subsequently require demultiplexing using SNPs using a tool such as freemuxlet. The paired bulk RNA-seq data (raw fastq files) can be used to acquire the ground truth per patient - a list of pooled samples can be found in map.txt. snRNA-seq data was produced using the 10X Genomics 3' v3 kit and bulk RNA-seq was produced using the Illumina TruSeq v2 kit.

  Dataset EGAD00001009686

• Roche Alzheimer's dataset

  The Roche Alzheimer’s disease dataset (Roche_AD) consists of 80 samples from 40 unique individuals (one sample from the temporal cortex and one from deep white matter for each individual, 12 cases, 25 controls, 3 dementia). A total of 12,000 estimated cells from each sample were loaded on the 10x Single Cell Next GEM G Chip. cDNA libraries were prepared using the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library and Gel Bead v3 kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA libraries were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System and NovaSeq 6000 S2 Reagent Kit v1.5 (100 cycles), aiming at a sequencing depth of minimum 30K reads/nucleus.

  Dataset EGAD00001009166

• Targeted DNA panel sequencing analysis of PanNEN tumors of varying grades using custom and commercial panels

  Targeted panel sequencing data from PanNEN samples. Sample ID is annotated in the following manner: each patient is given a number and "P" is appended to the patient number if it is a primary tumor, "M” if it is metastasis and "N" if it is normal (healthy tissue) sample. All NETG1 and NETG2 samples underwent panel sequencing using a custom panel (in-house PanNEN panel). All NEC and NETG3 samples (except PNET2, PNET77P and PNET77M) underwent panel sequencing using a commercial CCP panel.

  Dataset EGAD00001008432

• Roche multiple sclerosis dataset

  The Roche multiple sclerosis dataset (Roche_MS) consists of 166 cortical grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) samples from 83 unique individuals (29 controls and 54 cases). A total of 12,000 estimated cells from each sample were loaded on the 10x Single Cell Next GEM G Chip. cDNA libraries were prepared using the Chromium Single Cell 3’ Library and Gel Bead v3 kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA libraries were sequenced using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System and NovaSeq 6000 S2 Reagent Kit v1.5 (100 cycles), aiming at a sequencing depth of minimum 30K reads/nucleus.

  Dataset EGAD00001009169

• Tumour evolvability metrics predict recurrence in advanced localised prostate cancer (normal data)

  There is a need for quantitative measurements of evolutionary metrics in controlled clinical trials with long term follow-up information. This is particularly true in advanced localised prostate cancer, which can recur more than a decade after diagnosis. Here we mapped genomic intra-tumour heterogeneity in 642 tumour samples from 114 patients who took part in the IMRT and DELINEATE clinical trials, for which full clinical information and 12y median follow-up was available. We concomitantly assessed phenotypic (morphological) heterogeneity using Deep Learning in 1,923 histological sections from 250 IMRT patients (fully overlapping with the genetic set). This study shows that combining genomics with AI-aided histopathology in clinical trials leads to novel clinical biomarkers. This EGA repository contains data produced from tumour samples using low coverage whole genome sequencing and a prostate cancer specific gene panel data following compression of unique molecular identifiers.

  Dataset EGAD00001010295

• RNA-seq of high-grade serous ovarian cancer in long-term survivors (MOCOG study)

  RNA-seq dataset of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) tumours from long-term survivors performed as part of the Multidisciplinary Ovarian Cancer Outcomes Group (MOCOG) study. The dataset includes fastq files from 56 HGSC tumours (53 primary tumours and 3 recurrent tumours) from 53 long-term survivor patients. Libraries were generated using the Illumina Stranded mRNA Prep and 150 bp paired-end sequencing was performed to a minimum of 100 million reads on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 instruments.

  Dataset EGAD00001008537

• Spatial transcriptome sequence data from cross section of cancer containing prostates

  Spatial transcriptome sequence data from two tumour containing prostates. Entire cross section of organ divided into cubes to fit spatial transcriptomics arrays. The dataset contains paired-end sequences from 21 sections of 1k array sections and 9 sections of 10x Visium sections for patient 1 as well as 28 sections of 10x Visium sections for patient 2.

  Dataset EGAD00001008644

• Tumour evolvability metrics predict recurrence in advanced localised prostate cancer (tumour data)

  There is a need for quantitative measurements of evolutionary metrics in controlled clinical trials with long term follow-up information. This is particularly true in advanced localised prostate cancer, which can recur more than a decade after diagnosis. Here we mapped genomic intra-tumour heterogeneity in 642 tumour samples from 114 patients who took part in the IMRT and DELINEATE clinical trials, for which full clinical information and 12y median follow-up was available. We concomitantly assessed phenotypic (morphological) heterogeneity using Deep Learning in 1,923 histological sections from 250 IMRT patients (fully overlapping with the genetic set). This study shows that combining genomics with AI-aided histopathology in clinical trials leads to novel clinical biomarkers. This EGA repository contains data produced from tumour samples using low coverage whole genome sequencing and a prostate cancer specific gene panel data following compression of unique molecular identifiers.

  Dataset EGAD00001010274

• Single-cell RNA sequencing of SarBC-01 treated with Dexamethasone vs DMSO, with or without Matrigel.

  This dataset contains raw FASTQ files from single cell RNA sequencing of SarBC-01 cells treated with Dexamethasone vs DMSO, with or without Matrigel, processed with MULTI-seq. Cells from 4 different culture conditions (+Mat/Dex, +Mat/DMSO, -Mat/Dex, -Mat/DMSO) were harvested, processed for multiplexing using the MULTI-seq protocol and loaded in a Chromium Single Cell 3ʹ GEM Library and Gel Bead Kit v3 (10x Genomics). Gene expression (cDNA) and MULTI-seq libraries were prepared according to the manufacturers’ protocol of Chromium Next GEM Single Cell 3’ reagents Kits v3.1 (Dual Index). Finally, cDNA and MULTI-seq libraries were analyzed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer (DNA High Sensitivity kit) and sequenced on a NovaSeq6000 (S2 flow cell) platform. MULTISEQ BARCODES: TTAGCCAG => Matrigel/DMSO CCACAATG => Matrigel/Dexamethasone GCACACGC => noMatrigel/DMSO AGAGAGAG => noMatrigel/Dexamethasone

  Dataset EGAD00001011155

• Blood neutrophils in COPD derive from activated progenitors in the bone marrow sc Seqwell

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major respiratory disease characterized by small airway inflammation, emphysema and severe breathing difficulties. Low-grade systemic inflammation is an established hallmark of severe disease, however, the molecular changes in peripheral immune cells remain far from understood. We combined multi-color flow cytometry with single-cell RNA sequencing and showed that blood neutrophil numbers are significantly increased in COPD and they are a heterogeneous population. A transcriptomic state that expressed interferon response genes correlated with alveolar damage and acute exacerbations. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar neutrophils expressed gene signatures corresponding to certain blood neutrophil states. Last, our data in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure demonstrated that bone marrow neutrophil progenitors are expanded in smoke-treated animals and display signs of immune activation. Our study provides evidence that COPD systemic inflammation may derive from an activated haematopoietic precursor compartment.

  Dataset EGAD00001008908

• Garvan/St Vincent’s Prostate Cancer Tissue and Data

  The cohort (n=53) consists of prostate cancer patients from Australia. For each patient, a pair of blood and tumour samples were collected. The sequencing data was mapped to hg38 reference. Blood BAMs are named with “-B” as suffix and tumour BAMs are named with “-T” as suffix.

  Dataset EGAD00001009066

• WGS of tumor and blood control samples of neuroblastoma

  high coverage whole genome sequencing of 38 samples was done on a patterned flowcell v.2.5 (150 bp paired end, HiSeq X Ten) with coverage of about 60x for the tumor and whole blood control samples. All tumors had a tumor cell content of ≥60%. Sequencing libraries were prepared using the Truseq DNA Nano kit (Illumina) according to the manufacturers’ instructions and size selected using SPRI beads (Beckman Coulter Genomics).

  Dataset EGAD00001009624

• RNA-seq dataset: Single-cell spatial analysis of pediatric high-grade glioma reveals a novel population of immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting SPP1+/GPNMB+ myeloid cells

  Our study utilizes two novel techniques, cyclical immunofluorescence imaging and single-cell spatial transcriptomics, to spatially map the tumor microenvironment of a large sample set of pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGG). Using these methods, we have identified an abundant immunosuppressive myeloid cell population that has not been described in the context of pediatric high-grade gliomas. We validate our findings using an in vitro assay, spatial analysis on additional pHGG biopsies, independent spatial transcriptomic data, bulk RNA sequencing data of an expanded cohort of in-house patients, and publicly available bulk RNA sequencing data of an even larger cohort of pHGG patients.

  Dataset EGAD00001015450

• Somatic L1 retrotransposition in normal colorectal epthelium

  Throughout an individual’s lifetime, genomic alterations accumulate in somatic cells. However, the mutational landscape induced by retrotransposition of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (L1), a widespread mobile element in the human genome, is poorly understood in normal cells. Here, we explored the whole-genome sequences of 406 normal colorectal clones, 12 MUTYH-associated adenomatous clones, and 19 matched colorectal cancer tissues. In addition, we analyzed promoter DNA methylation status of retrotransposition-competent L1 (in 139 clones) and read-through RNA expression profiles (in 116 clones) to investigate the epigenetic regulation of L1 activity.

  Dataset EGAD00001010183

• RNA-seq profiling of NKX6.1 reporter iPSC lines for isolation and analysis of functionally relevant neuronal and pancreas populations

  We generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines with a GFP reporter inserted in the endogenous NKX6.1 locus. Characterisation of the reporter lines demonstrated faithful GFP labelling of NKX6.1 expression during pancreas and motor neuron differentiation. We performed three independent in vitro differentiations towards the pancreatic endocrine lineage. We FACS-purified GFP positive and negative cells from stage 7 cultures, and generated Smart-Seq2 RNA-sequencing libraries for the pre-sorted cells, as well as the two GFP-sorted cell populations. Gene expression profiling by RNA-sequencing reveals that the NKX6.1-positive population closely resembles mature human beta cells and the functional evaluation of purified populations shows that the glucose-responsive beta-like cells are enriched within the NKX6.1-positive population. These reporter lines provide a valuable resource to the scientific community for the derivation of functional relevant pancreas and neuronal cell subtypes.

  Dataset EGAD00001003911

• Whole-genome sequencing in 14 cases and whole-exome sequencing in 90 cases of Chinese ESCC

  Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers and the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide1. Approximately 70% of the global esophageal cancers occur in China and over 90% histopathological forms of this disease are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)2-3. Currently, there are limited clinical approaches for early diagnosis and treatment for ESCC, resulting in a 10% 5-year survival rate for the patients. Meanwhile, the full repertoire of genomic events leading to the pathogenesis of ESCC remains unclear. Here we show a comprehensive genomic analysis in 158 ESCC cases, as part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) Research Projects (http://icgc.org/icgc/cgp/72/371/1001734). We conducted whole-genome sequencing in 14 ESCC cases and whole-exome sequencing in 90 cases.

  Dataset EGAD00001001691

• Targeted bisulfite sequencing

  Raw reads from targeted bisulfite sequencing. The SureSelect Methyl-Seq target enrichment system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., CA, USA) was used to prepare bisulfite sequencing libraries from blood DNA samples of lymphoma patients (Ly1, Ly2), healthy family members (Ly8, Ly9, Ly10, Ly11, Ly12, Ly13 and Ly14), baseline controls (Control1-5), DNMT3A mutation carriers (Id5, Id7, Id9, Id11) and their age-matched controls (Id6, Id8, Id10, Id12). In addition, blood DNA sample of a patient (HLRCC_N7) with germline fumarate hydratase (FH) mutation is included. Illumina paired-end sequencing for targeted libraries from Ly1, Ly2, Ly8, Ly9, Ly10 and Ly11 was done at Karolinska Institutet using 100 base-pair read length and the HiSeq2000 platform. Illumina paired-end sequencing for targeted libraries from Ly12, Ly13, Ly14, and DNMT3A mutation carriers and their age-matched controls was done as a service at BGI (BGI Tech Solutions Co., Ltd., China) using 126 base-pair read length and the HiSeq2500 platform.

  Dataset EGAD00001004785

• WGBS data of solid liver tumor DNA, and WGBS data of cell-free DNA derived from human blood, for CancerDetector study

  The blood samples of four liver cancer patients and four healthy people, and the solid liver tumor samples of two liver cancer patients are collected for this dataset. Blood samples were centrifuged first at 1,600 × g for 10 minutes, and then the plasma was transferred into new micro tubes and centrifuged at 16,000 × g for another 10 minutes. The plasma was collected and stored at -80⁰C. CfDNA was extracted from 5 ml plasma using the Qiagen QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acids Kit and quantified by Qubit 3.0 Fluoromter (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Bisulfite conversion of cfDNA was performed by using EZ-DNA-Methylation-GOLD kit (Zymo Research). After that, Accel-NGS Methy-Seq DNA library kit (Swift Bioscience) was used to prepare the sequencing libraries. The DNA libraries were then sequenced with 150bp paired-end reads.

  Dataset EGAD00001004317

• Pathogenesis and Immunity in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma

  This genomic landscape of Burkitt lymphoma represents a multimodal sequencing of tumors and control tissues and individuals to better understand the etiology, and molecular pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma including the roles of the associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria and EBV infections. Comprehensive sequencing set includes genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic datasets in concert with variable clinical phenotypes and outcome information such as anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type. This deposit includes additional small RNA-seq data from endemic BL (eBL) tumors and RNA-sequencing data from sorted NK cell subsets from the peripheral blood of eBL patients. The additional small RNA-seq data are from tumor specimens from 17 eBL cases, of the previously deposited polyA RNA-seq data from 28 eBL cases (phs1282.V1). The additional RNAseq data from Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of NK cell subsets, isolated from the peripheral blood of 7 eBL cases. The additional RNAseq data are from eBL tumor samples of 5 eBL cases, BL cell lines established from these tumor samples and also NSG mouse tumors created by implanting the established BL cell lines into NSG mice. The dataset also includes RNAseq data of the NSG mouse tumors after treatment with Rituximab (RIT) and Phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The fifth batch of data includes mRNA-seq from different passages of a single eBL cell line that have variable EBV phenotypes (low passage with lytic EBV and high passage with latent EBV). This batch also includes lytic and latent lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) clones from a single blood donor generated through infection with the strain of EBV isolated from the aforementioned eBL cell line. For initial transcriptome analysis see: Kaymaz et al. "Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-specific Difference." Molecular Cancer Research, 2017, PMID: 28465297. For initial microRNA analysis see: Oduor et al. "Human and Epstein-Barr Virus miRNA Profiling as Predictive Biomarkers for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma." Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 2017, PMID: 28400759. For initial NK subsets RNA expression analysis see: Forconi et al. "A new hope for CD56negCD16pos NK cells as unconventional cytotoxic mediators: an adaptation to chronic diseases." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2020, PMID: 32373555.For initial eBL cell line and mouse avatar RNA expression analysis see: Saikumar et al. "Endemic Burkitt lymphoma avatar mouse models for exploring inter-patient tumor variation and testing targeted therapies." Life Science Alliance, 2023, PMID: 36878637. For general overview of cohort study see: Buckle et al. "Factors influencing survival among Kenyan children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma between 2003 and 2011: A historical cohort study." Int J Cancer. 15:1231, 2016, PMID: 27136063.

  Study phs001282

• snRNA-seq analysis in multinucleated myogenic FSHD cells identifies heterogeneous FSHD transcriptome signatures associated with embryonic-like program activation and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

  The sporadic nature of DUX4 expression in FSHD muscle challenges comparative transcriptome analyses between FSHD and control samples. A variety of DUX4 and FSHD-associated transcriptional changes have been identified, but bulk RNA-seq strategies prohibit comprehensive analysis of their spatiotemporal relation, interdependence and role in the disease process. In this study, we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of nuclei isolated from patient- and control-derived multinucleated primary myotubes to investigate the cellular heterogeneity in FSHD. Taking advantage of the increased resolution in snRNA-sequencing of fully differentiated myotubes, two distinct populations of DUX4-affected nuclei could be defined by their transcriptional profiles. Our data provides insights into the differences between these two populations and suggests heterogeneity in two well-known FSHD-associated transcriptional aberrations: increased oxidative stress and inhibition of myogenic differentiation. Additionally, we provide evidence that DUX4-affected nuclei share transcriptome features with early embryonic cells beyond the well-described cleavage stage, progressing into the 8-cell and blastocyst stages. Altogether, our data suggests that the FSHD transcriptional profile is defined by a mixture of individual and sometimes mutually exclusive DUX4-induced responses and cellular state-dependent downstream effects.

  Study EGAS00001007635

• Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Repository

  The Study of Womens Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is an active multi-site, multi-disciplinary, longitudinal study of women's health. Initially funded in 1994 by the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), and the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH), the overall goal of SWAN is to describe the natural history of the menopausal transition and the post menopause including biological, behavioral, and psychosocial characteristics. SWAN focuses on the impact of menopause on age-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, bone loss and osteoporosis, as well as physical and cognitive functioning. SWAN has seven clinical study sites located in six states, two in California, and one each in Chicago, Boston, Detroit area, northern New Jersey and Pittsburgh. The SWAN cohort was recruited from these areas and consists of 3,302 African American, Caucasian, Chinese American, Hispanic and Japanese American women. SWAN participants were enrolled in 1996-1997 and have been seen annually or bi-annually for clinic visits, which include interviews, measurements, and the collection of blood and urine samples. SWAN participants have now been seen for the baseline and 15 follow-up visits.

  Study phs001470

• Pancreatitis after Treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (SJIRB XPD04-123 and XPD05-078)

  A complication of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment is acute pancreatitis, which is one of the common causes of asparaginase intolerance. To determine clinical and genetic risk factors for pancreatitis, we studied a cohort of children and young adults with ALL enrolled on COG trials (9904/9905/9906, AALL0232) and on St. Jude trial Total XV. We performed a genome-wide association study using germline DNA collected from blood in patients at remission in this cohort of 5185 patients and in an independent case-control group of 213 patients on AALL0331. The frequency of pancreatitis in the cohort was 2.3% (117 of 5185). No common variants reached genome-wide significance, but a rare nonsense variant rs199695765 in CPA2, encoding carboxypeptidase A2, was highly associated with pancreatitis (odds ratio = 587, 95% confidence interval 66.8-5166, P = 9.0 x 10-9). A gene-level analysis showed an excess of additional CPA2 variants in patients who did versus those who did not develop pancreatitis (P = 0.018). Sixteen CPA2 SNPs were associated (P < 0.05) with pancreatitis, and 13 of 24 patients who carried at least one of these variants developed pancreatitis. Biological functions that were overrepresented by common variants modestly associated with pancreatitis included purine metabolism and cytoskeleton regulation.

  Study phs001350

• Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium GWAS of Familial Lung Cancer

  Familial lung cancer cases were collected by the Genetic Epidemiology of Lung Cancer Consortium (GELCC) recruitment sites: University of Cincinnati, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-New Orleans, Mayo Clinic, and Medical College of Ohio. Familial cases for this study came from three sources: 1) one case each from families (at least 3 affected lung cancer cases in the family) included in the linkage analysis; 2) one case from linkage-eligible families (at least 3 affected lung cancer cases in the family) but where there were insufficient biospecimens available to make them informative for linkage analysis; and 3) one case from families not eligible for the linkage study with a family history of at least one first or second degree relative affected with lung cancer. Unrelated controls were selected from 1) among the spouses of family members, thus matching on socio-economic status (SES) and ethnicity (typically) of the cases or 2) from case-control studies of lung cancer conducted in the same location in which the linkage families were collected and matched on age, sex, and race. All cases and controls self-reported as European American. Biospecimens used for normal DNA extraction included blood, saliva or mouthwash. Some samples underwent whole genome amplication.

  Study phs000629

• Genomic Sequencing of Cervical Cancers

  Cervical cancer is responsible for 10-15% of cancer related deaths in women worldwide. The etiological role of infection with high-risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) in carcinomas of the cervix is well established. In general, the development of cervical carcinomas follows a progression from persistent HPV infection through precancerous lesions to invasive cancer. Previous studies have implicated somatic mutations in PIK3CA, PTEN, TP53, STK11 and KRAS as well as chromosome-arm level copy number alterations in the pathogenesis of cervical carcinomas. Here, we report whole exome sequencing analysis of 118 cervical carcinoma-normal paired samples from patients in Norway and Mexico, as well as transcriptome sequencing of 80 cases and whole genome sequencing of 13 tumor-normal pairs. Novel somatic mutations include recurrent E322K substitutions in the MAPK1 gene encoding the ERK2 kinase and inactivating mutations in the HLA-B gene. In addition, recurrent somatic mutations in FBXW7, EP300, and NFE2L2 are novel in the context of primary cervical carcinomas. Analysis of HPV integration sites revealed recurrent integration into the RAD51B locus as well as co-occurrence of HPV genome integration and copy number gains within several genomic loci. These findings shed new light on the pathogenesis of cervical carcinomas and suggest potential novel therapeutic targets.

  Study phs000600

• Single Cell and Tissue Level Functional Genomics Analysis of Astrocyte-Related Mechanisms in Taupathy

  This data is the first part of a larger single cell and tissue level functional genomics analysis of dementias with tau pathology.  Cellular resolution will clarify the role of glial genes and pathways in neurodegenerative disease. This includes understanding the role of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegenerative disorders characterized by Tau protein pathology. To achieve a refined view of microglial neuroinflammatory signaling in tau-associated neurodegeneration, we performed a functional genomic analysis that integrated time-course gene expression data from mouse models expressing human mutant MAPT (the tau gene) with single nuclear sequencing data obtained from patients with frontotemporal dementia with Tau protein pathology (Pick’s disease). This included microglia-specific gene expression data obtained from single nuclear sequencing of postmortem frozen precentral gyrus samples collected from 16 total individuals, including 8 subjects with clinical diagnosis of behavior variant frontotemporal dementia and neuropathological diagnosis of Pick’s disease (Tau protein pathology) and controls (n=8). Our findings present detailed molecular profiles of disease-associated microglial transitions over the course of tau-associated neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we demonstrate overlap between microglia profiles obtained from precentral gyrus of patients with Pick’s disease with those up-regulated during the neurodegenerative stage in mice expressing human MAPT mutations.

  Study phs002197

• NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium Repository Immunochip

  The Immunochip is a custom Illumina Infinium chip comprising 196,524 SNPs and small indels selected primarily based on GWAS analysis of 12 autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The chip has two purposes: fine mapping of 289 established associations corresponding to 187 distinct loci, and deep replication of suggestive, but not yet proven, associations. Fine-mapping regions were defined as 0.2cM centered on GWAS hit SNPs, and all SNPs and short indels in these regions from the 1000 Genomes Project low coverage pilot CEU samples, as well as variants discovered in resequencing experiments conducted by groups collaborating in the chip design were selected for inclusion. Replication of autoimmune and inflammatory GWAS (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) contributed the bulk of the remaining SNP lists. Approximately 25,000 SNPs were included as replication of unrelated diseases as part of the WTCCC2 project, which serve as useful null SNPs for these analyses. In total, approximately 240,000 SNPs were selected for inclusion, with an assay design success rate of ~80%. Reprinted from Jostins et al. (2012), with permission from Springer Nature (see https://www.nature.com/reprints/permission-requests.html). Jostins, L., et al. (2012) Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature, 491, 119-24. PMID: 23128233.

  Study phs001721

• A Large Data Resource of Genomic Copy Number Variation across Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  This study presents the first genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) analysis across autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A total of 2,691 subjects diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD), and a total of 1,769 unaffected family members from Ontario, Canada were assayed using the Affymetrix CytoScan HD array. We identified rare CNVs, (< 0.1% frequency in 10,851 population control samples), and found clinically relevant CNVs in 10.5% of total subjects. Among all NDD subjects, we identified 17 (0.63%) with aneuploidies and 115 (4.3%) with known genomic disorder variants. We searched further for genes impacted by different CNVs in multiple disorders. Examples of NDD-associated genes linked across more than one disorder (listed in order of occurrence) are NRXN1, SEH1L, LDLRAD4, GNAL, GNG13, MKRN1, DCTN2, KNDC1, PCMTD2, KIF5A, SYNM, and long non-coding RNAs: AK127244, NRON, and PTCHD1-AS. We demonstrated that identical CNVs or genes could potentially contribute to the etiology of multiple NDDs. The CNVs identified will serve as a useful resource for both research and diagnostic laboratories for prioritization of variants and clinical interpretations.CNV data from this study are available through dbVar at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar/studies/nstd173/.

  Study phs001881

• Rapid Evolution of a Skin Lightening Allele in Southern African KhoeSan

  The genetic architecture and polygenicity of skin pigmentation is explored in KhoeSan communities, including Nama individuals whose phenotype and genotype data are provided in this dataset. By pairing genotypes and quantitative spectrophotometric skin pigmentation phenotypes, we show that skin pigmentation is highly heritable in KhoeSan, yet known pigmentation loci only explains a small fraction of the phenotypic variance. Using genome-wide association analyses, we identified both canonical and non-canonical skin pigmentation loci. We show that this phenotype is more polygenic and complex than previously characterized. (Martin et al., Cell 2017. PMID: 29195075) Following up on the top associated signal with large effect size in the gene SLC24A5, we demonstrate that the canonical Eurasian nonsynonymous allele was introduced into KhoeSan via a recent migration ~2 kya and was under extremely strong selection. The derived allele was present at high frequency despite controlling for gene flow. With high-throughput sequences in the captured SLC24A5 region, we show that the most common derived haplotype is identical amongst Europeans, eastern African and KhoeSan. Using 4-population demographic simulations with selection, we show that the allele was introduced into the KhoeSan only 2,000 ya via a back-to-Africa migration and then experienced a selective sweep.

  Study phs001753

• Experimental and Clinical Studies of Presbycusis

  This study aimed to investigate genes and variants associated with adult-onset progressive hearing loss, a common and complex disease with a strong genetic component.Participants enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study of age-related hearing loss at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), dating from 1987. Pure tone thresholds at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz were obtained for each ear of each person, along with questionnaire responses concerning noise exposure history. Based on the audiometry, participants were classified into 5 groups as "Older-Normal", "Metabolic", "Sensory", "Unclassified" and "Unselected" by their hearing loss.Exome sequencing was carried out using the Agilent SureSelect X2 Target Enrichment System (version 5) and the Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon V5 kit, which included 5' and 3' UTRs. DNA was sheared using the Covaris S220 focused ultrasonicator. Libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Variant loads per gene were calculated and compared between groups. Individual variants affecting hearing thresholds were also identified. Analyses were followed up in a second cohort. Several genes and variants were identified as novel candidates associated with both better and worse hearing. Data available through dbGaP include whole exome sequencing (WES) files and audiometric phenotyping.

  Study phs003327

• Genetic Predictors of Ibrutinib-Related Cardiovascular Side Effects in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  The goal of this study was to identify genetic polymorphisms associated with ibrutinib-related cardiovascular side effects (CVSEs). This is an observational non-interventional pharmacogenomic study of 50 patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (NDCLL or RRCLL) receiving ibrutinib 420 mg for at least six months. The ibrutinib-related CVSEs included atrial fibrillation and hypertension, which occurred in 20% of patients. DNA obtained from buccal swabs was genotyped for 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GATA4, SGK1, KCNQ1, KCNA5, NPPA, and SCN5A using a customized next generation sequencing panel. It was found that GATA4 rs804280 AA (P =.043), KCNQ1 rs163182 GG (P =.036) and KCNQ1 rs2237895 AA (P =.023) were associated with the ibrutinib-related CVSEs. Patients with a high-risk score had at least two of the three significant risk genotypes identified in univariate analysis for GATA4 rs804280 A>C, KCNQ1 rs162182 G>C and KCNQ1 rs2237895 A>C, and patients with a low-risk score had either one or none of these genotypes. In multivariate analysis, 18 patients with at least two of the three high-risk genotypes had an 11.5-fold higher odds of CVSEs (P =.019; 1.79-119.73 at 95% CI).

  Study phs003370

• Tumor detection by analysis of both symmetric- and hemi-methylation of plasma cell-free DNA

  Aberrant DNA methylation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis. While DNA methylation has been used for cancer detection and classification, DNA hemi-methylation, a novel epigenetic mark has not been analyzed extensively in cancer epigenomes. Here we report a strand-specific (ss) sequencing method (MeDIP-Seq) for plasma cell free (cf) DNA (sscf-MeDIP-Seq), which can analyze both symmetrically methylated DNA regions (DMRs) as well as hemi-methylated regions (DHMRs). Using the sscf-MeDIP-Seq method, we analyzed plasma cfDNA methylomes of 271 samples from subjects with liver cancer and brain cancer and from individuals without cancer (controls). Among them, 215 samples were chosen as the discovery cohort for the identification of DMRs and DHMRs specific in each subject group and for the training of machine learning models of multi-cancer detection (MCD) using DMRs, DHMRs and DMRs+DHMRs as inputs. These models were then used to predict the 56 samples in the validation cohort. We found that models trained with DMRs+DHMRs as inputs in general outperformed models trained with DMRs or DHMRs alone, with AUROC being 0.971, 0.981, and 0.99 in predicting control, liver and brain cancer samples in the validation cohort, respectively, by the DMR+DHMR-trained models.

  Study phs003462

• Early detection of ovarian cancer using cell-free DNA fragmentomes and protein biomarkers

  Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers worldwide. No effective screening methods exist, and tumors are commonly detected at advanced stages where treatment is much less effective. In this study, we used whole-genome cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentome and protein biomarker (CA-125 and HE4) analyses to evaluate 591 women from the European Union or the United States with ovarian cancer, benign adnexal masses, or without ovarian lesions. Using a machine learning model that incorporated multi-analyte fragmentome data and protein measurements, we detected ovarian cancer with high specificity >99% and sensitivity of 72%, 69%, 87%, and 100% for stages I–IV, respectively (AUC=0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.99), including 90% of high grade serous ovarian cancers. At the same specificity, CA-125 alone detected 34%, 62%, 63%, and 100% of ovarian cancers for stages I–IV (p=0.001, two-sided test of equal proportions). Additionally, our approach distinguished benign masses from ovarian cancers with high accuracy (AUC of 0.88, 95% CI=0.83-0.92). These results were validated in an independent population. These findings show that integrated cfDNA fragmentome and protein analyses detect ovarian cancers with high performance, enabling a new accessible approach for noninvasive ovarian cancer screening and diagnostic evaluation.

  Study EGAS50000000484

• Human inflammatory cardiomyopathies following SARS-CoV2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination

  Title: The cellular and molecular responses in human inflammatory cardiomyopathies following SARS-CoV2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Abstract: Abstract: Myocarditis is a cardiac disorder with multiple etiologies characterised by inflammatory cell infiltration and can occur after SARS-CoV-2 infection or rarely following mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms driving these pathologies remain poorly understood.Here we performed single-nucleus-RNA-sequencing in left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies from patients with Non-COVID-19 myocarditis, following SARS-CoV-2 infection (Post-COVID-19) and COVID-19 vaccination (Post-Vaccination). We detected specific cytokine expression patterns highlighting a particular role of interferon-γ in Post-COVID-19 and upregulated IL16 and IL18 expression as a Post-Vaccination hallmark. While the myeloid response was similar between groups, CD4+T-cell proportions were higher in Post-Vaccination and cytotoxic CD8+T and NK cells expanded in Post-COVID-19. Endothelial cells showed gene expression changes suggestive of vascular barrier function deficiency in Post-COVID-19 and angiogenesis response to cardiac inflammation in all groups. Together, our results illuminate shared and distinct cellular and molecular architectures of Non-COVID-19, Post-COVID-19 and Post-Vaccination associated myocardial inflammation in human hearts.

  Study EGAS50000000769

• JAK Inhibitor Withdrawal Causes a Transient Proinflammatory Cascade: A Potential Mechanism for Major Adverse Cardiac Events

  This is a study of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from salivary glands. The salivary glands were derived from participants who had dry eye or dry mouth symptoms but did not have evidence of systemic autoimmune disease (sicca controls). The aim of the study was to determine the effects of Type I and Type II Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (JAKinibs) withdrawal on these cells in vitro. The MSCs were treated in vitro with a) IFN-gamma (10 ng/mL) for the entire duration, b) IFN-gamma (10 ng/mL) and withdrawal of ruxolitinib (1 µM), c) IFN-gamma (10 ng/mL) and withdrawal CHZ-868 (1 µM), and d) IFN-gamma (10 ng/mL) and ruxolitinib (1 µM) for the entire duration. For the drug (CHZ-868 and ruxolitinib) conditions, after IFN-gamma treatment for 48 hours, we washed the cells with PBS and treated them with standard growth media with 0.01% DMSO, 10 ng/mL IFN-gamma + 0.01% DMSO, or 10 ng/mL IFN-gamma + JAKinib for 48 hours. For withdrawal conditions, we washed the cells twice and then treated them with standard growth media with either 0.01% DMSO or with 10 ng/mL IFN-gamma + 0.01% DMSO for 24 hours before harvest.

  Study phs003915

• Rapid detection of expanded short tandem repeats in personal genomics using hybrid sequencing.

  Long expansions of short tandem repeats (STRs); i.e., DNA repeats of 2-6 nucleotides, are associated with some genetic diseases. Cost-efficient high throughput sequencing can quickly produce billions of short reads that would be useful for uncovering disease-associated STRs. However, enumerating STRs in short reads remains largely unexplored because of the difficulty in elucidating STRs much longer than 100 bp, the typical length of short reads. We propose ab initio procedures for sensing and locating long STRs promptly by utilizing the frequency distribution of all STRs and paired-end read information. We validated the reproducibility of this method using biological replicates and used it to locate an STR associated with a brain disease (SCA31). Subsequently, we sequenced this STR site in eleven SCA31 samples using SMRT? sequencing (Pacific Biosciences), determined 2.3-3.1 kb sequences at nucleotide resolution, and revealed that (TGGAA)- and (TAAAATAGAA)-repeat expansions determined the instability of the repeat expansions associated with SCA31. Our method could also identify common STRs, (AAAG)- and (AAAAG)-repeat expansions, which are remarkably expanded at four positions in an SCA31 sample. This is the first proposed method for rapidly finding disease-associated long STRs in personal genomes using hybrid sequencing of short and long reads.

  Study JGAS000002

• The impact of CCR8+ regulatory T cells on cytotoxic T cell function in human lung cancer

  Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the host immune response and maintain immune homeostasis. Tregs also promote cancer progression and are involved in resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatments. Recent studies identified selective CCR8 expression on tumor-infiltrating Tregs; CCR8+ Tregs have been indicated as a possible new target of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the features of CCR8+ Tregs in lung cancer patients. CCR8+ Tregs were highly activated and infiltration of CCR8+ Tregs in tumors was associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients. We also investigated their immune suppressive function, especially the influence on cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell function. The Cancer Genome Analysis revealed that CD8 T cell activities were suppressed in high CCR8-expressing tumors. Additionally, depletion of CCR8+ cells enhanced CD8 T cell function in an ex vivo culture of lung tumor-infiltrating cells. Moreover, CCR8+ Tregs, but not CCR8��� Tregs, induced from human PBMCs markedly suppressed CD8 T cell cytotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrated the therapeutic effect of targeting CCR8 in a murine model of lung cancer. These findings reveal the significance of CCR8+ Tregs for immunosuppression in lung cancer, especially via cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell suppression, and suggest the potential value of CCR8-targeted therapy for cancer treatment.

  Study JGAS000454

• Genentech Colon Cancer Screen

  Identifying and understanding changes in cancer genomes is essential for the development of targeted therapeutics. Here we analyse systematically more than 70 pairs of primary human colon tumours by applying next-generation sequencing to characterize their exomes, transcriptomes and copy-number alterations. We have identified 36,303 protein-altering somatic changes that include several new recurrent mutations in the Wnt pathway gene TCF7L2, chromatin-remodelling genes such as TET2 and TET3 and receptor tyrosine kinases including ERBB3. Our analysis for significantly mutated cancer genes identified 23 candidates, including the cell cycle checkpoint kinase ATM. Copy-number and RNA-seq data analysis identified amplifications and corresponding overexpression of IGF2 in a subset of colon tumours. Furthermore, using RNA-seq data we identified multiple fusion transcripts including recurrent gene fusions involving R-spondin family members RSPO2 and RSPO3 that together occur in 10% of colon tumours. The RSPO fusions were mutually exclusive with APC mutations, indicating that they probably have a role in the activation of Wnt signalling and tumorigenesis. Consistent with this we show that the RSPO fusion proteins were capable of potentiating Wnt signalling. The R-spondin gene fusions and several other gene mutations identified in this study provide new potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in colon cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000288

• Single cell sequencing of breast cancer T cells reveals a tissue-resident memory subset associated with improved prognosis

  The quantity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer (BC) is a robust prognostic factor for improved patient survival particularly in triple negative and HER2-overexpressing BC subtypes. Whilst T cells are the predominant TIL population, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative differences in T cell subpopulations and patient prognosis remains unknown. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 6311 T cells isolated from human BCs, and show for the first time that significant heterogeneity exists in the infiltrating T cell population. We demonstrated that high TIL BCs contained significant numbers of CD8+ T cells with features of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell differentiation and that these CD8+ TRM cells expressed high levels of immune checkpoint molecules and effector proteins. A CD8+ TRM gene signature developed from the scRNA-seq data was significantly associated with improved patient survival in early-stage triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and provided better prognostication compared with CD8 expression alone. Our data suggests that CD8+ TRM contribute to BC immunosurveillance and are the key targets of modulation through immune checkpoint inhibition. Further understanding of the development, maintenance and regulation of TRM cells will be crucial for successful immunotherapeutic development in BC.

  Study EGAS00001002845

• ERG ALTERATIONS DEFINE A NOVEL SUBTYPE OF ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA

  Structural chromosomal alterations are a hallmark of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) yet many patients lack an identifiable abnormality on conventional cytogenetic analysis. Here, using integrated analysis of genome-wide DNA copy number and gene expression data of 1764 childhood and adult ALL cases, including whole-genome, exome and mRNA-sequencing of 72 cases, we report a novel subtype of B-progenitor ALL (B-ALL) representing 4-13% of B-ALL cases characterized by a distinct gene expression profile, and focal deletions of ERG (ETS related gene) in 56% of cases. These cases are characterized by expression of a ERG transcript that utilizes a novel exon in intron 6 of ERG spliced to the canonical reading frame of ERG exons 7-10, encoding a 27 kDa C-terminal ERG protein that retains the ETS and transactivating domains but lacks the N-terminal pointed and regulatory domains. This protein is a competitive inhibitor of wild-type ERG and is leukemogenic in vivo. ERG-altered ALL cases have a favourable outcome despite the presence of alterations associated with poor prognosis in non-ERG ALL, such as deletions of IKZF1. These findings identify a new subtype of leukemia characterized by a novel mechanism of ETS transcription factor dysregulation in cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000514

• Genomics of enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma (EATL)

  Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL) is a lethal and the most common neoplastic complication of celiac disease. In this study, we applied whole exome sequencing in 69 EATL tumors to define the genetic landscape of EATLs. The most frequently mutated gene in EATL was SETD2 (32% of cases), with loss of function mutations comprising a large proportion (41%) of those mutations. The JAK-STAT pathway was the most frequently mutated signaling pathway, with mutations in STAT5B being the most common, followed by JAK1, JAK3, STAT3, and the negative regulator of the pathway, SOCS1. We also identified mutations in NRAS and KRAS, as well as TP53 and TERT. Interestingly, the two types of EATL had highly overlapping genetic alterations indicating shared mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis. Gene expression analysis of the two types of EATL identify robust differences in transcriptional profiles. We further modeled the effects of SETD2 loss in vivo by developing a T cell specific knockout mouse model. These mice manifested an expansion of γδ T cells that identify novel roles for SETD2 in T cell development and lymphomagenesis. Together, our data render the most comprehensive genetic portrait yet of this uncommon but lethal disease, and may inform future classification schemes.

  Study EGAS00001001954

• Pediatric Non-Down Syndrome Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia is Characterized by Distinct Genomic Subsets with Varying Outcomes

  Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in which cells morphologically resemble abnormal megakaryoblasts.  While extremely rare in adults, AMKL accounts for 4-15% of newly diagnosed childhood AML1-3.  A significant proportion of pediatric AMKL cases occur in children with Down syndrome (DS).  These patients have excellent outcomes and are characterized at the genomic level by a founding GATA1 mutation4-6.  In contrast, AMKL in patients without DS (non-DS-AMKL) is frequently associated with poor outcomes.  Previous efforts have identified chimeric oncogenes in a significant number of cases, including RBM15-MKL1, CBFA2T3-GLIS2, KMT2A gene rearrangements and NUP98-KDM5A7-9.  The etiology of 30-40% of cases, however, remains unknown.  To better understand the genomic landscape of non-DS-AMKL, we performed RNA and exome sequencing on specimens from 99 patients (75 pediatric and 24 adult).  We demonstrate that pediatric non-DS-AMKL is a heterogeneous malignancy that can be divided into seven subgroups with varying outcomes.  These subgroups are characterized by chimeric oncogenes with cooperating mutations in epigenetic and kinase signaling genes.  Overall, these data shed light on the etiology of AMKL and provide useful information for treatment tailoring. 

  Study EGAS00001002183

• CancerLocator: Non-Invasive Cancer Diagnosis and Tissue-of-Origin Prediction Using Methylation Profiles of Cell-Free DNA

  Background: The detection and characterization of cell-free DNA in plasma is one of the most promising new areas in cancer diagnosis. Liquid biopsy, unlike traditional tissue biopsy, has the potential to diagnose a variety of different malignancies. Results: Here we propose a probabilistic method, CancerLocator, which exploits the diagnostic potential of cell-free DNA by determining not only the presence but also the location of tumors. CancerLocator simultaneously infers the proportions and the tissue-of-origin of tumor-derived cell-free DNA in a blood sample using genome-wide DNA methylation data. We comprehensively evaluate CancerLocator with simulations and real data, and compare its performance with that of two established multi-class classification methods. We show that the predicted tumor burdens are highly consistent with the true values. In addition, when the proportion of tumor-derived DNAs in the cell-free DNAs is low, the two popular machine learning methods completely fail for cancer diagnosis, while CancerLocator successfully overcomes the challenge. CancerLocator also achieves promising results on patient plasma samples, despite the fact that the DNA methylation data from these samples has very low sequencing coverage. Conclusions: CfDNA methylation may be developed as an important approach for non-invasive early cancer diagnosis.

  Study EGAS00001002211

• Natural genetic variation of the cardiac transcriptome in non-diseased donors and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

  Background: Genetic variation is an important determinant of RNA transcription and splicing, which in turn contributes to variation in human traits including cardiovascular diseases.Results: Here we report the first in-depth survey of heart transcriptome variation using RNA-sequencing in 149 (97)* patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 113 (108)* non-diseased controls. We reveal extensive differences of gene expression and splicing between dilated cardiomyopathy patients and controls, affecting known as well as novel dilated cardiomyopathy genes. Moreover, we show a widespread effect of genetic variation on the regulation of transcription, isoform usage and allele specific expression. Systematic annotation of genome wide association SNPs identifies 60 functional candidate genes for heart phenotypes, representing 20% of all published heart genome wide association loci. Focusing on the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype we found that eQTL variants are also enriched for dilated cardiomyopathy genome wide association signals in two independent cohorts.Conclusions: RNA transcription, splicing and allele specific expression are each important determinants of the DCM phenotype and are controlled by genetic factors. Our results represent a powerful resource for the field of cardiovascular genetics. (*) numbers in parentheses represent samples that the publication is based on.

  Study EGAS00001002454

• Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer

  We have sequenced the genomes of 110 small cell lung cancers (SCLC), one of the deadliest human cancers. We found bi-allelic inactivation of TP53 and RB1 in nearly all the tumors analyzed, sometimes by complex genomic rearrangements. Two tumors with wild-type RB1 had evidence of chromothripsis leading to overexpression of Cyclin D1, revealing an alternative mechanism of Rb1 deregulation. Thus, loss of the tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1 is obligatory in SCLC. We further discovered somatic genomic rearrangements of TP73 that create an oncogenic version of this gene, TP73Δex2/3. In few cases, SCLC tumors exhibited kinase gene mutations, providing a possible therapeutic opportunity for individual patients. Finally, we observed inactivating mutations in NOTCH family genes in 25% of human SCLC. Accordingly, activation of Notch signaling in a pre-clinical SCLC mouse model dramatically reduced the number of tumors and extended the survival of the mutant mice. Furthermore, neuroendocrine gene expression was abrogated by Notch activity in SCLC cells. This first comprehensive study of somatic genome alterations in SCLC uncovers several key biological processes and identifies candidate therapeutic targets in this highly lethal form of cancer.

  Study EGAS00001000925

• Whole exome sequencing on primary retinoblastoma tissues and matching lymphocyte DNA.

  Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer initiated by RB1 mutation or MYCN amplification, while additional alterations may be required for tumor development. However, the view on single nucleotide variants is very limited. To better understand oncogenesis, we determined the genomic landscape of retinoblastoma. We performed exome sequencing of 71 retinoblastomas and matched blood DNA. Next, we determined the presence of single nucleotide variants, copy number alterations and viruses. Aside from RB1, recurrent gene mutations were very rare. Only a limited fraction of tumors showed BCOR (7/71, 10%) or CREBBP alterations (3/71, 4%). No evidence was found for the presence of viruses. Instead, specific somatic copy number alterations were more common, particularly in patients diagnosed at later age. Recurrent alterations of chromosomal arms often involved less than one copy, also in highly pure tumor samples, suggesting within-tumor heterogeneity. Our results show that retinoblastoma is among the least mutated cancers and signify the extreme sensitivity of the childhood retina for RB1 loss. We hypothesize that retinoblastomas arising later in retinal development benefit more from subclonal secondary alterations and therefore, these alterations are more selected for in these tumors. Targeted therapy based on these subclonal events might be insufficient for complete tumor control.

  Study EGAS00001001690

• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 causes impaired anti-microbial immunity through a pathogenic lipid metabolism-mTOR circuit

  Mendelian diseases that present with immune-mediated disorders can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive inflammation. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) types 1 and 4 are caused by defective vesicle trafficking involving the BLOC-3 complex. The presence of inflammatory complications such as Crohn’s disease-like inflammation and lung fibrosis in these patients remains enigmatic. Using mass cytometry we observe an augmented inflammatory monocyte compartment in HPS1 patient peripheral blood that may be associated with a TNF - and IL-1α-dominated cytokine dysregulation. HPS1 patient monocyte-derived macrophages express an inflammatory TNF-OSM mRNA gene signature and changes in lipid metabolism. Using stimulation experiments and lysosomal proteomics we show that defective lipid metabolism drives RAB32-dependent mTOR signaling, facilitated by the accumulation of mTOR on lysosomes. This pathogenic circuit translates into aberrant bacterial clearance, which can be rescued with mTORC1 inhibition. We reveal that a pathogenic lipid-mTOR signaling circuit acts as a metabolic checkpoint for defective anti-microbial activity. This mechanism may be relevant to the complex pathology of HPS1 patients featuring macrophage lipid accumulation, granuloma formation, defective anti-microbial activity and tissue inflammation. Lastly, this circuit may be present in a wider group of disorders with defective lipid metabolism and cholesterol accumulation.

  Study EGAS00001005053

• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 causes impaired anti-microbial immunity through a pathogenic lipid metabolism-mTOR circuit - 10x Genomics scRNAseq

  Mendelian diseases that present with immune-mediated disorders can provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that drive inflammation. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) types 1 and 4 are caused by defective vesicle trafficking involving the BLOC-3 complex. The presence of inflammatory complications such as Crohn’s disease-like inflammation and lung fibrosis in these patients remains enigmatic. Using mass cytometry we observe an augmented inflammatory monocyte compartment in HPS1 patient peripheral blood that may be associated with a TNF - and IL-1α-dominated cytokine dysregulation. HPS1 patient monocyte-derived macrophages express an inflammatory TNF-OSM mRNA gene signature and changes in lipid metabolism. Using stimulation experiments and lysosomal proteomics we show that defective lipid metabolism drives RAB32-dependent mTOR signaling, facilitated by the accumulation of mTOR on lysosomes. This pathogenic circuit translates into aberrant bacterial clearance, which can be rescued with mTORC1 inhibition. We reveal that a pathogenic lipid-mTOR signaling circuit acts as a metabolic checkpoint for defective anti-microbial activity. This mechanism may be relevant to the complex pathology of HPS1 patients featuring macrophage lipid accumulation, granuloma formation, defective anti-microbial activity and tissue inflammation. Lastly, this circuit may be present in a wider group of disorders with defective lipid metabolism and cholesterol accumulation.

  Study EGAS00001005098

• tFL with a PMBL GE signature

  We investigated the clinicopathologic features of 5 follicular lymphomas (FL) that transformed to morphologic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and had a primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL)-like gene expression profile. None of the transformed FL (tFL) arose in the mediastinum, all cases tested had a germinal center B-cell immunophenotype, 20% were CD30+, 60% CD23+, 80% MAL+, 20% CD200+, and 0% CD273/PDL2+. Whole exome sequencing detected alterations in genes associated with both FL/DLBCL (CREBBP, KMT2C, KMT2D, ARID1A, HIST1 members, and TNFRSF14) and PMBL (JAK-STAT pathway genes, B2M, and CD58). Copy number (CN) analysis detected gains/amplification of REL in 60% and STAT6 in 40%, gains of chromosome 16, including IL4R, in 40%, and both deletions and gains of 11q in 20%. This cohort, although limited in size, supports a subset of tFL that has blended features between FL/DLBCL and PMBL. Despite having some features that are less common in DLBCL (MAL and CD23 expression, JAK-STAT activation), these cases lack the most characteristic CN alteration seen in PMBL (9p24.1 gain/amplification). This cohort expands the biologic heterogeneity of tFL, illustrating a subset with blended FL/DLBCL and PMBL features, with potential treatment implications that include the use of novel PMBL-targeted therapies.

  Study EGAS00001005870

• CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of Schistosoma mansoni acetylcholinesterase

  Here we report successful gene knock-in (KI) in the eggs of Schistosoma mansoni by combining CRISPR/Cas9 with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs). We targeted the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene of S. mansoni using two synthetic guide RNAs (gRNAs), X5 and X7, respectively. Liver eggs of S. mansoni were exposed to CRISPR-vector containing X5 or X7 by electroporation. Simultaneously, eggs were transfected with a ssODN donor encoding a stop codon in all six frames. Next generation sequencing analysis revealed that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing in S. mansoni eggs resulted in Homology-Directed Repair (HDR) when template DNA ssODN provided. Furthermore, soluble egg antigen (SEA) from AChE-modified eggs exhibited markedly reduced AChE activity compared with controls, indicative that programmed Cas9 cleavage mutated the AChE gene. Following injection of modified schistosome eggs into the tail veins of mice, a significant decrease in granuloma size in the lungs of these animals. Notably, an enhanced Th2 response induced by eggs in lung, and splenocytes small intestine-draining mesenteric lymph node cells was also generated in mice injected with X5-KI eggs in different methods. These findings further demonstrate the power and utility of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing for undertaking functional genomics studies in schistosomes.

  Study EGAS00001004455

• Convergent somatic mutations in effectors of insulin signalling in chronic liver disease

  Chronic liver disease is associated with metabolic dysregulation, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. We analysed somatic mutations from 1202 genomes across 32 liver samples, including normal controls, alcohol-related and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Five of 27 patients with liver disease carried hotspot driver mutations in FOXO1, the major transcription factor downstream of insulin signalling. FOXO1 mutations were independently acquired by up to 5 distinct clones within the same patient’s sample, and impaired insulin-mediated nuclear export of FOXO1. GPAM, which produces storage triacylglycerol from dietary calories, also had significant excess of mutations, similarly exhibiting convergent evolution within biopsies. Telomeres were shorter in diseased than normal liver, with attrition more pronounced in larger clones. Multiple independent acquisitions of drivers within one small liver sample imply that such mutations could affect hundreds of grams of tissue across the whole organ, potentially contributing to systemic metabolic dysfunction.

  Dataset EGAD00001006255

• NIPT samples for systematic evaluation of NIPT aneuploidy detection software tools

  This dataset contains two sets of samples. The reference sample set consists of a total of 669 samples that had been reported previously to be euploid by the NIPTIFY screening test. The validation sample set is based on a previously published validation study by Zilina et al. (1), consisting of 423 samples, of which 259 were high-risk pregnancies that had undergone diagnostic invasive prenatal analysis (1). All samples were sequenced with Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, producing 85 bp single-end reads with an average per-sample coverage of 0.32× at the University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics Core Facility, according to the manufacturer’s standard protocols, as described previously (1). This study was performed with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tartu (#315/T-13). 1. Zilina O, Rekker K, Kaplinski L, Sauk M, Paluoja P, Teder H, et al. Creating basis for introducing non‐invasive prenatal testing in the Estonian public health setting. Prenat Diagn [Internet]. 2019 Dec 6;39(13):1262-8. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pd.5578

  Dataset EGAD00001007712

• The Dutch Microbiome Project Batch 2

  The Dutch Microbiome Project (DMP) data includes shotgun metagenomic sequencing of faecal samples 8,208 Dutch individuals. Paired-end sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Data is archived in two batches to facilitate easier data access and upload to EGA. Batch 2 of DMP includes ~400 samples.

  Dataset EGAD00001007501

• Ewing and Ewing-like-sarcoma tumoroid biobank reveals distinct drug sensitivities: translocation makes the difference

  Ewing sarcoma (ES) and Ewing-like sarcomas (ELS) are highly aggressive tumors found in soft tissues and bone of mostly children and young adults. Despite being different in many aspects, including genetics, possible cell-of-origin, and pathology, patients with any of these entities all receive the same therapeutic regimen. Currently, there is a lack of preclinical cell models that can predict drug response of these entities in vitro. Here, we describe a pediatric ES and ELS tumor organoid (tumoroid) biobank containing tumoroids with different translocations, including EWSR1::FLI1, EWSR1::ERG, CIC::DUX4, and BCOR-rearrangements. Using histology, whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that these tumoroids retain key properties of their matching patient tumors. In addition, we traced tumor subclones in the tumoroids across patient-matched longitudinal samples, which showed that cellular heterogeneity was maintained. We subsequently performed drug screening on the tumoroid models, which unveiled entity-specific drug sensitivity to various cytotoxic compounds and targeted compounds, including MCL-1 inhibitors for CIC::DUX4 sarcomas. Taken together, this newly established ES and ELS patient-derived tumoroid biobank generates a unique source of material for future basic cancer research and drug-screening.

  Study EGAS00001007941

• Human liver NPCs single cell project

  Independent of their inflammatory phenotype, macrophages are key orchestrators of hepatic metabolism. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often occurs in obese individuals and is among the most common causes of cirrhosis, the terminal chronic liver disease that may necessitate liver transplantation. While multiple populations of macrophages have been described in the human liver, their function and turnover in obese patients at high risk of developing NAFLD and cirrhosis is currently unknown. Herein we identified a specific human population of resident liver myeloid cells that protects against the metabolic impairment associated with obesity. By studying the turnover of liver myeloid cells in individuals undergoing liver transplantation using markers of donor-recipient mismatch, we made the novel discovery that liver myeloid cell turnover differs between humans and mice. Using single cell techniques and flow cytometry we determined that the proportion of the protective resident liver myeloid cells, denoted liver myeloid cells 2 (LM2), decreases during obesity. Functional validation approaches using human 2D and 3D cultures revealed that the presence of LM2 ameliorates the oxidative stress associated with obese conditions. Our study indicates that resident myeloid cells could be a therapeutic target to decrease the oxidative stress associated with NAFLD.

  Study EGAS00001007194

• UCSF Pediatric Bithalamic Glioma Genome Project

  Targeted next-generation sequencing of 13 pediatric bithalamic diffuse gliomas. BAM files of targeted next-generation DNA sequencing data of 13 pediatric gliomas, with multi-region sequencing data from 2 of these cases (17 total tumor samples). Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of tumor tissue from using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen). Capture-based next-generation DNA sequencing was performed at the University of California, San Francisco Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory, using an assay that targets all coding exons of 480 cancer-related genes, select introns of 47 genes, and TERT promoter with a total sequencing footprint of 2.8 Mb (UCSF500 Cancer Panel). Sequencing libraries were prepared from genomic DNA, and target enrichment was performed by hybrid capture using a custom oligonucleotide library (Nimblegen SeqCap EZ Choice). Captured libraries were sequenced as paired-end 100 bp reads on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument. Duplicate sequencing reads were removed computationally to allow for accurate allele frequency determination and copy number calling.

  Dataset EGAD00001005499

• Precise reconstruction of the tumor microenvironment using bulk RNA-seq and a unique machine learning-based algorithm trained on artificial transcriptomes

  Cellular deconvolution algorithms virtually reconstruct tissue composition by analyzing the gene expression of complex tissues. Here, we present the decision tree machine learning algorithm, Kassandra, trained on a broad collection of > 9,400 tissue and blood sorted cell RNA profiles to accurately reconstruct the tumor microenvironment (TME). Bioinformatic correction for technical and biological variability, aberrant cancer cell expression inclusion, and the accurate quantification and normalization of transcript expression increased the stability and robustness of Kassandra. Performance was validated on over 4,000 H&E tissue slides and more than 1,000 normal and tumor tissues by comparison with cytometric, immunohistochemical or single-cell RNA-seq measurements. Kassandra accurately deconvolved stromal and immune elements of blood and tumors, revealing the role of the TME in tumor pathogenesis. Digital TME reconstruction revealed that the presence of PD1-positive CD8+ T cells strongly correlated with immunotherapy response and increased the predictive potential of established biomarkers, indicating that Kassandra could potentially be utilized in future clinical applications.

  Dataset EGAD00001008776

• Pediatric Patient-Derived-Xenograft development in MAPPYACTS – international pediatric cancer precision medicine trial in relapsed and refractory tumors

  Pediatric patients with recurrent and refractory cancers are in most need for new treatments. This study developed patient-derived-xenograft (PDX) models within the European MAPPYACTS cancer precision medicine trial (NCT02613962). To date, 131 PDX models were established following heterotopical and/or orthotopical implantation in immunocompromised mice: 76 sarcomas, 25 other solid tumors, 12 central nervous system tumors, 15 acute leukemias, and 3 lymphomas. PDX establishment rate was 43%. Histology, whole exome and RNA sequencing revealed a high concordance with the primary patient’s tumor profile, human leukocyte-antigen characteristics and specific metabolic pathway signatures. A detailed patient molecular characterization, including specific mutations prioritized in the clinical molecular tumor boards are provided. Ninety models were shared with the IMI2 ITCC Paediatric Preclinical Proof-of-concept Platform (IMI2 ITCC-P4) for further exploitation. This new PDX biobank of unique recurrent childhood cancers provides an essential support for basic and translational research and new treatments development in advanced pediatric malignancies.

  Dataset EGAD00001011048